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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ShBVgYBQhcxShnvMc6nJn6Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040169</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140169</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Investigation of Copy Number Variation in Children with Conotruncal Heart Defects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Marques Rondon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanardo</surname>
            <given-names>Evelin Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Lelis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kulikowski</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie Domenici</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Chong Ae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Citogen&#244;mica - LIM 03</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Citogen&#244;mica - LIM 03 - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Pediatria,</bold> Av. Fernando Corr&#234;a da Costa, 2367, Postal Code 78060-900. Boa Esperan&#231;a, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>carlamcampos@uol.com.br</email>;   <email>fcmmcampos@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Campos CMR, Kulikowski LD, Kim CA; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Campos CMR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Campos CMR, Zanardo EA, Dutra RL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>24</fpage>
      <lpage>31</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most prevalent group of structural abnormalities at birth and one of the main causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Studies have shown a contribution of the copy number variation in the genesis of cardiac malformations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Investigate gene copy number variation (CNV) in children with conotruncal heart defect.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed in 39 patients with conotruncal heart defect. Clinical and laboratory assessments were conducted in all patients. The parents of the probands who presented abnormal findings were also investigated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Gene copy number variation was detected in 7/39 patients: 22q11.2 deletion, 22q11.2 duplication, 15q11.2 duplication, 20p12.2 duplication, 19p deletion, 15q and 8p23.2 duplication with 10p12.31 duplication. The clinical characteristics were consistent with those reported in the literature associated with the encountered microdeletion/microduplication. None of these changes was inherited from the parents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our results demonstrate that the technique of MLPA is useful in the investigation of microdeletions and microduplications in conotruncal congenital heart defects. Early diagnosis of the copy number variation in patients with congenital heart defect assists in the prevention of morbidity and decreased mortality in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Variation</kwd>
        <kwd>DNA, Truncus Arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009-53105</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>401910/2010-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESP 2009-53105 and CNPq: 401910/2010-5</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common group of structural abnormalities at birth, with an estimated prevalence of 1-5% of life births, constituting one of the main causes of infant morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Genetic factors are important in the complex etiology of CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Mendelian and chromosomal syndromes occur in 20% of the cases of CHD. The underlying genetic mechanisms accounting for the remaining 80% are poorly understood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Conotruncal malformations represent a heterogeneous group of cardiac malformations involving the ventricular outflow tract and the arterial pole of the heart. These malformations compromise the development of the outflow tract of the heart and are responsible for roughly 10-25% of all CHDs diagnosed at birth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Following sequencing of the human genome, a new type of genomic alteration was discovered - the copy number variation - and its association with cardiac malformations was established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Copy number variations (CNVs) are defined as fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), greater than or equal to a kilobase (kb), present in variable number in a genome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>CNVs are an important part of the genetic diversity in relation to evolution and disease susceptibility; hence, its detection and association with characteristics and phenotypes are an important step to better understand the etiology of the disorder<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. CNVs that span multiple genes may affect other major organs beyond the heart. Since CHDs may be the first defect to be detected in the patient, the CNV in CHD patients can lead to early diagnosis and treatment of extracardiac symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Molecular analysis with the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique has been used to determine copy number variation. This technique detects several microdeletion/microduplication syndromes associated with CHD and could be used as a diagnostic test to detect relevant variations in the number of copies and identify syndromic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study investigated the presence of copy number variation in children with conotruncal heart defect and their parents, and associated the genetic and clinical findings with those described in the literature.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>For the prospective and descriptive study, 39 patients with conotruncal and aortic coarctation congenital heart diseases were included. A convenience sampling was used.</p>
      <p>The patients were referred from the outpatient pediatric cardiology and neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) of the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Julius M&#252;ller</italic>and other hospitals located in Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso. Data were collected between March and November 2012.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criterion was the presence of lesions in the echocardiographic examination: <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic>, tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect, transposition of the great arteries and coarctation of the aorta. Patients with abnormal G-band karyotype were excluded.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the School of Medicine, University of S&#227;o Paulo and by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital J&#250;lio M&#252;ller, Federal University of Mato Grosso. A signed informed consent form was obtained from patients or parents, depending on the age of the patient.</p>
      <p>A clinical record was filled for each individual. The assessment of dysmorphic features was subsequently analyzed in photographs or in person by a geneticist.</p>
      <p>In patients with copy number variation, a clinical and laboratory evaluation of the parents was included.</p>
      <p>Peripheral venous blood of the probands and their families was collected for classical cytogenetics and MLPA.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Molecular study by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)</title>
        <p>Blood samples were sent to the cytogenomics laboratory of the School of Medicine of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, where the MLPA technique was performed.</p>
        <p>MLPA reactions were conducted according to the manufacturer's protocol using the kits SALSA P036, P070, P064 and P250 (MRC-Holland<sup>&#174;</sup>, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) with some modifications for higher yield of the reagents.</p>
        <p>The P036 and P070 kits detect subtelomeric changes. The P064 kit is recommended for major microdeletion syndromes, detecting changes in 22q11.2 and other critical regions for some syndromes.</p>
        <p>The P250 kit is specific for DiGeorge syndrome, detecting microdeletions/duplications in 22q11.2. It contains probes for other regions involved in the occurrence of heart disease.</p>
        <p>A total of 250 ng of genomic DNA (5 ul) from each patient was added to a microtube and taken to the thermocycler (Veriti<sup>&#174;</sup> ThermalCycler - Life Technologies) for denaturation at 98&#176;C for 15 minutes. Then, a mixture of probes (specific for each kit) and buffer solution were added to the methylated DNA for the hybridization process of the MLPA probes to DNA at 60&#176;C for three hours. Buffered solutions, along with the enzyme ligase were added to the hybridization solution to allow binding of the probes to each specific target region to 54&#176;C for 15 minutes. In the last step, the reagents for PCR were added to the binding solution for the amplification of only the fragments connected by the ligase. Thus, the amplified products were placed in microplates along with a molecular weight marker (LIZ - GS600) and Hi-Di Formamide (Life Technologies) and carried to the automated sequencer ABI 3500 (Life Technologies) for the reactions of fragment analysis.</p>
        <p>In all MLPA reactions, at least three normal controls were used. The data were generated by the automated sequencer ABI 3500 (Life Technologies), at the Network of Multiuser Equipment of the immunology laboratory of the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> Incor HC / USP.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the results of the MLPA reaction was performed with the software Gene Marker<sup>&#174;</sup> (SoftGenetics LLC, State College, PA -<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.softgenetics.com">www.softgenetics.com</ext-link>). The results were considered abnormal when the relative peak size was lower than 0.75 (deletion) or greater than 1.25 (duplication) when compared with normal samples.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study included 39 patients with congenital heart disease. Of these, 23 (59%) were males and 16 (41%) were females. Their ages ranged from two days to 19 years, with an average of five years and seven months. Only two mothers reported a previous diagnosis by gestational ultrasound of the fetus with congenital heart disease.</p>
      <p>Among the diseases observed, most patients had tetralogy of Fallot, which was present in approximately 56% of the cohort. Other heart diseases included transposition of the great arteries (23%), coarctation of the aorta (10.3%), double outlet right ventricle (7.7%), pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (2.6% ) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the types of heart defects in the cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Type of heart defect</th>
              <th>N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
              <td align="center">22 (56.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Transposition of the great arteries</td>
              <td align="center">9 (23%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coarctation of the aorta</td>
              <td align="center">4 (10.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Double outlet right ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">39 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients without changes in the MLPA</title>
        <p>CNVs were not detected in 32/39 patients (82.05%). Familial recurrence of congenital heart disease was observed in 2/32 patients.</p>
        <p>Extracardiac abnormalities were observed In 15/32 patients (46.8%) with normal MLPA, and the clinical signs and symptoms observed were: facial dysmorphias, cleft palate, strabismus, stroke, seizure, facial paralysis, hearing loss, vitiligo, epilepsy, autism, subglottic stenosis, asthma, frequent infections of the upper and lower airways, omphalocele, color blindness, feeding difficulties, growth failure, gastroesophageal reflux, cryptorchidism, speech disorder, learning disabilities and hypocalcemia. Frequent airway infections occurred in six cases; other extracardiac changes occurred sporadically in the patients.</p>
        <p>Of the 32 patients, five died, and all of these patients who died had been admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit awaiting transfer to a center specialized in heart surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients with changes in the MLPA</title>
        <p>With the MLPA technique using four kits, it was possible to detect microdeletions/microduplications in 7/39 patients (17.9%), including two cases of deletion (19p deletion, 22q deletion) and five cases of duplication (two cases of 15q duplication, 20p duplication, 22q duplication, 8p duplication and 10p duplication).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical presentation</title>
        <p>The ages of the seven patients who presented CNVs ranged from 19 days to 10 years. Three presented with tetralogy of Fallot, two had double outlet right ventricle, one had transposition of the great arteries and one had coarctation of the aorta. All seven patients had extracardiac manifestations.</p>
        <p>Of the seven patients, three were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and died (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of patients with CNV</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N</th>
                <th>Age</th>
                <th>Gender</th>
                <th>CHD</th>
                <th align="center">Clinical features</th>
                <th align="center">CNV</th>
                <th align="center">Outcome</th>
                <th align="center">Current age/death</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Facial dimorphism</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Duodenal Atresia</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC001</td>
                <td>3 m</td>
                <td>F</td>
                <td>Co. Aorta</td>
                <td align="center">Sick neonatal, Atrophy, cerebral dysplasia Frequent ILA, DNPD</td>
                <td align="center">15q 11.2 dup</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">5 m</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC003</td>
                <td>6 y</td>
                <td>M</td>
                <td>TOF</td>
                <td align="center">Facial dysmorphism Asthma</td>
                <td align="center">19p del</td>
                <td align="center">Amb</td>
                <td align="center">8 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC006</td>
                <td>19 d</td>
                <td>M</td>
                <td>DORV</td>
                <td align="center">Facial dysmorphism</td>
                <td align="center">20p12.2 dup</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">23 d</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC011</td>
                <td>2 y</td>
                <td>M</td>
                <td>TOF</td>
                <td align="center">Facial dysmorphism Growth deficit DNPD</td>
                <td align="center">15q dup</td>
                <td align="center">Amb</td>
                <td align="center">4 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC015</td>
                <td>6 y</td>
                <td>F</td>
                <td>TOF</td>
                <td align="center">Broad forehead Fusiform fingers</td>
                <td align="center">8p23.2 dup and 10p12.31 dup</td>
                <td align="center">Amb</td>
                <td align="center">8 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Facial dysmorphism GERD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC030</td>
                <td>10 y</td>
                <td>M</td>
                <td>TGA</td>
                <td align="center">Frequent ILA Learning difficulty</td>
                <td align="center">Dup2 2q11</td>
                <td align="center">Amb</td>
                <td align="center">12 y</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MC039</td>
                <td>5 m</td>
                <td>F</td>
                <td>DORV</td>
                <td align="center">Facial dysmorphism Umbilical hernia Feeding difficulty Growth deficit GERD</td>
                <td align="center">22q11 del</td>
                <td align="center">Death</td>
                <td align="center">6 m</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Velopharyngeal insufficiency Thymic aplasia DNPD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>y: years; amb: ambulatory; CoA: coarctation of the aorta; d: day; CHD: congenital heart defect; del: deletion; dup: duplication; DORV; double-outlet right ventricle; F: female; ILA:infection of the lower airways; m: month; M: male; DNPD: delayed neuropsychomotor development; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investigation of the parents</title>
        <p>The investigation of the parents was conducted in six families of patients with abnormal MLPA. Of these, we obtained material from both parents (father and mother) in four families and, in two cases, only material from the mother. None of them presented changes similar to their children's CNVs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of seven cases with abnormalities</title>
        <sec>
          <title>15q11.2 duplication</title>
          <p>Female patient, child of non-consanguineous parents, father with 30 years of age and mother of indigenous origin, 31 years of age, with four children, the third child had a complex congenital heart disease and died. The child was born by cesarean delivery at 38 weeks gestation, weighing 2,165 g (below the 3rd percentile for age), measuring 44 cm (3rd percentile for age), with head circumference of 32 cm (between the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> percentiles for age) and Apgar 9 and 9. The echocardiography identified severe coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect and several ventricular septal defects.</p>
          <p>At the age of three months, her weight was 3,030 g (between the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 15<sup>th</sup> percentiles for age), her length was 49 cm (between the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 15<sup>th</sup> percentiles for age) and her head circumference was 36 cm (much below the 3rd percentile for age). The facial changes observed were small, almond-shaped eyes, thin upper lip, micrognathia, microcephaly, presence of neonatal teeth and narrow ear canal.</p>
          <p>Other abnormalities also present were duodenal atresia, left appendix, constipation, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, hypertonia, neuropsychomotor development delay, change in body temperature regulation and frequent airway infections. Cranial computed tomography showed atrophy and cortical dysplasia. The patient died at the age of four months, shortly after being discharged home from the ICU.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>20p12.2 duplication</title>
          <p>Neonate with 19 days of age, male, first child of healthy, non-consanguineous mother and father with 20 and 24 years, respectively. He was born by cesarean delivery at 39 weeks gestation, weighing 3,800 g (75th percentile for age), length of 52 cm (50th percentile for age), head circumference of 34 cm (25th percentile for age) and Apgar 10. Echocardiography diagnosed double outlet right ventricle, large atrial septal defect, rudimentary ventricular chamber, aortic arch hypoplasia, patent ductus arteriosus and aortic stenosis.</p>
          <p>Physical examination detected facial findings, such as bitemporal flattening, elongated face, ocular hypertelorism, wide nasal dorsum, flat nasal tip, anteverted nostrils and micrognathia, also presenting short neck, and elongated fingers and feet.</p>
          <p>He remained in the ICU and died awaiting transfer to undergo heart surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>19p deletion</title>
          <p>Male patient, second son of healthy, non-consanguineous parents, mother and father with 32 and 33 years of age, respectively.</p>
          <p>He was born by cesarean section at 39 weeks gestation, weighing 3,450 g (50th percentile for age), measuring 49 cm (between the 25th and 50th percentiles for age), with a head perimeter of 33.5 cm (50th percentile for age), and with diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot.</p>
          <p>At the age of six years, he weighed 26,500 g (between percentiles 85th and 97th for age) and measured 123 cm (85th percentile for age).</p>
          <p>On physical examination he presented dysmorphic facial features such as wide nasal dorsum, flattened nasal bridge and almond-shaped eyes. Asthma was reported as an extracardiac finding. The neuropsychomotor development was normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>15q duplication</title>
          <p>Male patient, the only child of non-consanguineous and healthy mother and father with 36 and 26 years, respectively, and without reported heart disease in the family. He was born by cesarean section with 30 weeks gestation, weighing 1,015 g (10th percentile for age) and measuring 38 cm (10th percentile for age).</p>
          <p>At the age of two years and 11 months, he presented the following anthropometric measurements: weight of 14,000 g (between the 50th and 85th percentiles for age), length of 82 cm (below the 3rd percentile for age) and head circumference of 46 cm (below the 3rd percentile for age).</p>
          <p>On echocardiography, he presented tetralogy of Fallot. On physical examination, dysmorphic facial features were detected: ocular hypertelorism, broad nasal dorsum, flattened nasal bridge, anteverted nostrils, long and flat nasolabial philtrum and microcephaly.</p>
          <p>The clinical abnormalities evidenced were growth deficit and delayed neuropsychological development.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>22q11.2 deletion</title>
          <p>Female infant, the first child of healthy, non-consanguineous father and mother with 29 and 24 years of age, respectively, without family history of heart disease. During pregnancy, the mother developed gestational diabetes requiring insulin, and the only abnormality observed on gestational ultrasonography was polyhydramnios.</p>
          <p>She was born by cesarean section at 37 weeks gestation, weighing 2,500 g (between the 10th and 25th percentiles for age), measuring 44 cm (10th percentile for age), with a head circumference of 33.5 cm (50th percentile for age) and Apgar 8 and 8. At the age of five days, a heart murmur was detected, echocardiography showed double outlet right ventricle, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and mild pulmonary stenosis. She was admitted to the ICU and underwent the first cardiac surgery.</p>
          <p>At the age of five months, her weight was 4,200 g (between the 15th and 50th percentiles for age), her length was 55 cm (below the 3rd percentile for age) and her head circumference was 36.5 cm (below the 3rd percentile for age).</p>
          <p>The physical examination detected dysmorphic facial features: ocular hypertelorism, large eyes, broad nasal dorsum, flat nasal tip with anteverted nostrils, long nasolabial philtrum, thin upper lip with inverted "V", micrognathia, flattened earlobe, fingers tapered and elongated and umbilical hernia.</p>
          <p>Clinical changes highlighted were difficulty of feeding, growth deficit, neuropsychomotor development retardation (she could only hold her head).</p>
          <p>Imaging tests showed gastroesophageal reflux and thymic aplasia. An evaluation with an ENT specialist showed velopharyngeal insufficiency. Laboratory exams identified serum calcium within the normal range.</p>
          <p>The patient died after heart surgery at the age of six months.</p>
          <p>She had a deletion of 3.0 Mb, therefore a typical <italic>de novo</italic>deletion for DiGeorge syndrome, since the parental MLPA was normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>22q11.2 duplication</title>
          <p>Male patient, an only child of a single mother, healthy, 35 years old, without report of heart disease in the family. He was born by cesarean section at 40 weeks and six days gestation, weighing 4,425 g (above the 90th percentile for age) measuring 50 cm (between the 10th and 25th percentiles for age), with head circumference 37.5 cm (above the 97th percentile for age) and Apgar 8 and 10.</p>
          <p>The echocardiography showed transposition of the great arteries, atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Heart surgery was performed at the tenth day of life.</p>
          <p>At the age of 10 years he weighed 40 kg (between the 85th and 90th percentiles for age), measured 142 cm (between the 50th and 85th percentiles for age) and had a head circumference of 52.5 cm.</p>
          <p>On physical examination, subtle phenotypic changes were observed, such as broad nasal base, long nasolabial philtrum and thin upper lip, with a diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and frequent respiratory infections. The neuropsychomotor development was normal, but he had learning disability.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8p23.2 and 10p12.31 duplication</title>
          <p>Female patient, six-years old, an only child of separated parents, no history of consanguinity or heart disease in the family, healthy mother with 23 years of age.</p>
          <p>She was born by normal delivery at 40 weeks gestation, weighing 3,150 g (25th percentile for age) with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot, mild tricuspid regurgitation and moderate pulmonary insufficiency. She underwent heart surgery at the age of four.</p>
          <p>She currently weighs 20.7 kg (between the 15th and 50th percentiles for age), measures 117 cm (between the 15th and 50th percentiles for age) and has a head circumference of 51 cm. On physical examination were evidenced wide forehead and fusiform fingers. The neuropsychomotor development was normal and did not show other clinical changes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Recent studies have shown that CNVs occur in significant proportion in patients with CHD. In syndromes involving CHD as part of the clinical spectrum, cardiac malformation is often the first symptom to appear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study we detected CNVs in 7/39 cases: 22q11.2 deletion, 22q11.2 duplication, 15q11.2 duplication, 20p12.2 duplication, 19p deletion, 15q duplication and 8p23.2 duplication with concomitant 10p12.31duplication.</p>
      <p>Currently, several studies have established the relevance of CNVs in the etiology of CHD. Association has been demonstrated of both syndromic CHD and isolated CHD and chromosomal imbalances<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The karyotype was normal in all subjects of this research, which was also observed by Thiempont et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, who detected 30% of rare CNVs in patients with CHD and other birth defects with normal karyotypes.</p>
      <p>CNVs are also known to be involved in the genesis of neurodevelopmental and neurocognition disorders such as intellectual disability, schizophrenia and autism spectrum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In this study we observed the presence of delayed neuropsychomotor development in only two of the seven patients who presented CNV. Richards et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, studying CNV on 40 individuals with CHD, observed that the risk of causal CNV increased to 45% in those individuals with neurological abnormalities or developmental delay. Cooper et a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, confirming this relationship when they analyzed CNV in 575 children with CHD and intellectual disabilities showed significant increase in the number of CNVs in children with CHD.</p>
      <p>Our study identified five cases of duplication and deletion of only two cases of deletion, similar to the study by Erdogan et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, who while researching CNV in 150 individuals with isolated CHD, detected 18 rare CNVs, most of which were duplications in contrast to those found in the syndromic CHD, which are predominantly deletions. Additionally, 44% were family members, also occurring in parents without evidence of CHD, perhaps indicating that these CNVs increase the susceptibility to CHD, but require other factors to manifest the phenotype. This demonstrates that rare CNV can be an important genetic contributor to isolated CHD.</p>
      <p>Initially, the patients in this study appeared to have only CHD, however a more careful clinical examination and phenotypic evaluation showed extracardiac changes possibly part of a syndrome. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of CNVs in non-syndromic CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recently, Warburton et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> studying 223 children with conotruncal heart defect and hypoplastic left heart syndrome, found 22q11.2 deletion in nine children and 33 <italic>de novo</italic> CNVs. In our study we detected a 22q11.2 deletion in only one patient (2.5%).</p>
      <p>The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), also known as DiGeorge or velocardiofacial syndrome, is considered the most common of the syndromes of human microdeletion and contains multiple genes. The estimated prevalence is 1: 4,000 live births<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>A submicroscopic chromosomal deletion is detected by FISH, MLPA or chromosomal microarray analysis. The vast majority of cases (90 percent) showing deletion of approximate size of three million bases (Mb) leads to deletion of approximately 45 genes, as presented by the patient of the study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The only patient in this study with 22q11 deletion was initially carrier of isolated conotruncal heart defect. After detailed physical examination, several phenotypic changes that are part of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome were observed. In most studies that have sampled a population of individuals with isolated conotruncal heart defect, it was later observed in a more detailed clinical examination the presence of subtle phenotypic changes not evident at the first examination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>The clinical presentation of the 22q11 deletion syndrome can be extremely variable. Early detection of deletion is important for the treatment of anomalies and for investigation of associated malformations and prevention of neuropsychological and immune deficiency problems. In most cases, the 22q11 deletion occurs <italic>de novo</italic> in the family, but inheritance of parental microdeletion can occur in 6-28%. Affected parents may experience mild phenotype. For this reason, testing for 22q11 deletion should be offered to all parents of affected children for the purpose of genetic counseling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. In the patient in this study, the parents were also surveyed, and the MLPA in both resulted normal.</p>
      <p>The patient in question presented as heart defect a double outlet right ventricle and died after the second surgery. Congenital heart defect is one of the most frequent manifestations of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Furthermore, it is the leading cause of death in most patients with this syndrome.</p>
      <p>The identification of genetic factors for CHD is important to provide genetic counseling for parents who plan to have other children. The risk of recurrence for many CHDs is 2-6%, and the recurrence risk of CHD increases significantly when parents are carriers of deletion/duplication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, information that becomes relevant to conduct the genetic counseling of these parents or the patient, upon reaching adulthood and deciding to start a family.</p>
      <p>In recent years, dozens of clinically relevant chromosome microdeletions and microduplications have been described in humans, often associated with mental retardation, autism and/or physical malformations. Once these small genomic arrangements are generally below the detection limit of optical microscopy, it is essential to use molecular diagnostic procedures to provide an explanation for the symptoms and signs observed and provide clinical and genetic prognostic for patients and their families. In developed countries, molecular tests, particularly comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array, have become the gold standard for such laboratory diagnosis. However, these tests are very costly and rely on the availability of expensive equipment which must be updated frequently. As a result of these high costs, patients in developing countries have no access to testing and are often not diagnosed, with great loss to their families<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>The MLPA is an established technique for detecting known CNVs. The cost of the MLPA is substantially lower than the array CGH and, with respect to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), is fast, easy and economical, with a simple kit capable of performing simultaneous search of multiple anomalies. Therefore, it can be used for detecting variation in the number of copies clinically relevant in patients with apparently non-syndromic CHD, causing early identification of patients with genomic disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>If the diagnosis of CHD is established early, i.e., intrauterine, better preparation for birth with earlier treatment would improve the prognosis in terms of morbidity and mortality, yet we observe that most mothers of patients in this study, even having performed prenatal and pregnancy ultrasound, were unaware of the diagnosis of fetal cardiac defects. In a state with a shortage of beds in neonatal intensive care units for the treatment of these neonates and which does not offer heart surgeries of greater complexity, these patients are probably dying without diagnosis and treatment. This can be evidenced in our sample, in which all patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit died awaiting transfer to a center specializing in heart surgery, demonstrating the importance of early diagnosis in the impact of high mortality in these individuals.</p>
      <p>There is still controversy in the literature about to which group of individuals should be promoted the routine investigation of variation in copy -number in patients with isolated heart defect or in those with other extracardiac changes. What can be seen of consensus that a thorough physical examination looking for dysmorphic signs, especially in children with conotruncal heart defect, can assist in the decision to carry out molecular tests. The benefits provided would be adequate genetic counseling, evaluation and management of problems more effectively, resulting in improved quality of life of the individual and the family.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The MLPA technique is useful in the investigation of microdeletions and microduplications in conotruncal congenital heart defects.</p>
      <p>Early diagnosis of CNVs in patients with CHD assists in the prevention of morbidity and reduction of mortality in these patients. A thorough clinical evaluation in every patient with CHD is essential to detect other associated congenital anomalies.</p>
      <p>This work highlights the need for the physician, when facing a child with heart defect, to be alert to the possibility of genetic abnormalities, with knowledge of new techniques that enable the diagnosis.</p>
      <p>A limitation of this study is the sampling method used, the convenience, as the small sample size, which allows us to consider the results found only for the population in question.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP 2009-53105 and CNPq: 401910/2010-5</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Carla Marques Campos, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank the cardiologists who allowed their patients to be studied and the patients and parents who agreed to participate.</p>
    </ack>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Lapunzina</surname>
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              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Garcia-Guereta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Elorza</surname>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Varia&#231;&#227;o no N&#250;mero de C&#243;pias G&#234;nicas em Crian&#231;as com Defeito Card&#237;aco Conotruncal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Marques Rondon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanardo</surname>
            <given-names>Evelin Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Lelis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kulikowski</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie Domenici</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Chong Ae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Citogen&#244;mica - LIM 03</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Citogen&#244;mica - LIM 03 - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Pediatria,</bold> Av. Fernando Corr&#234;a da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900. Boa Esperan&#231;a, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>carlamcampos@uol.com.br</email>; <email>fcmmcampos@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos s&#227;o o grupo de anormalidades estruturais mais prevalentes ao nascimento e uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade infantil. Estudos t&#234;m mostrado a contribui&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias na g&#234;nese das malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar a varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias g&#234;nicas em crian&#231;as com defeito card&#237;aco conotruncal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p><italic>Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification</italic> (MLPA) foi realizado em 39 pacientes com defeito card&#237;aco conotruncal. Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial foi realizada em todos os pacientes. Os pais dos probandos que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m foram investigados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias foi detectada em 7/39 pacientes: dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2, duplica&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2, duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q11.2, duplica&#231;&#227;o 20p12.2, dele&#231;&#227;o 19p, duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q e 8p23.2 com duplica&#231;&#227;o 10p12.31. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram compat&#237;veis com o relatado na literatura associadas com microdele&#231;&#227;o/microduplica&#231;&#227;o encontrada. Nenhuma dessas altera&#231;&#245;es foi herdada dos pais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que a t&#233;cnica de MLPA &#233; &#250;til na investiga&#231;&#227;o de microdele&#231;&#245;es e microduplica&#231;&#245;es em defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos conotruncais. O diagn&#243;stico precoce das varia&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias em pacientes com defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito auxilia na preven&#231;&#227;o de morbidade e diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Varia&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>DNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Tronco Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos (DCC) s&#227;o o grupo de anormalidades estruturais mais comuns ao nascimento, com preval&#234;ncia estimada de 1-5% dos nascidos vivos, constituindo uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade infantil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os fatores gen&#233;ticos s&#227;o importantes na etiologia complexa dos DCC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. S&#237;ndromes mendelianas e cromoss&#244;micas ocorrem em 20% dos casos de DCC. Os mecanismos gen&#233;ticos subjacentes que representam os 80% restantes s&#227;o pouco compreendidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>As malforma&#231;&#245;es conotruncais representam um grupo heterog&#234;neo de malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas envolvendo o sistema de sa&#237;da dos ventr&#237;culos e o polo arterial do cora&#231;&#227;o. Essas malforma&#231;&#245;es comprometem o desenvolvimento das vias de sa&#237;da do cora&#231;&#227;o e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por cerca de 10-25% de todos os DCC diagnosticados ao nascimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o sequenciamento do genoma humano, um novo tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica foi descoberto - a varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foi estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias (CNVs) s&#227;o definidas como fragmentos de &#225;cido desoxirribonucleico (DNA), maior ou igual a um quilobase (kb), presentes em n&#250;mero vari&#225;vel em um genoma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>As CNVs constituem uma parte importante da diversidade gen&#233;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o e suscetibilidade a doen&#231;as; consequentemente, sua detec&#231;&#227;o e associa&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas e fen&#243;tipos constituem importante passo para melhor entender a etiologia da afec&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. CNVs que abrangem v&#225;rios genes podem afetar outros &#243;rg&#227;os importantes, al&#233;m do cora&#231;&#227;o. Como o DCC pode ser o primeiro defeito a ser detectado no paciente, a CNV em pacientes com DCC pode levar ao diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento de sintomas extracard&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise molecular pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification</italic> (MLPA) tem sido utilizada para determinar varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias. Essa t&#233;cnica detecta v&#225;rias s&#237;ndromes de microdele&#231;&#245;es/microduplica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao DCC e poderia ser usada como teste de diagn&#243;stico para detectar relevantes varia&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias e identificar pacientes sindr&#244;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo investigou a presen&#231;a de varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia conotruncal e seus pais, e relacionou os achados gen&#233;ticos e cl&#237;nicos com os descritos na literatura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Para o estudo prospectivo e descritivo foram inclu&#237;dos 39 pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita do tipo conotruncal e coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta. A amostragem utilizada foi de conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes eram oriundos do ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica e unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) neonatal do Hospital Universit&#225;rio J&#250;lio M&#252;ller e outros hospitais localizados em Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso. O per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados foi de mar&#231;o a novembro de 2012.</p>
        <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a das les&#245;es ao exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico:   <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic>, tetralogia de Fallot, interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico, atresia pulmonar e defeito do septo ventricular, transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias e coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com cari&#243;tipo de banda G alterado.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio J&#250;lio M&#252;ller da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido dos pacientes ou pais, dependendo da idade do paciente.</p>
        <p>Foi preenchida uma ficha cl&#237;nica para cada indiv&#237;duo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de aspectos dism&#243;rficos foi analisada posteriormente por meio de fotografias ou pessoalmente por um geneticista.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias foi inclu&#237;da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial de seus pais.</p>
        <p>Foi coletado sangue venoso perif&#233;rico dos probandos e de seus familiares para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de citogen&#233;tica cl&#225;ssica e MLPA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo molecular por <italic>Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA)</italic></title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram encaminhadas para o laborat&#243;rio de citogen&#244;mica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, onde foi realizada a t&#233;cnica de MLPA.</p>
          <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es de MLPA foram realizadas de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante utilizando os <italic>kits</italic> SALSA P036, P070, P064 e P250 (MRC-Holland<sup>&#174;</sup>, Amsterd&#227;, Holanda) com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es para maior rendimento dos reagentes.</p>
          <p>Os <italic>kits</italic> P036 e P070 detectam altera&#231;&#245;es subtelom&#233;ricas. O   <italic>kit</italic> P064 &#233; indicado para as principais s&#237;ndromes de microdele&#231;&#245;es, detectando altera&#231;&#245;es em 22q11.2 e em outras regi&#245;es cr&#237;ticas para algumas s&#237;ndromes.</p>
          <p>O <italic>kit</italic> P250 &#233; espec&#237;fico para a s&#237;ndrome de DiGeorge, detectando microdele&#231;&#245;es/duplica&#231;&#245;es em 22q11.2. Cont&#233;m sondas para outras regi&#245;es envolvidas na forma&#231;&#227;o das cardiopatias.</p>
          <p>Foram utilizados 250 ng de DNA gen&#244;mico (5 uL) de cada paciente, sendo adicionados a um microtubo e levados ao termociclador (Veriti<sup>&#174;</sup> ThermalCycler Life Technologies) para desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 98&#176;C por 15 minutos. Em seguida, uma mistura das sondas (espec&#237;ficas para cada <italic>kit</italic>) e solu&#231;&#227;o tamponada foi adicionada ao DNA desnaturado, para o processo de hibrida&#231;&#227;o das sondas de MLPA ao DNA a 60&#176;C por tr&#234;s horas. Solu&#231;&#245;es tamponadas, juntamente com a enzima ligase, foram adicionadas &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o de hibrida&#231;&#227;o para a liga&#231;&#227;o das sondas em cada regi&#227;o-alvo espec&#237;fica a 54&#176;C por 15 minutos. Na &#250;ltima etapa, os reagentes para a rea&#231;&#227;o de PCR foram adicionados &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o, para a amplifica&#231;&#227;o somente dos fragmentos unidos pela ligase. Assim, os produtos amplificados foram colocados em microplacas juntamente com marcador de peso molecular (LIZ GS600) e Hi-DiFormamide (Life Technologies) e levados ao sequenciador autom&#225;tico ABI 3500 (Life Technologies) para as rea&#231;&#245;es de an&#225;lise de fragmentos.</p>
          <p>Em todas as rea&#231;&#245;es de MLPA foram utilizados pelo menos tr&#234;s controles normais. Os dados foram gerados pelo sequenciador autom&#225;tico ABI 3500 (Life Technologies), da Rede de Equipamento Multiusu&#225;rio no laborat&#243;rio de imunologia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Incor - HC/FMUSP.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos resultados da rea&#231;&#227;o de MLPA foi realizada utilizando o   <italic>software</italic> Gene Marker<sup>&#174;</sup> (Softgenetics LLC, StateCollege, PA <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.softgenetics.com">www.softgenetics.com</ext-link>). Os resultados foram considerados alterados quando o tamanho do pico relativo era menor que 0,75 (dele&#231;&#227;o) ou maior que 1,25 (duplica&#231;&#227;o) quando comparado a amostras normais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo 39 pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, dos quais 23 (59%) eram do sexo masculino e 16 (41%) do sexo feminino. A idade variou de dois dias a 19 anos, e a m&#233;dia foi de cinco anos e sete meses. Somente duas m&#227;es relataram diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio por meio de ultrassonografia gestacional do feto com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
        <p>Entre as cardiopatias observadas, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava tetralogia de Fallot, presente em aproximadamente 56% da casu&#237;stica. As outras cardiopatias foram: transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias (23%), coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (10,3%), dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (7,7%), atresia pulmonar e defeito de septo ventricular (2,6%) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de defeitos card&#237;acos da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo de defeito card&#237;aco</th>
                <th>N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">22 (56,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atresia pulmonar e defeito do septo ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">39 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes sem altera&#231;&#227;o de MLPA</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foi detectado CNV em 32/39 pacientes (82,05%). Recorr&#234;ncia familiar de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita foi verificada em 2/32 pacientes.</p>
          <p>Em 15/32 pacientes (46,8%) com MLPA normal, foram observadas anormalidades extracard&#237;acas e os sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos observados foram: dismorfias faciais, fissura palatal, estrabismo, acidente vascular cerebral, convuls&#227;o, paralisia facial, d&#233;ficit auditivo, vitiligo, epilepsia, autismo, estenose subgl&#243;tica, asma, infec&#231;&#245;es de vias a&#233;reas inferiores e superiores frequentes, onfalocele, daltonismo, dificuldade de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, d&#233;ficit de crescimento, refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico, criptorquidismo, dist&#250;rbio da fala, dificuldade de aprendizado e hipocalcemia. As infec&#231;&#245;es de vias a&#233;reas frequentes ocorreram em seis casos; as outras altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas ocorreram de forma espor&#225;dica nos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Dos 32 pacientes, cinco foram a &#243;bito, e todos que foram a &#243;bito estiveram internados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal aguardando transfer&#234;ncia para um centro especializado em cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o no MLPA</title>
          <p>Com a t&#233;cnica de MLPA utilizando quatro <italic>kits,</italic> foi poss&#237;vel detectar microdele&#231;&#245;es/microduplica&#231;&#245;es em 7/39 pacientes (17,9%), sendo dois casos de dele&#231;&#227;o (dele&#231;&#227;o 19p, dele&#231;&#227;o 22q) e cinco casos de duplica&#231;&#227;o (dois casos de duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q, duplica&#231;&#227;o 20p, duplica&#231;&#227;o 22q, duplica&#231;&#227;o 8p com duplica&#231;&#227;o 10p).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quadro cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Dos sete pacientes que apresentaram CNVs, a idade variou de 19 dias a 10 anos. Tr&#234;s apresentavam tetralogia de Fallot, dois tinham dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito, um tinha transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias e um tinha coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta. Os sete pacientes apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas.</p>
          <p>Dos sete pacientes, tr&#234;s estavam internados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e foram a &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com CNV</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N</th>
                  <th>Idade</th>
                  <th>Sexo</th>
                  <th>DCC</th>
                  <th>Altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th>CNV</th>
                  <th>Destino</th>
                  <th>Idade atual/&#243;bito</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Dismorfismo facial Atresia duodenal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC001</td>
                  <td align="center">3 m</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">Co. aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">Doente neonatal, Atrofia, displasia cerebral IVAI frequente, RDNPM</td>
                  <td align="center">Dup15q11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">5 m</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC003</td>
                  <td align="center">6 a</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">TOF</td>
                  <td align="center">Dismorfismo facial Asma</td>
                  <td align="center">Del 19p</td>
                  <td align="center">Amb</td>
                  <td align="center">8 a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC006</td>
                  <td align="center">19 d</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">DVSVD</td>
                  <td align="center">Dismorfismo facial</td>
                  <td align="center">Dup 20p12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">23 d</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC011</td>
                  <td align="center">2 a</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">TOF</td>
                  <td align="center">Dismorfismo facial D&#233;ficit de crescimento RDNPM</td>
                  <td align="center">Dup 15q</td>
                  <td align="center">Amb</td>
                  <td align="center">4 a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC015</td>
                  <td align="center">6 a</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">TOF</td>
                  <td align="center">Fronte ampla Dedos das m&#227;os fusiformes</td>
                  <td align="center">Dup 8p23.2 e dup10p12.31</td>
                  <td align="center">Amb</td>
                  <td align="center">8 a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Dismorfismo facial RGE</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC030</td>
                  <td align="center">10 a</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">TGA</td>
                  <td align="center">IVAI frequente Dificuldade de aprendizado</td>
                  <td align="center">Dup2 2q11</td>
                  <td align="center">Amb</td>
                  <td align="center">12 a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Dismorfismo facial H&#233;rnia umbilical</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Dificuldade de alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MC039</td>
                  <td align="center">5 m</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">DVSVD</td>
                  <td align="center">D&#233;ficit de crescimento RGE</td>
                  <td align="center">Del 22q11</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">6 m</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia velofar&#237;ngea Aplasia de timo RDNPM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>a: anos; amb: ambulat&#243;rio; Co aorta: coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta; d: dia; DCC: defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito; del: dele&#231;&#227;o; dup: duplica&#231;&#227;o; DVSVD; dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito; F; feminino; IVAI: infec&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas inferiores; m: m&#234;s; M: masculino; RDNPM: retardo no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor; RGE: refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico; TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias; TOF: tetralogia de Fallot.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o dos pais</title>
          <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o dos pais foi realizada em seis fam&#237;lias dos pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o no MLPA. Destas, em quatro fam&#237;lias obtivemos material de ambos os genitores (pai e m&#227;e) e, em dois casos, apenas material materno. Nenhum deles apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s CNVs de seus filhos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o de sete casos com altera&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q11.2</title>
            <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, pais n&#227;o consangu&#237;neos, pai com 30 anos de idade e m&#227;e de origem ind&#237;gena, 31 anos, com quatro filhos, o terceiro filho apresentou cardiopatia cong&#234;nita complexa e foi a &#243;bito. Nasceu de parto ces&#225;rea, com 38 semanas de idade gestacional, pesando 2.165 g (abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade), medindo 44 cm (percentil 3 para a idade), per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 32 cm (entre os percentis 3-10 para a idade) e Apgar 9 e 9. O ecocardiograma identificou coarta&#231;&#227;o grave da aorta, canal arterial p&#233;rvio, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e in&#250;meras comunica&#231;&#245;es interventriculares.</p>
            <p>Com tr&#234;s meses de idade apresentava peso de 3.030 g (entre os percentis 3-15 para a idade), comprimento de 49 cm (entre os percentis 3-15 para a idade) e per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 36 cm (muito abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade). As altera&#231;&#245;es faciais observadas foram: olhos pequenos, amendoados, l&#225;bio superior fino, micrognatia, microcefalia, presen&#231;a de dente neonatal e canal de ouvido estreito.</p>
            <p>As outras altera&#231;&#245;es apresentadas foram: atresia duodenal, ap&#234;ndice &#224; esquerda, constipa&#231;&#227;o, dificuldade de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, d&#233;ficit de crescimento, hipertonia, atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, altera&#231;&#227;o na regula&#231;&#227;o da temperatura corporal e infec&#231;&#245;es de vias a&#233;reas frequentes. A tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio evidenciou atrofia e displasia de cortical. Foi a &#243;bito com quatro meses de idade, logo ap&#243;s receber alta da UTI para casa.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Duplica&#231;&#227;o 20p12.2</title>
            <p>Neonato de 19 dias de vida, sexo masculino, primeiro filho de pais saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o consangu&#237;neos, de 20 e 24 anos, m&#227;e e pai, respectivamente. Nasceu de parto ces&#225;rea, idade gestacional de 39 semanas, peso de 3.800 g (percentil 75 para a idade), comprimento de 52 cm (percentil 50 para a idade), per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 34 cm (percentil 25 para a idade) e Apgar 10. Diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial ampla, c&#226;mara ventricular rudimentar, hipoplasia do arco a&#243;rtico, canal arterial persistente e estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
            <p>O exame f&#237;sico detectou altera&#231;&#245;es faciais, como achatamento bitemporal, face alongada, hipertelorismo ocular, dorso nasal alargado, ponta nasal achatada, narinas antevertidas e micrognatia, observando-se tamb&#233;m pesco&#231;o curto, dedos das m&#227;os e p&#233;s alongados.</p>
            <p>Permaneceu internado em UTI e foi a &#243;bito aguardando transfer&#234;ncia para realizar cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Dele&#231;&#227;o 19p</title>
            <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, segundo filho de pais saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o consangu&#237;neos, m&#227;e e pai com idades de 32 e 33 anos, respectivamente.</p>
            <p>Nasceu de parto ces&#225;rea, 39 semanas de idade gestacional, pesando 3.450 g (percentil 50 para a idade), medindo 49 cm (entre os percentis 25-50 para a idade), per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 33,5 cm (percentil 50 para a idade), com diagn&#243;stico de tetralogia de Fallot.</p>
            <p>Aos seis anos idade pesava 26.500 g (entre os percentis 85-97 para a idade) e media 123 cm (no percentil 85 para a idade).</p>
            <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico foram observadas caracter&#237;sticas faciais dism&#243;rficas, como dorso nasal alargado, ponte nasal achatada, olhos amendoados. Como altera&#231;&#227;o extracard&#237;aca relatava asma. O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi normal.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q</title>
            <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, filho &#250;nico, m&#227;e e pai saud&#225;veis, com 36 e 26 anos, respectivamente, n&#227;o consangu&#237;neos, sem relato de cardiopatia na fam&#237;lia. Nasceu de parto ces&#225;rea, com 30 semanas de idade gestacional, pesando 1.015 g (percentil 10 para a idade), medindo 38 cm (percentil 10 para a idade).</p>
            <p>Aos dois anos e 11 meses apresentava os seguintes dados antropom&#233;tricos: peso de 14.000 g (entre os percentis 50-85 para a idade), altura de 82 cm (abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade) e per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 46 cm (abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade).</p>
            <p>Ao ecocardiograma, apresentava tetralogia de Fallot. Ao exame f&#237;sico foram detectadas caracter&#237;sticas faciais dism&#243;rficas: hipertelorismo ocular, dorso nasal alargado, ponte nasal achatada, narinas antevertidas, filtro nasolabial longo com os pilares apagados e microcefalia.</p>
            <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas evidenciadas foram d&#233;ficit de crescimento e retardo no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2</title>
            <p>Lactente do sexo feminino, primeira filha de pais saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o consangu&#237;neos, com idades de 29 e 24 anos, m&#227;e e pai, respectivamente, sem relato de cardiopatia na fam&#237;lia. Durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, a m&#227;e apresentou diabetes gestacional, tendo havido uso de insulina, e a &#250;nica altera&#231;&#227;o observada na ultrassonografia gestacional foi polidr&#226;mnio.</p>
            <p>Nasceu de parto ces&#225;rea com 37 semanas de idade gestacional, pesando 2.500 g (entre os percentis 10-25 para a idade), medindo 44 cm (percentil 10 para a idade), per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 33,5 cm (percentil 50 para a idade) e Apgar de 8 e 8. Com cinco dias de vida, foi detectado sopro card&#237;aco, o ecocardiograma evidenciou dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular ampla e estenose pulmonar discreta. Foi internada em UTI e realizada a primeira cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
            <p>Aos cinco meses de idade pesava 4.200 g (entre os percentis 15-50 para a idade), media 55 cm (abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade) e o per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico era de 36,5 cm (abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade).</p>
            <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico foram detectadas caracter&#237;sticas faciais dism&#243;rficas: hipertelorismo ocular, olhos grandes, dorso nasal alargado, ponta nasal achatada com narinas antevertidas, filtro nasolabial longo, l&#225;bio superior fino e em formato de "V" invertido, micrognatia, l&#243;bulo da orelha achatado, dedos das m&#227;os afilados e alongados, e h&#233;rnia umbilical.</p>
            <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas evidenciadas foram dificuldade de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, d&#233;ficit de crescimento, retardo no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (somente sustentava a cabe&#231;a).</p>
            <p>Os exames de imagem evidenciaram refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico e aplasia de timo. Avalia&#231;&#227;o com otorrinolaringologista diagnosticou insufici&#234;ncia velofar&#237;ngea. Os exames laboratoriais identificaram c&#225;lcio s&#233;rico dentro da normalidade.</p>
            <p>Foi a &#243;bito logo ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca com seis meses de idade.</p>
            <p>O paciente apresentava uma dele&#231;&#227;o de 3,0 Mb, portanto dele&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica   <italic>de novo</italic> para a s&#237;ndrome de DiGeorge, pois o MLPA dos pais foi normal.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Duplica&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2</title>
            <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, filho &#250;nico, m&#227;e solteira, saud&#225;vel, 35 anos, sem relato de cardiopatia na fam&#237;lia, nasceu de parto ces&#225;rea, com 40 semanas e seis dias de idade gestacional, pesando 4.425 g (acima do percentil 90 para a idade), medindo 50 cm (entre os percentis 10-25 para a idade), com per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 37,5 cm (acima do percentil 97 para a idade) e Apgar 8 e 10.</p>
            <p>O ecocardiograma detectou transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial. A cirurgia card&#237;aca foi realizada com dez dias de vida.</p>
            <p>Aos 10 anos pesava 40 kg (entre os percentis 85-90 para a idade), altura 142 cm (entre os percentis 50-85 para a idade) e per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 52,5 cm.</p>
            <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas sutis, como base nasal alargada, filtro nasolabial longo e l&#225;bio superior fino, com diagn&#243;stico de refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico e frequentes infec&#231;&#245;es de vias a&#233;reas. O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi normal, mas apresentava dificuldade de aprendizado.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Duplica&#231;&#227;o 8p23.2 e 10p12.31</title>
            <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, com seis anos de idade, filha &#250;nica de pais separados, sem hist&#243;ria de consaguinidade ou cardiopatia na fam&#237;lia, m&#227;e saud&#225;vel, 23 anos.</p>
            <p>Nasceu de parto normal, com 40 semanas de idade gestacional, pesando 3.150 g (percentil 25 para a idade), com diagn&#243;stico de tetralogia de Fallot, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide leve e insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar moderada. Foi submetida a cirurgia card&#237;aca com quatro anos de idade.</p>
            <p>Atualmente, est&#225; com peso de 20,7 kg (entre os percentis 15-50 para a idade), altura de 117 cm (entre os percentis 15-50 para a idade) e per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico de 51 cm. Ao exame f&#237;sico foram evidenciados fronte ampla e dedos fusiformes. O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi normal e n&#227;o manifestava outras altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m mostrado que CNVs ocorrem em significativa propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DCC. Em s&#237;ndromes envolvendo DCC como parte do espectro cl&#237;nico, a malforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; frequentemente o primeiro sintoma a surgir<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo detectamos CNVs em 7/39 casos: dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2, duplica&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2, duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q11.2, duplica&#231;&#227;o 20p12.2, dele&#231;&#227;o 19p, duplica&#231;&#227;o 15q e duplica&#231;&#227;o 8p23.2 concomitante com duplica&#231;&#227;o 10p12.31.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m estabelecido a relev&#226;ncia de CNVs na etiologia de DCC. Demonstrou-se associa&#231;&#227;o tanto de DCC sindr&#244;mico como DCC isolado e desequil&#237;brios cromoss&#244;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>O cari&#243;tipo resultou normal em todos os indiv&#237;duos dessa pesquisa, o que tamb&#233;m foi observado por Thiempont e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, que detectaram 30% de CNVs raras em pacientes com DCC e outras anomalias ao nascimento com cari&#243;tipos normais.</p>
        <p>CNVs s&#227;o tamb&#233;m conhecidas por estarem envolvidas na g&#234;nese de patologias do neurodesenvolvimento e neurocogni&#231;&#227;o, como defici&#234;ncia intelectual, esquizofrenia e espectro aut&#237;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Neste estudo observamos a presen&#231;a de retardo no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor em apenas dois dos sete pacientes que apresentaram CNV. Richards e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, estudando CNV em 40 indiv&#237;duos com DCC, observaram que o risco de ter CNV causal aumentou para 45% naqueles indiv&#237;duos com anormalidades neurol&#243;gicas ou atraso no desenvolvimento. Cooper e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, confirmando essa rela&#231;&#227;o ao analisar CNV em 575 crian&#231;as com DCC e defici&#234;ncia intelectual, mostraram aumento significativo do n&#250;mero de CNVs em crian&#231;as com DCC.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo identificou cinco casos de duplica&#231;&#227;o e apenas dois casos de dele&#231;&#227;o, de modo semelhante ao estudo realizado por Erdogan e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, que, ao pesquisarem CNV em 150 indiv&#237;duos com DCC isolada, detectaram 18 CNVs raras, sendo que a maioria foi duplica&#231;&#227;o, em contraste com aquelas encontradas nos DCC sindr&#244;micos, que s&#227;o predominantemente dele&#231;&#245;es. Adicionalmente, 44% foram familiares, tamb&#233;m ocorrendo nos pais sem evid&#234;ncia de DCC, talvez indicando que essas CNVs aumentem a suscetibilidade para DCC, mas requerem outros fatores para manifestar o fen&#243;tipo. Isso demonstra que CNV rara pode ser um importante contribuidor gen&#233;tico para DCC isolado.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes deste estudo pareciam ter apenas DCC, contudo exame cl&#237;nico e avalia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica mais cuidadosa evidenciaram altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas poss&#237;veis de fazerem parte de uma s&#237;ndrome. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a presen&#231;a de CNVs em DCC n&#227;o sindr&#244;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, Warburton e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, estudando 223 crian&#231;as com cardiopatia conotruncal e s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico, encontraram dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 em nove crian&#231;as e 33 CNVs <italic>de novo.</italic> No nosso estudo detectamos a dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 em apenas um paciente (2,5%).</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 (SD22q11), tamb&#233;m conhecida como s&#237;ndrome de DiGeorge ou velocardiofacial, &#233; considerada a mais comum das s&#237;ndromes de microdele&#231;&#227;o humana e cont&#233;m m&#250;ltiplos genes. A preval&#234;ncia estimada &#233; de 1:4.000 nascidos vivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma dele&#231;&#227;o cromoss&#244;mica submicrosc&#243;pica &#233; detectada por FISH, MLPA ou an&#225;lise cromoss&#244;mica por <italic>microarray</italic>. A grande maioria dos casos (90%) apresentando dele&#231;&#227;o do tamanho aproximado de tr&#234;s milh&#245;es de bases (Mb) leva &#224; dele&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 45 genes, como a apresentada pelo paciente deste estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>O &#250;nico paciente deste estudo com dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11 era inicialmente portador de cardiopatia conotruncal isolada. Ap&#243;s exame f&#237;sico detalhado, foram observadas v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas que fazem parte da s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2. Na maioria dos trabalhos que t&#234;m como amostra uma popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia conotruncal isolada observa-se posteriormente, em exame cl&#237;nico mais detalhado, a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas sutis n&#227;o evidentes no primeiro exame<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o do 22q11 pode ser extremamente vari&#225;vel. Detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da dele&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para o tratamento das anomalias e para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es associadas e preven&#231;&#227;o dos problemas neuropsicol&#243;gicos e imunodefici&#234;ncia. Na maioria dos casos, a dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11 ocorre   <italic>de novo</italic> na fam&#237;lia, contudo herdar a microdele&#231;&#227;o dos pais pode ocorrer em 6-28%. Pais afetados podem apresentar fen&#243;tipo leve. Por essa raz&#227;o, teste para dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11 deve ser oferecido a todos os pais de crian&#231;as afetadas com o prop&#243;sito de aconselhamento gen&#233;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. No paciente deste estudo, os pais tamb&#233;m foram pesquisados, e o MLPA de ambos resultou normal.</p>
        <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o apresentava como defeito card&#237;aco a dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito e foi a &#243;bito ap&#243;s a segunda cirurgia. Defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito &#233; uma das mais frequentes manifesta&#231;&#245;es da s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2; al&#233;m disso, &#233; a maior causa de &#243;bito na grande maioria dos pacientes com essa s&#237;ndrome.</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de etiologia gen&#233;tica para o DCC &#233; importante para proporcionar aconselhamento gen&#233;tico para pais que planejam ter outros filhos. O risco de recorr&#234;ncia para muitos DCC &#233; de 2-6%, e o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de DCC aumenta significantemente quando os pais s&#227;o portadores de dele&#231;&#227;o/duplica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, informa&#231;&#227;o que adquire relev&#226;ncia para se realizar o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico desses pais ou do paciente que, ao atingir a idade adulta, decide come&#231;ar uma fam&#237;lia.</p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, dezenas de microdele&#231;&#245;es e microduplica&#231;&#245;es cromoss&#244;micas clinicamente relevantes t&#234;m sido descritas em seres humanos, frequentemente associadas com defici&#234;ncia mental, autismo e/ou malforma&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas. Uma vez que esses pequenos arranjos gen&#244;micos s&#227;o geralmente abaixo do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o da microscopia &#243;ptica, &#233; essencial utilizar procedimentos de diagn&#243;stico molecular para fornecer uma explica&#231;&#227;o para os sintomas e sinais observados e proporcionar progn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos e gen&#233;ticos para os pacientes e seus familiares. Nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, testes moleculares, particularmente <italic>Comparative Genomic Hybridization</italic> (CGH) <italic>array</italic>, tornaram-se o padr&#227;o-ouro para tal diagn&#243;stico laboratorial. No entanto, esses testes s&#227;o muito dispendiosos e dependem da disponibilidade de equipamento caro e que tem de ser frequentemente atualizado. Como resultado desses altos custos, os pacientes dos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento n&#227;o t&#234;m acesso a testes e n&#227;o s&#227;o frequentemente diagnosticados, com grande preju&#237;zo para sua fam&#237;lia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>O MLPA &#233; uma t&#233;cnica estabelecida para detec&#231;&#227;o de conhecidas CNVs. O custo do MLPA &#233; substancialmente menor que o CGH <italic>array</italic> e, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao   <italic>Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization</italic> (FISH), &#233; mais r&#225;pido, f&#225;cil e econ&#244;mico, com um simples <italic>kit</italic> capaz de realizar pesquisa simult&#226;nea de m&#250;ltiplas anomalias. Com isso pode ser utilizado para detec&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias clinicamente relevantes em pacientes com DCC aparentemente n&#227;o sindr&#244;mico, ocasionando identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes com desordens gen&#244;micas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Se o diagn&#243;stico do DCC &#233; realizado precocemente, isto &#233;, intra&#250;tero, melhor prepara&#231;&#227;o para o nascimento com o tratamento mais cedo melhoraria o progn&#243;stico em termos de morbidade e mortalidade, contudo observamos que a maioria das m&#227;es dos pacientes, neste estudo, mesmo tendo realizado pr&#233;-natal e ultrassom gestacional, desconhecia o diagn&#243;stico de defeito card&#237;aco fetal. Em um estado que apresenta escassez de leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal para o tratamento desses rec&#233;m-nascidos e n&#227;o disp&#245;e de cirurgias card&#237;acas de maior complexidade, esses pacientes provavelmente est&#227;o indo a &#243;bito sem diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. Isso p&#244;de ser evidenciado em nossa amostra, pela qual todos os pacientes que estavam internados em unidade de terapia intensiva foram a &#243;bito aguardando transfer&#234;ncia para um centro especializado em cirurgia card&#237;aca, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce no impacto da alta morbimortalidade desses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Ainda h&#225; controv&#233;rsias na literatura sobre em qual grupo de indiv&#237;duos deve ser promovida a investiga&#231;&#227;o rotineira para varia&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias - em pacientes com defeito card&#237;aco isolado ou naqueles que apresentam outras altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas. O que se pode observar de consenso &#233; que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica minuciosa &#224; procura de sinais dism&#243;rficos, principalmente em crian&#231;as portadoras de defeito card&#237;aco conotruncal, pode auxiliar na decis&#227;o de realizar testes moleculares. Os benef&#237;cios proporcionados seriam aconselhamento gen&#233;tico adequado, avalia&#231;&#227;o e manejo dos problemas de forma mais eficaz, ocasionando melhoria na qualidade de vida do indiv&#237;duo e da fam&#237;lia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica de MLPA &#233; &#250;til na investiga&#231;&#227;o de microdele&#231;&#245;es e microduplica&#231;&#245;es em defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos conotruncais.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico precoce das CNVs em pacientes com DCC auxilia na preven&#231;&#227;o de morbidade e diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nesses pacientes. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica minuciosa em todo paciente com DCC &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para detectar outras anomalias cong&#234;nitas associadas.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho ressalta a necessidade de o m&#233;dico, frente a uma crian&#231;a com defeito card&#237;aco, estar atento &#224; possibilidade de altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, com conhecimento das novas t&#233;cnicas que possibilitam esse diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo se deve tanto ao m&#233;todo de amostragem empregado, o de conveni&#234;ncia, quanto ao pequeno n&#250;mero amostral, que permite considerar os resultados encontrados apenas para a popula&#231;&#227;o em quest&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Campos CMR, Kulikowski LD, Kim CA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos CMR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Campos CMR, Zanardo EA, Dutra RL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP 2009-53105 e CNPq: 401910/2010-5.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Carla Marques Rondon Campos pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>N&#243;s agradecemos aos cardiologistas que permitiram que os seus pacientes fossem estudados e aos pacientes e pais que aceitaram participar do estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
