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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yhPZnh6qXnLGhh984hyj9wF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140213</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Research Publications from Latin America between 1999 and 2008. A Bibliometric Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colantonio</surname>
            <given-names>Lisandro D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baldridge</surname>
            <given-names>Abigail S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huffman</surname>
            <given-names>Mark D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bloomfield</surname>
            <given-names>Gerald S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prabhakaran</surname>
            <given-names>Dorairaj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Birmingham School of Public Health</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University of Alabama</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Epidemiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Birmingham</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology - University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Buenos Aires</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Public Health, School of Medicine; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chicago</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke Global Health Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Duke Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Duke University Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Medical Center &#8211; Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centre for Chronic Disease Control</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New Delhi</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Lisandro D Colantonio</bold>. 2251 Highland Ave S. C&#243;digo Postal 35205, Birmingham, Alabama &#8211; USA. Email:   <email>Lisandro.Colantonio@fulbrightmail.org</email>;   <email>lcolantonio@uab.edu</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D; Acquisition of data: Baldridge AS, Huffman MD, Bloomfield GS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Colantonio LD, Baldridge AS, Huffman MD; Statistical analysis: Baldridge AS, Obtaining financing: Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baldridge AS, Huffman MD, Bloomfield GS, Prabhakaran D Supervision / as the major investigator: Prabhakaran D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>05</fpage>
      <lpage>14</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular research publications seem to be increasing in Latin America overall.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze trends in cardiovascular publications and their citations from countries in Latin America between 1999 and 2008, and to compare them with those from the rest of the countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrieved references of cardiovascular publications between 1999 and 2008 and their five-year post-publication citations from the Web of Knowledge database. For countries in Latin America, we calculated the total number of publications and their citation indices (total citations divided by number of publications) by year. We analyzed trends on publications and citation indices over time using Poisson regression models. The analysis was repeated for Latin America as a region, and compared with that for the rest of the countries grouped according to economic development.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Brazil (n = 6,132) had the highest number of publications in1999-2008, followed by Argentina (n = 1,686), Mexico (n = 1,368) and Chile (n = 874). Most countries showed an increase in publications over time, leaded by Guatemala (36.5% annually [95%CI: 16.7%-59.7%]), Colombia (22.1% [16.3%-28.2%]), Costa Rica (18.1% [8.1%-28.9%]) and Brazil (17.9% [16.9%-19.1%]). However, trends on citation indices varied widely (from -33.8% to 28.4%). From 1999 to 2008, cardiovascular publications of Latin America increased by 12.9% (12.1%-13.5%) annually. However, the citation indices of Latin America increased 1.5% (1.3%-1.7%) annually, a lower increase than those of all other country groups analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Although the number of cardiovascular publications of Latin America increased from 1999 to 2008, trends on citation indices suggest they may have had a relatively low impact on the research field, stressing the importance of considering quality and dissemination on local research policies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>System for Evaluation of Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Publications / statistics &amp; numerical data</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Bibliometrics Citation Databases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NHLBI Pathway to Independence award</funding-source>
          <award-id>1K99HL107749-01A1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NHLBI</funding-source>
          <award-id>HHS N268200900026C</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NICHD</funding-source>
          <award-id>1D43HD065249</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>The present study was funded by the Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR) through Initiative for Cardiovascular Health In Developing Countries (ICHEALTH). The GFHR did not participate in the study design, analysis, writing, or decision to publish. LDC is supported through a Fulbright Scholarship. MDH is supported by a NHLBI Pathway to Independence award (1K99HL107749-01A1). GSB is supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (K01TW008407). DP receives partial salary support from a contract award from NHLBI (HHS N268200900026C) and a grant award from NICHD (1D43HD065249). The content is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Latin America and the second cause exclusively among people aged 15-59 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Research is an important strategy for disease control and overall health improvement and was included as one of the 11 essential public health functions monitored by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) among member countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In particular, research on health system performance and economic assessments has been identified as one of the top priorities to improve cardiovascular health in the Americas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Bibliometrics comprises a series of methods aimed to quantitatively evaluate scientific literature, which can be used to assess research productivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Jahangir et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> have previously conducted a bibliometric analysis of cardiovascular research articles from Latin America identified through the   <italic>PubMed</italic> database (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), which were published between 2001 and 2010. During this period, the total number of cardiovascular publications from Latin America indexed in   <italic>PubMed</italic> increased about 18 fold, from 41 in 2001 to 726 in 2010. However, address information in <italic>PubMed</italic> is generally limited to the corresponding author, which may have led to an underestimation of the number of publications identified. Moreover, few data are currently available regarding the evolution of cardiovascular research publications from individual countries in Latin America, as well as other bibliometrics outcomes as citations.</p>
      <p>We conducted a bibliometric analysis aimed to estimate the number, geographic distribution and citations of cardiovascular research publications from countries in Latin America. We explored associations between these outcomes and measures of country development level. In addition, we analyzed time trends on the number of publications and citations by country, as well as in Latin America, and contrasted these trends with those of other countries grouped according to economic development.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and data source</title>
        <p>We analyzed all cardiovascular research articles, reviews and conference proceedings published between 1999 and 2008 indexed on the Thomson Reuters <italic>Web of Knowledge Science Citation Index Expanded</italic> (SCI-EXPANDED), <italic>Social Sciences Citation Index</italic> (SSCI) and <italic>Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science</italic> (CPCI-S, Thomson Reuters, NY). The study methods have been fully described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Briefly, we created and calibrated a bibliometric filter to capture cardiovascular research publications from the Thomson Reuters database using a previously published iterative approach in order to achieve precision (the proportion of retrieved publications that are relevant) and recall (the proportion of relevant publications that are retrieved) greater than 90%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Based on a previously used definition, we defined cardiovascular publications as: &#8220;all publications on the study of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) and its functions in health and disease, including heart disease and stroke, invasive/interventional cardiology, cardiac and vascular surgery, which is the practice of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that involve entry into the heart and major blood vessels&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Final precision and recall achieved were 0.905 and 0.903, respectively.</p>
        <p>We applied the filter to the Thomson Reuters <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> for publication years 1999 through 2008. We cleaned retrieved publication records by removing duplicates (based on the title) and any publication missing an address. We also queried search results in the <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> for corresponding citation reports. We merged cleaned records with their five-year post-publication citation count (including the year of publication) and excluded publications without citation reports. We performed all searches in January 2013 to provide comparable citation estimates over time.</p>
        <p>The Northwestern University institutional review board provided exemption from ethics review since this study did not meet criteria for Human Subject Research. Results from this study have been made publicly available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://182.74.145.48:8080/ccdcgmc-webapp/generate.ccdcgmc">http://182.74.145.48:8080/ccdcgmc-webapp/generate.ccdcgmc</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Countries classification and development data</title>
        <p>For the present analysis, we used the list of Latin American countries defined by the Population Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), United Nations, which includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. We classified other countries according to the 2011 World Bank Income Groups based on their gross national incomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. High-income countries were additionally classified as members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) or non-OECD members<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. For each country, the human development index (HDI) and the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2000 and 2008 were obtained from the World Bank development indicators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bibliometric outcomes</title>
        <p>We aggregated publication data by country for the total number of publications and total five-year post-publication citations. We used address information from authors and institutions to identify countries involved in each publication. We calculated the total number of publications by summation of integer counts, crediting every country contributing at least one co-author with a per-publication score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. We did not apply weights by author order or reprint addresses.</p>
        <p>We calculated total five-year post-publication citation counts as the sum of all five-year post publication counts for any paper to which a country contributed, including the year of publication. We estimated a citation index for each country and year by dividing the total number of five-year post-publication citations by the total number of publications from the corresponding year. This citation index approximates the mean five-year post-publication citations of publications from a particular country in a particular year.</p>
        <p>We further aggregated bibliometric outcomes for the Latin America region. We calculated the total number of publications and total number of five-year post-publication citations by year by adding the individual estimations from each country. Then, we calculated an annual citation index as reported above for individual countries. For comparison, we conducted the same calculations for other groups of countries classified according to the World Bank Income Groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>We created Poisson regression models to analyze the time trend on the total number of publications (outcome, in integer counts) by country in Latin America, using 1999 as baseline (year 0). We created similar Poisson models to analyze the time trend on the citation indices, including the total number of five-year post-publication citations as outcome and the log of total number of publications by year as offset parameter. We only included years with publications for this analysis. After exponentiation, coefficients for the time variable (per year increment) from Poisson regression models can be interpreted as the relative annual change on the outcome (taking into account differences in the offset parameter, if included). These coefficients can be transformed to annual change percentage using the following equation:</p>
        <p>Annual change percentage = (e<sup>coefficient</sup> &#8211; 1) x 100</p>
        <p>We created linear regression models to analyze the association between the total number of publications from each country in Latin America with their corresponding HDI and GDP per capita in 2000 and 2008 based on data availability. Because the outcome distribution and the presence of years without publications for some countries, we log-transformed the total number of publications before the analysis using the following equation:</p>
        <p>Log-transformed number of publications</p>
        <p> = log (<italic>number of publications</italic> + 1)</p>
        <p>To meet the linearity assumptions, we transformed HDI through exponentiation before the analysis. We created a similar linear model to analyze the association of the citation index from each country in Latin America with its corresponding HDI and GDP per capita in 2000 and 2008. No mathematical transformations were required for the analysis of the citation indices.</p>
        <p>Finally, we analyzed time trends on the total number of publications and citation index from the Latin America region. We created similar Poisson regression models as reported above for individual countries. For comparison, we conducted the same analyses for other groups of countries classified according to the World Bank Income Groups. We performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding China from the upper-middle income countries group, because China has shown the fastest growing and highest number of bibliometric outcomes between 1999 and 2008 among these countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>We conducted all statistical analyses using STATA IC v11.2 (College Station, TX) and R v2.15.2 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Vienna, Austria) with a 2-sided level of significance alpha &lt; 0.05. We report the statistical significance from Poisson regression models through the 95% confidence interval for the annual change percentage. Specifically, a 95% confidence interval excluding 0% indicates that the increase or decrease in the outcome over time was statistically significant at the significance level adopted.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We retrieved a total of 456,120 publications from 1999 to 2008 from the Thomson Reuters   <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic>. After we removed duplicates and matched records with citation reports, we included 430,712 publications with complete information in the present analysis (a flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Overall, the number of cardiovascular publications retrieved increased over time, from 37,849 publications in 1999 to 54,459 in 2008.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flowchart of publications considered for inclusion.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the number of publications from countries in Latin America between 1999 and 2008, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the geographic distribution of publications in 2000 and 2008. Brazil (n = 6,132) published most frequently during the period analyzed, followed by Argentina (n = 1,686), Mexico (n = 1,368) and Chile (n = 874). These four countries accounted for almost 90% of all publications from Latin America in 2008. Nine countries had at least one year without publications.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Number of cardiovascular research publications (integer counts) and estimated annual change of Latin American countries (1999-2008)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="10" align="center">Number of cardiovascular research publications by year of publication</th>
              <th align="center">Estimated annual change</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Country</td>
              <td align="center">1999</td>
              <td align="center">2000</td>
              <td align="center">2001</td>
              <td align="center">2002</td>
              <td align="center">2003</td>
              <td align="center">2004</td>
              <td align="center">2005</td>
              <td align="center">2006</td>
              <td align="center">2007</td>
              <td align="center">2008</td>
              <td align="center">% (95%CI)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Argentina</td>
              <td align="center">159</td>
              <td align="center">140</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
              <td align="center">177</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">161</td>
              <td align="center">173</td>
              <td align="center">176</td>
              <td align="center">209</td>
              <td align="center">194</td>
              <td align="center">3.5 (1.7, 5.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bolivia</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">17.7 (2.5, 35.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">305</td>
              <td align="center">350</td>
              <td align="center">381</td>
              <td align="center">408</td>
              <td align="center">466</td>
              <td align="center">548</td>
              <td align="center">635</td>
              <td align="center">702</td>
              <td align="center">1,096</td>
              <td align="center">1,241</td>
              <td align="center">17.9 (16.9, 19.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chile</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 (4.7, 9.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Colombia</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">22.1 (16.3, 28.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Costa Rica</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">18.1 (8.1, 28.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cuba</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 (-3.4, 5.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dominican Republic</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-5.9 (-30.9, 28.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ecuador</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-3.0 (-12.9, 117.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">El Salvador</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0 (-28.9, 40.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guatemala</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">36.5 (16.6, 59.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Haiti</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">11.3 (-10.0, 37.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Honduras</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-5.9 (-42.2, 53.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mexico</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">121</td>
              <td align="center">129</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">128</td>
              <td align="center">137</td>
              <td align="center">203</td>
              <td align="center">231</td>
              <td align="center">10.2 (8.2, 12.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nicaragua</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">NE</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Panama</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 (-6.9, 21.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paraguay</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">14.8 (-8.5, 43.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peru</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">14.6 (5.8, 24.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uruguay</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">9.3 (3.4, 15.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Venezuela</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">7.0 (3.6, 10.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Latin America (total)</td>
              <td align="center">703</td>
              <td align="center">763</td>
              <td align="center">823</td>
              <td align="center">909</td>
              <td align="center">973</td>
              <td align="center">1,010</td>
              <td align="center">1,157</td>
              <td align="center">1,257</td>
              <td align="center">1,807</td>
              <td align="center">2,030</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 (12.1, 13.5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>95%CI: 95% confidence intervals; NE: non-estimable.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Geographic distribution of cardiovascular publications (integer counts) in Latin America in 2000 and 2008. AR: Argentina; BO: Bolivia; BR: Brazil; CL: Chile; CO: Colombia; CR: Costa Rica; CU: Cuba; DO: Dominican Republic; EC: Ecuador; ES: El Salvador; GT: Guatemala; HN: Honduras; HT: Haiti; MX: Mexico; NI: Nicaragua; PA: Panama; PE: Peru; PY: Paraguay; UY: Uruguay; VE: Venezuela. Notes: Countries in white were not included as part of Latin America. The exact number of cardiovascular publications in each country is reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Most countries demonstrated increases in the number of publications over time. The top countries with greater relative increase in the number of cardiovascular publications were Guatemala, Colombia, Costa Rica, Brazil and Bolivia. In the additive scale, Brazil was the country with the greatest increase in the number of publications (from 305 publications in 1999 to 1,241 in 2008), followed by Mexico (from 78 in 1999 to 231 in 2008), which surpasses Argentina in the total number of cardiovascular publications in 2008.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows annual citation indices from publications between 1999 and 2008 for each country in Latin America. About half of the countries showed an increase in their citation indices over time, led by Honduras, Dominican Republic, Peru, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Argentina. However, several countries showed a decrease in their citation indices, including El Salvador, Ecuador, Paraguay and Colombia. Citation indices from Brazil remained stable during the time period analyzed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Citation indices of cardiovascular research publications and estimated annual change of Latin American countries by year of publication (1999-2008)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="10" align="center">Citation index by year of publication</th>
              <th align="center">Estimated annual change</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Country</td>
              <td align="center">1999</td>
              <td align="center">2000</td>
              <td align="center">2001</td>
              <td align="center">2002</td>
              <td align="center">2003</td>
              <td align="center">2004</td>
              <td align="center">2005</td>
              <td align="center">2006</td>
              <td align="center">2007</td>
              <td align="center">2008</td>
              <td align="center">% (95%CI)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Argentina</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">13.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">12.4</td>
              <td align="center">25.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 (7.7, 8.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bolivia</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">47.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.0</td>
              <td align="center">17.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 (0.7, 8.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">9.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.1</td>
              <td align="center">-0.3 (-0.6, 0.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chile</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">9.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 (1.4, 2.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Colombia</td>
              <td align="center">8.3</td>
              <td align="center">19.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">33.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">18.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">-9.2 (-10.2, -8.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Costa Rica</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">16.2</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
              <td align="center">19.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 (6.9, 12.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cuba</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">-0.7 (-2.3, 0.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dominican Republic</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">8.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">10.0</td>
              <td align="center">18.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">28.4 (13.4, 45.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ecuador</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">22.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">-13.5 (-17.5, -9.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">El Salvador</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-33.8 (-50.9, -10.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guatemala</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">15.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">21.7</td>
              <td align="center">13.8</td>
              <td align="center">11.7 (4.8, 19.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Haiti</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">5.0 (-5.4, 16.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Honduras</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">39.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">37.9 (19, 59.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mexico</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">17.4</td>
              <td align="center">10.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.7</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (1.4, 2.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nicaragua</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">NE</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Panama</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 (-2.9, 9.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paraguay</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">17.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">-10.5 (-18.7, -1.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peru</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
              <td align="center">14.7</td>
              <td align="center">15.0</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 (9.0, 15.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uruguay</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 (0.0, 3.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Venezuela</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.4</td>
              <td align="center">6.4</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 (1.1, 3.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Latin America (total)</td>
              <td align="center">8.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.3</td>
              <td align="center">10.9</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">9.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.5 (1.3, 1.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>95%CI: 95% confidence intervals; NE: non-estimable; The symbol "-" denotes no publications;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Only for years with publications.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Development and bibliometric outcomes</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows the number of cardiovascular publications versus HDI and GDP per capita in 2008. Overall, the number of cardiovascular publications was higher among the countries with higher development indicators. In contrast, we found no association between citation indices and HDI or GDP per capita in 2008 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). We found similar results when number of cardiovascular publications and citation index were analyzed versus development indicators in 2000 (data not shown).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular publications (integer counts) versus HDI and GPD per capita for each country in Latin America in 2008. List of countries: AR: Argentina; BO: Bolivia; BR: Brazil; CL: Chile; CO: Colombia; CR: Costa Rica; CU: Cuba; DO: Dominican Republic; EC: Ecuador; ES: El Salvador; GT: Guatemala; MX: Mexico; PA: Panama; PE: Peru; PY: Paraguay; UY: Uruguay; VE: Venezuela. GDP: gross domestic product; HDI: human development index. For Cuba, no GDP data were available.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Citation index versus HDI and GDP per capita for each country in Latin America in 2008. List of countries: AR: Argentina; BO: Bolivia; BR: Brazil; CL: Chile; CO: Colombia; CR: Costa Rica; CU: Cuba; DO: Dominican Republic; EC: Ecuador; ES: El Salvador; GT: Guatemala; MX: Mexico; PA: Panama; PE: Peru; PY: Paraguay; UY: Uruguay; VE: Venezuela. GDP: gross domestic product; HDI: human development index. For Cuba, no GDP data were available.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bibliometric outcomes for Latin America</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> (left panel) shows the number of cardiovascular publications from the Latin America region by year between 1999 and 2008. For comparison, cardiovascular publications from other groups of countries classified according to the World Bank Income Groups are also displayed. The total number of cardiovascular publications (integer counts) from Latin America between 1999 and 2008 was lower than that from OECD high-income and other upper-middle income countries, but higher than total cardiovascular publications from other lower-middle income countries, non-OECD high-income countries and other low income countries. Between 1999 and 2008, cardiovascular publications from Latin America increased by 12.9% (95% confidence interval: 12.1% - 13.5%) annually (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>, top panel). This increase was lower than that observed for other upper-middle income countries (18.1% [17.6% - 18.5%]) even after excluding China (14.3% [13.8% - 14.9%]), but similar to the increase from other lower-middle income countries (13.7% [12.6% - 14.7%]). All other groups of countries showed a smaller increase in their number of publications, including OECD high income countries (3.6% [3.5% - 3.7%]), non-OEDC high income countries (10.6% [9.3% - 11.9%]), and other low income countries (8.7% [4.9% - 12.6%]).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Time trends of cardiovascular publications (integer counts) and citation indices from Latin America and the rest of the world according to the World Bank income groups (1999-2008). HIC: high income countries; LA: Latin America; LIC: low income countries; LMIC: low-middle income countries; OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; UMIC: upper-middle income countries. (*) Excluding China.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular research publications (integer counts) and citation indices of Latin America and the rest of the world according to the World Bank income groups between 1999 and 2008</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Country groups<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></th>
                <th style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin" colspan="10" align="center">Year of publication</th>
                <th style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin" align="center">Estimated annual change</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">1999</th>
                <th align="center">2000</th>
                <th align="center">2001</th>
                <th align="center">2002</th>
                <th align="center">2003</th>
                <th align="center">2004</th>
                <th align="center">2005</th>
                <th align="center">2006</th>
                <th align="center">2007</th>
                <th align="center">2008</th>
                <th align="center">% (95%CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin" align="left">
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="10" align="center">
                  <bold>Number of cardiovascular research publications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Latin American countries (n = 20)</td>
                <td align="center">703</td>
                <td align="center">763</td>
                <td align="center">823</td>
                <td align="center">909</td>
                <td align="center">973</td>
                <td align="center">1,010</td>
                <td align="center">1,157</td>
                <td align="center">1,257</td>
                <td align="center">1,807</td>
                <td align="center">2,030</td>
                <td align="center">12.9 (12.1, 13.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OECD high income countries (n = 31)</td>
                <td align="center">39,824</td>
                <td align="center">42,411</td>
                <td align="center">42,014</td>
                <td align="center">40,343</td>
                <td align="center">42,562</td>
                <td align="center">44,289</td>
                <td align="center">45,891</td>
                <td align="center">47,754</td>
                <td align="center">52,880</td>
                <td align="center">55,198</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 (3.5, 3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-OECD high income countries (n = 26)</td>
                <td align="center">309</td>
                <td align="center">244</td>
                <td align="center">256</td>
                <td align="center">273</td>
                <td align="center">322</td>
                <td align="center">359</td>
                <td align="center">391</td>
                <td align="center">418</td>
                <td align="center">569</td>
                <td align="center">602</td>
                <td align="center">10.6 (9.3, 11.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other UMIC including China (n = 36)</td>
                <td align="center">1,669</td>
                <td align="center">1,805</td>
                <td align="center">1,809</td>
                <td align="center">2,295</td>
                <td align="center">2,664</td>
                <td align="center">3,097</td>
                <td align="center">3,358</td>
                <td align="center">4,107</td>
                <td align="center">5,662</td>
                <td align="center">6,600</td>
                <td align="center">18.1 (17.6, 18.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other UMIC excluding China (n = 35)</td>
                <td align="center">1,181</td>
                <td align="center">1,211</td>
                <td align="center">1,219</td>
                <td align="center">1,575</td>
                <td align="center">1,699</td>
                <td align="center">2,014</td>
                <td align="center">2,109</td>
                <td align="center">2,378</td>
                <td align="center">3,232</td>
                <td align="center">3,573</td>
                <td align="center">14.3 (13.8, 14.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other LMIC (n = 43)</td>
                <td align="center">422</td>
                <td align="center">424</td>
                <td align="center">401</td>
                <td align="center">445</td>
                <td align="center">579</td>
                <td align="center">572</td>
                <td align="center">609</td>
                <td align="center">740</td>
                <td align="center">933</td>
                <td align="center">1,237</td>
                <td align="center">13.7 (12.6, 14.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td align="left">Other LIC (n = 35)</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 (4.9, 12.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin" align="left">
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="10" align="center">
                  <bold>Citation index</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Latin American countries (n = 20)</td>
                <td align="center">8.31</td>
                <td align="center">8.93</td>
                <td align="center">8.52</td>
                <td align="center">10.60</td>
                <td align="center">11.07</td>
                <td align="center">9.27</td>
                <td align="center">10.94</td>
                <td align="center">9.89</td>
                <td align="center">9.61</td>
                <td align="center">10.47</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (1.3, 1.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OECD high income countries (n = 31)</td>
                <td align="center">13.38</td>
                <td align="center">13.12</td>
                <td align="center">14.64</td>
                <td align="center">15.47</td>
                <td align="center">16.23</td>
                <td align="center">16.31</td>
                <td align="center">16.72</td>
                <td align="center">16.15</td>
                <td align="center">17.77</td>
                <td align="center">17.25</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 (3.0, 3.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-OECD high income countries (n = 26)</td>
                <td align="center">5.68</td>
                <td align="center">6.13</td>
                <td align="center">4.73</td>
                <td align="center">5.71</td>
                <td align="center">5.80</td>
                <td align="center">8.89</td>
                <td align="center">9.31</td>
                <td align="center">11.18</td>
                <td align="center">11.06</td>
                <td align="center">12.73</td>
                <td align="center">11.5 (11.1, 12.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other UMIC including China (n = 36)</td>
                <td align="center">4.48</td>
                <td align="center">4.80</td>
                <td align="center">5.46</td>
                <td align="center">5.32</td>
                <td align="center">6.85</td>
                <td align="center">6.99</td>
                <td align="center">7.81</td>
                <td align="center">7.35</td>
                <td align="center">7.40</td>
                <td align="center">8.00</td>
                <td align="center">5.8 (5.7, 6.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other UMIC excluding China (n = 35)</td>
                <td align="center">3.78</td>
                <td align="center">3.88</td>
                <td align="center">4.61</td>
                <td align="center">4.16</td>
                <td align="center">5.90</td>
                <td align="center">5.34</td>
                <td align="center">5.79</td>
                <td align="center">5.92</td>
                <td align="center">5.62</td>
                <td align="center">6.28</td>
                <td align="center">5.0 (4.8, 5.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other LMIC (n = 43)</td>
                <td align="center">3.15</td>
                <td align="center">4.68</td>
                <td align="center">4.85</td>
                <td align="center">4.82</td>
                <td align="center">4.17</td>
                <td align="center">6.02</td>
                <td align="center">6.77</td>
                <td align="center">6.66</td>
                <td align="center">7.35</td>
                <td align="center">7.55</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 (8.00, 8.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other LIC (n = 35)</td>
                <td align="center">3.36</td>
                <td align="center">3.84</td>
                <td align="center">9.45</td>
                <td align="center">4.80</td>
                <td align="center">7.48</td>
                <td align="center">3.30</td>
                <td align="center">19.30</td>
                <td align="center">7.96</td>
                <td align="center">10.79</td>
                <td align="center">7.28</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 (2.6, 5.2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>95%CI: 95% confidence intervals; LIC: low-income countries; LMIC: low-middle income countries; OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. UMIC: upper-middle income countries.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>n represents the number of countries within each group.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Baseline year: 1999.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Per year increment.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> (right panel) shows the evolution of citation indices for the Latin America region and other groups of countries classified according to the World Bank Income Groups by year. Between 1999 and 2008, the citation index for Latin America increased 1.5% (1.3% - 1.7%) per year. This increase was lower than that observed in all other groups of countries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>, bottom panel). However, by 2008, the citation index for Latin America was only surpassed by citation indices for OECD and non-OECD high-income countries.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We analyzed the number, geographic distribution and temporal trend of cardiovascular research publications from countries in Latin America between 1999 and 2008. We observed a high concentration of publications in only four countries (i.e., Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile), all of them with high development indicators. In addition, we observed an increase in the number of publications in most countries analyzed. In particular, Brazil was the country with the largest absolute increment in publications, representing the main driver for the overall increase observed in the region. In contrast, we observed a less consistent evolution of citation indices over time, including several countries with a statistically significant decrease during the period analyzed. As a consequence, the citation index of cardiovascular publications from Latin America modestly increased compared with those of all other groups of countries analyzed. Although we found a statistically significant increase in the total number of cardiovascular publications from Latin America, our results suggest that these publications may have had a low impact on the cardiovascular research field.</p>
      <p>Results regarding the geographic distribution and temporal trend of cardiovascular research publications from Latin America were consistent with a bibliometric analysis conducted by Jahangir et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> through PubMed. Authors reported that Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile were the leading countries with the highest number of publications in Latin America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Jahangir et al also reported that the total number of cardiovascular publications from Latin America increased from 41 in 2001 to 726 in 2010 (about 18 fold)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Our estimation of that increase was more conservative (about 3 fold between 1998 and 2008) and similar to the increase observed in other low-middle income countries. This difference with prior results could be attributed to the higher number of publications we retrieved. Our results expand the current knowledge by showing that the increase in the number of cardiovascular publications from Latin America was consistent with an increase in the number of publications from the vast majority of the countries in the region. A prior bibliometric analysis on public health publications conducted through Scopus has reported a low visibility of publications from Latin America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In this analysis, Latin America accounted for only 3.3% of world citations although producing 6.5% of all citable publications. Although we observed that the citation index for cardiovascular research publications from Latin America in 2008 was only surpassed by citation indices for OECD and non-OECD high-income countries, we also observed that the citation index of Latin America barely increased during the period analyzed.</p>
      <p>The increase in the number of cardiovascular publications from Latin America should be considered in the context of local actions undertaken to promote health research. In 2001-2002, PAHO conducted a series of workshops including national and subnational health authorities as well as other key respondents in order to evaluate the performance of the 11 essential public health functions in Latin America and the Caribbean using a consensus methodology based on predefined indicators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. As result, health research was identified as having one of the poorest performances in the region<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Following these workshops, several countries developed initiatives to promote local health research. For example, the San Carlos University in Guatemala incorporated the Essential Public Health Functions strategy from PAHO as part of its Human Resources Development Strategy and its Master program in Public Health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Costa Rica consolidated a National Health Research and Technological Development Plan, among other initiatives<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Brazilian health authorities developed and implemented a National Agenda of Priorities in Health Research, defined based on criteria as burden of diseases, cost-effectiveness and impact on equity, among others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In our study, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Brazil were at the top of countries with the highest relative increment in the number of cardiovascular publications. However, it is not possible to know to what extent these particular interventions contributed to the increase observed. In the case of Brazil, results should be considered in the context of a country with rapid expansion in science<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, with similar improvements in other fields such as analytical chemistry and veterinary medicine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Economic funding is an essential factor to support and promote research. Maceira et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> examined the public financing for health research in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay between 2002 and 2006. Authors have reported important differences regarding total available funds, time trends, as well as resource allocation between those countries. Argentina was the leading country on total funds measured in constant dollars, followed by Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia and Paraguay<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In particular, Argentina and Chile showed some similarities in their resource allocation profile, including that none of those countries had an explicit method for research prioritization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Between 2002 and 2006, Argentina and Chile allocated 41% and 42% of their public financing for research on non-communicable diseases, 33% and 25% for basic science, and 11% and 14% for communicable diseases, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Total funds increased more in Argentina (about 16% annually) than in Chile (about 6% annually) during the period analyzed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Interestingly, we observed a lower increase in cardiovascular research publications from Argentina as compared with those from Chile. However, the citation index of Argentina increased more as compared with that of Chile, suggesting that the increasing resources in Argentina may have had higher impact on factors that influence result dissemination.</p>
      <p>Despite some improvements, most of the National Research Systems for Health in Latin America were found to be inefficient after the 1<sup>st</sup> Latin American Conference on Research and Innovation for Health hold in Rio de Janeiro in 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. In our analysis, we used citation indices as surrogates for the impact from publications. This is a result from several factors, including relevance, innovation, quality and visibility achieved from each publication and other factors, such as self-citations and ease of citations, both of which are increasing over time. Our study provides novel information suggesting that the increase in cardiovascular research publications in Latin America may have not been accompanied by a rise on these factors. Most of the countries with increases in their number of cardiovascular publications did not show a statistically significant increase in their citation indices as Brazil, or even decreased them, as is the case of Colombia. This could be explained by a reduced exposure of these publications by having been published in languages other than English. It can also represent a local lack of interest (or even a resistance) to try to obtain high visibility of results by targeting high impact factor journals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In 2009, the PAHO&#8217;s 49<sup>th</sup> Directing Council approved the Policy on Research for Health (CD49.R10) aimed to promote the generation of relevant quality health research in the region, local research governance, and the dissemination and use of research results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Our study results support the pertinence of that policy. Future studies should analyze time trends on citations for publications from Latin America after 2009 in order to assess their impact.</p>
      <p>Strengths of our study include the iterative process used to build the search strategy, the rigorous testing of our filter to achieve high precision and recall, and the extensive collection of data on contact information and citations retrieved. Our study also has several limitations. First, our analysis was conducted on publications indexed in the Thomson Reuters <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> and may not represent all cardiovascular publications of Latin American countries, particularly because local journals could be underrepresented. Second, we were not able to differentiate between publications of basic science research and clinical or public health research, which prevented potential shifts between those categories from being detected over time. Third, we used citation indices as a measurement of the impact of publications on the research field, which can underrepresent the actual effects that research results may have on the overall health in a particular country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We analyzed cardiovascular research publications and their citations from Latin American countries between 1999 and 2008. During the study period, publications from Latin America increased about 12.9% (12.1% - 13.5%) annually. However, those publications were predominantly concentrated in a reduced number of countries with high development indicators. Although we also observed an improvement in citations, it was lower than that in the other countries analyzed, suggesting a relatively low impact of Latin American publications on the cardiovascular research field over the study period. Our results stress the importance of promoting cardiovascular research in less developed Latin American countries, as well as considering actions aimed to strengthen factors, such as quality, relevance and dissemination, as part of local research governance policies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The present study was funded by the Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR) through Initiative for Cardiovascular Health In Developing Countries (ICHEALTH). The GFHR did not participate in the study design, analysis, writing, or decision to publish. LDC is supported through a Fulbright Scholarship. MDH is supported by a NHLBI Pathway to Independence award (1K99HL107749-01A1). GSB is supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (K01TW008407). DP receives partial salary support from a contract award from NHLBI (HHS N268200900026C) and a grant award from NICHD (1D43HD065249). The content is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>The present study was founded by the Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR) through Initiative for Cardiovascular</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Publica&#231;&#245;es de Pesquisas Cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina entre 1999 e 2008. Um Estudo Bibliom&#233;trico</article-title>
      </title-group>
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            <given-names>Lisandro D.</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Mark D.</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Birmingham School of Public Health</institution>
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        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Epidemiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Birmingham</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology &#8211; University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
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        <label>2</label>
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        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Public Health, School of Medicine; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
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        <label>3</label>
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        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chicago</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago &#8211; USA</institution>
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      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke Global Health Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Duke Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Duke University Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Medical Center &#8211; Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centre for Chronic Disease Control</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New Delhi</named-content>
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        <country>India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lisandro D. Colantonio</bold>. 2251 Highland Ave S. C&#243;digo Postal 35205, Birmingham, Alabama &#8211; USA. Email:   <italic>lisandro.colantonio@fulbrightmail.org</italic>;   <italic>lcolantonio@uab.edu</italic></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Baldridge AS, Huffman MD, Bloomfield GS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Colantonio LD, Baldridge AS, Huffman MD; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Baldridge AS, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baldridge AS, Huffman MD, Bloomfield GS, Prabhakaran D; Supervis&#227;o / como o principal investigador: Prabhakaran D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular parecem estar crescendo na Am&#233;rica Latina em geral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar as tend&#234;ncias nas publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e suas cita&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses na Am&#233;rica Latina entre 1999 e 2008, e compar&#225;-las &#224;quelas dos demais pa&#237;ses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Recuperamos, a partir da base de dados Web of Knowledge, as refer&#234;ncias de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares entre 1999 e 2008 e as suas cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o. Para os pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, calculamos o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es e seus &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o (n&#250;mero total de cita&#231;&#245;es dividido pelo n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es) por ano. Analisamos as tend&#234;ncias das publica&#231;&#245;es e dos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo usando modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson. A an&#225;lise foi repetida para a Am&#233;rica Latina como regi&#227;o e comparada &#224;quela para os demais pa&#237;ses agrupados de acordo com o desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O Brasil (n = 6.132) apresentou o mais alto n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo 1999-2008, seguindo-se Argentina (n = 1.686), M&#233;xico (n = 1.368) e Chile (n = 874). A maioria dos pa&#237;ses apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo, principalmente Guatemala (36,5% anual [IC 95%: 16,7%-59,7%]), Col&#244;mbia (22,1% [16,3%-28,2%]), Costa Rica (18,1% [8,1%-28,9%]) e Brasil (17,9% [16,9%-19,1%]). No entanto, as tend&#234;ncias dos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o variaram muito, de -33,8% a 28,4%. De 1999 a 2008, as publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares na Am&#233;rica Latina aumentaram em 12,9% (12,1%-13,5%) por ano. Entretanto, os &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina aumentaram 1,5% (1,3%-1,7%) por ano, um aumento menor do que aqueles dos demais grupos de pa&#237;ses analisados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Embora o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina tenha aumentado de 1999 a 2008, tend&#234;ncias nos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o sugerem que elas possam ter tido um impacto relativamente baixo na &#225;rea de pesquisa, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de se considerar a qualidade e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o nas pol&#237;ticas locais de pesquisa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sistemas de Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Publica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es / estat&#237;stica &amp; dados num&#233;ricos</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Bibliometria de Cita&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Bases de Dados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NHLBI Pathway to Independence Award</funding-source>
          <award-id>1K99HL107749-01A1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health</funding-source>
          <award-id>K01TW008407</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NHLBI</funding-source>
          <award-id>HHS N268200900026C</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>NICHD</funding-source>
          <award-id>1D43HD065249</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo <italic>Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR)</italic> atrav&#233;s de <italic>Initiative for Cardiovascular Health In Developing Countries</italic> (ICHEALTH). O GFHR n&#227;o participou do delineamento, da an&#225;lise, da reda&#231;&#227;o ou da decis&#227;o de publica&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. LDC recebe bolsa Fulbright. MDH recebe suporte de <italic>NHLBI Pathway to Independence Award</italic> (1K99HL107749-01A1). GSB recebe suporte de <italic>Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health</italic> (K01TW008407). DP recebe sal&#225;rio parcial atrav&#233;s de um contrato com <italic>NHLBI</italic> (HHS N268200900026C) e uma bolsa de NICHD (1D43HD065249). Os autores assumem total responsabilidade sobre o conte&#250;do deste estudo, que n&#227;o necessariamente representa a vis&#227;o oficial dos <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte na Am&#233;rica Latina e a segunda causa de morte quando se considera apenas a faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 59 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A pesquisa &#233; uma importante estrat&#233;gia para controle de doen&#231;a e melhora da sa&#250;de em geral, tendo sido inclu&#237;da como uma das 11 fun&#231;&#245;es essenciais de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica monitoradas pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Pan-Americana da Sa&#250;de (OPAS) nos pa&#237;ses-membro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A pesquisa sobre o desempenho do sistema de sa&#250;de e as avalia&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas foi identificada como uma das principais prioridades para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular nas Am&#233;ricas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A bibliometria compreende uma s&#233;rie de m&#233;todos que t&#234;m por objetivo avaliar quantitativamente a literatura cient&#237;fica, podendo ser usada para pesquisa de produtividade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Jahangir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> conduziram uma an&#225;lise bibliom&#233;trica de artigos sobre pesquisa cardiovascular da Am&#233;rica Latina publicados entre 2001 e 2010 e identificados na base de dados <italic>PubMed</italic>(<italic>National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health</italic>, Bethesda, MD). Nesse per&#237;odo, o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina indexadas na <italic>PubMed</italic>aumentou cerca de 18 vezes, passando de 41 em 2001 para 726 em 2010. Entretanto, a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre endere&#231;o na <italic>PubMed</italic> acha-se, em geral, limitada ao &#8216;autor para correspond&#234;ncia&#8217;, o que pode ter levado &#224; subestima&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es identificadas. Al&#233;m disso, atualmente h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o das publica&#231;&#245;es em pesquisa cardiovascular individualmente por pa&#237;s da Am&#233;rica Latina, assim como sobre outros desfechos bibliom&#233;tricos, como cita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Conduzimos uma an&#225;lise bibliom&#233;trica visando a estimar o n&#250;mero, a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica e as cita&#231;&#245;es de publica&#231;&#245;es em pesquisa cardiovascular de pa&#237;ses na Am&#233;rica Latina. Exploramos as associa&#231;&#245;es entre tais desfechos e as medidas de desenvolvimento no &#226;mbito de cada pa&#237;s. Al&#233;m disso, analisamos as tend&#234;ncias ao longo do tempo do n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es e cita&#231;&#245;es por pa&#237;s, assim como na Am&#233;rica Latina, e contrastamos essas tend&#234;ncias com as de outros pa&#237;ses agrupados de acordo com o n&#237;vel de desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo e fonte de dados</title>
          <p>Analisamos todos os artigos, as revis&#245;es e os relatos de confer&#234;ncias sobre pesquisa cardiovascular publicados entre 1999 e 2008 e indexados nas seguintes bases de dados: <italic>Web of Knowledge Science Citation Index Expanded</italic>(SCI-EXPANDED) da Thomson Reuters, Nova York; <italic>Social Sciences Citation Index</italic> (SSCI); e <italic>Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science</italic> (CPCI-S) da Thomson Reuters, Nova York. A metodologia do estudo foi completamente descrita em publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. De maneira sucinta, criamos e calibramos um filtro bibliom&#233;trico para capturar publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular da base de dados Thomson Reuters, usando uma abordagem iterativa previamente publicada para obter um grau superior a 90% de precis&#227;o (a propor&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es recuperadas que s&#227;o relevantes) e de recupera&#231;&#227;o (a propor&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es relevantes que s&#227;o recuperadas)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Com base em uma defini&#231;&#227;o previamente utilizada, definimos &#8216;publica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular&#8217; como: &#8220;toda publica&#231;&#227;o sobre o estudo do sistema cardiovascular (cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos sangu&#237;neos) e suas fun&#231;&#245;es na sa&#250;de e na doen&#231;a, incluindo doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral, cardiologia invasiva/intervencionista, cirurgia card&#237;aca e cirurgia vascular, que &#233; a pr&#225;tica de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos que envolvem a entrada no cora&#231;&#227;o e nos grandes vasos sangu&#237;neos&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A precis&#227;o e a recupera&#231;&#227;o finais alcan&#231;adas foram 0,905 e 0,903, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Aplicamos o filtro da <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> da Thomson Reuters para os anos de publica&#231;&#227;o de 1999 a 2008. Os registros de publica&#231;&#227;o obtidos foram triados com a remo&#231;&#227;o das duplica&#231;&#245;es (com base no t&#237;tulo) e de qualquer publica&#231;&#227;o em que n&#227;o constasse um endere&#231;o. Investigamos ainda os resultados de busca na <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> para os relatos de cita&#231;&#245;es correspondentes. Comparamos os relatos resultantes da triagem com a contagem de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o (incluindo o ano de publica&#231;&#227;o) e exclu&#237;mos as publica&#231;&#245;es sem relatos de cita&#231;&#227;o. Realizamos todas as buscas em janeiro de 2013 para obter estimativas de cita&#231;&#227;o compar&#225;veis ao longo do tempo.</p>
          <p>O Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional da Northwestern University isentou a pesquisa de revis&#227;o &#233;tica, uma vez que o estudo n&#227;o atendia aos crit&#233;rios de Pesquisa em Seres Humanos. Os resultados deste estudo foram disponibilizados em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://182.74.145.48:8080/ccdcgmc-webapp/generate.ccdcgmc">http://182.74.145.48:8080/ccdcgmc-webapp/generate.ccdcgmc</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pa&#237;ses e informa&#231;&#227;o sobre desenvolvimento</title>
          <p>Para a presente an&#225;lise, usamos a lista de pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina definida pela Divis&#227;o de Popula&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o Econ&#244;mica para Am&#233;rica Latina e Caribe (ECLAC) das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas, que inclui Argentina, Bol&#237;via, Brasil, Chile, Col&#244;mbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Rep&#250;blica Dominicana, Equador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, M&#233;xico, Nicar&#225;gua, Panam&#225;, Paraguai, Peru, Uruguai e Venezuela<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Classificamos outros pa&#237;ses de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial de 2011, tendo por base seus rendimentos nacionais brutos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Os pa&#237;ses de renda alta foram ainda classificados como membros da Organiza&#231;&#227;o para a Coopera&#231;&#227;o e o Desenvolvimento Econ&#244;micos (OCDE) ou n&#227;o membros da OCDE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Para cada pa&#237;s, foram obtidos o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita em 2000 e 2008 a partir de indicadores de desenvolvimento do Banco Mundial <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos bibliom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>Reunimos os dados de publica&#231;&#227;o por pa&#237;s para o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es e o total de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o. Usamos a informa&#231;&#227;o de endere&#231;o dos autores e institui&#231;&#245;es para identificar os pa&#237;ses envolvidos em cada publica&#231;&#227;o. Calculamos o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es atrav&#233;s da soma das contagens integrais, creditando todo pa&#237;s que contribu&#237;sse com pelo menos um coautor no escore pr&#233;-publica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. N&#227;o atribu&#237;mos peso com base na ordem de autores ou nos endere&#231;os para solicita&#231;&#227;o de reimpress&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Calculamos a contagem total de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o como a soma de todas as contagens de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o para qualquer artigo para o qual um pa&#237;s contribu&#237;sse, incluindo o ano de publica&#231;&#227;o. Estimamos um &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o para cada pa&#237;s e ano atrav&#233;s da divis&#227;o do n&#250;mero total de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o pelo n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es no ano correspondente. Esse &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o fornece uma ideia aproximada da m&#233;dia de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o de determinado pa&#237;s em um certo ano.</p>
          <p>Ainda reunimos os desfechos bibliom&#233;tricos para a regi&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina. Calculamos o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es e o n&#250;mero total de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o por ano atrav&#233;s da soma de estimativas individuais de cada pa&#237;s. Em seguida, calculamos um &#237;ndice anual de cita&#231;&#227;o como relatado antes para os pa&#237;ses individuais. A t&#237;tulo de compara&#231;&#227;o, realizamos os mesmos c&#225;lculos para outros grupos de pa&#237;ses classificados de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Criamos modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson para analisar as tend&#234;ncias ao longo do tempo do n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es (desfecho, em contagens integrais) por pa&#237;s na Am&#233;rica Latina, usando 1999 como base (ano 0). Criamos modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson similares para analisar as tend&#234;ncias ao longo do tempo dos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o, incluindo o n&#250;mero total de cita&#231;&#245;es cinco anos ap&#243;s publica&#231;&#227;o como desfecho e o logaritmo do n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es por ano como um par&#226;metro de compensa&#231;&#227;o. Inclu&#237;mos nesta an&#225;lise apenas os anos com publica&#231;&#245;es. Ap&#243;s exponencia&#231;&#227;o, os coeficientes para a vari&#225;vel tempo (por incremento anual) dos modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson podem ser interpretados como altera&#231;&#227;o relativa anual no desfecho (considerando as diferen&#231;as no par&#226;metro de compensa&#231;&#227;o, se inclu&#237;do). Esses coeficientes podem ser transformados em percentagem anual de mudan&#231;a usando-se a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
          <p>Percentagem anual de mudan&#231;a = (e<sup>coeficiente</sup> &#8211; 1) x 100</p>
          <p>Criamos modelos de regress&#227;o linear para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es de cada pa&#237;s na Am&#233;rica Latina com seus correspondentes IDH e PIB per capita em 2000 e 2008 com base na disponibilidade de dados. Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de desfechos e presen&#231;a de anos sem publica&#231;&#245;es de alguns pa&#237;ses, realizamos a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica do n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es antes da an&#225;lise usando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
          <p>Transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica do n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es</p>
          <p> = log (<italic>n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es</italic> + 1)</p>
          <p>Para atender &#224;s suposi&#231;&#245;es de linearidade, submetemos o IDH a exponencia&#231;&#227;o antes da an&#225;lise. Criamos um modelo linear similar para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o para cada pa&#237;s na Am&#233;rica Latina com seus correspondentes IDH e PIB per capita em 2000 e 2008. N&#227;o houve necessidade de transforma&#231;&#245;es matem&#225;ticas para a an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Por fim, analisamos as tend&#234;ncias ao longo do tempo do n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es e &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina. Criamos modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson semelhantes, como relatado acima, para os pa&#237;ses individuais. A t&#237;tulo de compara&#231;&#227;o, realizamos as mesmas an&#225;lises para outros grupos de pa&#237;ses classificados de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial. Para as an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, exclu&#237;mos a China do grupo de pa&#237;ses de renda alta-m&#233;dia, pois ela apresentou o maior n&#250;mero de desfechos bibliom&#233;tricos e o que mais rapidamente cresceu entre 1999 e 2008 desses pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando-se STATA IC v 11.2 (College Station, TX) e R v2.15.2 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Viena, &#193;ustria) com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de alfa &lt; 0,05. Relatou-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dos modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% para a percentagem anual de mudan&#231;a. Especificamente, um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% excluindo 0% indica que o aumento ou redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho ao longo do tempo foi estatisticamente significativo no n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Recuperamos um total de 456.120 publica&#231;&#245;es de 1999 a 2008 a partir da <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> da Thomson Reuters. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o das duplica&#231;&#245;es e compara&#231;&#227;o dos registros com os relatos das cita&#231;&#245;es, inclu&#237;mos 430.712 publica&#231;&#245;es com informa&#231;&#227;o completa na presente an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref> apresenta um fluxograma). No geral, o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares recuperadas aumentou ao longo do tempo, passando de 37.849 publica&#231;&#245;es em 1999 para 54.459 em 2008.</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma das publica&#231;&#245;es consideradas para inclus&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> mostra o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses na Am&#233;rica Latina entre 1999 e 2008. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica das publica&#231;&#245;es em 2000 e 2008. O Brasil foi o que mais publicou (n = 6.132) no per&#237;odo analisado, seguindo-se Argentina (n = 1.686), M&#233;xico (n = 1.368) e Chile (n = 874). Esses quatro pa&#237;ses contabilizaram quase 90% de todas as publica&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina em 2008. Nove pa&#237;ses apresentaram pelo menos um ano sem publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular (contagens integrais) e mudan&#231;a anual estimada dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina (1999-2008)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="10" align="center">N&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular por ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Mudan&#231;a anual estimada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pa&#237;s</td>
                <td align="center">1999</td>
                <td align="center">2000</td>
                <td align="center">2001</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">% (IC 95%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Argentina</td>
                <td align="center">159</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">177</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
                <td align="center">209</td>
                <td align="center">194</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (1,7 - 5,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bol&#237;via</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">17,7 (2,5 - 35,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">305</td>
                <td align="center">350</td>
                <td align="center">381</td>
                <td align="center">408</td>
                <td align="center">466</td>
                <td align="center">548</td>
                <td align="center">635</td>
                <td align="center">702</td>
                <td align="center">1.096</td>
                <td align="center">1.241</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 (16,9 - 19,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chile</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (4,7 - 9,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Col&#244;mbia</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">22,1 (16,3 - 28,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Costa Rica</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">18,1 (8,1 - 28,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cuba</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (-3,4 - 5,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-5,9 (-30,9 - 28,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Equador</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-3,0 (-12,9 - 117,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">El Salvador</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (-28,9 - 40,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guatemala</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">36,5 (16,6 - 59,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Haiti</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 (-10,0 - 37,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Honduras</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-5,9 (-42,2 - 53,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;xico</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">121</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">137</td>
                <td align="center">203</td>
                <td align="center">231</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 (8,2 - 12,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nicar&#225;gua</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">NE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Panam&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (-6,9 - 21,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paraguai</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">14,8 (-8,5 - 43,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peru</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 (5,8 - 24,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uruguai</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (3,4 - 15,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Venezuela</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (3,6 - 10,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Am&#233;rica Latina (total)</td>
                <td align="center">703</td>
                <td align="center">763</td>
                <td align="center">823</td>
                <td align="center">909</td>
                <td align="center">973</td>
                <td align="center">1.010</td>
                <td align="center">1.157</td>
                <td align="center">1.257</td>
                <td align="center">1.807</td>
                <td align="center">2.030</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 (12,1 - 13,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%; NE: n&#227;o estim&#225;vel</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica das publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (contagens integrais) na Am&#233;rica Latina em 2000 e 2008. AR: Argentina; BO: Bol&#237;via; BR: Brasil; CL: Chile; CO: Col&#244;mbia; CR: Costa Rica; CU: Cuba; DO: Rep&#250;blica Dominicana; EC: Equador; ES: El Salvador; GT: Guatemala; HN: Honduras; HT: Haiti; MX: M&#233;xico; NI: Nicar&#225;gua; PA: Panam&#225;; PE: Peru; PY: Paraguai; UY: Uruguai; VE: Venezuela. Observa&#231;&#227;o: os pa&#237;ses em branco n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos como parte da Am&#233;rica Latina. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o n&#250;mero exato de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em cada pa&#237;s.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A maioria dos pa&#237;ses apresentou aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo. Os pa&#237;ses com os maiores aumentos relativos no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares foram Guatemala, Col&#244;mbia, Costa Rica, Brasil e Bol&#237;via. Na escala aditiva, o Brasil foi o pa&#237;s com o maior aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es (passando de 305 publica&#231;&#245;es em 1999 para 1.241 em 2008), seguindo-se o M&#233;xico (de 78 em 1999 para 231 em 2008), que superou a Argentina no n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em 2008.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os &#237;ndices anuais de cita&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es entre 1999 e 2008 para cada pa&#237;s na Am&#233;rica Latina. Cerca de metade dos pa&#237;ses apresentou um aumento em seus &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo, liderados por Honduras, Rep&#250;blica Dominicana, Peru, Guatemala, Costa Rica e Argentina. Entretanto, v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, como El Salvador, Equador, Paraguai e Col&#244;mbia, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o em seus &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o. Os &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o do Brasil permaneceram est&#225;veis durante o per&#237;odo analisado.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular e mudan&#231;a anual estimada dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina por ano de publica&#231;&#227;o (1999-2008)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="10" align="center">&#205;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o por ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Mudan&#231;a anual estimada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pa&#237;s</td>
                <td align="center">1999</td>
                <td align="center">2000</td>
                <td align="center">2001</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">% (IC 95%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Argentina</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 (7,7 - 8,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bol&#237;via</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">47,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 (0,7 - 8,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">-0,3 (-0,6 - 0,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chile</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (1,4 - 2,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Col&#244;mbia</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">33,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">-9,2 (-10,2 - -8,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Costa Rica</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 (6,9 - 12,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cuba</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,7 (-2,3 - 0,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 (13,4 - 45,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Equador</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">-13,5 (-17,5 - -9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">El Salvador</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-33,8 (-50,9 - -10,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guatemala</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 (4,8 - 19,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Haiti</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 (-5,4 - 16,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Honduras</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">39,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">37,9 (19 - 59,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;xico</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,4 - 2,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nicar&#225;gua</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">NE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Panam&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 (-2,9 - 9,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paraguai</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">-10,5 (-18,7 - -1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peru</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">14,7</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 (9,0 - 15,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uruguai</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,0 - 3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Venezuela</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (1,1 - 3,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Am&#233;rica Latina (total)</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (1,3 - 1,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%; NE: n&#227;o estim&#225;vel; o s&#237;mbolo "-" denota nenhuma publica&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Apenas para os anos com publica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenvolvimento and desfechos bibliom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref> mostra o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares <italic>versus</italic> IDH e PIB per capita em 2008. Em geral, o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares foi maior entre os pa&#237;ses com mais altos indicadores de desenvolvimento. Em contraste, n&#227;o descobrimos qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o e IDH ou PIB per capita em 2008 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>). Obtivemos resultados similares quando o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o foram analisados   <italic>versus</italic> indicadores de desenvolvimento em 2000 (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (contagens integrais) versus IDH e PIB per capita para cada pa&#237;s na Am&#233;rica Latina em 2008. Lista dos pa&#237;ses: AR: Argentina; BO: Bol&#237;via; BR: Brasil; CL: Chile; CO: Col&#244;mbia; CR: Costa Rica; CU: Cuba; DO: Rep&#250;blica Dominicana; EC: Equador; ES: El Salvador; GT: Guatemala; HN: Honduras; HT: Haiti; MX: M&#233;xico; NI: Nicar&#225;gua; PA: Panam&#225;; PE: Peru; PY: Paraguai; UY: Uruguai; VE: Venezuela. PIB: produto interno bruto; IDH: &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano. Para Cuba, n&#227;o houve informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre PIB.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o versus IDH e PIB per capita para cada pa&#237;s na Am&#233;rica Latina em 2008. Lista dos pa&#237;ses: AR: Argentina; BO: Bol&#237;via; BR: Brasil; CL: Chile; CO: Col&#244;mbia; CR: Costa Rica; CU: Cuba; DO: Rep&#250;blica Dominicana; EC: Equador; ES: El Salvador; GT: Guatemala; HN: Honduras; HT: Haiti; MX: M&#233;xico; NI: Nicar&#225;gua; PA: Panam&#225;; PE: Peru; PY: Paraguai; UY: Uruguai; VE: Venezuela. PIB: produto interno bruto; IDH: &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano. Para Cuba, n&#227;o houve informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre PIB.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos bibliom&#233;tricos para a Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref> (painel da esquerda) apresenta o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina por ano entre 1999 e 2008. A t&#237;tulo de compara&#231;&#227;o, as publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares de outros grupos de pa&#237;ses classificados de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial s&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentadas. O n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (contagens integrais) da Am&#233;rica Latina entre 1999 e 2008 foi menor do que o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares dos pa&#237;ses da OCDE de alta renda e outros de renda alta-m&#233;dia, mas maior do que o total de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares de outros pa&#237;ses de renda baixa-m&#233;dia, de pa&#237;ses n&#227;o membros da OCDE de renda alta e outros pa&#237;ses de renda baixa. Entre 1999 e 2008, as publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina apresentaram aumento de 12,9% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 12,1% - 13,5%) por ano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>, painel superior). Esse aumento foi menor do que aquele observado em outros pa&#237;ses de renda alta-m&#233;dia (18,1% [17,6% - 18,5%]) mesmo ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o da China (14,3% [13,8% - 14,9%]), mas similar ao aumento de outros pa&#237;ses de renda baixa-m&#233;dia (13,7% [12,6% - 14,7%]). Todos os outros grupos de pa&#237;ses apresentaram um menor aumento em seus n&#250;meros de publica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo pa&#237;ses da OCDE de renda alta (3,6% [3,5% - 3,7%]), pa&#237;ses n&#227;o membros da OCDE de renda alta (10,6% [9,3% - 11,9%]), e outros pa&#237;ses de renda baixa (8,7% [4,9% - 12,6%]).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tend&#234;ncia temporal das publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (contagens integrais) e &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o na Am&#233;rica Latina e no resto do mundo de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial (1999-2008). PRA: pa&#237;ses de renda alta; AL: Am&#233;rica Latina; PRB: pa&#237;ses de renda baixa; PRBM: pa&#237;ses de renda baixa-m&#233;dia; OCDE: Organiza&#231;&#227;o para a Coopera&#231;&#227;o e o Desenvolvimento Econ&#244;mico; PRAM: pa&#237;ses de renda alta-m&#233;dia. (*) Excluindo China.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0005-40213-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular (contagens integrais) e &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina e do resto do mundo de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial entre 1999 e 2008</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Grupos de pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">a</xref></th>
                  <th colspan="10" align="center">Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Mudan&#231;a anual estimada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">1999</th>
                  <th align="center">2000</th>
                  <th align="center">2001</th>
                  <th align="center">2002</th>
                  <th align="center">2003  </th>
                  <th align="center">2004</th>
                  <th align="center">2005</th>
                  <th align="center">2006</th>
                  <th align="center">2007</th>
                  <th align="center">2008</th>
                  <th align="center">% (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin" align="left">
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="10" align="center">
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pa&#237;ses latino-americanos (n = 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">703</td>
                  <td align="center">763</td>
                  <td align="center">823</td>
                  <td align="center">909</td>
                  <td align="center">973  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.010</td>
                  <td align="center">1.157</td>
                  <td align="center">1.257</td>
                  <td align="center">1.807</td>
                  <td align="center">2.030</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 (12,1 - 13,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pa&#237;ses da OCDE de renda alta (n = 31)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.824</td>
                  <td align="center">42.411</td>
                  <td align="center">42.014</td>
                  <td align="center">40.343</td>
                  <td align="center">42.562  </td>
                  <td align="center">44.289</td>
                  <td align="center">45.891</td>
                  <td align="center">47.754</td>
                  <td align="center">52.880</td>
                  <td align="center">55.198</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 (3,5 - 3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pa&#237;ses n&#227;o OCDE de renda alta (n = 26)</td>
                  <td align="center">309</td>
                  <td align="center">244</td>
                  <td align="center">256</td>
                  <td align="center">273</td>
                  <td align="center">322  </td>
                  <td align="center">359</td>
                  <td align="center">391</td>
                  <td align="center">418</td>
                  <td align="center">569</td>
                  <td align="center">602</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (9,3 - 11,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRAM incluindo China (n= 36)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.669</td>
                  <td align="center">1.805</td>
                  <td align="center">1.809</td>
                  <td align="center">2.295</td>
                  <td align="center">2.664</td>
                  <td align="center"> 3.097</td>
                  <td align="center">3.358</td>
                  <td align="center">4.107</td>
                  <td align="center">5.662</td>
                  <td align="center">6.600</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 (17,6 - 18,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRAM excluindo China (n = 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.181</td>
                  <td align="center">1.211</td>
                  <td align="center">1.219</td>
                  <td align="center">1.575</td>
                  <td align="center">1.699  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.014</td>
                  <td align="center">2.109</td>
                  <td align="center">2.378</td>
                  <td align="center">3.232</td>
                  <td align="center">3.573</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3 (13,8 - 14,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRBM (n = 43)</td>
                  <td align="center">422</td>
                  <td align="center">424</td>
                  <td align="center">401</td>
                  <td align="center">445</td>
                  <td align="center">579  </td>
                  <td align="center">572</td>
                  <td align="center">609</td>
                  <td align="center">740</td>
                  <td align="center">933</td>
                  <td align="center">1.237</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 (12,6 - 14,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td align="left">Outros PRB (n = 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">21  </td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 (4,9 - 12,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-bottom-width:thin" align="left">
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="10" align="center">
                    <bold>&#205;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pa&#237;ses latino-americanos (n = 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,31</td>
                  <td align="center">8,93</td>
                  <td align="center">8,52</td>
                  <td align="center">10,60</td>
                  <td align="center">11,07  </td>
                  <td align="center">9,27</td>
                  <td align="center">10,94</td>
                  <td align="center">9,89</td>
                  <td align="center">9,61</td>
                  <td align="center">10,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (1,3 - 1,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pa&#237;ses da OCDE de renda alta (n = 31)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,38</td>
                  <td align="center">13,12</td>
                  <td align="center">14,64</td>
                  <td align="center">15,47</td>
                  <td align="center">16,23  </td>
                  <td align="center">16,31</td>
                  <td align="center">16,72</td>
                  <td align="center">16,15</td>
                  <td align="center">17,77</td>
                  <td align="center">17,25</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (3,0 - 3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pa&#237;ses n&#227;o OCDE de renda alta (n = 26)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,68</td>
                  <td align="center">6,13</td>
                  <td align="center">4,73</td>
                  <td align="center">5,71</td>
                  <td align="center">5,80  </td>
                  <td align="center">8,89</td>
                  <td align="center">9,31</td>
                  <td align="center">11,18</td>
                  <td align="center">11,06</td>
                  <td align="center">12,73</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 (11,1 - 12,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRAM incluindo China (n = 36)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,48</td>
                  <td align="center">4,80</td>
                  <td align="center">5,46</td>
                  <td align="center">5,32</td>
                  <td align="center">6,85  </td>
                  <td align="center">6,99</td>
                  <td align="center">7,81</td>
                  <td align="center">7,35</td>
                  <td align="center">7,40</td>
                  <td align="center">8,00</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 (5,7 - 6,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRAM excluindo China (n = 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,78</td>
                  <td align="center">3,88</td>
                  <td align="center">4,61</td>
                  <td align="center">4,16</td>
                  <td align="center">5,90  </td>
                  <td align="center">5,34</td>
                  <td align="center">5,79</td>
                  <td align="center">5,92</td>
                  <td align="center">5,62</td>
                  <td align="center">6,28</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 (4,8 - 5,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRBM (n = 43)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,15</td>
                  <td align="center">4,68</td>
                  <td align="center">4,85</td>
                  <td align="center">4,82</td>
                  <td align="center">4,17  </td>
                  <td align="center">6,02</td>
                  <td align="center">6,77</td>
                  <td align="center">6,66</td>
                  <td align="center">7,35</td>
                  <td align="center">7,55</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 (8,00 - 8,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros PRB (n = 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,36</td>
                  <td align="center">3,84</td>
                  <td align="center">9,45</td>
                  <td align="center">4,80</td>
                  <td align="center">7,48  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,30</td>
                  <td align="center">19,30</td>
                  <td align="center">7,96</td>
                  <td align="center">10,79</td>
                  <td align="center">7,28</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (2,6 - 5,2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%; PRB: pa&#237;ses de renda baixa; PRBM: pa&#237;ses de renda baixa-m&#233;dia; OCDE: Organiza&#231;&#227;o para a Coopera&#231;&#227;o e o Desenvolvimento Econ&#244;micos. PRAM: pa&#237;ses de renda alta-m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>n representa o n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses dentro de cada grupo.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p><sup>b</sup> ano de base: 1999.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p><sup>c</sup> incremento por ano.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> (painel da direita) mostra a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o para a Am&#233;rica Latina e outros grupos de pa&#237;ses classificados de acordo com os grupos de renda do Banco Mundial por ano. Entre 1999 e 2008, o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o para a Am&#233;rica Latina aumentou em 1,5% (1,3% - 1,7%) por ano. Esse aumento foi menor do que aquele observado em outros grupos de pa&#237;ses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>, painel inferior). Entretanto, at&#233; 2008, o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o para a Am&#233;rica Latina s&#243; foi ultrapassado pelos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o para os pa&#237;ses da OCDE e n&#227;o membros de renda alta.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Analisamos o n&#250;mero, a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica e a tend&#234;ncia temporal das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular de pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina entre 1999 e 2008. Observamos alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es apenas em quatro pa&#237;ses (Brasil, M&#233;xico, Argentina e Chile), todos com altos indicadores de desenvolvimento. Al&#233;m disso, identificamos um aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es na maioria dos pa&#237;ses analisados. O Brasil apresentou a maior mudan&#231;a incremental absoluta nas publica&#231;&#245;es, representando o principal motor de aumento geral observado na regi&#227;o. Em contraste, observamos uma evolu&#231;&#227;o menos consistente nos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo, incluindo v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses com uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa durante o per&#237;odo analisado. Como consequ&#234;ncia, o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o das publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina aumentou modestamente em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles de todos os outros grupos de pa&#237;ses analisados. Embora tenhamos identificado um aumento estatisticamente significativo no n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina, nossos resultados sugerem que tais publica&#231;&#245;es possam ter tido um baixo impacto no campo da pesquisa cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Os resultados relacionados &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica e tend&#234;ncia temporal das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular da Am&#233;rica Latina foram consistentes com a an&#225;lise bibliom&#233;trica conduzida por Jahangir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> na PubMed. Aqueles autores relataram que Brasil, M&#233;xico, Argentina e Chile foram os pa&#237;ses com maior n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es na Am&#233;rica Latina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Relataram ainda que o n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina aumentou de 41 em 2001 para 726 em 2010 (cerca de 18 vezes)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Nossa estimativa de aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es foi mais conservadora (cerca de 3 vezes entre 1998 e 2008) e semelhante ao aumento observado em outros pa&#237;ses de renda baixa-m&#233;dia. Essa diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados anteriores poderia ser atribu&#237;da ao maior n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es que recuperamos. Nossos resultados expandem o atual conhecimento ao mostrar que o aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares na Am&#233;rica Latina foi consistente com o aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es da vasta maioria dos pa&#237;ses na regi&#227;o. Em uma an&#225;lise bibliom&#233;trica anterior sobre publica&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica conduzida na base de dados Scopus, os autores relataram uma baixa visibilidade das publica&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Nessa an&#225;lise, a Am&#233;rica Latina foi respons&#225;vel por apenas 3,3% das cita&#231;&#245;es mundiais, embora tenha produzido 6,5% de todas as publica&#231;&#245;es cit&#225;veis. Embora tenhamos observado que o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o para publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular na Am&#233;rica Latina em 2008 tenha sido ultrapassado apenas pelos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o dos pa&#237;ses membros e n&#227;o membros da OCDE de renda alta, tamb&#233;m observamos que o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o para a Am&#233;rica Latina pouco aumentou durante o per&#237;odo analisado.</p>
        <p>O aumento no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica Latina deveria ser considerado no contexto de a&#231;&#245;es locais tomadas para promover pesquisa em sa&#250;de. Em 2001-2002, a OPAS conduziu uma s&#233;rie de <italic>workshops</italic> com autoridades de sa&#250;de nacionais e subnacionais e outros representantes importantes para avaliar o desempenho de 11 fun&#231;&#245;es essenciais de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina e no Caribe, usando uma metodologia consensual baseada em indicadores pr&#233;-definidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Como resultado, a pesquisa em sa&#250;de foi identificada como uma das fun&#231;&#245;es de pior desempenho na regi&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Ap&#243;s esses <italic>workshops</italic>, v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses desenvolveram iniciativas para promover pesquisa local em sa&#250;de. Por exemplo, a Universidade San Carlos, na Guatemala, incorporou a estrat&#233;gia de Fun&#231;&#245;es Essenciais em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da OPAS como parte de sua estrat&#233;gia para desenvolvimento de recursos humanos e seu programa de Mestrado em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A Costa Rica consolidou o Plano Nacional de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico, entre outras iniciativas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. As autoridades de sa&#250;de brasileiras desenvolveram e implementaram a Agenda Nacional de Prioridades em Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de, definida com base em crit&#233;rios como carga de doen&#231;as, custo-efetividade e impacto em equidade   <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. No nosso estudo, Guatemala, Costa Rica e Brasil apresentaram o maior aumento relativo no n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel saber at&#233; que ponto essas interven&#231;&#245;es particulares contribu&#237;ram para o aumento observado. No caso do Brasil, os resultados devem ser considerados no contexto de um pa&#237;s com r&#225;pida expans&#227;o na ci&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e melhoras similares em outros campos, como qu&#237;mica anal&#237;tica e medicina veterin&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>O financiamento &#233; um fator essencial para suporte e promo&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa. Maceira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> examinaram o financiamento p&#250;blico para pesquisa em sa&#250;de na Argentina, na Bol&#237;via, no Chile, no Paraguai e no Uruguai entre 2002 e 2006. Aqueles autores relataram importantes diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao total de financiamento dispon&#237;vel, tend&#234;ncias temporais e aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos entre esses pa&#237;ses. A Argentina era o principal pa&#237;s quanto ao total de financiamento medido em d&#243;lares, seguida pelo Chile, Uruguai, Bol&#237;via e Paraguai<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> . A Argentina e o Chile apresentaram semelhan&#231;as no perfil de aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos, e nenhum desses pa&#237;ses tinha um m&#233;todo expl&#237;cito para priorizar pesquisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Entre 2002 e 2006, a Argentina e o Chile alocaram 41% e 42% do seu financiamento p&#250;blico para pesquisa em doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, 33% e 25% para ci&#234;ncia b&#225;sica e 11% e 14% para doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O total de financiamentos aumentou mais na Argentina (cerca de 16% ao ano) do que no Chile (cerca de 6% ao ano) durante o per&#237;odo analisado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Observamos um aumento menor nas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular da Argentina em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s do Chile. No entanto, o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o da Argentina aumentou mais do que o do Chile, sugerindo que os recursos crescentes na Argentina possam ter tido maior impacto nos fatores que influenciam a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de resultados.</p>
        <p>A despeito de alguma melhora, a maioria dos Sistemas Nacionais de Pesquisa para Sa&#250;de na Am&#233;rica Latina mostrou-se ineficiente ap&#243;s a 1&#170; Confer&#234;ncia Latino-Americana sobre Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o para a Sa&#250;de realizada no Rio de Janeiro em 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Em nossa an&#225;lise, usamos o &#237;ndice de cita&#231;&#227;o como substituto para o impacto das publica&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se do resultado de v&#225;rios fatores, como relev&#226;ncia, inova&#231;&#227;o, qualidade e visibilidade, alcan&#231;ados a partir de cada publica&#231;&#227;o e outros fatores, como auto-cita&#231;&#227;o e facilidade de cita&#231;&#227;o, ambos crescentes com o tempo. Nosso estudo oferece informa&#231;&#227;o nova, sugerindo que o aumento nas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular na Am&#233;rica Latina possa n&#227;o ter sido acompanhado pelo aumento desses fatores. A maioria dos pa&#237;ses com eleva&#231;&#227;o em seus n&#250;meros de publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares n&#227;o apresentou aumento estatisticamente significativo em seus &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o, como o Brasil, ou apresentou at&#233; redu&#231;&#227;o deles, como a Col&#244;mbia. Isso poderia ser explicado pela reduzida exposi&#231;&#227;o dessas publica&#231;&#245;es por terem sido escritas em outras l&#237;nguas que n&#227;o ingl&#234;s. Pode ainda representar uma falta de interesse local (ou at&#233; resist&#234;ncia) em obter maior visibilidade dos resultados atrav&#233;s da publica&#231;&#227;o em peri&#243;dicos com maior fator de impacto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Em 2009, o 49&#186; Conselho Diretor da OPAS aprovou a Pol&#237;tica para Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de (CD49.R10) visando a promover a gera&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa em sa&#250;de de relevante qualidade na regi&#227;o, a governan&#231;a de pesquisa local e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o e o uso dos resultados da pesquisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Os resultados do nosso estudo refor&#231;am a pertin&#234;ncia dessa pol&#237;tica. Estudos futuros devem analisar as tend&#234;ncias temporais das cita&#231;&#245;es para publica&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina ap&#243;s 2009 para avaliar seu impacto.</p>
        <p>Os pontos fortes do nosso estudo incluem o processo iterativo usado para construir a estrat&#233;gia de busca, a testagem rigorosa do nosso filtro para alcan&#231;ar alta precis&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o, e a extensa coleta de dados e cita&#231;&#245;es recuperadas. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, nossa an&#225;lise foi conduzida em publica&#231;&#245;es indexadas na <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic> da Thomson Reuters e pode n&#227;o representar todas as publica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, principalmente devido &#224; poss&#237;vel sub-representa&#231;&#227;o dos peri&#243;dicos locais. Segundo, n&#227;o conseguimos diferenciar entre publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa em ci&#234;ncia b&#225;sica daquelas sobre pesquisa cl&#237;nica ou sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, o que impediu a detec&#231;&#227;o de potenciais mudan&#231;as entre essas categorias ao longo do tempo. Terceiro, usamos &#237;ndices de cita&#231;&#227;o como uma medida do impacto de publica&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea de pesquisa, o que pode subestimar os reais efeitos que os resultados da pesquisa possam ter na sa&#250;de geral em certo pa&#237;s <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Analisamos publica&#231;&#245;es sobre pesquisa cardiovascular e suas cita&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses na Am&#233;rica Latina entre 1999 e 2008. No per&#237;odo estudado, as publica&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina apresentaram aumento anual de cerca de 12,9% (12,1% - 13,5%). Entretanto, as publica&#231;&#245;es concentraram-se predominantemente em um reduzido n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses com altos indicadores de desenvolvimento. Embora tenhamos observado uma melhora nas cita&#231;&#245;es, ela foi menor do que em outros pa&#237;ses analisados, sugerindo um impacto relativamente baixo das publica&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina no campo da pesquisa cardiovascular no per&#237;odo estudado. Nossos resultados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da promo&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa cardiovascular em pa&#237;ses menos desenvolvidos da Am&#233;rica Latina, assim como da considera&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es que visem ao fortalecimento de fatores como qualidade, relev&#226;ncia e dissemina&#231;&#227;o como parte das pol&#237;ticas locais de governan&#231;a de pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo <italic>Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR)</italic> atrav&#233;s de <italic>Initiative for Cardiovascular Health In Developing Countries</italic> (ICHEALTH). O GFHR n&#227;o participou do delineamento, da an&#225;lise, da reda&#231;&#227;o ou da decis&#227;o de publica&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. LDC recebe bolsa Fulbright. MDH recebe suporte de <italic>NHLBI Pathway to Independence Award</italic>(1K99HL107749-01A1). GSB recebe suporte de <italic>Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health</italic> (K01TW008407). DP recebe sal&#225;rio parcial atrav&#233;s de um contrato com <italic>NHLBI</italic> (HHS N268200900026C) e uma bolsa de NICHD (1D43HD065249). Os autores assumem total responsabilidade sobre o conte&#250;do deste estudo, que n&#227;o necessariamente representa a vis&#227;o oficial dos   <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR) atrav&#233;s da iniciativa da Cardiovascular Health In Developing Countries (ICHEALTH); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, JR Alberts, Eisenberg Foundation, World Heart Federation atrav&#233;s de concess&#245;es educacionais irrestritas da AstraZeneca e Boehringer Ingelheim.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
