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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sz9KJQgfQKsgCTCdtxbYcNb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014003000001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.2014S003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guidelines</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>South American Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and
               Rehabilitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>AH</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#243;pez-Jim&#233;nez</surname>
            <given-names>F</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terzic</surname>
            <given-names>CP</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>M</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>R</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>T</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>S</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>CG</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zeballos</surname>
            <given-names>PC</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anchique</surname>
            <given-names>CV</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burdiat</surname>
            <given-names>G</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
            <given-names>K</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
            <given-names>G</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>R</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santib&#225;&#241;ez</surname>
            <given-names>C</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Escudero</surname>
            <given-names>JP</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ilarraza-Lomel&#237;</surname>
            <given-names>H</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Av. Marechal
               C&#226;mara, 160/330 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro - CEP: 20020-907. e-mail:
                  <email>scb@cardiol.br</email>
            </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2 Suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>31</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>In this document, the Inter-American Committee of Cardiovascular Prevention and
               Rehabilitation, together with the South American Society of Cardiology, aimed to
               formulate strategies, measures, and actions for cardiovascular disease prevention and
               rehabilitation (CVDPR). In the context of the implementation of a regional and
               national health policy in Latin American countries, the goal is to promote
               cardiovascular health and thereby decrease morbidity and mortality. The study group
               on Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Rehabilitation from the Department of Exercise,
               Ergometry, and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology
               has created a committee of experts to review the Portuguese version of the guideline
               and adapt it to the national reality.</p>
        <p>The mission of this document is to help health professionals to adopt effective
               measures of CVDPR in the routine clinical practice. The publication of this document
               and its broad implementation will contribute to the goal of the World Health
               Organization (WHO), which is the reduction of worldwide cardiovascular mortality by
               25% until 2025.</p>
        <p>The study group's priorities are the following:</p>
        <p>&#8226; Emphasize the important role of CVDPR as an instrument of secondary prevention with
               significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality;</p>
        <p>&#8226; Join efforts for the knowledge on CVDPR, its dissemination, and adoption in most
               cardiovascular centers and institutes in South America, prioritizing the adoption of
               cardiovascular prevention methods that are comprehensive, practical, simple and which
               have a good cost/benefit ratio;</p>
        <p>&#8226; Improve the education of health professionals and patients with education programs
               on the importance of CVDPR services, which are directly targeted at the health
               system, clinical staff, patients, and community leaders, with the aim of decreasing
               the barriers to CVDPR implementation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="38"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="135"/>
        <page-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t01">
      <caption>
        <title>Declaration of potential conflict of interest of authors / collaborators South
               American Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation the last
               three years the author / developer of the Guidelines:</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Names Members</th>
            <th align="center">Participated in clinical studies and / or experimental trials
                     supported by pharmaceutical or equipment related to the guideline in
                     question</th>
            <th align="center">Has spoken at events or activities sponsored by industry
                     related to the guideline in question</th>
            <th align="center">It was (is) advisory board member or director of a
                     pharmaceutical or equipment</th>
            <th align="center">Committees participated in completion of research sponsored by
                     industry</th>
            <th align="center">Personal or institutional aid received from industry</th>
            <th align="center">Produced scientific papers in journals sponsored by
                     industry</th>
            <th align="center">It shares the industry</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Artur Haddad Herdy</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Carmen Perez Terzic</td>
            <td align="center">Na</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Claudia Victoria Anchique</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Claudio Gil Soares de Araiijo</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">Inbrasport</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">Inbrasport, Polar</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Claudio Santibanez</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Francisco Lopez Jimenez</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Gerard Burdiat</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Graciela Gonzalez</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Juan Pablo Rodriguez Escudero</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Karina Gonzalez</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Mauricio Milani</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td rowspan="6">Paula Cecilia Zeballos</td>
            <td rowspan="6" align="center">No</td>
            <td rowspan="6" align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Medical</td>
            <td rowspan="6" align="center">No</td>
            <td rowspan="6" align="center">No</td>
            <td rowspan="6" align="center">No</td>
            <td rowspan="6" align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Scientific</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Liason Leader</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Cardiovascular</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Astra Zeneca</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center">Argentina</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Ricardo Stein</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">Inbrasport</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Rosalia Fernandez</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Salvador Serra</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Tales de Carvalho</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
            <td align="center">No</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>I. INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>In the last 4 decades, CVDPR has been recognized as an important tool in the care of
            patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The role of the CVDPR services in the
            secondary prevention of cardiovascular events is recognized and accepted by all health
            organizations; however, the guidelines for CVDPR implementation have not yet been
            adapted to the needs and resources of Latin America. Therefore, the South American
            Society of Cardiology took the initiative of developing this guideline.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Justification for cardiovascular rehabilitation/secondary prevention</title>
        <p>A preventive strategy for clinical practice should be developed on the basis of
               cardiovascular rehabilitation for the following reasons:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>CVDs are the leading cause of death in most countries. They are an important
                     cause of physical incapacity and disability and contribute significantly to the
                     increase in health costs;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Atherosclerosis can develop insidiously over decades and its clinical
                     manifestations are only observed in advanced stages of the disease;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Most CVDs are closely associated with lifestyle as well as with physiological
                     and biochemical factors;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>CVDPR-promoted changes in the risk factors decrease the morbidity and mortality
                     due to CVD, especially in individuals classified as high risk;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The prevalence of CVD and of risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, diabetes
                     mellitus (DM), and systemic arterial hypertension has increased in the last
                     decades;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Despite the known beneficial effect of CVDPR on patients with CVD, only 5%-30%
                     patients eligible to participate in rehabilitation programs are referred to
                     such programs. The percentage in Brazil is probably even lower;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Relatively few patients are referred to cardiovascular rehabilitation programs
                     by physicians worldwide;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>There are no specific CVDPR guidelines that contemplate the particularities of
                     Latin American countries;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>No certification programs for CVDPR services are available in Latin America
                     till date.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The development of this guideline includes a detailed review of the various topics
               presented as well as a classification of the recommendations and evidence levels used
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of recommendations and leveis of evidence</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Recommendation classes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Class I: There is a general agreement that the method or procedure is
                           beneficial, useful, and effective. A class I indication does not mean
                           that the procedure is the only one acceptable</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden">
                <td>Class II: There is difference of opinion regarding the justification and
                           usefulness of the method or procedure. It is acceptable, but may be
                           controversial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden">
                <td>Class IIa: The weight of evidence indicates usefulness or
                           effectiveness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Class IIb: The weight of evidence is not very well established regarding
                           the usefulness or efficacy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Class III: There is general agreement that the method or procedure is
                           not indicated or justified. In some cases, it may even be dangerous</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Levels of evidence</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A: Solid evidence, from multiple randomized clinical trials or
                           meta-analyses with adequate design to reach statistically significant
                           conclusions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B: Weak evidence, derived from a simple nonrandomized study or from
                           several nonrandomized studies</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C: Expert opinion, small studies, or registries</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drafting committee</title>
        <p>The drafting committee was nominated in March 2010 by the South American Society of
               Cardiology, in a joint work with the Mayo Clinic of Rochester, Minnesota, United
               States of America. This committee comprises 1 member from each of the following
               Societies of Cardiology in Latin America: Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru,
               Colombia, Uruguay, and Paraguay. In addition to these members, the committee relied
               on the cooperation of a group of specialists from the Mayo Clinic.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>II. METHODOLOGY</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of cardiovascular rehabilitation/secondary prevention</title>
        <p>According to WHO, cardiovascular rehabilitation is "the sum of the actions required
               to guarantee the best physical, psychological, and social conditions so that patients
               with CVD may maintain their role in society by their own efforts"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria of patients for cardiovascular rehabilitation/secondary
               prevention</title>
        <p>There is evidence that both formal exercise programs and increase in the levels of
               physical activity are associated with a marked reduction in mortality in individuals
               with and without coronary artery disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In a study
               conducted in Olmsted, Minnesota, with patients who participated in CVDPR programs,
               Roger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> observed a reduction of 25% in
               the rate of cardiovascular events for each metabolic equivalent (MET) increase in
               functional capacity. An increase of 1 mL&#183; kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> in maximum
               oxygen consumption leads to a decrease in mortality of approximately 10% during an
               RCV program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The patients eligible for cardiovascular rehabilitation in the
               context of secondary prevention exhibited at least one of the following
               cardiovascular events in the past year:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)/acute coronary syndrome (ACS)</p>
            <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Coronary angioplasty</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Stable angina</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Valve repair or replacement</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Heart or heart-lung transplantation</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Chronic heart failure</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Peripheral vascular disease</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Asymptomatic coronary artery disease</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients at high CVD risk O'</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Connor et al. performed a meta-analysis of 22 studies of CVDPR in post-AMI patients
               and observed a reduction in total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and fatal AMI
               of 20%, 22%, and 25%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In a
               study that involved 600,000 beneficiaries of the American Medicare system, Suaya et
                  al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observed that those who participated
               in a CVDPR program exhibited a reduction in mortality of 34% after a 5-year
               follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients ineligible for out-of-hospital cardiovascular rehabilitation</title>
        <p>The contraindications for physical exercise in a cardiovascular rehabilitation
               program have been modified and are becoming increasingly complex. Although listed as
               absolute contraindications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 2</xref>), several
               of these conditions may be deemed as temporary because after the stabilization of the
               acute phase, patients can initiate or resume regular exercise programs.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute contraindications to physical exercise in out-of-hospital cardiac
                     rehabilitation programs (Phases 2, 3, and 4)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Very recent acute myocardial infarction (&lt; 72 h)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Unstable angina (&lt; 72 h after stabilization)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. Severe symptomatic valvular heart diseases requiring surgery &#8212;
                           Rehabilitate only after surgery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. Uncontrolled hypertension: SBP &gt; 190 mmHg and/or DBP &gt; 120
                           mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5. Uncompensated cardiac failure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6. Serious, complex ventricular arrhythmias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7. Suspected lesion of the left main coronary artery, unstable or
                           severe</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8. Infectious endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9. Severe untreated symptomatic congenital heart diseases</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10. Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism &#8212; acute phase</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11. Aortic dissection &#8212; type A or acute phase type B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12. Symptomatic and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
                           with low effort-induced output</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14. All acute systemic infections</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives of cardiovascular rehabilitation</title>
        <p>The pillars of cardiovascular rehabilitation and secondary prevention are as follows:
               lifestyle modifications with an emphasis on regular physical activity, adoption of
               healthy feeding habits, smoking and drug use cessation, and stress managing
               strategies. A CVDPR program should aim to improve the physiological and psychological
               status of cardiac patients and should be based on a multidisciplinary intervention
               (exercise program, education, clinical evaluation, nutritional evaluation, etc.).</p>
        <p>Therefore, the objectives of cardiovascular rehabilitation are the following:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Assist patients with known CVDs or at high risk of developing them;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Rehabilitate patients in a comprehensive manner by offering physical, mental,
                     social, vocational, and spiritual support;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Educate patients to adopt and maintain healthy habits through lifestyle
                     modifications with or without pharmacological and/or surgical treatment;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Decrease disability and promote lifestyle modifications through the proactive
                     engagement of patients in health promotion;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Improve quality of life;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Prevent new cardiovascular events;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Strictly control of risk factors.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>For a CVDPR program to be successful, the interventions should be made in agreement
               with the health provider, the cardiologist, and/or family physician, to optimize and
               monitor long-term interventions.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>III. DEVELOPMENT OF A CARDIOVASCULAR REHABILITATION PROGRAM</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk stratification of patients referred to a cardiovascular rehabilitation
               program</title>
        <p>To assess the potentials risks complications of exercise, patients should be
               stratified according to the classification proposed by the American Association of
               Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Stratification for risk of events according to AACVPR</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Low risk</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1. No significant left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction &gt;
                           50%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. No complex arrhythmias, both at rest or exercise induced</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. Uncomplicated myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft,
                           percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. Absence of congestive heart failure or signs/symptoms indicating
                           post-event ischemia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5. Asymptomatic, including absence of angina with effort or in the
                           recovery period</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6. Functional capacity &#8805;7 METS (in incremental stress test)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Moderate risk</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Moderate left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction
                           40%-49%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Signs/symptoms, including angina, at moderate levels of exercise
                           (5-6.9 METS) or in the recovery period</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>High risk</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Severe impairment of left ventricular function (ejection fraction
                           &lt;40%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Survivors of cardiac arrest or sudden death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. Complex ventricular arrhythmias at rest or with exercise</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. Myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery complicated with cardiogenic
                           shock; congestive heart failure; and/or signs/symptoms of postprocedural
                           ischemia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5. Abnormal hemodynamics with exercise (especially depressed curve or
                           drop in systolic blood pressure, or chronotropic incompetence not related
                           to medication with increasing load)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6. Functional capacity &lt; 5 METS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7. Symptoms and/or signs, including angina at a low level of exercise
                           (&lt; 5 METS) or in the recovery period</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8. Ischemic ST-segment depression during exercise (&gt; 2 mm)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The presence of some of the risk factors included in this category is
                           considered as high risk</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>if the measure of functional capacity is not available, this variable should
                        not be used alone in the process of risk stratification. However, it is
                        suggested that, if the patient is able to climb 2 flights of stairs
                        presenting good tolerance, it can be inferred that his/her functional
                        capacity is at least moderate </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Patients in the low-risk category can be monitored using electrocardiography (ECG) or
               Heart rate monitor during the first 6-18 sessions, preferably under clinical
               supervision. A gradual reduction in supervision between sessions 8 and 12 is
               desirable. Low-risk patients could also be referred to semi-supervised CVDPR programs
               or distance supervision, depending on their individual assessment.</p>
        <p>Patients at intermediate risk should be monitored during the first 12-24 sessions,
               preferably by continuous ECG monitoring and permanent medical supervision, which
               should be decreased to intermittent monitoring after the last session. In addition,
               the monitoring frequency and methods adopted depend on the available resources,
               capacity of each institution, and patient status and progression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Greater supervision should be used for patients categorized as high risk and when
               changes in health status, new symptoms, or any other evidence of disease progression
               are observed.</p>
        <p>Monitoring can also be a useful strategy for assessing response to physical activity,
               especially when the intensity of aerobic exercise is increased.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient safety and monitoring</title>
        <p>Potential cardiac complications during cardiovascular rehabilitation programs are as
               follows: cardiac arrest, arrhythmias, and AMI, among others (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 4</xref>). The incidence of cardiac arrest is relatively low.
               According to studies conducted by Van Camp and Peterson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, with data from 167 American CVDPR programs involving 51,303
               patients, more than 2 million hours of exercise were performed between 1980 and 1984.
               In this period, 21 patients sustained cardiac arrest, among which 18 patients were
               resuscitated and survived (only 3 cases were fatal)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. It is estimated that the rate of a major complication, such as cardiac
               arrest, death, or AMI, is 1 for every 60,000-80,000 h of supervised exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event rate in cardiac rehabilitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">In patients with heart disease who perform regular physical
                           activity, the following has been described:</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:hidden">Event rate of 1:112,000
                           patients/h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:hidden">Myocardial infarction rate of 1 per
                           300,000 patient hours</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortality rate of 1:790,000 patients/h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The risk of death is approximately 1:60,000 participants/h during
                           programs with supervised cardiac rehabilitation exercise and physician on
                           site</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>To achieve increased safety during physical exercise in a rehabilitation session, a
               comprehensive assessment of the patient is advised with the aim to define the level
               of CVD risk, individualized exercise programs, and adequate monitoring. Clinical
               supervision is the most important safety factor in CVDPR. A CVDPR specialist with
               experience in the management of complications should be present during each exercise
               session. In the absence of such specialist, the presence of staff qualified in
               emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation is indicated. Of note, patients should be
               educated on self-assessment involving the presence of symptoms, perception of effort
               during exercise, well-being, risk limits, and immediate measures that should be
               adopted, such as informing the rehabilitation team about their symptoms, and stopping
                  exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The guidelines on clinical supervision of patients during secondary prevention
               programs remain to be a debated topic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The
               level of clinical supervision is related to age, diagnosis, comorbidities in
               participants of rehabilitation programs, duration of recovery after the
               cardiovascular event, and the progression achieved during each session.</p>
        <p>The number of sessions under ECG monitoring is not a measure of quality of the
               exercise program. This type of monitoring is a strategy adopted by each team
               according to a local protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Components of the cardiovascular rehabilitation program</title>
        <p>According to the guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA), AACVPR, and the
               American College of Cardiology (AHA/AACVPR/ACC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, a CVDPR program includes the comprehensive care of patients with CVD
               and chronic heart failure (class I evidence). CVDPR should include a consistent
               multidisciplinary approach, not only with regard to exercise but also to educational
               work aimed to controlrisk factors through lifestyle changes. The components of the
               CVDPR program are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Components of a cardiac rehabilitation program</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Interventions</th>
                <th align="center">Class (Level of Evidence)</th>
                <th>Goals/results</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Patient evaluation</td>
                <td>&#8226; Clinical history</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (A)</td>
                <td rowspan="3">&#8226; In the short term, document the evidence of patient care
                           to guide the development of prevention strategies</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Physical
                           examination</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; Complementary tests:</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (A)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; ECG, stress
                              test<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; 6-min walk test<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">II (B)</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Avoid complications during the CVDPR sessions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Laboratory exams<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref> and
                              others<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">***</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Psychological report of depression and quality of life</td>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                           Achieve patient adherence to CVDPR program</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Exercise
                           prescription</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Education</td>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Nutritional
                           advice to the family and the patient, comprising:</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; Weight control and modification of risk factors</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Diabetes
                           control</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (A)</td>
                <td>&#8226; Abstinence from long-term smoking</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; Weight control</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (B)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Control of smoking</td>
                <td>&#8226; Achieve a BP &lt; 130/80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Blood pressure control</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                           Psychological management</td>
                <td>&#8226; Control fasting glucose &lt; 100 mg/dl</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; Diet</td>
                <td align="center">I (C)</td>
                <td>&#8226; In case of obesity, develop a strategy for weight reduction by at
                           least 5%-10% of initial weight</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Human Resources:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Qualified
                           cardiologist or exercise physician</td>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Directs the
                           program and prescribes the safety limits of the exercise; assesses the
                           patient and obtains the clinical history. Conducts the stress test.</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="3">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Nurse</td>
                <td>&#8226; Performs medical duties according to the physician's instructions</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Contributes
                           to patient education in relation to the knowledge of the disease itself,
                           signs and symptoms, correct use of medications, adoption of healthy
                           lifestyle habits, and importance of regular physical activity, always
                           with the multidisciplinary team</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Exercise specialist (physical education professional and/or
                           physiotherapist)</td>
                <td>&#8226; Must have knowledge in basic and advanced cardiopulmonary
                           resuscitation</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; It is important that each CVDPR program has a specialized and
                           committed staff</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Educates patients in relation to exercises and healthy lifestyle
                           habits</td>
                <td rowspan="3">&#8226; The physician in charge of rehabilitation should
                           preferably be present during the exercise sessions or be available on
                           call</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Applies the aerobic, muscular strength, and flexibility exercises</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Prescribes
                           the performance of exercises according to the safety limits set by the
                           physician, the patient's clinical state, individual preferences, previous
                           experiences with exercise, and any neuromusculoskeletal limitations</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Nutritionist</td>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Evaluates
                           and provides the patient with customized diets to control risk factors,
                           in addition to addressing educational aspects of the subject</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Psychologist</td>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Conducts
                           the examination of quality of life and depression, and provides
                           psychological support and relaxation therapies as needed</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Social assistant</td>
                <td>&#8226; Educates and advises the patient and the family to cope with the
                           disease</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Coordinates
                           with the patient and the family regarding the problems related to
                           hospitalization or work, in addition to assessing smoking cessation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="14" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Material resources</td>
                <td>CVDPR gym:</td>
                <td rowspan="14">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="14">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Treadmills</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Stationary bicycles</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Hiking simulator</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Stretchers</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Free weights</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Hand ergometer</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Elastic bands</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Chronometers</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Fully equipped crash cart</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Sphygmomanometers</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Stethoscopes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Electrocardiogram</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Others</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Stress test (ergometry, cardiopulmonary test, or 6-min walk test): although
                        it is not necessary to start CVDPR, it is strongly recommended, because it
                        aids the prescription of optimized exercise and helps to highlight the
                        changes in the patient's functional capacity. The ideal time to conduct the
                        test is at the beginning and at the end of phase 2. It's clearly more useful
                        in some pathologies, such as post-myocardial infarction syndrome, heart
                        failure, after transplantation, and less useful in patients who have
                        undergone recent coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Hemoglobin, glucose, lipid profile, creatine phosphokinase, uric acid,
                        glycated hemoglobin, hepatic transaminases, and other biochemical tests as
                        appropriate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Echocardiogram, including the assessment of ejection fraction if
                        possible.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Competencies of the Rehabilitation Staff</title>
        <p>A CVDPR program is integrated by a multidisciplinary team (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 6</xref>), which requires the following competencies: basic
               knowledge in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal areas, ECG analysis,
               medical emergency management, and theoretical and practical knowledge regarding
               physical exercise. The core team is composed by physicians, nurses, and exercise
               specialists, with the option of including specialists from other disciplines to
               provide complete health care and education (nutritionists and psychologists, among
               others). The core team should have experience in the management of CVD risk factors,
               psychosocial assessment and intervention, and lifestyle changes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Human resources competences in a cardiovascular rehabilitation
                     program</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Human resources</th>
                <th>Competence</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Medical director</td>
                <td>&#8226; Main function: head of the multidisciplinary team</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Should be a physician with experience in exercise medicine, preferably
                           a cardiologist. If no such professional is available, he/she should be a
                           physician with experience in exercise and secondary prevention, and
                           familiar with CVD management</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Should have management experience, training, and skills</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Has the specific responsibility for the evaluation and management of
                           patients who join the program</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Trained in
                           advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Nurse</td>
                <td>&#8226; Demonstrates competence and experience in cardiovascular
                           rehabilitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Collaborates with the stress tests by preparing the skin for the
                           adhesion of electrodes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Although preferably performed by a physician, the nurse can, in some
                           specific cases, educate the patient in relation to the knowledge of the
                           disease, signs and symptoms, correct use of medications, adoption of
                           healthy lifestyle habits, and the importance of regular physical
                           activity, together with the multidisciplinary team, either in individual
                           or group meetings</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Demonstrates basic knowledge of exercise and fitness training</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Fills the
                           medical prescription (only at hospital level)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="9" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Exercise specialist (physiotherapist and physical education
                           professional)</td>
                <td>&#8226; Knowledge of the cardiovascular system and its diseases</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Knows primary and secondary cardiopulmonary prevention</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Capable of basic and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation
                           techniques</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Can recognize signs and symptoms of cardiovascular instability</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Conducts the exercise routine</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Provides information to the patient regarding the problems and
                           benefits of physical activity</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Educates the patient regarding the adoption of healthy lifestyle
                           habits</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Responsible for the coordination and conduct of the supervised
                           exercise program</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Prescribes
                           the exercises according to the safety limits set by the physician, the
                           patient's clinical picture, individual preferences, previous experiences
                           with exercise, and any musculoskeletal limitations</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Nutritionist</td>
                <td>&#8226; Knowledge of the cardiovascular system and its diseases, as well as of
                           the physical exercise</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Familiar with the CVDPR program and its goals</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Assesses the patient and identifies the risk factors</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Provides
                           information to the patient regarding the modification of risk factors and
                           outlines goals to achieve a healthy diet</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Social Assistant</td>
                <td>&#8226; Knowledge of the cardiovascular system and its diseases</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Familiar with the CVDPR program and its goals</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Performs the coordination with the patient and the family, to maintain
                           the necessary conditions for the patient's rehabilitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Works with the psychologist in supporting the patient</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Gives
                           information to the patient regarding his/her obligations and social
                           benefits</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Phases of cardiovascular rehabilitation</title>
        <p>Numerous investigations have demonstrated the importance of early and progressive
               physical activity within a CVDPR program after an AMI or CABG. The program consists
               of 3 or 4 phases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 7</xref>), depending on the
               different schools<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Phases of a CVDPR program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Step</th>
                <th>Duration</th>
                <th>Objectives</th>
                <th>Recommendations</th>
                <th>Reach</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" valign="bottom">Phase 1:</td>
                <td rowspan="7" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Starts 48 h after the acute event until hospital discharge</td>
                <td>&#8226; Prevent loss of physical capacity</td>
                <td>&#8226; Takes place in the patient's bed, room, or hospital corridor</td>
                <td rowspan="5">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Avoid effects of prolonged bed rest</td>
                <td>&#8226; Monitoring can be used</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Hospitalized
                           after a cardiovascular event: acute coronary syndrome or after
                           intervention (PTCA), coronary artery bypass grafting, valvular
                           prosthesis, or correction of congenital heart disease</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#8226; A preliminary assessment is made</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Avoid depression</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Avoid respiratory and thromboembolic complications</td>
                <td>&#8226; Multiple sessions can be conducted per day, but they must be
                           short</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Facilitate early discharge</td>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                           Initially, the exercises will be passive, progressing gradually, with
                           active exercises, walks, and others, until discharge</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Achieving the ability to initiate Step 2 of cardiac
                           rehabilitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Give
                           information to the patient and family about the disease and basic
                           care</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="bottom">Phase 2:</td>
                <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Average duration of 3 months, with 3-5 weekly sessions</td>
                <td>&#8226; Improve the patienfs functional capacity</td>
                <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                           Achieve adequatephysical and psychological conditions to start Step 3 of
                           rehabilitation</td>
                <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top">Cardiac rehabilitation after discharae</td>
                <td>&#8226; Achieve changes in risk factors</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Performed in a gym or rehab center</td>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Restore
                           patients' self-confidence after the cardiac event</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">Phase 3:</td>
                <td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">3-5 weekly sessions, during</td>
                <td>&#8226; Increase or maintain functional capacity</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#8226; The patient enters this stage when he/she reaches
                           stabilization in his/her clinical picture and evolution in the
                           exercises</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Continue with the exercise plan</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Blood pressure control</td>
                <td rowspan="3" valign="top">&#8226; Patient controls the intensity of the
                           exercise performed according to the Borg scale (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 10</xref>) and by controlling heart rate</td>
                <td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">&#8226; Performing physical activity safely with
                           basic standards of self-care</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Early
                           maintenance</td>
                <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">3-6 months
                           (could be extended in some cases)</td>
                <td>&#8226; Control of blood glucose and cholesterol</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Weight and adequate nutrition control</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                           It is necessary to assess and monitor adherence to drug therapy and
                           nonpharmacological measures</td>
                <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Seeks and
                           ensures psychological well-being</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="6">Its termination is undefined, and its frequency dependson
                           the clinical state, the disease, and the evolution of each patient, as
                           well as the components of the follow-up</td>
                <td rowspan="6">&#8226; Help the patient maintain a healthy lifestyle</td>
                <td>&#8226; Strengthen the education given</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Phase 4:</td>
                <td rowspan="4">&#8226; Assist the patient in overcoming difficulties to disengage
                           themselves frombad habits</td>
                <td rowspan="5">&#8226; Achieving permanent changes toward a healthy lifestyle,
                           physical activity, and adequate control of risk factors</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Late maintenance</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Starts after completion of</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Phases 2 and 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Motivate and generate strategies to maintain healthy lifestyle</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Initial patient evaluation</title>
        <p>At the start of a rehabilitation program, the initial assessment of the patient must
               include obtaining an exhaustive and thorough medical history, which includes details
               regarding previous surgical procedures and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular,
               renal, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal diseases, as well as depression and other
               relevant information. During the initial evaluation, it is paramount to identify CVD
               risk factors, such as smoking, poor feeding habits, blood pressure (BP), Diabetes,
               dyslipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, and stress. In addition to the
               information regarding medication use, it is important to assess the social,
               educational, and economic situation of the patient.</p>
        <p>The physical examination will comprise a thorough assessment of the cardiovascular
               system, including BP, heart rate (HR), heart sounds and murmurs, palpation of
               peripheral pulses, and alterations in skin color; it will also identify
               musculoskeletal changes that may prevent inclusion in the program or restrict the
               execution of some exercises. The respiratory system examination will assess
               respiratory rate and presence or absence of abnormal sounds, which are characteristic
               of pulmonary pathologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>A "center" is considered to be a rehabilitation center when it features an area for
               physical activity, competent and trained staff, adequate equipment for physical
               exercises, equipment for emergency situations (basic and advanced life support
               equipment, with a defibrillator), and medical staff to address emergency situations.
               The center should also consider implementing management protocols for the
               rehabilitation of patients according to pathology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise prescription</title>
        <p>Exercise prescription should always be considered individually in accordance with
               each phase, taking into account individual limitations and comorbidities
               (musculoskeletal, neurological, respiratory, renal, and among others).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Phase 1</title>
          <p>During phase 1, in hospital, is a moment when patients are very receptive. In most
                  cases, they are very vulnerable and open to new proposals for lifestyle changes.
                  In addition to the exercises, which are always of low intensity and aiming for
                  early movement, there is also an opportunity to educate the patients, by
                  explaining about the disease and the importance of controlling the risk
                     factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Exercises can be started
                  immediately after disease stabilization:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>In cases of ACS, after the first 24-48 h, in the absence of symptoms;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In cases of heart failure, after dyspnea improvement, gentle stretching and
                        movement exercises can also be started as soon as the patient can
                        ambulate;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In cases of cardiac surgery, especially in the days prior to the
                        intervention, a program comprising breathing exercises, stretching, and
                        progressive movement, followed by physical therapy after surgery, provides a
                        significant reduction in respiratory complications, arrhythmias, and length
                        of hospitalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Although it is difficult to generalize the recommendation, the patient should be
                  assessed at the start of the exercise program at the hospital, to determine the
                  best exercises for that phase, from passive to active exercises and low-intensity
                  walking, which will be increased individually until hospital discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Phase 2</title>
          <p>In this phase, the patient needs supervision and individualized care, because this
                  is the convalescence phase and the patient often has not had any previous contact
                  with formal physical activities. Exercise prescription must include the type,
                  intensity, duration, and frequency of exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The duration of phase 2 varies between patients, lasting an average
                  of 1-3 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Exercises should be
                  initiated at a low intensity and low impact during the first few weeks, for
                  initial adaptation and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
          <p><italic>Aerobic exercise:</italic> Aerobic exercise intensity must fit the
                  clinical picture, risk stratification, and patient's goals. Ideally, a stress test
                  (treadmill test or cardiopulmonary exercise test) should be conducted to evaluate
                  the ECG response, physical capacity, HR and BP response to stress, thus allowing
                  for a better individualized prescription of physical exercise intensity. In order
                  to avoid delaying of rehabilitation program, just after the medical release, the
                  initial assessment can be made by the physical therapist or physical education
                  professional in the first sessions, adapting the exercise prescription until the
                  stress test is avalable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <p>The intensity of aerobic exercises, which aim greater benefits to the
                  cardiovascular system and metabolism, has been the object of investigations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. High-intensity exercises are more
                  effective in improving insulin resistance, BP reduction, and promoting a greater
                  weight reduction when compared with moderate-intensity exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
          <p>If the stress test is available, the target exercise heart rate should be around
                  the anaerobic threshold. In the case of stress test without expired gas analysis,
                  the target is 60%-80% of maximum HR (MHR), or 50%-70% of resting HR (RHR). In the
                  first sessions, exercises are suggested to be performed in the lower limit of the
                  prescription, progressively increasing according to the individuals' response and
                  progress. Moreover, exercises should be performed below the ischemic threshold,
                  i.e., below HR and load that induce clinical and ECG signs of myocardial ischemia
                  during stress.</p>
          <p>The exercise duration must be of at least 30 min, progressing to 1 h of continuous
                  or intermittent exercise. The frequency can be 2-5 times/week, with an average of
                  3 times.</p>
          <p><italic>Resistance exercises:</italic> Muscle strengthening exercises should be
                  started gradually with light loads, progressing throughout the sessions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. At this stage, the objective is to familiarize the patients with
                  the exercises, ensuring that they are executed with correct posture and gradual
                  progression of the load. They can be performed 2-3 times/week, with 6-15
                  repetitions per muscle group, at intervals of 30 s to 1 min.</p>
          <p><italic>Flexibility exercises:</italic> They are also known as stretching. They
                  must be carried out progressively and without discomfort, always respecting
                  musculoskeletal limitations. They can be performed at the beginning and,
                  especially, at the end of rehabilitation sessions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Phases 3 and 4</title>
          <p>These phases have an indefinite duration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.
                  The main difference between them is that phase 4 is performed by long-distance
                  supervision, also known as rehabilitation without supervision. In essence, the
                  prescription of these 2 phases is very similar, because the prescribed exercises
                  are part of daily life. The prescription must be updated periodically and adapted
                  to the profile and comorbidities of each patient. A reassessment, which can be
                  repeated every 6-12 months, is preferred when initiating the third phase.</p>
          <p><italic>Aerobic exercise:</italic> In asymptomatic patients, training HR should be
                  70%-90% of MHR achieved in the stress test, or 50%-80% of RHR, or between the
                  first and the second threshold obtained during the cardiopulmonary test.</p>
          <p>These exercises are also performed below the ischemic threshold, i.e., below HR
                  and load that induce clinical and ECG signs of myocardial ischemia during stress.
                  In selected cases of patients with symptoms, such as stable angina, MHR can be
                  just below that at which symptoms appear, even if ECG shows indirect signs of
                  ischemia.</p>
          <p><italic>Resistance exercises:</italic> They should be performed in sets of 8-15
                  repetitions, with progressive loads sufficient to cause fatigue in the last 3
                  repetitions, but without causing physical breakdown. Ideally, they should be
                  performed 3 times/week. As an alternative to conventional exercise with free
                  weights or weight machines, the Pilates method with practical resistance can be
                  used in combination with flexibility and breathing exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
          <p>Flexibility exercises should be a part of gym classes, either at the beginning
                  and/or, preferably, at the end of each session. A combination of practices, such
                  as yoga, tai chi, can be adopted; these practices help decrease BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and increase maximum oxygen
                     consumption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
          <p><italic>Balance exercises:</italic> They are essential; they should be performed
                  2-3 times/week, especially by the elderly population, to maintain self-sufficiency
                  in this age group and help prevent fractures due to falls<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Components of the exercise</title>
        <p>The training program should take into account the following points:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Training frequency:</italic> It should be at least 3 times/week.
                     Ideally, the patient should be encouraged to perform daily physical activity
                     (walking, climbing stairs, cycling)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Duration of each session:</italic> The recommended duration is 40-60
                     min/day.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Training intensity:</italic> This can be controlled by the training HR
                     (THR). In this strategy, the goal is to perform the prescribed exercises at the
                     heart rate between the two respiratory thresholds or 70%-90% of MHR obtained
                     during the stress test. Another common practice is the use of RHR by applying
                     the Karvonen formula (50%-80% of RHR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Karvonen formula: THR = RHR + (0.5-0.8) &#215; (MHR - RHR)</p>
        <p>The patient's subjective perception of exertion should always be assessed, using the
               Borg scale of perceived exertion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
                  [<italic>Rating Perceived Exertion</italic> (RPE) ] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Table 8</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Borg scale of perceived exertion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">No effort</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">Very, very light</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">Very light</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">Very light</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14</td>
                <td align="center">Intense or hard</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16</td>
                <td align="center">Too intense or too hard</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>19</td>
                <td align="center">Very, very intense</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>20</td>
                <td align="center">Total exhaustion</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Equivalences between the subjective perception of exertion (Borg) and the
                        intensity of exercise can be summarized in: &lt; 12: mild = 40%-60% of the
                        maximum; 12-14: moderate, slightly more intense = 60%-75% of the maximum;
                        &gt; 14: intense, strong = 75%-90% of the maximum.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Subjectively, the speech test can also be used, in which patients are aware of their
               own respiratory movements, i.e., the exercises are performed at an intensity that
               leads to a heavier breathing, without reaching a degree of tachypnea that prevents
               the patient from completing a sentence.</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Specificity of training:</italic> in some cases, the patients' training
                     should consider the muscle groups that they usually use in their day-to-day
                     activities, thus generating greater muscle strength for daily work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Components of each session</title>
        <p><bold>a) Warm-up period:</bold> a moment in which muscle groups are incorporated
               gradually; starting with small groups and then progressing to larger muscle groups.
               Initially, the exercises are performed slowly; the repetitions and the speed increase
               progressively. After approximately 5 min, a more intense warm-up session starts,
               including jogging or another higher-intensity exercise (lasting 1-3 min). In general,
               when a patient begins rehabilitation, the warm-up period is longer. Before the first
               session, it is desirable that some testing is performed. The aim of the examination
               (such as the 6-min walk test) is to enable an objective analysis of the current state
               of the patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p><bold>b) Exercise training:</bold> It can be performed with a bicycle ergometer,
               treadmill, climber, or simply consist of a walk/jog guided by trained personnel.
               Usually, the duration of training is short (15 min) in the first session, with weekly
               or per-sessionprogression, depending on the case. This phase should be connected with
               the time and intensity of exercise.</p>
        <p>THR is determined according to the prescription method and/or results of the stress
               test, as previously discussed. The goal is to achieve and maintain this HR during the
               execution of continuous or interval aerobic exercise. Furthermore, it is convenient
               to add resistance exercises to every session<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p><bold>c) Cool-down period:</bold> All sessions must take into account that the
               patient should return to the initial HR and BP levels in the last minutes of the
               session. The methods used to achieve this goal are varied, but some elements must be
               present, such as gradually decreasing the load of aerobic exercise, stretching,
               resting on a chair or mattress, and using breathing techniques (abdominal
                  breathing)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Types of exercise</title>
        <p>The exercises can be divided into <bold>isotonic or dynamic</bold> and
                  <bold>isometric or static:</bold>
            </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Isotonic or dynamic</bold> exercises change muscle length with rhythmic
                     contractions, joint movements, and limited strength development. These
                     exercises cause a significant increase in oxygen consumption, systolic volume,
                     and HR. The systolic BP (SBP) increases and the diastolic BP (DBP) may decrease
                     as a consequence of the reduction in total peripheral resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Isometric or static</bold> exercises cause an increase in muscle strength
                     with little change in muscle length. During these exercises, SBP increases
                     significantly, and HR and systolic volume increase less than during dynamic
                        exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>However, the majority of activities present a combination of these 2 types of
               exercises in varying magnitudes; the hemodynamic response depends on which is
               performed with greater intensity.</p>
        <p><bold>With regard to the types of training:</bold> the most relevant are continuous
               and</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Continuous training:</bold> It relies on a steady exertion over a given
                     time. Preferably, it is of moderate intensity, to last longer. It usually
                     comprises a walk or run at a moderate and constant intensity, and the speed of
                     execution and the behavior of cardiopulmonary variables depend on the clinical
                     presentation and individual physical capacity. The minimum suggested time to
                     maintain this type of effort is 20-30 min/session<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. It
                     may be performed at different intensities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 9</xref>).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Examples of continuous training</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Type of activity</th>
                <th align="center">Speed</th>
                <th align="center">Behavior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Slow walk</td>
                <td align="center">4-5 km/h</td>
                <td align="center">Can talk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderate walk</td>
                <td align="center">5-6 km/h</td>
                <td align="center">Maintains a conversation with difficulty</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fast walk</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;6 km/h</td>
                <td align="center">Maintains a conversation with short phrases</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Light jog</td>
                <td align="center">6-7 km/h</td>
                <td align="center">Can talk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>More intense jog</td>
                <td align="center">7-9 km/h</td>
                <td align="center">Maintains a conversation with short phrases</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Interval training:</bold> it is defined as an exercise or a series of
                     exercises composed of periods of exertion that alternate with periods of active
                     or passive recovery. When the exercise is of high or moderate intensity, active
                     intervals are used, using either the same or different exercises, but of lower
                        intensity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. If the patient's
                     functional capacity is low, passive recovery intervals can be used. In such
                     patients, this training method with alternating loads may be the only way to
                     start an exercise program, because of the low tolerance to continuous loads.
                     The progression is made by gradually increasing the periods of activity and
                     decreasing the resting periods, or by replacing them with lower-intensity
                     activity (active recovery). Before starting this activity, a longer warm-up
                     session is needed, as well as a low-intensity recovery at the end of the
                        session<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Education</title>
        <p>As previously mentioned, a multidisciplinary CVDPR program includes not only the
               scheduled exercise plan but also the education provide to the patient, about CVD and
               the appropriate management of risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Obesity and overweight</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definition and facts</title>
            <p>The incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity have increased globally
                     to alarming levels. Obesity is considered a worldwide epidemic, both in
                     children and in adults, affecting nearly one-third of the world's population.
                     According to the INTERHEART study, the most prevalent CVD risk factor is
                     abdominal obesity, whose prevalence is 48.6% in Latin America, compared with
                     31.2% in other participating countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>. The consumption of high-calorie foods, rich in simple carbohydrates
                     and saturated fats, associated with physical inactivity, are responsible for
                     this worldwide epidemic.</p>
            <p>The increase in adiposity is associated with the increase in free fatty acids,
                     hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, DM, systemic arterial hypertension, and
                     dyslipidemia. The effects of obesity on global CVD risk are pronounced. Obese
                     individuals have higher frequency and incidence of other risk factors. However,
                     the risk is also direct, because adipose tissue, particularly intra-abdominal
                     visceral adipose tissue, is a metabolically active endocrine organ that
                     synthesizes and releases into the bloodstream different peptides and other
                     nonpeptidic compounds that participate in cardiovascular homeostasis. Obese
                     individuals have a disturbance in this balance, to a greater or lesser degree,
                     increasing the CV risk.</p>
            <p>The calculation of body mass index (BMI) has been proposed by the United States
                     National Institutes of Health (NHLBI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
                     and by WHO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> as the conventional method
                     for diagnosing overweight and obesity. In adults, overweight is defined as a
                     BMI from 25-29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and obesity is defined as BMI &#8805; 30
                        kg/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
            <p>Although BMI is a simple method to detect individuals with considerably
                     increased body fat, particularly in population studies, recent studies have
                     questioned its validity in diagnosing individual obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>.
                     Numerous studies have demonstrated that central obesity measures correlate
                     better with CVD risk than BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>.
                     Therefore, it is more important to determine whether there is an increase in
                     abdominal fat than to define body weight in relation to height. A simple way to
                     determine this is by measuring the perimeter of the waist with a tape measure,
                     either at the navel level or 2.5 cm above the iliac crest. The cutoff points
                     recommended for diagnosing central obesity, using waist circumference, are &#8805; 94
                     cm for men and &#8805; 80 cm for women. If the waist-hip ratio values are used for
                     diagnosing central obesity, the cutoff points are as follows: &#8805; 0.9 for men and
                     &#8805; 0.85 for women. All these calculations have been established for Caucasian
                     individuals. Other parameters and other determinations are necessary for the
                     various Latin American ethnic groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>.</p>
            <p>Other methods used to measure body fat are computed tomography,
                     ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and whole-body air displacement
                     plethysmography. Waist circumference measurement has the advantage of being a
                     simple method and of being superior to BMI; however, it should be noted that
                     this method is prone to measurement errors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <p>Weight reduction is recommended in patients with obesity (BMI &#8805; 30
                        kg/m<sup>2</sup>) or overweight (25 &#8804; BMI &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
            <p>Values between 94 and 101 cm for men and between 80 and 87 cm for women should
                     be considered as an alert; they represent a threshold from which one should not
                     gain more weight. Restriction of total caloric intake and regular exercise are
                     the cornerstones of weight control. It is likely that exercise will produce
                     improvements in the metabolism of central adiposity, even before weight
                     reduction is noticed.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Special recommendations</title>
            <p>Feeding habits education is paramount, with emphasis on decreasing caloric
                     intake and drastically decreasing the intake of fats and simple carbohydrates.
                     The patient should be encouraged to consume more fruit, vegetables, whole-grain
                     foods, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. The habit of
                     mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption should not be discouraged; however, this
                     area of knowledge still requires further studies to define the best
                     conduct.</p>
            <p>The frequency, duration, intensity, and volume of exercise performed must be
                     adapted to the physical fitness level of the individual. Prolonged exercises at
                     a moderate intensity are preferred, although the program should be initiated at
                     a light intensity and progress as results are achieved. The best exercises are
                     dynamic exercises, which employ large muscle groups and are predominantly
                     aerobic.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sedentary lifestyle</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definition and facts</title>
            <p>The percentage of sedentary population in Latin America oscillates between 25%
                     and 75%; this very wide range is because of the differences between the studies
                     carried out in each region. Individuals who remain sedentary are at a higher
                     risk of death and at a 2-fold higher CVD risk when compared with their
                     physically active peers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>To initiate, recondition, and educate the patient regarding exercise
                           prescription;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To motivate the patient to continue the practice of physical activity
                           indefinitely (30-60 min of moderate exercise, 5-7 days/week) (class I,
                           level of evidence B);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To ensure that all members of the CVDPR programs know, educate, and
                           motivate patients to perform physical activities according to the
                           prescription.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Special recommendations</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>To collect a complete medical history;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To determine the CVD risk individually;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To prescribe physical activity (aerobic, resistance, and
                           flexibility);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To supervise the physical activity practice according to the risks and
                           prescriptions.</p>
                <p>(Refer to the section Exercise for more details regarding the
                           recommendations and exercise prescriptions.)</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Psychosocial stress and depression</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definition and facts</title>
            <p>Stress has been defined as a "situation of an individual or of any of his/her
                     organs or systems that, by requiring a greater performance than normal, places
                     the individual at risk of becoming ill." It is a body's response or reaction
                     that requires adaptations, which may be acute or chronic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>. These adaptations are not always well tolerated or
                     accepted. All these adaptations include anxiety, emotional exhaustion,
                     depersonalization, emotional insecurity, fear of failure, chronic job stress,
                     personality traits, character, and social isolation, which lead to depression.
                     Elevated stress is clearly associated with AMI. Nowadays, stress is considered
                     a risk factor as important as hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia.</p>
            <p>Unfortunately, there are not enough data to know with certainty the prevalence
                     of increased stress, depression, and other psychosocial problems in Latin
                     America. Data from the INTERHEART study demonstrate that in Latin America the
                     prevalence of chronic stress and depression is, respectively, 6.8% and
                        36.7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
            <p>Stress responses produce increased autonomic activity by the activation of the
                     sympathetic nervous system and catecholamine release, causing an increase in
                     HR, contractility, minute volume, and peripheral vascular resistance, as well
                     as inhibiting insulin secretion and increasing the release of hepatic glucose
                     and fatty acids into the blood stream. Concurrently, there is an increase in
                     platelet aggregation and a decrease in the ventricular fibrillation
                        threshold<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <p>It is important to know the degree of stress and depression of patients seeking
                     a CVDPR program; the use of standardized questionnaires is recommended, such as
                     the PHQ-9 depression questionnaire, which is free and available online. Once
                     the patient's condition is known, he/she should be severity of the emotional
                     problem.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Special recommendations</title>
            <p>The recommendations focus on the identification of these groups of patients to
                     allow early intervention, through psychotherapy and lifestyle changes, not only
                     aimed specifically at the individual but also at the family members. These
                     measures may include group therapy, specific medication, physical activity, and
                     social support, which are all administered by specialized professionals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> (class I, level of evidence B).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Smoking</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definition and facts</title>
            <p>Smoking is a chronic addiction caused by the excessive tobacco smoking, which
                     is triggered by its main component, nicotine. It is an independent risk factor
                     for CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>, and is regarded as a leading
                     cause of preventable deaths worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>.</p>
            <p>According to WHO, a smoker is a person who has had this habit daily for the
                     previous month, regardless of the number of cigarettes smoked. A passive smoker
                     is defined as a person who is exposed to tobacco smoke in its different forms,
                     such as pipes and cigarettes. There is no minimum innocuous exposure to
                     cigarette smoke: passive smoking increases the CVD risk by 25%-30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>.</p>
            <p>There have been significant changes in the implementation of smoke-free areas,
                     through a historic partnership between WHO and Latin America and Caribbean
                        countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>. The prevalence of
                     smoking in this region is approximately 31% in men and 17% in women, which
                     motivates physicians to work toward improving this situation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <p>The overall goal is to achieve complete cessation of cigarette smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>. For achieving such a goal, CVDPR and secondary
                     prevention programs should include comprehensive smoking cessation measures;
                     they should also educate the smoker by promoting and implementing public health
                     measures related to the suppression of the habit<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> (IB).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Specific recommendations</title>
            <p>Every clinical history must include questions regarding smoking history, so as
                     to diagnose smokers according to the above definition. It is also necessary to
                     check whether there is environmental exposure and whether the patient wants to
                     quit smoking, as well as measure physical dependence, and prepare a smoking
                     cessation plan that includes follow-up and feedback<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>.</p>
            <p>Some useful recommendations regarding smoking are as follows:</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To routinely apply questionnaires on smoking habits;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To indicate the amount of tobacco consumed and attempts to stop
                           smoking;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To assess the patient according to physical, psychological, social, and
                           gestural addiction, as well as nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom test,
                           Glover and Nilson test)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To identify the phase of interest in smoking cessation according to the
                           criteria by Prochazka and DiClemente (Precontemplation, Contemplation,
                           Preparation, Action, Maintenance)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To establish a conversation to generate awareness (IA);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To follow the smoking cessation process ("5As"): <bold>Ask</bold> about
                           smoking status; <bold>Advise</bold> to quit; <bold>Assess</bold>
                           willingness to stop smoking; <bold>Assist</bold> in smoking cessation;
                           and <bold>Arrange</bold> follow-up consultation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref> ;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To offer help regardless of patient motivation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref> ;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To create interventions that enables the patient to advance in the
                           stages of interest in smoking cessation;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To offer and refer to pharmacological therapies for smoking cessation
                           (nicotine replacement, bupropion, varenicline, and/or combinations
                              thereof)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>. Although the use of
                           medications to help in smoking cessation has been used in cardiovascular
                           patients, their prescription should be left to the cardiologist;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#8226; To perform nonpharmacological therapies, such as:</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Practical advice (problem solving/skills training);</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Psychological and social support as a part of treatment;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Group therapy is approximately 2 times more efficient than
                                 self-help therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Establishing a comprehensive monitoring and follow-up strategy
                                 for the patient.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>The scope of smoking cessation management in CVDPR programs is an opportunity
                     for the other the members of the household. Thus, this approach can prevent the
                     onset of cigarette smoking (children, grandchildren, siblings, other family
                     members) and/or its complete eradication in the nuclear family (IB).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dyslipidemia</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definitions and facts</title>
            <p>Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. Every 1%
                     reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C) translates into
                     a reduction of 1% in the risk of future cardiovascular events. A 1% increase in
                     high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-C) is associated with a risk
                     reduction of 2%-4%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>. The prevalence of
                     dyslipidemia in Latin America is 42%, according to the INTERHEART study,
                     compared with a 32% prevalence in other countries participating in that
                        study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Risk stratification:</title>
            <p>The <italic>Adult Treatment Panel</italic> III (ATP III)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref> guidelines for dyslipidemia treatment in adults defines
                     the classification of LDL-C, HDL-C, and total cholesterol levels according to
                     their plasma levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 10</xref>). That
                     document also identified LDL-C as the main treatment target (class I, level of
                     evidence A).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t11">
              <label>Table 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol classification according to ATP
                              III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 200 Desirable</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>200-240 Borderline high</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 240 High</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LDL-C (mg/dl)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 100 Optimal</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>100-130 Near optimal</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>130-160 Borderline high</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 160 High</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 190 Very high</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HDL-C (mg/dl)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 40 Low</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 60 High</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density
                              lipoprotein cholesterol; ATP III: Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines
                              for the treatment of dyslipidemia in adults.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The ATP III established risk categories according to the presence or absence of
                     other risk factors. The presence of CVD or other clinical forms of
                     atherosclerosis, the so-called risk categories, determine the LDL-C target
                        (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 11</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t12">
              <label>Table 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Objectives, levels, changes in lifestyle, and treatment of LDL-C in
                           different categories, according to ATP III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">Risk category</th>
                    <th>LDL-C target (mg/dl)</th>
                    <th>LDL-C at which to initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes
                                 (mg/dl)</th>
                    <th>LDL-C at which to initiate LDL-lowering drugs (mg/dl)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">CAD risk or equivalent (10-year risk &gt; 20%)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 100</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 100</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 130 (100-129: optional)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td rowspan="3" align="left">+2 risk factors (10-year risk &#8804;
                                 20%)</td>
                    <td rowspan="3">&lt; 130</td>
                    <td rowspan="3">&#8805; 130</td>
                    <td>10-year risk</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td>10%-20%: &#8805; 13010-year risk</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td>&lt; 10%: &#8805; 160</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td rowspan="2" align="left">0-1 risk factors</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&lt; 160</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#8805; 160</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 190</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td>(160-189: optional</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CAD: coronary artery
                              disease.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>It remains to be determined whether the LDL-C targets in primary prevention
                     will remain the same, given the results of the Jupiter study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>, which randomized to treatment with
                     rosuvastatin or placebo patients without coronary artery disease who had LDL-C
                     &lt; 130 mg/dl and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels &gt; 2 mg/l. The
                     study was completed ahead of time, having shown a clear benefit in favor of the
                     group treated with rosuvastatin, which exhibited a 44% reduction in the primary
                     outcome (combined endpoint) of cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal
                     AMI, unstable angina, or CABG.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Special considerations</title>
            <p>As previously mentioned, the overall risk stratification defines each patient's
                     LDL-C targets according to the risk category. To achieve these goals, treatment
                     must often be aggressive. The therapeutic options are as follows:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Nonpharmacological measures: decreased intake of simple carbohydrates and
                           of saturated and trans fats in general; weight loss in individuals with
                           obesity; and increased physical activity (class I, level of evidence B).
                           Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity is considered to have the greatest
                           impact on triglyceride levels and to have less impact on HDL-C, and even
                           less impact on LDL-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pharmacological measures: the primary goal in dyslipidemia management is
                           to achieve a reduction in LDL-C in accordance with the goals described in
                              <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 11</xref>. Statins are the most
                           commonly used drugs because of their impact on risk reduction. In
                           addition to these drugs, niacin, fibrates, resins, and ezetimibe may be
                              used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Other treatment goals:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>If triglyceride levels are between 200-499 mg/dl after the LDL-C target
                           has been reached, medication can be used to achieve the non-HDL-C target
                           (class I, level of evidence B), which must be less than the LDL-C + 30.
                           This can be achieved by intensifying statin therapy and adding nicotinic
                           acid or fibrates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>. If
                           triglyceride levels are &gt; 500 mg/dl, the priority should be to
                           decrease this level to decrease pancreatitis risk (class I, level of
                           evidence C).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Another important goal is to increase HDL-C, particularly in patients
                           with extremely low HDL-C and atherosclerotic CVD. Niacin can be used; it
                           should be started at a low dose (500 mg) and increased according to
                           tolerance (up to a maximum dose of 2 g). Statins also increase HDL-C, but
                           to a lesser extent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>. The evidence
                           supporting the use of drugs to increase HDL-C is not strong, and recent
                           studies have questioned the use of niacin for this purpose, whereas
                           others have demonstrated that the use of cholesteryl ester transfer
                           protein inhibitors to increase HDL-C may increase cardiovascular
                              mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial hypertension</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definitions and facts</title>
            <p>One of the most common problems in primary care is the lack of detection,
                     treatment, and control of hypertension, which is undoubtedly a risk factor with
                     the highest impact in CVD.</p>
            <p>The worldwide prevalence is approximately 1 billion individuals, causing
                     approximately 7.1 million deaths per year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>. In Latin America, 13% deaths can be attributed to systemic
                     arterial hypertension. According to the Interheart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> study, the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension
                     in Latin America is 29.1%, higher than the 20.8% observed in other
                     participating countries. Another problem is that approximately 30% adults are
                     unaware that they have this disease. More than 40% hypertensive patients are
                     untreated, and two-thirds do not have controlled BP (&gt; 140/90 mmHg).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Classification of BP</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 12</xref> presents the classification of
                     systemic arterial hypertension according to the guidelines of the Seventh
                     Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VII) for adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>. The classification is based on the
                     average of &#8805; 2 BP measurements, performed in the sitting position in &#8805; 2
                     visits.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t13">
              <label>Table 12</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Classification of hypertension in adults according to JNC VII<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">BP rating</th>
                    <th>SBP (mmHg)</th>
                    <th>DBP (mmHg)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Normal</td>
                    <td>&lt; 120</td>
                    <td>&lt; 80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
                    <td>120-139</td>
                    <td>80-89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hypertension stage 1</td>
                    <td>140-159</td>
                    <td>90-99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hypertension stage 2</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 160</td>
                    <td>&gt; 100</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood
                              pressure; mmHg: millimeters of mercury.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <p>The treatment goal for hypertensive patients without other disorders is BP &lt;
                     140/90 mmHg (class I, level of evidence A). In hypertensive patients with renal
                     disease or DM, the BP target is &lt; 130/80 mmHg; however, recent studies have
                     shown that it is probably not crucial to achieve such levels to decrease the
                     CVD risk, particularly in patients with DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Specific recommendations</title>
            <p>To achieve the treatment goals, it is crucial to implement lifestyle changes
                        (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 13</xref>). Such approaches should
                     also be recommended to normotensive patients with genetic predisposition for
                     hypertension (e.g., both parents aged &lt; 60 years medicated for systemic
                     arterial hypertension).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t14">
              <label>Table 13</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Lifestyle modifications to prevent and manage hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">Measure</th>
                    <th>Purpose</th>
                    <th>BP reduction</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Weight reduction</td>
                    <td>Maintain BMI &lt; 24.9</td>
                    <td>5-20 mmHg/10kg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Adoption of the DASH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref> diet</td>
                    <td>A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low in total and saturated
                                 fats.</td>
                    <td>8-14 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Decrease sodium consumption</td>
                    <td>Consume &lt; 2.4 g/day of sodium<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
                    <td>2-8 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Aerobic physical activity</td>
                    <td>30-45 min/day (the highest number of days/week)</td>
                    <td>4-9 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td rowspan="2" align="left">Moderation of alcohol consumption<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">***</xref></td>
                    <td style="border-bottom-style:hidden">No more than 2 servings of
                                 alcohol per day (30 ml) in men. Ex.: 700 ml of beer, 300 ml of
                                 wine, or 60-90 ml whisky</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">2-4 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td>Not more than 1 serving (15 ml) in women and subjects with lower
                                 weight</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN05">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>DASH diet: dietary approaches to stop hypertension.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN06">
                  <label>**</label>
                  <p>The American Heart Association recommends a daily intake of &lt; 1,500
                              mg of sodium.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN07">
                  <label>***</label>
                  <p>It is not recommended that a person who does not consume alcohol start
                              doing so as a way to control hypertension. BP: blood pressure; BMI:
                              body mass index; kg: kilogram; mmHg: millimeters of mercury; g:
                              gram.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>With regard to physical activities, those with a predominance of dynamic
                     components are ideal. Their benefits become apparent after the third week after
                     exercise initiation. Muscle strength exercises have not shown benefits in
                     hypertension as an isolated method, because they must be performed together
                     with dynamic exercises (class I, level of evidence B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>.</p>
            <p>With regard to drug treatment, a reduction in BP should be considered as the
                     target of the pharmacological treatment, regardless of the medication used. As
                     is usual in cardiovascular prevention, the decision to start the drug treatment
                     depends on the patient's overall risk. Because the majority of hypertensive
                     atients require &#8805; 2 antihypertensive drugs to achieve BP control, the addition
                     of a second drug from a different class should be indicated when BP is &gt; 20
                     mmHg above the target SBP or &gt; 10 mmHg above the DBP target despite the use
                     of a single agent at suitable doses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diabetes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definition and facts</title>
            <p>DM is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic
                     hyperglycemia with disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and
                     proteins, which results in defects in insulin secretion and/or action.</p>
            <p>The main cause of death in individuals with type 2 DM is cardiovascular;
                     therefore, preventing CVD involves an integrated management of all risk
                     factors. All CVD risk factors (except smoking) are more common in individuals
                     with diabetes, and their impact on CVD is also higher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>. Approximately 25.1 million individuals have type 2 DM,
                     representing 8.7% adult population in Latin America, according to the 2011
                     census. It is estimated that this figure will reach approximately 40 million
                     people (60% of the adult population) in the next 20 years. Moreover, it is
                     important to mention that currently 15.1 million people (5.2% of the adult
                     population) suffer from glucose intolerance, a situation that should be
                     considered as a warning and trigger more efficient measures for DM prevention
                        (<italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic>).</p>
            <p>For the diagnosis of DM, according to the American Diabetes Association
                        (ADA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>, any of the following
                     criteria can be used:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) &#8805; 6.5.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>DM symptoms combined with blood glucose levels, measured in venous
                           plasma, &#8805; 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fasting glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Glucose levels, measured in venous plasma, &#8805; 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) 2 h
                           after a glucose load, during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>For diagnosis in an asymptomatic individual, it is essential to have at least 1
                     positive blood glucose result equal to or greater than the levels in items 3
                     and 4.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <p>Strict glycemic control (class I, level of evidence A) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Table 14</xref>) is recommended. The United Kingdom Prospective DM
                        Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> and the Diabetes Control and
                     Complications Study (DCCT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>
                     demonstrated a linear relationship between stable HbA1c and the risk of
                     complications, although the level at which the risk disappears was not
                     identified. Currently, the therapeutic goal of HbA1c is &lt; 8%, and &lt; 7% in
                     young CVD patients. The ACCORD study demonstrated that, in patients with type 2
                     DM, there is no additional benefit in decreasing HbA1c to strict low levels
                     (&lt; 6.5%) and that, on the contrary, this reduction could increase
                        mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t15">
              <label>Table 14</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Targets for glycemic control parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">Level</th>
                    <th>Normal</th>
                    <th>Adequate</th>
                    <th>Inadequate</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Risk of chronic complications</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>Low</td>
                    <td>High</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Fasting blood glucose</td>
                    <td>&lt; 100 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">(1)</xref></td>
                    <td>70-100</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Postprandial blood glucose (1-2 h)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 140</td>
                    <td>70-140 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">(2)</xref></td>
                    <td>&#8805; 180</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">(3)</xref></td>
                    <td>&lt;6,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">(4)</xref></td>
                    <td>&#8805; 7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">(4)</xref></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN08">
                  <label>(1)</label>
                  <p>The risk of hypoglycemia increases significantly when levels are
                              maintained within the range of a person without diabetes through the
                              use of medications. The risk must be avoided in the elderly, and less
                              stringent goals should be adopted.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN09">
                  <label>(2)</label>
                  <p>A reduction into normal ranges of postprandial blood glucose usually
                              presents lower risk of hypoglycemia. For this reason, it is also an
                              appropriate goal.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN10">
                  <label>(3)</label>
                  <p>Normal HbA1c can also be defined as the average value for the
                              population without diabetes + 2 standard deviations, using the DCCT
                              reference method, which is 6.1%. The normal range is not the
                              therapeutic goal in patients with DM.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN11">
                  <label>(4)</label>
                  <p>With the new treatments, it is possible to attain and perhaps maintain
                              an almost normal HbA1c. Although all international DM associations
                              agree the treatment should aim to achieve this goal, the majority
                              propose a reduction &lt; 7%; a higher value requires therapy
                              initiation or change.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn>
                  <p>Blood glucose levels are expressed in mg/dl (to convert to mmol/l,
                              divide by 18)</p>
                  <p>HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Specific recommendations</title>
            <p>DM treatment includes pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures.
                     Nonpharmacological measures include 3 basic aspects: diet strategies, exercise,
                     and healthy habits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Weight reduction
                     in obese patients with DM remains the only comprehensive treatment that can
                     simultaneously control most metabolic problems from type 2 DM (class I, level
                     of evidence C). Pharmacological treatment should be initiated in every person
                     with type 2 DM who has not achieved control of blood glucose levels through
                     therapeutic lifestyle changes.</p>
            <p>Refer to the Special Populations section for additional recommendations for
                     cardiac rehabilitation in individuals with diabetes.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic syndrome</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Definition and facts</title>
            <p>Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that include central obesity,
                     elevated BP, elevated levels of triglycerides and blood glucose, and low HDL-C
                        (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Table 15</xref>). The pathophysiology of
                     this syndrome is insulin resistance. This means that glucose metabolism at the
                     cellular level is altered, and a higher amount of insulin becomes necessary to
                     metabolize the same amount of glucose. That is, there is a decreased
                     sensitivity of the peripheral tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, to insulin
                     action, thus producing secondary hyperinsulinemia. Patients with this syndrome
                     are at twice the risk of suffering a cardiovascular event and at 5 times DM
                        risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>. In addition to the described metabolic
                     abnormalities, it has been demonstrated that this syndrome is accompanied by an
                     increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), which potentially
                     increases thrombogenesis, and is therefore another element that adds to AMI
                        risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t16">
              <label>Table 15</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Definition of metabolic syndrome according to ATP III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="left">
                    <th>At least 3 of the following 5 components must be met:</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Central obesity: waist circumference &gt; 102 cm in men and
                                 &gt;88 cm in women</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; High triglycerides: &#8805; 150 mg/dl or patient under
                                 pharmacological treatment</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Low HDL-C: &lt; 40 mg/dl in men and &lt; 50 mg/dl in women or in
                                 patients under pharmacological treatment</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Increased blood pressure: systolic BP &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or
                                 diastolic BP &gt; 85 mmHg or previously diagnosed hypertension
                                 under treatment</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Change in fasting glucose: fasting plasma glucose 110 mg/dl
                                 [&#8805; 100 mg/dl] or previously diagnosed type 2 DM</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>ATP III: guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemias in adults,
                              Adult Treatment Panel III; BP: blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density
                              lipoprotein; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Challenges and goals</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>To achieve the proposed goals for each component of the syndrome;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To measure waist circumference in all patients;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To educate the patient about the strong influence that a lifestyle change
                           can have on this syndrome.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Special recommendations</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>To decrease body weight;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To decrease waist circumference;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To perform predominantly aerobic exercise of moderate intensity, aiming
                           to reach 80 to 90% of MHR (stress test), as well as resistance exercise
                           with frequent repetitions and sets that exercise various muscle
                           groups;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>To decreased added sugar intake, as well as sweetened beverages, and
                           simple carbohydrates.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recommendations on restarting sexual activity after cardiovascular
                     events</title>
            <p>Lack of confidence to perform sexual activity, decreased libido, erectile
                     dysfunction, and ejaculation disorders are important points to consider after a
                     cardiovascular event. Orientation and therapeutic management should begin from
                     the earliest stages of CVDPR programs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>.
                     Some practical recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>If the patient is able to achieve 6 METs of physical exertion in a stress
                           test, or the equivalent in daily life tasks, sexual activity should not
                           be restricted, because neither the duration nor the intensity of physical
                           effort during sexual activity are risky enough to cause cardiovascular
                           complications.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>It is advisable to prevent excessive consumption of food and alcohol a
                           few hours prior to sexual activity.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>It is recommended to indulge in sexual activity in an appropriate manner,
                           in which the patient feels relaxed and willing to indulge in the
                           activity. Moreover, it is advisable to adopt positions that do not demand
                           an excessive effort from the patient. The patient needs to be aware that
                           the majority of MIs related to sexual activity appear to occur in
                           situations of infidelity and/or in concomitant use of drugs, or when
                           patients are experiencing high stress.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Counseling is key in restoring the patient's confidence.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The use of sildenafil and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors is not
                           contraindicated in CVD patients, unless they have class IV angina, severe
                           valvular stenosis, or persistent ventricular arrhythmias. Such drugs are
                           also contraindicated when the patient uses nitroglycerin or other
                           nitrates regularly.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>IV. CARDIOVASCULAR REHABILITATION IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in adults aged &lt;55 years</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>The pathologies that lead to CVDPR indication in this group of patients comprise,
                  mostly, coronary artery disease (after AMI, CABG, angioplasty, medical management
                  of coronary artery disease, followed by valvular heart disease, heart failure, and
                  congenital heart disease).</p>
          <p>This age group has its own characteristics, which require additional specific
                  recommendations, together with those described for each of the abovementioned
                  conditions. Such characteristics include the fact that this group is more likely
                  to be economically active, performing activities that may require significant
                  physical effort; more likely to have children at home, with the responsibilities
                  that this entails; and a high probability that income is decreased during the
                  acute episode. All these factors create major barriers to both access to and
                  permanence in a CVDPR program, as well as difficulties in adhering to healthy
                  habits and pharmacotherapy in general<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Decrease the access barriers to CVDPR programs;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Promote and encourage strategies that improve CVDPR program adherence;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Implement strategies that educate the patients regarding healthy habits,
                        exercise prescription, and the importance of medication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <p>The recommendations within the CVDPR program are the same as those for every
                     pathology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in the elderly</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>The elderly, defined as those aged &gt;65 years, are often excluded from CVDPR
                  programs; however, there are known benefits from the improvement in functional
                  capacity, quality of life, and modification of risk factors in this age group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>. This population has a decreased level of
                  physical capacity, decreased flexibility, and exhibits alteration of the senses
                  and impaired balance. In this scenario, the implementation of specific
                  recommendations has a fundamental role<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Encourage the referral of the elderly to CVDPR programs;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Minimize barriers to inclusion and adherence to the program;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Manage comorbidities in a comprehensive manner;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Achieve a higher level of independence, self-care, and social
                        adaptation;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Stimulate the practice of resistance exercises to prevent or reverse
                        sarcopenia;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consider the possibility of some cognitive deterioration that can represent
                        a challenge in learning exercise techniques, diet, and other principles
                        included in the CVDPR program.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Encourage learning motivation, not only in the context of exercise but also
                        regarding information related to their illness;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consider whether orders, indications, and precautions should be
                        repeated;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Include exercises that promote self-care;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Combine aerobic exercise with individualized exercise program and
                        stretching, flexibility, coordination, and balance exercises. Prescribe
                        resistance exercises with low load<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>
                        and multiple repetitions, covering various muscle groups.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in children and adolescents</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions and facts</title>
          <p>Pathologies with CVDPR indication in this population derive from congenital heart
                  disease, with or without heart failure, as well as neurocardiogenic syncope. There
                  is evidence that regular physical activity can be beneficial, even in children
                  with complex congenital heart disease, resulting in significant changes in
                  functional ability, behavior, self-care, and emotional state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Minimize barriers to inclusion for this group of patients;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consider the educational component related to healthy habits;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Achieve the highest level of patient's self-care and adaptation to the
                        family and social context.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Guide and motivate patients to perform their preferred recreational physical
                        activity that meets the specific recommendations for each pathology and
                        clinical status;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dietary recommendations should consider the patient's age and developmental
                        stage, as well as the underlying disease; thus, it is very important to
                        include consulting and monitoring by nutrition experts.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in women</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>There is limited specific information on women, because they are under-represented
                  in clinical trials.</p>
          <p>The current CVDPR recommendation for women in secondary prevention is class I,
                  level of evidence A (women with recent acute coronary event, coronary
                  intervention, or CVD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>.</p>
          <p>In most Latin American countries, CVD is a major cause of morbidity; however, it
                  is recognized that, on average, &lt; 10% of the total participants in CVDPR
                  programs are women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>.</p>
          <p>With regard to risk factors for coronary artery disease, there are some
                  characteristics that can differ according to gender, such as physical inactivity,
                  stress, and diabetes. It is known that women initiate CVDPR programs at an older
                  age (an average of 10 years more), present higher anxiety than men, and are
                  physically less fit; they also have more comorbidities and worse quality of life.
                  In general, the benefits of CVDPR programs for women are the same as those for
                  men, although some studies suggest that the former benefit from a greater impact
                  of quality of life functional class. Despite this fact, women are less likely to
                  stay in the program than men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Increase the participation of women with CVD in CVDPR programs;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Increase the permanence of women in CVDPR programs;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Maintain healthy habits after the end of the CVDPR program.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <p>The current recommendation for physical activity for women is 30 min/day, 5-7
                  days/week, increasing to 60-90 min of moderate activity in most days of the week.
                  The exercise program should include strength, balance, coordination, flexibility,
                  and stretching activities (class I, level of evidence B).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Furthermore, it is important to:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Adjust the exercise prescription to the comorbidities of the patient;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Include the patient in a compatible physical activity group;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consider the atypical symptoms that may be present;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>During the sessions, determine the patient's preferred type of aerobic
                        exercise (walking, dancing, cycling, swimming, or other), thereby favoring
                        its performance as a part of the patient's routine, independently of the
                           program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with DM</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>Proper diagnosis and treatment of DM are associated with decreased mortality. Part
                  of the treatment is physical exercise, which should be adequately performed, with
                  the attention that these patients require. Therefore, the interdisciplinary group
                  in a CVDPR program must be aware of the correct approach in patients with this
                     disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <p>These are the goals of CVDPR staff:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Know the medical history of the patient with diabetes, considering the
                        following:</p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p>- The presence of CVD;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- The presence of comorbidities, retinopathy, neuropathy, and
                              nephropathy;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- The results of recent tests (fasting glucose level, OGTT, HbA1c,
                              ophthalmic examination, lipid profile, etc.);</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>- The patient's current medication, with special attention to
                              medications that cause hypoglycemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Table 16</xref>). If
                              the patient is being treated with insulin, the staff should know the
                              type, dose, and route of administration.</p>
                  <p>
                    <table-wrap id="t17">
                      <label>Table 16</label>
                      <caption>
                        <title>Hypoglycemic medication and risk of hypoglycemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></title>
                      </caption>
                      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                          <tr align="center">
                            <th align="left">Neutral</th>
                            <th>Low</th>
                            <th>Moderate</th>
                            <th>High</th>
                          </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                          <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&#8226; Biguanides</td>
                            <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                            <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                            <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                          </tr>
                          <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&#8226; Thiazolidinediones</td>
                          </tr>
                          <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&#8226; Acarbose</td>
                            <td>Mitiglinides</td>
                            <td>Sulphonylureas</td>
                            <td>Insulin</td>
                          </tr>
                          <tr align="center">
                            <td align="left">&#8226; GLP-1 analogs and gliptins</td>
                            <td>&#160;</td>
                            <td>&#160;</td>
                            <td>&#160;</td>
                          </tr>
                        </tbody>
                      </table>
                      <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                          <p>GLP-1: a peptide similar to glucagon type 1 DDP4.</p>
                        </fn>
                      </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                  </p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Know the patient's history of hypoglycemia: frequency, associated
                        circumstances that may contribute to its onset, symptoms, prior hypoglycemia
                        (use of carbohydrates)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>. Each
                        center should create their own protocols for glucose monitoring and develop
                        appropriate policies and procedures, tailored to their institution;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Know the use of glycemic self-monitoring: frequency and time of day,
                        interpretation of results, and treatment if necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#8226; Educate patients regarding foot care: the patient must be advised on
                        proper feet hygiene and on the importance of using comfortable shoes to
                        avoid friction, wounds, burns, and injuries that may complicate his/her
                           condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Special recommendations</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Exercise prescription:</title>
            <p>The exercise must comply with the following goals:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Short term: change the sedentary habits through daily walks at the
                           patient's pace.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Medium term: the minimum frequency should be 3 times/week on alternate
                           days, with a minimum duration of 30 min/session.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Long term: increase the frequency, if possible daily, and with moderate
                           intensity, 45-60 min in duration, following the warm-up, exercise, and
                           cool-down stages. Aerobic exercise (walking, jogging, swimming, cycling,
                           among others) is recommended<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>The practice of high-intensity exercise or competitive sports requires
                     preventive measures, such as:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Assessment of cardiovascular status in patients aged &gt;30 years or who
                           have had DM for &gt; 10 years (there is a greater risk in case of
                           proliferative retinopathy, autonomic neuropathy, and others).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Avoid high-intensity exercise if there is evidence of proliferative
                           retinopathy.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Insulin-dependent patients should consume a meal or a snack rich in
                           complex carbohydrates before starting physical activity, and they should
                           have a sugary drink at their disposal because of the risk of
                           hypoglycemia. Eventually, the physician will indicate an adjustment of
                           the insulin dose for exercise days.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>High-risk exercises, in which the patient cannot receive immediate aid
                           (climbing, hang gliding, scuba diving, among others), are not
                           recommended.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Controlling glucose levels during CVDPR sessions</title>
            <p>There is no consensus regarding the frequency or the indication of glucose
                     monitoring prior, during, or after a CVDPR session. However, glycemic control
                     is useful during the first sessions to determine the glycemic response to
                     exercise. Thus, it is possible to successfully prevent hypoglycemia and
                     properly adjust the exercise prescription to each patient, by defining whether
                     prior or subsequent self-monitoring in each session is required. If the
                     monitoring of post-exercise glucose is necessary, it should be performed 15 min
                     after the end of the session. If the blood glucose level obtained in the first
                     sessions is &lt; 100 mg/dl or &gt; 300 mg/dl, the physician should be informed,
                     so that he/she can prescribe the treatment deemed appropriate for the patient.
                     Patients who use insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents that may cause
                     hypoglycemia should maintain blood glucose levels &gt;100 mg/dl prior to
                     exercise.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>In case of hypoglycemia:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Administer 15 g of carbohydrates to the patient (e.g., a fruit, a glass
                           of sugary drink, sweetened juice, or a cup of milk). Assess the patient
                           15 min after carbohydrate ingestion.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>In case of hyperglycemia:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Type 1 DM patients with fasting blood glucose &gt;300 mg/dl and ketosis
                           should discontinue exercise, because it can aggravate ketosis. It is not
                           necessary to suspend exercise, based simply on hyperglycemia, in cases of
                           negative ketosis.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Type 2 DM patients with fasting blood glucose &gt;300 mg/dl can perform
                           physical activities, but with caution.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Table 17</xref> presents the recommendations
                     and key points for the management of patients with diabetes.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t18">
              <label>Table 17</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Summary of recommendations/key points in the management of patients
                           with diabetes in cardiovascular rehabilitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td>Objectives</td>
                    <td>&#8226; One of the key recommendations for patients with type 1 or type
                                 2 diabetes is the optimal control of blood glucose, which has been
                                 shown to decrease the incidence of diabetes-related microvascular
                                    complications<sup>97</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Cardiovascular rehabilitation</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Regular exercise helps to maintain appropriate levels of blood
                                 glucose and is a class I indication in the management of patients
                                 with diabetes mellitus<sup>73</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; The environment of cardiovascular rehabilitation is an excellent
                                 opportunity for the medical staff to monitor and manage diabetes
                                 mellitus, because of the frequent and close contact developed
                                 between the medical personnel and the patient</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Aerobic and strength exercises may cause hypoglycemia in
                                 patients with diabetes, particularly in those individuals with
                                 strict blood glucose control. This provides a positive feedback
                                 regarding the effects of exercise on blood glucose
                                    control<sup>98</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Education and guidance are given to patients identified at risk
                                 of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia should be properly
                                 treated to avoid unnecessary consumption of calories and weight
                                 gain</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Complications</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease
                                 (CVD). Individuals with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to have
                                 a CVD than those without. In addition, CVD occurs at a younger age
                                 in individuals with diabetes, who tend to develop morediffuse
                                 lesions. Individuals with diabetes have a high prevalence of
                                 hypertension (approximately 50%) and dyslipidemia, which
                                 contributes to the increase in their CVD risk</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Individuals with diabetes, particularly those with long-standing
                                 disease, are susceptible to autonomic neuropathies and are less
                                 likely to have symptoms, such as angina, while developing
                                 myocardial infarction. Therefore, tailoring training exercises that
                                 allow the recognition of symptoms of myocardial infarction in this
                                 type of patients is not easy. Some patients may have extensive
                                 areas of myocardial ischemia before developing any chest pain or
                                 the equivalent of angina</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Some individuals with diabetes can develop long-term
                                 complications, which make cardiovascular rehabilitation even more
                                 challenging. Some examples comprise blindness, kidney disease,
                                 peripheral neuropathy with decreased sensitivity, peripheral
                                 vascular disease with significant claudication or amputation of
                                 finger(s)/limb(s), inability to decrease the heart rate response to
                                 exercise, and orthostatic hypotension<sup>100-102</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with heart failure</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>Heart failure is a major health problem, especially in the elderly population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>. Although the primary pathology of heart
                  failure results from abnormalities in cardiovascular function, changes in
                  peripheral blood flow, metabolism, and skeletal muscle morphology (in its strength
                  and endurance) contribute largely to the symptoms (peripheral flow).</p>
          <p>The results of systematic studies indicate that regular exercise in patients with
                  heart failure is safe and is associated with an increase in peak oxygen
                  consumption by 16%. With regard to central hemodynamic mechanisms, patients who
                  enter a CVDPR program present an increase in peak cardiac output and MHR.</p>
          <p>Physical training induces a series of adaptations in skeletal muscle, including
                  increased muscle mass, increased content of mitochondria, increased activity of
                  oxidative enzymes, greater oxygen extraction from the blood, and change in fiber
                  type distribution.</p>
          <p>Inflammatory and immune responses play a central role in the development and
                  progression of heart failure. Increased circulating levels of specific cytokines
                  have been detected in these patients. Exercise positively affects such
                  inflammatory markers by improving tolerance to physical activity and attenuating
                  the inflammatory process. Thus, it produces a release of endothelium-derived
                  relaxing factors, whose main representative is nitric oxide, which allows greater
                     vasodilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>.</p>
          <p>Patients with heart failure also present multiple changes in respiratory function,
                  which may occur as a result of decreased muscle strength secondary to inactivity,
                  causing an increase in respiratory work, both at rest and during exercise. Hence
                  the need for training the respiratory muscles and improve their strength and
                  endurance, which in turn increases exercise tolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <p>Despite the known benefits derived from physical exercise, few patients with heart
                  failure enter CVDPR programs. These patients have poor adherence to these
                  programs, given the physical limitations they present. Therefore, it is important
                  to increase participation and permanence in the program. Moreover, for a more
                  accurate prognostic assessment, as well as for optimal exercise prescription, it
                  is important to perform a cardiopulmonary test. In the absence of this option, the
                  exercise test can provide useful information, although less robust than the
                  former. The completion of the 6-min walk test with pulse oximetry can also
                  contribute to the evaluation and prescription.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Special recommendations</title>
          <p>In this type of patients, predominantly aerobic exercises are recommended; they
                  can be performed either continuously or at intervals, with small and gradual
                  increases in frequency and intensity, returning to the previous level when there
                  is decreased tolerance. Dynamic resistance exercises, with a high number of
                  repetitions and low load, can also be performed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with valvular heart disease</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>The prevalence of valvular heart disease has been changing in our setting in
                  recent decades. Nevertheless, valvular pathology continues to have a significant
                  importance in any cardiology service. It is the most frequent degenerative or
                  nonrheumatic etiology; congenital valvular heart disease has lower incidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>. Although valvular heart disease is very
                  common and, in most cases, physical effort is the triggering and limiting factor
                  for symptoms, there are few studies that assess these patients' response and
                  limitations to exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <p>Increasing the participation of patients with valvular heart disease in CVDPR
                  programs is challenging. Therefore, it is important to educate referring
                  physicians about the safety of these programs, because fear is the main cause of
                  low indication of physical activity for these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <p>The guidelines or recommendations about exercise in this group of patients are
                  directed primarily to lesions that have a moderate or severe degree, because
                  patients with mild and asymptomatic lesions without hemodynamic repercussion have
                  no restriction to the practice of noncompetitive physical activity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Table 18</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t19">
            <label>Table 18</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Physical exercise in valvular heart disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th>Aerobic exercise</th>
                  <th>Isometric exercise</th>
                  <th>Competitive exercise</th>
                  <th>Commentaries</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">Aortic insufficiency</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Asymptomatic with good ventricular function: moderate exercise</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Avoid</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Asymptomatic with good ventricular function: accepted in many cases
                              (prior evaluation)</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Prior evaluation with stress test</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">Aortic stenosis</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Mild asymptomatic aortic stenosis: no restrictions</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Mild asymptomatic aortic stenosis: no restrictions</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Mild asymptomatic aortic stenosis: no restrictions</td>
                  <td>&#8226; The recommendations are based on the hemodynamic severity of
                              stenosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Moderate to severe aortic stenosis: moderate exercise</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Moderate to severe aortic stenosis: only exercises with very low
                              load</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Moderate to severe aortic stenosis: avoid</td>
                  <td>&#8226; A stress test must be conducted prior to the activity</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="center">Mitral stenosis</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Exercise is very limited by symptoms.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">Mitral insufficiency</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Asymptomatic, sinus rhythm, good ventricular function,
                              normal left atrial dimension, and normalpulmonary artery pressure: no
                              restrictions</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Asymptomatic, sinus rhythm, good ventricular function,
                              normal left atrial dimension, and normalpulmonary artery pressure: no
                              restrictions</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Asymptomatic, sinus rhythm, good ventricular function, normal left
                              atrial dimension, and normal pulmonary artery pressure: no
                              restrictions</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Left atrial pressure &gt;60 mm, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular
                              dysfunction: avoid</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Valvular diseases may be accompanied by some degree of severity of pulmonary
                  hypertension; although patients benefit from CVDPR programs, there is not enough
                  scientific evidence to recommend their use.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with peripheral arterial disease</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>Atherosclerosis of the lower limbs, also known as peripheral vascular (or
                  arterial) disease, has an annual incidence estimated at 20 per 1,000 individuals
                  aged &gt; 65 years. This pathology generates ischemic pain (intermittent
                  claudication) that may cause physical limitations in affected individuals, with
                  risk of loss of the extremity.</p>
          <p>Intermittent claudication of the lower limbs is defined as a pain of sufficient
                  intensity that requires the patient to stop walking. It is caused by exercise; it
                  is relieved by rest, and is originated by occlusive arterial disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref>.</p>
          <p>The incidence of symptoms in the general population ranges between 0.9% and 6.9%
                  in men and 1% in women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref>. The finding of
                  intermittent claudication in a patient should not be considered as an isolated
                  symptom, but rather as a systemic disease that manifests in the lower limbs and
                  has impacted the musculoskeletal system, and that such patients probably have
                  other CVD risks, not necessarily related to this symptom. In fact, 5%-10% patients
                  will have a nonfatal cardiovascular event within 5 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <p>CVDPR programs are part of the clinical treatment.</p>
          <p>At the time of admission, the members of the CVDPR service must:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Assess the patient to know his/her medical history: the presence of CVD risk
                        factors, coexistence of coronary artery disease, habitual medication,
                        etc.;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Conduct and/or request a stress test on the treadmill aiming to
                        identify:</p>
              <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                <list-item>
                  <p>a) The threshold for onset of ischemic pain in the extremities;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>b) The peripheral hemodynamic response to exercise;</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>c) The coexistence of coronary artery disease.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>It is important to repeat this test to evaluate the patient's improvement. At the
                  same time, questionnaires to assess quality of life and perception of pain can be
                  applied at the time of rehabilitation admission and after its completion.</p>
          <p>In general, 75% of individuals present an improvement in intermittent claudication
                  with exercise combined with peripheral vasodilators and antiplatelet drugs,
                  whereas the remaining 25% exhibit worsening of their condition. Of these, 5%
                  require vascular intervention and 2% undergo amputation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <p>One of the most frequent mistakes in this group of patients is pushing them to
                  walk at a pace close to the maximum pain of claudication. This causes distress to
                  the patients and the discomfort does not disappear after rest, which discourages
                  them to adhere to the program. The correct recommendations regarding scheduled
                  walks for patients with claudication are as follows<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Intensity: moderate and gradual. Rest for brief periods until the pain
                        disappears, restart the walk immediately after;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Duration: start with 5 min of intermittent walk, then progress to 50
                        min;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Type of exercise: treadmill and walk without reaching the maximum pain
                        threshold;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Resistance exercises can be performed in addition to aerobic exercises, but
                        should not replace them;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Components of each session: warm-up and cool-down periods, lasting 5-10 min
                        each, with a walk in the field or the treadmill;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Frequency: 3-5 times/week. Ideally, these exercises should be performed
                        daily.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Exercise programs with walks are successful when lasting no less than a few
                     months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in post-heart transplantation patients</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>Despite receiving a heart with normal systolic function, the transplanted patient
                  experiences exercise intolerance after surgery. This intolerance is caused by the
                  absence of sympathetic innervation of the myocardium, skeletal muscle
                  abnormalities (that develop before transplantation for heart failure), and
                  decreased skeletal muscle strength<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>.</p>
          <p>Patients who undergo transplantation are characterized by the following:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Differences in cardiopulmonary and neuroendocrine responses;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>High RHR (above 90 beats/min);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Elevated systemic BP and systemic BP at rest, because of the increased
                        plasma norepinephrine and immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporine, a
                        medication that causes an increase in BP at rest and during submaximal
                        exercise.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Decrease basal HR with training;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Increase HR during submaximal work;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avoid overweight or lose weight, thus balancing the side effects of
                        immunosuppressive therapy;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Maintain BP &lt; 130/80 mmHg;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Offer the patient a support for his/her psychosocial management.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <p>An echocardiogram can be used by a physician to discard pericardial effusion and
                  evaluate ventricular function, as well as to provide information to the patient
                  and family about changes in vital functions derived because of
                  transplantation.</p>
          <p>Regarding physical activity, the ideal is to start with slow walks, between 1.5
                  and 2 km, slowly increasing the distance, keeping the perception of effort
                  according to the Borg scale between 12 and 14. Aerobic exercise should be
                  performed with an intensity of &lt; 50% of peak VO<sub>2</sub> or 10% below the
                  anaerobic threshold (guided by HR). Training should start immediately after
                  hospital discharge, progressing to phase II between the 2<sup>nd</sup> and
                     3<sup>rd</sup> week after transplantation.</p>
          <p>Exercise should be stopped during steroid pulse therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>.</p>
          <p>Resistance exercises are added at the 6<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> week. At
                  first, they should be performed with an elastic band (2-3 sets with 10-12
                  repetitions, with a recovery period of &gt; 1 min between each set and with
                  intensity between 40% and 70% of maximum voluntary contraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>. The goal is to perform 5 sets of 10
                  repetitions with 70% of maximum voluntary contraction and a full recovery.</p>
          <p>The total duration of the exercise should be from 30-40 min/day, combining aerobic
                  and resistance exercises, progressing slowly from warm-up to resistance
                  activities.</p>
          <p>It is also important to establish a diet to maintain the ideal weight, as well as
                  to control cholesterol levels, DM, and BP, because these patients are very
                  sensitive to excessive salt intake. It is also necessary to inform the patient
                  regarding the adoption of measures to decrease the risk of infection after the
                  transplantation. Adequate psychosocial support is very helpful to manage
                  depression, which is increased by the use of steroids and the high level of
                  anxiety generated by the transplantation itself<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions and facts</title>
          <p>The benefit of these devices in decreasing episodes of sudden death and improving
                  quality of life has already been demonstrated; however, a significant incidence of
                  depression, anxiety, and phobias has been described. For this reason, most of the
                  research is in agreement regarding the recommendation of appropriate and ongoing
                  support, as well as psychological and educational counseling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <p>Because physiological changes of exercise can increase the likelihood of the
                  defibrillator (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator [ICD ]) being triggered,
                  both the medical team and the patient fear the practice of physical activities.
                  Thus, overcoming this fear and increasing the number of patients referred to a
                  CVDPR program is challenging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>The following must be known prior to physical activity initiation:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Patient's pathology;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Basic information of the pacemaker, such as type of sensor that adjusts HR,
                        as this will determine, in some patients, the HR response to exercise,
                        especially in those without adequate chronotropic response. This factor
                        should be taken into account when prescribing physical activity.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The device's programming, such as MHR at which it is programmed to send a
                        shock.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>It is important to determine the limits of exercise (10-20 bpm below HR at which
                  ICD is programmed to send a shock). A stress test will determine THR; the goal
                  should be to exercise at 75% THR in the first month and at 85% in the second
                  month.</p>
          <p>Group work results in great psychological benefits, facilitating the exchange of
                  experiences and feelings, helping patients to lose their fear. Groups are formed
                  in a gradual manner by bringing together old and new patients. The former serve as
                  guides for the latter, demonstrating that it is possible to make major efforts to
                  improve physical capacity without the risk of complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Special recommendations</title>
          <p>They will depend on the type of pacemakers implanted:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Unicameral (VVI) without adaptive response, but with good chronotropic
                        response: the physician should treat the patient in a similar way to
                        individuals without CVD. An improvement in the maximum O<sub>2</sub>
                        consumption and anaerobic threshold can be anticipated, with an increase in
                        functional capacity.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Unicameral VVI without adaptive response and without chronotropic response:
                        it is indicated for physical training without restrictions. However, in
                        these patients, although it improves functional capacity, there is a smaller
                        increase in the consumption of peak O<sub>2</sub> and cardiac output.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Unicameral VVIR (with adaptive response) will adjust to the exercise HR.
                        However, if the pacemaker sensor is based on an accelerometer that detects
                        axial movement, the adaptation of HR may not be adequate during activities
                        of moderate or high intensity that do not induce axial movement, such as
                        stationary bike.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>It is recommended not to perform exercises with weights or to raise the arms
                  excessively until at least 6 weeks after implantation. The patient should always
                  maintain a direct relationship with the arrhythmologist in charge, to define
                  adjustments in the program. In most cases, and especially in patients who survived
                  sudden death, the psychological effects are very important. A specific and
                  individualized treatment by psychologists and psychiatrists is necessary to
                  improve the quality of life and prognosis, as there is evidence of the
                  relationship between psychological impact, ventricular arrhythmias, and ICD
                     shocks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref>.</p>
          <p>A test run of the pacemaker should be performed on each patient prior to their
                  entry in the CVDPR program, to monitor vital signs, symptoms in response to
                  exercise, and change of pace. In addition to pacemaker programming, age, and level
                  of physical activity of the patient should be taken into account<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref>.</p>
          <p>The percentage of HR achieved, METS, and perceived exertion calculated using the
                  Borg scale, will determine the calculation of exercise intensity. Adequate
                  planning of the training will result in an improvement in functional capacity and
                  morbidity, directly related to the etiology and severity of the underlying CVD.
                  One of the main goals is to give patients in CVDPR programs confidence and
                  security in face of possible shocks or arrhythmias during exercise or during their
                  daily lives, and to help them overcome their fears and anxieties regarding the
                  change in their quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>Patients with pulmonary disease associated with stable cardiac disease should not
                  be excluded from a CVDPR program; it is only required that they are stable and
                  properly medicated. These patients develop progressive limitations, often without
                  cardiac involvement. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease progressively damages
                  the lung tissue and airways, finally resulting in slow deterioration of the
                  respiratory reserve. This picture is complicated with hypoxemia and elevated
                  pulmonary vascular pressures, leading to right ventricular dysfunction.</p>
          <p>All these factors contribute to the sensation of dyspnea and worsening of exercise
                  capacity, which lead to a reduction in daily physical activity. The lack of
                  exercise leads to a loss of peripheral physical condition, and ultimately
                  decreases resistance and increases muscle weakness and atrophy, resulting in a
                  greater functional impairment. However, patients with severe respiratory
                  deterioration and respiratory muscle weakness significantly benefit from intensive
                  pulmonary rehabilitation. Similarly, hypoxemia due to physical activity has been
                  considered by some to be a contraindication to an exercise program; this can be a
                  particular case for a patient with aggregated coronary artery disease, but can be
                  performed in a properly monitored and decompensated patient. It is desirable to
                  have a pulse oximeter to measure O<sub>2</sub> saturation during exercise. A
                  decrease in saturation &lt;88% is an indication for a transient break<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> or of the need for supplemental oxygen
                  during physical training, using a nasal catheter or even a Venturi mask.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Get the patient to tolerate the prescribed exercise program;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Conduct a joint assessment with the pulmonologist to establish an adequate
                        medication regime to allow for the performance of an exercise program;
                        Adequately quantify the level of inability to prescribe the appropriate
                        exercise load;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Control the CVD risk factors;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Control the depression and anxiety produced by the sensation of dyspnea;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Improve muscle strength and decrease muscle atrophy;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Improve the quality of life of patients by improving their functional
                        capacity with exercise;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Decrease the rest period between each exercise period.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Specific recommendations</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>It is important to evaluate the respiratory and cardiovascular parameters
                        before starting the program. It is advisable to perform a standard chest
                        radiography, spirometry, and echocardiography, in addition to a
                        cardiopulmonary stress test or the 6-min walk test. Conducting a standard
                        stress test with oxygen supplementation may be useful in patients with
                        significant hypoxemia at rest or induced by effort.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The exercise must be divided into 3 types: flexibility, strength, and
                        aerobic exercises. Stretching is part of a routine of exercises that develop
                        flexibility, improve the range of motion, and help the general warm-up
                        session. Exercises with free weights, at low intensity and high frequency,
                        may be included, as well as walking, rowing, swimming, water aerobics,
                        cycling, climbing stairs, and others, which are capable of producing a
                        significant level of cardiopulmonary stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The intensity of the prescribed initial load, from the pulmonary standpoint,
                        must be sufficiently low so that the patient does not feel discomfort.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The proper intensity for these patients should be determined with training,
                        i.e., 70%-80% of MHR, if possible<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In the first weeks, the sessions must not extend beyond 20 min. Therefore,
                        strategies to achieve the highest level of the initial stress test should be
                        the ultimate goal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients with obvious obstruction should be advised to use a fast-acting
                        bronchodilator 15 min before starting physical activity.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When the patient tolerates exercise loads, these can be increased by
                        approximately 12.5 watts for stationary bicycles and by 9 watts for the hand
                        ergometer, increasing every 6 sessions.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Psychosocial management: because the psychological changes are common in
                        these patients, it is important to have a psychological evaluation prior to
                        entering the CVDPR program.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in coronary artery disease patients (after MI, percutaneous
               coronary revascularization, or after CABG)</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and facts</title>
          <p>After an acute coronary event, patients should start a physical activity that is
                  compatible with their tolerance (walking, cycle ergometer, etc.) and clinical
                  picture severity. Generally, after 1 week, all patients should be developing an
                  activity that is, at first, of light intensity and prescribed by the professional
                  in charge of their program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and goals</title>
          <p>CVDPR-based exercise decreases fatal events 25%-40% in the long term. Despite the
                  indisputable benefit of CVDPR, only 15%-30% patients who have suffered a
                  cardiovascular event participate in this type of programs, in addition to the
                  decreasing adherence observed in patients who choose to participate. Thus, it is
                  important to foster constancy and adherence of such patients to the CVDPR
                     program<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Special recommendations</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A stress test and a neuromusculoskeletal assessment should be performed when
                        patients start the CVDPR program. If the patient starts the program before
                        the stress test, the test should be conducted within the first 4-7 weeks;
                        the results will be used to adjust the exercise prescription.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>All post-ACS or CABG patients should undergo a stress test with ECG analysis (when
                  technically feasible) or an equivalent noninvasive test to assess ischemia in the
                  first 4-7 weeks after hospital discharge (level of evidence IIa-C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>As a general rule, physical activity (leisure, professional, and sexual
                        activity) should restart at 50% of maximal exercise capacity, expressed in
                        METS, and should be increased gradually.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients who have a preserved left ventricular systolic function and present
                        no inducible ischemia or arrhythmias in a stress test can return to their
                        jobs. If they have an office job, an 8-h daily activity can be restarted. If
                        the work is manual and involves physical activity with moderate or intensive
                        exertion, the workload should not exceed 50% of maximal exercise capacity
                        assessed in the stress test. The workday should not exceed 4 h in the first
                        month, with progressive 2-h increases monthly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patients with moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction or mild
                        ischemia on a stress test can resume office work, but their activity should
                        be limited to stationary desk work.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A patient with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction or significant
                        ischemia on a stress test can engage in office work whenever the exercise
                        capacity is &gt; 5 METS without symptoms. If not, the patient should abstain
                        from work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rehabilitation in patients with vasovagal syndrome</title>
        <p>The vagal or vasovagal syncope is a common entity with an estimated prevalence of
               approximately 35%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref>.</p>
        <p>The use of fluids and salt has been widely recommended for the treatment of this
                  pathology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref>. Certain isometric exercises
               (counter-pressure) have been used as abortive for episodes that are preceded by a
               prodrome. These exercises are designed to quickly increase peripheral arterial
               resistance and, therefore, prevent syncope due to a decrease in BP. The main
               counter-pressure exercises are handgrip, flexing the upper extremities, clasping both
               hands and trying to separate them, and flexing the lower extremities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref>. Another effective method for preventing new episodes is the practice
               of supervised exercises, in which the patient remains in the standing position,
               leaning against the wall, with increasing duration, reaching up to 30 min<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref>. Regular aerobic exercise should be
               recommended, because they are almost always effective in decreasing the symptoms by
               increasing the volume of blood and muscle mass in the lower limbs, as well as
               enhancing venous return<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>. Evidence has
               shown that a regular exercise program, comprising aerobic activities and resistance
               exercises, increases the sensitivity of arterial baroreceptors, when compared with
               pharmacological treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cost effectiveness of a cardiovascular rehabilitation program</title>
        <p>Cost effectiveness measures the years and quality of life gained; it is usually
               expressed in monetary terms over the years gained. When discussing the cost/benefit
               ratio or cost effectiveness, the costs of an intervention are also measured, combined
               with the disease-related costs, including complications or long-term events. The
               results are expressed in terms of clinical benefit (years of life gained) divided by
               the monetary value (cost), resulting in cost of every extra year of life in
               comparison with alternative treatment or no treatment.</p>
        <p>Several studies have shown that CVDPR is cost effective and that it can even be cost
               saving, because it not only increases survival but also decreases costs. Ades et
                  al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref> analyzed the cost/benefit ratio of
               21 months of CVDPR, and found savings of USD 739 compared with the control group;
               Oldrige et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref> evidenced savings of USD
               9,200 in comparison with the control group, over a period of 12 months. To compare
               the cost effectiveness of CVDPR with that of other interventions we can cite the
               typical treatment of hypertension, which has a cost effectiveness of USD 9,000. This
               proves that CVDPR is useful in terms of survival, incidence of cardiovascular events,
               quality of life, and also from an economic standpoint.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>V. CONCLUSIONS</title>
      <p>Presently, CVDPR is regarded as safe and effective, decreasing the overall CVD-related
            mortality and the number of cardiovascular events; it also decreases hospitalizations,
            improves symptoms and quality of life, and is cost effective. Although it is recommended
            in all guidelines for clinical practice, its implementation in our environment is
            suboptimal and frustrating.</p>
      <p>Human and material resources to develop these programs in a standardized, accessible,
            and universal manner should be provided. The attitude and collaboration of physicians in
            the hospitalization phase is important for the referral of patient to CVDPR programs and
            the success of such programs. A favorable attitude toward rehabilitation will facilitate
            modification of the daily routines of a larger number of patients.</p>
      <p>Program design and the attitude of the professionals can lead to poor adhesion to the
            guidelines, if they are not adjusted to the patients' circumstances. Less-intensive
            and/or semi-supervised home programs should be considered in specific cases. Fewer women
            enroll in CVDPR programs than men; they also tend to abandon the program earlier. This
            is attributed to their higher age, increased prevalence of pathologies associated with
            depression, decreased social support, and increased family obligations. A similar effect
            occurs in depressed patients and those of low socioeconomic background. Lack of exercise
            and poor feeding habits are creating a shift in the cardiovascular profile of the
            population, which implies an earlier appearance of clinical manifestations of CVD and
            increased prevalence of risk factors, such as physical inactivity and overweight. These
            circumstances cause serious public health problems, which must be corrected with
            educational measures aimed at the entire population, fostering mainly primary prevention
            programs. Therefore, we believe that governments, through their health policies, should
            become more involved in promoting and performing actions that have a real impact on
            society.</p>
      <p>In a 1993 statement, WHO proposed that CVDPR should not be considered as an isolated
            therapy, but rather as a treatment integrated in the overall management of CVD and as an
            active component of secondary prevention.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz Sul-Americana de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o
               Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>AH</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#243;pez-Jim&#233;nez</surname>
            <given-names>F</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terzic</surname>
            <given-names>CP</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>M</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>R</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>T</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>S</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>CG</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zeballos</surname>
            <given-names>PC</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anchique</surname>
            <given-names>CV</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Burdiat</surname>
            <given-names>G</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
            <given-names>K</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
            <given-names>G</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>R</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santib&#225;&#241;ez</surname>
            <given-names>C</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodr&#237;guez-Escudero</surname>
            <given-names>JP</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ilarraza-Lomel&#237;</surname>
            <given-names>H</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Av.
               Marechal C&#226;mara, 160 - sala 330 - Centro - Rio de Janeiro-RJ - CEP
               20020-907.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <p>Com este documento, o Comit&#234; Interamericano de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o
               Cardiovascular, em posi&#231;&#227;o conjunta com a Sociedade Sul-Americana de Cardiologia,
               mostra seu interesse no desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias, medidas e interven&#231;&#245;es para a
               preven&#231;&#227;o e a reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Com o objetivo de implementar na Am&#233;rica
               Latina uma pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de regional e nacional dos pa&#237;ses membros, tem-se o
               objetivo de promover a sa&#250;de cardiovascular e, consequentemente, diminuir a
               morbimortalidade. O grupo de estudos em Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Metab&#243;lica do
               Departamento de Exerc&#237;cio, Ergometria e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular de Sociedade
               Brasileira de Cardiologia (DERC/SBC) criou uma comiss&#227;o de <italic>experts</italic>
               para revisar a vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s e adapt&#225;-la &#224; realidade nacional.</p>
        <p>Este documento tem como miss&#227;o principal auxiliar os profissionais de sa&#250;de a
               alcan&#231;arem medidas efetivas de preven&#231;&#227;o e reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular (RCV) na
               pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Com a difus&#227;o deste documento, bem como com a sua
               implementa&#231;&#227;o de forma mais abrangente, contribuiremos com a meta da Organiza&#231;&#227;o
               Mundial de Sa&#250;de de diminuir a mortalidade cardiovascular no mundo em 25% at&#233; o ano
               de 2025.</p>
        <p>As prioridades deste grupo de trabalho s&#227;o:</p>
        <p>&#8226; Enfatizar o car&#225;ter priorit&#225;rio da RCV como instrumento de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria com
               importante impacto na morbimortalidade cardiovascular;</p>
        <p>&#8226; Unir esfor&#231;os para melhorar o conhecimento da RCV, sua difus&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o na
               maioria dos centros e institutos cardiovasculares da Am&#233;rica do Sul, priorizando a
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular integral, pr&#225;tico, de f&#225;cil
               aplica&#231;&#227;o e de custo/benef&#237;cio comprovado;</p>
        <p>&#8226; Melhorar a educa&#231;&#227;o do pessoal da sa&#250;de e dos pacientes por meio de programas
               educativos dirigidos, que permitam envolver diretamente os sistemas de sa&#250;de, pessoal
               m&#233;dico, pacientes e l&#237;deres comunit&#225;rios sobre a import&#226;ncia dos servi&#231;os de RCV, a
               fim de diminuir as barreiras para a sua implanta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t20">
        <caption>
          <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de potencial conflito de interesses dos autores/colaboradores da
                  Diretriz Sul-Americana de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Se nos &#250;ltimos 3
                  anos o autor/colaborador das Diretrizes:</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Nomes Integrantes da Diretriz</th>
              <th align="center">Participou de estudos cl&#237;nicos e/ou experimentais
                        subvencionados pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos relacionados &#224;
                        diretriz em quest&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center">Foi palestrante em eventos ou atividades patrocinadas pela
                        ind&#250;stria relacionados &#224; diretriz em quest&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center">Foi (&#233;) membro do conselho consultivo ou diretivo da
                        ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou de equipamentos</th>
              <th align="center">Participou de comit&#234;s normativos de estudos cient&#237;ficos
                        patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th align="center">Recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th align="center">Elaborou textos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos patrocinados pela
                        ind&#250;stria</th>
              <th align="center">Tem a&#231;&#245;es da ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Artur Haddad Herdy</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carmen P&#233;rez Terzic</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Claudia Victoria Anchique</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Imbrasport</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Imbrasport, Polar</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Claudio Santib&#225;&#241;ez</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Francisco L&#243;pez Jim&#233;nez</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gerard Burdiat</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Graciela Gonz&#225;lez</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Juan Pablo Rodriguez Escudero</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Karina Gonz&#225;lez</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mauricio Milani</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4" align="left">Paula Cecilia Zeballos</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Medical Scientific</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Liason Leader</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Cardiovascular Astra</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Zeneca Argentina</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ricardo Stein</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Imbrasport</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rosalia Fern&#225;ndez</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Salvador Serra</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tales de Carvalho</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>I - INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas, tem se reconhecido a RCV como um instrumento importante
               no cuidado dos pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV). O papel dos servi&#231;os de RCV
               na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares &#233; reconhecido e aceito por todas
               as organiza&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, por&#233;m n&#227;o existem, at&#233; o momento, guias que direcionem a
               implementa&#231;&#227;o da RCV adaptada &#224;s necessidades e aos recursos da Am&#233;rica Latina. Por
               tal raz&#227;o, a Sociedade Sul-Americana de Cardiologia teve a iniciativa de desenvolver
               esta diretriz.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Justificativa para reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular/preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</title>
          <p>As raz&#245;es pelas quais se devem desenvolver uma estrat&#233;gia preventiva na pr&#225;tica
                  cl&#237;nica, sendo esta baseada na reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, s&#227;o as seguintes:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>As DCV s&#227;o as principais causas de morte na maior parte dos pa&#237;ses do mundo.
                        S&#227;o causa importante de incapacidade f&#237;sica e de invalidez e contribuem
                        significativamente para o aumento de despesas com sa&#250;de;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A aterosclerose se desenvolve de forma insidiosa durante d&#233;cadas e suas
                        manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#243; se fazem notar nos est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da
                        doen&#231;a;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em sua maior parte, as DCV possuem uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com estilo de vida,
                        assim como com fatores fisiol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos modific&#225;veis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco, promovidas pela RCV, reduzem a
                        morbimortalidade por DCV, sobretudo para os indiv&#237;duos classificados como de
                        alto risco;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A carga das DCV tem crescido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, paralelamente ao
                        incremento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, como obesidade, tabagismo,
                        diabetes melito (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Apesar do conhecido benef&#237;cio da RCV para os pacientes com DCV, uma fra&#231;&#227;o
                        muito pequena, algo entre 5 a 30% dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis para participar de
                        um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, &#233; encaminhada para o mesmo. &#201; prov&#225;vel que
                        cifras menores do que essas reflitam a realidade brasileira;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes indicados para os programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                        cardiovascular, por parte dos m&#233;dicos, ocorre tanto na Am&#233;rica Latina quanto
                        no restante do mundo;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>N&#227;o existem diretrizes de RCV espec&#237;ficas que englobem e que considerem as
                        particularidades dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>N&#227;o existe atualmente um programa de certifica&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de RCV na
                        Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>O desenvolvimento desta diretriz inclui uma detalhada revis&#227;o dos diferentes temas
                  expostos, bem como uma classifica&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncias
                  utilizadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t21">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classes de recomenda&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe I: H&#225; acordo geral de que o m&#233;todo ou procedimento &#233; ben&#233;fico,
                              &#250;til e efetivo. Uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I n&#227;o significa que o
                              procedimento seja o &#250;nico aceit&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden">
                  <td>Classe II: H&#225; diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; justificativa ou
                              utilidade do m&#233;todo ou procedimento. &#201; aceit&#225;vel, pode ser
                              controverso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:hidden">
                  <td>Classe IIa: O peso da evid&#234;ncia favorece a utilidade ou efic&#225;cia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe IIb: O peso da evid&#234;ncia n&#227;o est&#225; muito bem estabelecido no
                              que respeita &#224; utilidade ou efic&#225;cia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe III: H&#225; acordo geral de que o m&#233;todo ou procedimento n&#227;o est&#225;
                              indicado ou justificado. Em alguns casos, pode at&#233; ser perigoso</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A: Evid&#234;ncia s&#243;lida, proveniente de m&#250;ltiplos estudos cl&#237;nicos
                              aleat&#243;rios ou metan&#225;lises, com desenho adequado para alcan&#231;ar
                              conclus&#245;es estatisticamente significativas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B: Evid&#234;ncia fraca, derivada de um simples estudo n&#227;o aleat&#243;rio, ou
                              numerosos estudos n&#227;o aleat&#243;rios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C: Opini&#227;o de especialistas, pequenos estudos ou registros</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comit&#234; de Reda&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O comit&#234; de reda&#231;&#227;o foi nomeado em mar&#231;o de 2010 pela Sociedade Sul-Americana de
                  Cardiologia, em um trabalho conjunto com a Cl&#237;nica Mayo de Rochester, Minnesota,
                  nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica. Esse comit&#234; &#233; constitu&#237;do por um membro das
                  seguintes Sociedades de Cardiologia de Am&#233;rica Latina: Venezuela, Brasil,
                  Argentina, Chile, Peru, Col&#244;mbia, Uruguai e Paraguai. Al&#233;m destes, o comit&#234; contou
                  com a coopera&#231;&#227;o de um grupo de especialistas da Cl&#237;nica Mayo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>II - METODOLOGIA</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular/preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</title>
          <p>De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), a reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
                  &#233;: "o conjunto de atividades necess&#225;rias para assegurar &#224;s pessoas com doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, mental e social &#243;tima, que lhes permita ocupar
                  pelos seus pr&#243;prios meios um lugar t&#227;o normal quanto seja poss&#237;vel na
                     sociedade"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de pacientes eleg&#237;veis para reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular/preven&#231;&#227;o
                  secund&#225;ria</title>
          <p>A evid&#234;ncia tem demonstrado que tanto o exerc&#237;cio formal quanto o incremento
                  informal nos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica se associam a uma acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o da
                  mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com e sem doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
                  <sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Roger e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, em estudo realizado em Olmsted - Minnesota,
                  arrolando pacientes que participaram de programas de RCV, constataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o
                  de 25% na taxa de eventos cardiovasculares para cada incremento de um equivalente
                  metab&#243;lico (MET) na capacidade funcional. Sabe-se que o incremento por cada
                  mL/(kg.min) do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, mediante um programa de RCV, produz uma
                  diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade de aproximadamente 10%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Os pacientes
                  eleg&#237;veis para reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em um contexto de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria
                  s&#227;o aqueles que apresentaram pelo menos um dos seguintes quadros cardiovasculares
                  no &#250;ltimo ano:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)/S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Angioplastia coron&#225;ria</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Angina est&#225;vel</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Repara&#231;&#227;o ou troca valvular</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Transplante card&#237;aco ou cardiopulmonar</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria assintom&#225;tica</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pacientes com alto risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>O'Connor <italic>et al.</italic> realizaram uma metan&#225;lise de 22 estudos em
                  pacientes p&#243;s IAM, observando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade total, mortalidade
                  cardiovascular e IAM fatal de 20%, 22% e 25%, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Em estudo que incluiu 600.000 benefici&#225;rios do sistema
                  Medicare americano, Suaya e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
                  observaram que aqueles que participaram de programa de RCV apresentaram uma
                  redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade de 34% ap&#243;s um a cinco anos de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
                  extra-hospitalar</title>
          <p>As contraindica&#231;&#245;es para realizar exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                  cardiovascular t&#234;m se modificado e s&#227;o cada vez menos definitivas com o passar do
                  tempo. Ainda que listadas como contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Tabela 2</xref>), v&#225;rias destas condi&#231;&#245;es podem ser consideradas s&#243;
                  como tempor&#225;rias, j&#225; que depois de superado o quadro agudo, os pacientes poder&#227;o
                  iniciar ou retomar programas regulares de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t22">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas para pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em programa
                        de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular extra-hospitalar (Fases 2, 3 e 4)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio muito recente (&lt; 72 h)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2. Angina inst&#225;vel (&lt; 72 h da estabiliza&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3. Valvopatias graves sintom&#225;ticas com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#8211;
                              Reabilitar somente ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4. Hipertens&#227;o arterial descontrolada: PAS &gt; 190 mmHg e/ou PAD
                              &gt; 120 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6. Arritmias ventriculares complexas, graves</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7. Suspeita de les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, instabilizada
                              ou grave</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8. Endocardite infecciosa, miocardite, pericardite</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9. Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas severas n&#227;o corrigidas, sintom&#225;ticas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10. Tromboembolismo pulmonar e tromboflebite &#8211; fase aguda</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11. Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta &#8211; tipo A ou fase aguda do tipo B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12. Obstru&#231;&#227;o severa sintom&#225;tica do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo
                              esquerdo com baixo d&#233;bito esfor&#231;o-induzido</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13. Diabetes melito descontrolada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14. Todo quadro infeccioso sist&#234;mico agudo</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Os pilares da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria s&#227;o: mudan&#231;as
                  no estilo de vida com &#234;nfase na atividade f&#237;sica programada, ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos
                  alimentares saud&#225;veis, remo&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e do uso de drogas em geral, al&#233;m de
                  estrat&#233;gias para modular o estresse. Um programa de RCV deve ter como objetivo,
                  n&#227;o s&#243; melhorar o estado fisiol&#243;gico, mas tamb&#233;m o psicol&#243;gico do paciente
                  card&#237;aco, baseando-se em uma interven&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar (programa de exerc&#237;cio,
                  educa&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional etc.).</p>
          <p>Por isso, os objetivos da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular s&#227;o:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Auxiliar &#224;queles pacientes com DCV conhecidas ou em alto risco de as
                        desenvolverem;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reabilitar o paciente de forma integral, oferecendo suporte nos aspectos
                        f&#237;sico, ps&#237;quico, social, vocacional e espiritual;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Educar os pacientes para que possam criar e aderir permanentemente &#224;
                        manuten&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis, com mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida associadas
                        ou n&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e/ou cir&#250;rgico;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reduzir a incapacidade e promover uma mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida por meio de
                        atitudes pr&#243;-ativas do paciente na sua sa&#250;de;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Melhorar a qualidade de vida;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Prevenir eventos cardiovasculares desfavor&#225;veis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Adequado controle dos fatores de risco em geral.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>&#201; essencial para o sucesso do programa de RCV, que as interven&#231;&#245;es sejam
                  realizadas de comum acordo com o provedor de sa&#250;de, o cardiologista e/ou o m&#233;dico
                  de fam&#237;lia, a fim de otimizar e supervisionar as interven&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>III - DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM PROGRAMA DE REABILITA&#199;&#195;O CARDIOVASCULAR</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes que s&#227;o indicados para um programa de
                  reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Para conhecer o risco de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es durante o exerc&#237;cio, os pacientes
                  devem ser estratificados mediante a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta pela Associa&#231;&#227;o
                  Americana de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar (AACVPR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t23">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o para risco de eventos segundo AACVPR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Baixo risco</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. Sem disfun&#231;&#227;o significativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de
                              eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; que 50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2. Sem arritmias complexas em repouso ou induzidas pelo
                              exerc&#237;cio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica,
                              angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea, n&#227;o complicados</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4. Aus&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou sinais/sintomas
                              que indiquem isquemia p&#243;s-evento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5. Assintom&#225;tico, incluindo aus&#234;ncia de angina com o esfor&#231;o ou no
                              per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6. Capacidade funcional igual ou &gt; que 7 METS (em teste
                              ergom&#233;trico incremental)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risco Moderado</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda moderada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre
                              40% e 49%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2. Sinais/sintomas, incluindo angina em n&#237;veis moderados de exerc&#237;cio
                              (5 - 6,9 METS) ou no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alto risco</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
                              menor que 40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2. Sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca ou morte s&#250;bita</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3. Arritmias ventriculares complexas em repouso ou com o
                              exerc&#237;cio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4. Infarto de mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia card&#237;aca complicadas com choque
                              cardiog&#234;nico; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e/ou sinais/sintomas
                              de isquemia p&#243;s-procedimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5. Hemodin&#226;mica anormal com o exerc&#237;cio (especialmente curva
                              deprimida ou queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, ou incompet&#234;ncia
                              cronotr&#243;pica n&#227;o medicamentosa com o incremento da carga)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6. Capacidade funcional menor a 5 METS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7. Sintomas e/ou sinais, incluindo angina a baixo n&#237;vel de exerc&#237;cio
                              (&lt; 5 METS) ou no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8. Infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST isqu&#234;mico durante exerc&#237;cio (maior a
                              2 mm)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Considera-se de alto risco a presen&#231;a de algum dos fatores de risco
                              inclu&#237;dos nesta categoria</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Se n&#227;o se pode dispor da medida da capacidade funcional, esta vari&#225;vel
                           n&#227;o deve ser considerada isoladamente no processo da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de
                           risco. No entanto, &#233; sugerido que se o paciente &#233; capaz de subir dois
                           lances de escadas apresentando boa toler&#226;ncia, pode-se inferir que sua
                           capacidade funcional &#233; pelo menos moderada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os pacientes classificados como de baixo risco poderiam ser monitorados, durante
                  as primeiras 6 a 18 sess&#245;es, atrav&#233;s do uso do eletrocardiograma ou por
                  frequenc&#237;metros e, preferencialmente, com supervis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A redu&#231;&#227;o no
                  monitoramento entre as sess&#245;es 8 e 12 &#233; desej&#225;vel, ocorrendo progressivamente.
                  Esses pacientes de baixo risco, dependendo da avalia&#231;&#227;o individual, tamb&#233;m
                  poderiam ser candidatos a programas de RCV semissupervisionados ou com supervis&#227;o
                  a dist&#226;ncia.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio deveriam ser monitorados
                  durante as primeiras 12 a 24 sess&#245;es, preferencialmente com monitoramento
                  eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo e supervis&#227;o cl&#237;nica permanente, com diminui&#231;&#227;o para
                  uma forma intermitente depois da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o. A frequ&#234;ncia e os m&#233;todos de
                  monitoramento dependem tamb&#233;m dos recursos dispon&#237;veis, da capacidade e volume de
                  pacientes em cada institui&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da evolu&#231;&#227;o e estado do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>Uma supervis&#227;o maior dever ser realizada em pacientes estratificados como alto
                  risco e quando existir alguma mudan&#231;a no estado de sa&#250;de, surgimento de novos
                  sintomas ou outra evid&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. O monitoramento tamb&#233;m pode
                  ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para avaliar a resposta, especialmente quando se aumenta a
                  intensidade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguran&#231;a e monitoramento dos pacientes</title>
          <p>As poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas durante os programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                  cardiovascular s&#227;o: parada card&#237;aca, arritmias, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM),
                  entre outras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Tabela 4</xref>). A incid&#234;ncia de
                  parada card&#237;aca &#233; relativamente baixa. De acordo com estudos realizados por Van
                  Camp e Peterson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, com dados de 167
                  programas de RCV americanos, que inclu&#237;ram 51.303 pacientes, mais de duas milh&#245;es
                  de horas de exerc&#237;cio durante o per&#237;odo entre 1980-1984 foram realizadas. Nesse
                  per&#237;odo, detectaram-se 21 paradas card&#237;acas, sendo 18 pacientes reanimados e tendo
                  como desfecho sobreviv&#234;ncia (somente tr&#234;s eventos foram fatais)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Estima-se que o risco de uma complica&#231;&#227;o
                  maior, como parada card&#237;aca, morte ou IAM, seja de um evento por cada
                  60.000-80.000 horas de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t24">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxa de eventos em reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca que realizam atividade
                              f&#237;sica regular tem sido descrito:</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:hidden">Taxa de eventos de um por 112.000
                              pacientes/hora</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:hidden">Taxa de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de um
                              por 300.000 pacientes/hora</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taxa de mortalidade de um por 790.000 pacientes/hora</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O risco de morte &#233; de aproximadamente um por cada 60.000
                              participantes/hora durante os programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
                              com exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado e m&#233;dico presente no local da
                              mesma</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para conseguir uma maior seguran&#231;a durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em uma sess&#227;o de
                  reabilita&#231;&#227;o, aconselha-se realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o integral do paciente, com o objetivo
                  de conhecer o grau de risco cardiovascular, a prescri&#231;&#227;o individual do exerc&#237;cio e
                  o monitoramento adequado. A supervis&#227;o m&#233;dica &#233; o fator de seguran&#231;a mais
                  importante na RCV. Durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, sugere-se preferentemente a
                  presen&#231;a de um m&#233;dico especialista em RCV com conhecimento na gest&#227;o das
                  complica&#231;&#245;es. Na aus&#234;ncia de tal especialista, &#233; indicada a presen&#231;a de pessoal
                  capacitado na reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de emerg&#234;ncia. &#201; importante salientar que
                  os pacientes devem ser educados quanto a sua autoavalia&#231;&#227;o, que inclui a presen&#231;a
                  de sintomas, percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o durante o exerc&#237;cio, bem-estar, limites de risco
                  e medidas imediatas que dever&#227;o adotar, tais como informar ao grupo de
                  reabilita&#231;&#227;o sua sintomatologia, assim como proceder com a suspens&#227;o imediata do
                     exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <p>As orienta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a supervis&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes durante os
                  programas de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria continuam sendo uma &#225;rea de discuss&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O grau de supervis&#227;o m&#233;dica est&#225;
                  relacionado &#224; idade, ao diagn&#243;stico e &#224;s comorbidades do paciente que participa do
                  programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m do momento em que ele se encontra face ao evento
                  cardiovascular e &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o que ocorra durante as sess&#245;es.</p>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es monitoradas atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma n&#227;o &#233; medida de valor
                  cl&#237;nico do programa de exerc&#237;cio. Este tipo de monitoramento serve como uma das
                  t&#233;cnicas que o grupo pode empregar para a supervis&#227;o dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Componentes do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Segundo a declara&#231;&#227;o do consenso da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana do Cora&#231;&#227;o, a Associa&#231;&#227;o
                  Americana de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e o Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia
                     (AHA/AACVPR/ACC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, um programa de RCV
                  compreende o cuidado integral de pacientes com DCV e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                  cr&#244;nica (evid&#234;ncia classe I). A RCV deve incluir uma abordagem multidisciplinar
                  consistente, n&#227;o somente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios, mas tamb&#233;m quanto ao trabalho
                  educativo, visando o controle dos fatores de risco, mediante uma modifica&#231;&#227;o do
                  estilo de vida. Os componentes do programa de RCV est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t25">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Componentes de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Interven&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th align="center">Classe (N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia)</th>
                  <th>Metas/resultados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#8226; Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I(A)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3">&#8226; No curto prazo, documentar evid&#234;ncias do atendimento ao
                              paciente que guiem o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Exame
                              f&#237;sico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Exames auxiliares:</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I(A)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; ECG,
                              Teste de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Teste de Caminhada de 6 min<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">II (B)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Evitar complica&#231;&#245;es durante as sess&#245;es de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                              cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; An&#225;lise de Laborat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref> e outros<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">***</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Informe psicol&#243;gico de depress&#227;o e qualidade de vida</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Conseguir
                              a ades&#227;o do paciente ao programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Conselho
                              nutricional &#224; fam&#237;lia e ao paciente sobre:</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Controle do peso e modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Controle
                              da diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (A)</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Abstin&#234;ncia de fumar a longo prazo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Controle do peso</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (B)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Controle do tabagismo</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Conseguir uma PA &lt; 130/80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Controle da press&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Manejo
                              psicol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Controle da glicemia em jejum &lt; de 100 mg/dl</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Dieta</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">I (C)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Em caso de obesidade, elaborar uma estrat&#233;gia para redu&#231;&#227;o de peso
                              de no m&#237;nimo 5% a 10% do inicial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                    <bold>Recursos Humanos:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>M&#233;dico cardiologista ou m&#233;dico do exerc&#237;cio
                                 habilitado</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Dirige o
                              programa e prescreve os limites de seguran&#231;a do exerc&#237;cio; faz
                              avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente e elabora hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. Realiza o teste de
                              exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#8226; &#201; importante que cada programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
                              possua uma equipe formada, especializada e comprometida</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Enfermeira</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#8226; Executa as indica&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;dico</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; O m&#233;dico a cargo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, preferentemente, deve
                              estar presente durante as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio ou Enfermeira
                              dispon&#237;vel imediatamente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Contribu&#237; na educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento da
                              pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, sinais e sintomas, uso correto de medica&#231;&#245;es, ado&#231;&#227;o
                              de h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis e import&#226;ncia da pr&#225;tica regular dos
                              exerc&#237;cios, sempre em conjunto com a equipe multidisciplinar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Especialista em exerc&#237;cio (Educador f&#237;sico e/ou
                                 fisioterapeuta)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#8226; Deve ter conhecimentos em reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar b&#225;sica e
                              avan&#231;ada</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="4">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Educa os pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios e h&#225;bitos de vida
                              saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Aplica o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico, de resist&#234;ncia muscular e de
                              flexibilidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Prescreve o modo de execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios de acordo com os limites
                              de seguran&#231;a definidos pelo m&#233;dico, quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente,
                              prefer&#234;ncias individuais, experi&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias com exerc&#237;cio e
                              eventuais limita&#231;&#245;es osteo-mio-articulares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Nutricionista</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Avalia e
                              fornece ao paciente uma dieta individualizada para controlar os
                              fatores de risco, al&#233;m de abordar aspectos educativos sobre o
                              assunto</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Psic&#243;logo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Realiza
                              o exame de qualidade de vida e o teste de depress&#227;o, assim como
                              proporciona apoio psicol&#243;gico e terapias de relaxamento para os
                              pacientes que as requeiram</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Assistente social</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#8226; Educa e aconselha o paciente e a fam&#237;lia para enfrentar a
                              doen&#231;a</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Coordena, com o paciente e a fam&#237;lia, os problemas relativos &#224; sua
                              hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou ao seu trabalho, al&#233;m de lidar com a suspens&#227;o do
                              fumo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="14" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Recurso materiais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Academia de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="14">&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="14">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Esteiras ergom&#233;tricas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Bicicletas est&#225;ticas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Simulador de caminhadas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Macas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Pesos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Erg&#244;metro de m&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Bandas el&#225;sticas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Cron&#244;metros</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Carro de parada totalmente equipado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Esfigmoman&#244;metros</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Estetosc&#243;pios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Eletrocardi&#243;grafo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Outros</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste de exerc&#237;cio (ergometria, teste cardiopulmonar ou teste da
                           caminhada dos 6 minutos): embora n&#227;o seja indispens&#225;vel para come&#231;ar com
                           a reabilita&#231;&#227;o, &#233; um exame por demais recomendado, j&#225; que colabora com
                           uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio otimizada e ajuda a evidenciar as mudan&#231;as na
                           capacidade funcional do paciente. O momento ideal para realizar o teste &#233;
                           no come&#231;o e no final da fase 2. Est&#225; claro que &#233; mais &#250;til em algumas
                           patologias, tais como p&#243;s-infarto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,
                           p&#243;s-transplante, e menos &#250;til em pacientes que foram submetidos &#224;
                           cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca recente.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Hemoglobina, glicemia, perfil lip&#237;dico, CPK, &#225;cido &#250;rico, hemoglobina
                           glicosilada, transaminases hep&#225;ticas e outros exames bioqu&#237;micos segundo
                           o caso.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>Ecocardiograma, se poss&#237;vel incluindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de
                           eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Compet&#234;ncia do recurso humano</title>
          <p>Um programa de RCV &#233; integrado por uma equipe multidisciplinar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">Tabela 6</xref>), que requer as seguintes
                  compet&#234;ncias: conhecimento b&#225;sico nas &#225;reas cardiovascular, pulmonar e
                  musculoesquel&#233;tica, interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma, manejo de emerg&#234;ncias
                  m&#233;dicas e conhecimentos em teoria e pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O n&#250;cleo da
                  equipe &#233; formado por m&#233;dicos, enfermeiras e especialistas em exerc&#237;cios, com a
                  op&#231;&#227;o de agregar especialistas em outras disciplinas para fornecer ao paciente
                  atendimento e educa&#231;&#227;o completa (Nutricionista, Psic&#243;logo entre outros). O n&#250;cleo
                  da equipe deve ter experi&#234;ncia no manejo de fatores de risco cardiovascular,
                  avalia&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica no aspecto psicossocial e modifica&#231;&#227;o de condutas e
                  estilo de vida.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t26">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compet&#234;ncia do recurso humano em um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                        cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recurso humano</th>
                  <th align="center">Compet&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Diretor
                              m&#233;dico</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Sua fun&#231;&#227;o principal &#233; ser o l&#237;der da equipe multidisciplinar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Deve ser um m&#233;dico com experi&#234;ncia em exerc&#237;cios, de prefer&#234;ncia
                              cardiologista. Caso n&#227;o haja esse profissional, ser&#225; um m&#233;dico com
                              experi&#234;ncia em exerc&#237;cio e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, conhecedor do manejo
                              das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Experi&#234;ncia, treinamento e habilidades em gerenciamento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Responsabilidade espec&#237;fica na avalia&#231;&#227;o e no manejo de pacientes
                              que ingressam no programa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Treinamento aprovado em reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar avan&#231;ada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Nurse</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Demonstrar compet&#234;ncia e experi&#234;ncia em reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                              cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Demonstrar treinamento em reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Colaborar com os testes de esfor&#231;o na prepara&#231;&#227;o da pele para
                              ades&#227;o dos eletrodos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Embora preferentemente realizada pelo m&#233;dico, poder&#225;, em alguns
                              casos espec&#237;ficos, realizar, individualmente ou com reuni&#245;es em grupo,
                              a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento da doen&#231;a, sinais e
                              sintomas, uso correto de medica&#231;&#245;es, ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de vida
                              saud&#225;veis e a import&#226;ncia da pr&#225;tica regular dos exerc&#237;cios, em
                              conjunto com a equipe multidisciplinar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Demonstrar conhecimentos b&#225;sicos do exerc&#237;cio e treinamento
                              f&#237;sico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Executar
                              a prescri&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico (somente a n&#237;vel hospitalar em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
                              medica&#231;&#245;es)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="9" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Especialista em exerc&#237;cio (Fisioterapeuta e educador f&#237;sico)</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Possuir conhecimento do sistema cardiovascular e as suas
                              doen&#231;as</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Ter conhecimentos de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar prim&#225;ria e
                              secund&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Ter conhecimento de reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar b&#225;sica e
                              avan&#231;ada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Saber reconhecer sinais e sintomas de instabiliza&#231;&#245;es
                              cardiovasculares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Realizar a rotina de exerc&#237;cios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Dar informa&#231;&#245;es ao paciente acerca dos problemas e benef&#237;cios do
                              exerc&#237;cio e da atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Educar o paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de vida
                              saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Ser o respons&#225;vel pela coordena&#231;&#227;o e condu&#231;&#227;o do programa
                              supervisionado de exerc&#237;cios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Prescrever o modo de execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios de acordo com os limites
                              definidos de seguran&#231;a estabelecidos pelo m&#233;dico, quadro cl&#237;nico do
                              paciente, prefer&#234;ncias individuais, experi&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias com
                              exerc&#237;cios e eventuais limita&#231;&#245;es osteo-mio-articulares</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Nutricionista</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Ter conhecimento do sistema cardiovascular e suas doen&#231;as, assim
                              como sobre o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Conhecer o programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e seus
                              objetivos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Avaliar o paciente e identificar seus fatores de risco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Dar
                              informa&#231;&#245;es ao paciente acerca da modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco e
                              tra&#231;ar metas para conseguir uma dieta saud&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Assistente
                              social</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Possuir conhecimento do sistema cardiovascular e suas doen&#231;as</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Possuir conhecimento em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e
                              seus objetivos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Realizar a coordena&#231;&#227;o com o paciente e a fam&#237;lia, a fim de manter
                              as condi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o do paciente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Trabalhar com o psic&#243;logo no apoio ao paciente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Trabalhar com o psic&#243;logo no apoio ao paciente</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fases da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Numerosas investiga&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m demonstrado a import&#226;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica precoce
                  e progressiva dentro de um programa de RCV, depois de um IAM ou procedimento de
                  revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O programa consiste de 3 a 4 fases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t27">Tabela 7</xref>), segundo as diferentes escolas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t27">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fases de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fases</th>
                  <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Objetivos</th>
                  <th>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th>Alcance</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" valign="bottom">
                    <italic>
                      <bold>Fase
                              1:</bold>
                    </italic>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Inicia
                              desde as 48 horas posteriores ao evento agudo at&#233; a alta
                              hospitalar</td>
                  <td valign="bottom">&#8226; Prevenir perda de capacidade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Realiza-se na cama do paciente, no quarto ou corredor do
                              hospital</td>
                  <td rowspan="5">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" valign="top">&#8226; Evitar efeitos do repouso prolongado</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Pode-se utilizar monitoramento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5" valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Hospitalizado depois de um evento cardiovascular: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria
                              aguda ou p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (ACTP) ou uma cirurgia card&#237;aca de
                              revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, pr&#243;tese valvular ou corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia
                              cong&#234;nita</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" valign="top">&#8226; Realiza-se uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="top">&#8226; Evitar a depress&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="top">&#8226; Evitar complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e
                              tromboemb&#243;licas</td>
                  <td valign="top">&#8226; Podem-se realizar v&#225;rias sess&#245;es ao dia, mas de curta
                              dura&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="top">&#8226; Facilitar a alta precoce</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Inicialmente, os exerc&#237;cios ser&#227;o passivos e progredidos
                              gradativamente, com exerc&#237;cios ativos, caminhadas e outros, at&#233; a alta
                              hospitalar</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Chegar em condi&#231;&#245;es de iniciar a Fase II da
                              reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Dar
                              informa&#231;&#245;es ao paciente e fam&#237;lia sobre a doen&#231;a e os cuidados
                              b&#225;sicos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="bottom">
                    <italic>
                      <bold>Fase 2:</bold>
                    </italic>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">M&#233;dia de
                              dura&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s meses, com tr&#234;s a cinco sess&#245;es semanais</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Melhorar a capacidade funcional do paciente</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Chegar em
                              condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e psicol&#243;gicas adequadas para come&#231;ar a fase 3 de
                              reabilita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="top">Reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ap&#243;s a alta</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Conseguir modifica&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Realiza-se
                              em academia ou centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226;
                              Conseguir recuperar a autoconfian&#231;a do paciente depois do evento
                              card&#237;aco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">
                    <italic>
                      <bold>Fase
                              3:</bold>
                    </italic>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Tr&#234;s a
                              cinco sess&#245;es semanais e dura&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s a seis meses (podendo se
                              estender em alguns casos)</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Aumentar ou manter a capacidade funcional</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; O paciente ingressa nesta etapa quando atinge
                              estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro e evolu&#231;&#227;o nos exerc&#237;cios</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Continuar com o plano de exerc&#237;cios</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Controle da press&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" valign="top">&#8226; Os pacientes controlam a intensidade do
                              exerc&#237;cio realizado segundo a escala de Borg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Tabela 10</xref>) e mediante o controle da frequ&#234;ncia
                              card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">&#8226; Conseguir realizar atividade f&#237;sica de
                              forma segura, com normas b&#225;sicas de autocuidado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Manuten&#231;&#227;o
                              precoce</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Controle da glicemia e colesterol</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Controle do peso e adequada nutri&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; &#201;
                              necess&#225;ria a avalia&#231;&#227;o e seguimento da ades&#227;o ao tratamento
                              medicamentoso e &#224;s medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#8226; Busca e
                              garante o bem-estar psicol&#243;gico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td rowspan="6" align="center">Seu t&#233;rmino &#233; indefinido e sua
                              periodicidade depender&#225; do estado cl&#237;nico, da patologia e da evolu&#231;&#227;o
                              de cada paciente, tal como dos componentes do seguimento</td>
                  <td rowspan="6">&#8226; Ajudar o paciente a manter um estilo de vida
                              saud&#225;vel</td>
                  <td>&#8226; Refor&#231;ar a educa&#231;&#227;o dada</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>
                      <bold>Fase 4:</bold>
                    </italic>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="4">&#8226; Ajudar o paciente nas dificuldades para desprender-se
                              dos maus h&#225;bitos</td>
                  <td rowspan="5">&#8226; Conseguir mudan&#231;as permanentes com um estilo de vida
                              saud&#225;vel, atividade f&#237;sica e controle adequado dos fatores de
                              risco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Manuten&#231;&#227;o tardia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In&#237;cio depois de completar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2" valign="top">Fase 2 e 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Motivar e gerar estrat&#233;gias para manter estilo de vida
                              saud&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do paciente</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do paciente, ao ingressar em um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, deve
                  incluir uma coleta de dados mediante uma exaustiva e minuciosa hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica,
                  que deve conter antecedentes do paciente que incluam cirurgias e comorbidades,
                  tais como: doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, renais, pulmonares, musculoesquel&#233;ticas,
                  depress&#227;o e outras. Car&#225;ter primordial na valora&#231;&#227;o inicial &#233; a identifica&#231;&#227;o de
                  fatores de risco cardiovasculares: tabagismo, h&#225;bitos alimentares, press&#227;o
                  arterial, DM, dislipidemia, obesidade, sedentarismo e estresse. Al&#233;m das
                  informa&#231;&#245;es sobre uso de medicamentos, &#233; importante conhecer a situa&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica,
                  educativa e social do paciente.</p>
          <p>O exame f&#237;sico incluir&#225; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular completo: PA,
                  frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ru&#237;dos e sopros card&#237;acos, palpa&#231;&#227;o de pulsos perif&#233;ricos,
                  mudan&#231;as da colora&#231;&#227;o da pele, al&#233;m de descartar altera&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas
                  que impe&#231;am seu ingresso ao programa ou gerem restri&#231;&#245;es &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o de alguns
                  exerc&#237;cios. Exame do sistema respirat&#243;rio avaliar&#225; frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria,
                  presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de ru&#237;dos anormais, caracter&#237;sticos de patologias pulmonares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Um "centro" &#233; considerado centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o quando conta com uma &#225;rea para
                  realizar atividade f&#237;sica, recursos humanos competentes e treinados, equipamentos
                  adequados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, equipamento para situa&#231;&#245;es de
                  emerg&#234;ncia (material de suporte b&#225;sico e avan&#231;ado de vida com desfibrilador) e
                  pessoal m&#233;dico dispon&#237;vel na &#225;rea para cobrir situa&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia, al&#233;m de
                  considerar a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de manejo de pacientes em reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                  segundo a patologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio sempre deve ser considerada individualmente de acordo
                  com cada etapa e levando em conta as limita&#231;&#245;es individuais ou comorbidades
                  (ortop&#233;dicas, neurol&#243;gicas, respirat&#243;rias, nefrol&#243;gicas, entre outras).</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Fase 1</title>
            <p>Durante a Fase 1, ou seja, nos hospitais, temos a oportunidade de ver o
                     paciente em um momento muito receptivo. Na maioria dos casos, as pessoas est&#227;o
                     muito vulner&#225;veis e contemplativas a novas propostas para a mudan&#231;a do estilo
                     de vida. Al&#233;m dos exerc&#237;cios, que se realizam sempre em baixa intensidade com o
                     objetivo da movimenta&#231;&#227;o precoce, tamb&#233;m temos a oportunidade de trabalhar na
                     educa&#231;&#227;o, repassar informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a e sobre a import&#226;ncia de controlar
                     os fatores de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Os exerc&#237;cios
                     podem ser iniciados imediatamente depois da estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Nos casos de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, depois das primeiras 24 a 48
                           horas, com aus&#234;ncia de sintomas;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Nos casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, depois da melhoria da dispneia,
                           exerc&#237;cios suaves de movimenta&#231;&#227;o e alongamentos tamb&#233;m podem ser
                           iniciados t&#227;o logo o paciente possa deambular;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Nos casos de cirurgias card&#237;acas, especialmente nos dias anteriores &#224;
                           interven&#231;&#227;o, um programa de exerc&#237;cios de respira&#231;&#227;o, alongamentos e
                           movimenta&#231;&#227;o progressiva, seguido da terapia f&#237;sica depois da cirurgia,
                           proporciona uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias,
                           arritmias e a dura&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia hospitalar depois do procedimento
                              cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Embora seja dif&#237;cil generalizar a recomenda&#231;&#227;o, no momento de come&#231;ar os
                     exerc&#237;cios no hospital, pode-se avaliar o paciente e determinar os melhores
                     exerc&#237;cios a serem realizados naquele momento, desde exerc&#237;cios passivos a
                     ativos e caminhadas de intensidade leve, que ser&#227;o progredidos individualmente
                     at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fase 2</title>
            <p>Nesta etapa, o paciente necessita vigil&#226;ncia e atendimento de forma
                     individualizada, j&#225; que est&#225; na fase de convalescen&#231;a e, com frequ&#234;ncia, sem
                     nenhum contato pr&#233;vio com as atividades f&#237;sicas formais. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de
                     exerc&#237;cio deve incluir o tipo, intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A dura&#231;&#227;o da Fase 2 &#233; vari&#225;vel,
                     dependendo de cada paciente, mas em m&#233;dia dura de um a tr&#234;s meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Os exerc&#237;cios devem ser iniciados com
                     baixa intensidade e baixo impacto nas primeiras semanas, para adapta&#231;&#227;o inicial
                     e preven&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
            <p><italic>Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico:</italic> a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico deve
                     se ajustar ao quadro cl&#237;nico, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e objetivos do paciente.
                     Idealmente, deve-se realizar um teste de esfor&#231;o (teste ergom&#233;trico ou teste
                     cardiopulmonar) para avaliar a resposta eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, capacidade f&#237;sica,
                     resposta cronotr&#243;pica e press&#243;rica ao esfor&#231;o para permitir melhor
                     individualiza&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Para n&#227;o
                     atrasar o in&#237;cio da reabilita&#231;&#227;o, as avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais dos fisioterapeutas ou
                     educadores f&#237;sicos nas primeiras sess&#245;es de familiariza&#231;&#227;o ajudam a prescrever
                     o exerc&#237;cio antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, caso este seja imediatamente indispon&#237;vel.</p>
            <p>A intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, os quais s&#227;o orientados para a obten&#231;&#227;o
                     de maiores benef&#237;cios para o sistema cardiovascular e para o metabolismo, tem
                     sido objeto de investiga&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Os
                     exerc&#237;cios mais intensos s&#227;o mais eficazes na melhoria de resist&#234;ncia &#224;
                     insulina, redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e para promover uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o de peso em compara&#231;&#227;o
                     com os moderados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
            <p>Se o teste cardiopulmonar estiver dispon&#237;vel, a frequ&#234;ncia de treinamento pode
                     ser aquela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca observada neste exame, at&#233; que tenha sido
                     atingido o limiar anaer&#243;bico. Em caso de teste ergom&#233;trico sem an&#225;lise dos
                     gases expirados, utiliza-se 60-80% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada ou
                     entre 50 a 70% da FC de reserva. Nas primeiras sess&#245;es, sugere-seexecutar os
                     exerc&#237;cios no limite inferior da prescri&#231;&#227;o para que ocorra posterior
                     progress&#227;o nas sess&#245;es seguintes, de acordo com a resposta e evolu&#231;&#227;o
                     individual. Os exerc&#237;cios tamb&#233;m s&#227;o realizados abaixo do limiar isqu&#234;mico, ou
                     seja, abaixo da FC e carga que levem a indu&#231;&#227;o de sinais cl&#237;nicos e/ou
                     eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando no esfor&#231;o.</p>
            <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o deve ser de no m&#237;nimo 30 minutos, podendo progredir at&#233; uma hora de
                     exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo ou intermitente. As sess&#245;es podem ser de duas a cinco vezes
                     por semana, ficando em uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s vezes.</p>
            <p><italic>Exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia:</italic> exerc&#237;cios de fortalecimento
                     muscular devem ser iniciados gradativamente com cargas leves e progredidos ao
                     longo das sess&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Nesta fase, os objetivos s&#227;o
                     familiarizar-se com os exerc&#237;cios, executando com a postura correta e a
                     progress&#227;o gradual das cargas. Podem ser realizados de duas a tr&#234;s vezes por
                     semana, com repeti&#231;&#245;es de 6 a 15 por grupo muscular, a intervalos de 30
                     segundos a um minuto. <italic>Exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade:</italic> Tamb&#233;m
                     conhecido como alongamentos. Devem ser realizados de maneira progressiva e sem
                     desconfortos, sempre respeitando as limita&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas. Podem ser
                     realizados no come&#231;o e, principalmente, no final das sess&#245;es de
                        reabilita&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fase 3 e 4</title>
            <p>Estas fases t&#234;m uma dura&#231;&#227;o indefinida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. A diferen&#231;a entre ambas est&#225;, principalmente, no fato de que a Fase
                     4 se consegue com controle a dist&#226;ncia, tamb&#233;m conhecida como reabilita&#231;&#227;o sem
                     supervis&#227;o. Em ess&#234;ncia, a prescri&#231;&#227;o destas duas fases &#233; muito similar porque
                     os exerc&#237;cios prescritos s&#227;o parte da vida cotidiana. A prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser
                     atualizada periodicamente para adaptar-se ao perfil e comorbidades de cada
                     paciente. Sugere-se, para iniciar a terceira fase, uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o, que se pode
                     ser repetida a cada 6 a 12 meses.</p>
            <p><italic>Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico:</italic> Em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, a FC de
                     treinamento deve estar entre 70% a 90% da FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste
                     ergom&#233;trico, entre 50% a 80% da FC de reserva ou entre o primeiro e o segundo
                     limiar obtido no TCP.</p>
            <p>Os exerc&#237;cios tamb&#233;m s&#227;o realizados abaixo do limiar isqu&#234;mico, ou seja, abaixo
                     da FC e da carga que levem a indu&#231;&#227;o de sinais cl&#237;nicos e/ou
                     eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em esfor&#231;o. Em casos selecionados
                     de pacientes com sintomas como angina est&#225;vel, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima
                     pode ser logo abaixo &#224;quela na qual apare&#231;am os sintomas, mesmo que o ECG
                     mostre sinais indiretos de isquemia.</p>
            <p><italic>Exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia:</italic> Os exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia devem
                     ser executados em s&#233;ries de 8 a 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es, com cargas progressivas,
                     suficientes para causar fadiga nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s repeti&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m, sem falha do
                     movimento. Idealmente, devem ser realizados tr&#234;s vezes por semana. Como
                     alternativa ao exerc&#237;cio convencional com pesos livres ou aparelhos de
                     muscula&#231;&#227;o, pode-se utilizar o m&#233;todo Pilates, com pr&#225;ticas de resist&#234;ncia
                     combinadas com flexibilidade e respira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
            <p>A flexibilidade deve ser parte das aulas de gin&#225;stica podendo ser no come&#231;o
                     e/ou, preferencialmente, no final de cada sess&#227;o. Pode haver combina&#231;&#227;o de
                     pr&#225;ticas como a Ioga, o Tai Chi Chuan ou outras, as quais podem auxiliar na
                     redu&#231;&#227;o da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, assim como o incremento
                     no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
            <p><italic>Exerc&#237;cios de equil&#237;brio:</italic> S&#227;o de car&#225;ter fundamental e se
                     recomenda realiz&#225;-los de duas a tr&#234;s vezes por semana, principalmente na
                     popula&#231;&#227;o de idade avan&#231;ada, com o objetivo de manter a autossufici&#234;ncia nesse
                     grupo et&#225;rio e ajudar a prevenir fraturas em consequ&#234;ncia de quedas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Componentes do exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>O programa de treinamento dever&#225; levar em conta os seguintes pontos:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Frequ&#234;ncia de treinamento:</italic> Ela dever&#225; ser de, no m&#237;nimo,
                        tr&#234;s vezes por semana. Seria ideal incentivar o paciente a realizar
                        atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria (caminhar, subir escadas, pedalar)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Dura&#231;&#227;o de cada sess&#227;o:</italic> A dura&#231;&#227;o aconselhada &#233; de 40 a 60
                        minutos/dia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Intensidade do treinamento:</italic> Esta pode ser controlada pela
                        frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de treinamento (FCT). Nesta estrat&#233;gia, busca-se
                        realizar os exerc&#237;cios prescritos entre 70% e 90% da frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima (FCM)
                        alcan&#231;ada no teste de exerc&#237;cio. Outra pr&#225;tica comum &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC de
                        reserva, utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Karvonen (50% a 80% da FCR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>F&#243;rmula de Karvonen: FCT = FC repouso + (0,5 a 0,8) x (FCM - FC repouso).</p>
          <p>A percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o por parte do paciente sempre dever&#225; ser
                  interrogada. Para isso, utiliza-se a escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o de Borg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> (RPE ou <italic>Rating Perceived
                     Exertion</italic>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t28">
            <label>Tabela 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escala de Borg para classificar o esfor&#231;o percebido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum esfor&#231;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">Muito, muito leve</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">Muito leve</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">Muito leve</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14</td>
                  <td align="center">Forte ou duro</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16</td>
                  <td align="center">Muito forte ou muito duro</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>19</td>
                  <td align="center">Muito, muito forte</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20</td>
                  <td align="center">Exaust&#227;o total</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>As equival&#234;ncias entre a sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o (Borg) e a
                           intensidade de exerc&#237;cio poderiam resumir-se em: &lt; 12: leve = 40-60%
                           do m&#225;ximo; 12-14: moderado, levemente forte = 60-75% do m&#225;ximo; &gt; 14:
                           forte intenso = 75-90% do m&#225;ximo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Subjetivamente, tamb&#233;m se pode considerar o teste da fala, com a percep&#231;&#227;o da
                  pr&#243;pria ventila&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, os exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o realizados em intensidade em que se
                  sente a respira&#231;&#227;o mais ofegante, por&#233;m, sem um grau de taquipneia que impe&#231;a o
                  paciente de completar uma frase.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Especificidade do treinamento:</italic> Considerar, em alguns casos,
                        treinar o paciente levando em conta os grupos musculares que utiliza
                        habitualmente no seu dia a dia laboral, gerando desta maneira maior for&#231;a
                        muscular para o trabalho di&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Componente de cada sess&#227;o</title>
          <p><bold>a) Aquecimento:</bold> Momento no qual se incorporam grupos musculares de
                  forma progressiva; primeiro, pequenos grupos e, depois, s&#227;o envolvidos grupos
                  musculares de maior envergadura. Inicialmente, realizam-se exerc&#237;cios de forma
                  lenta, para depois aumentar as repeti&#231;&#245;es cada vez em menor tempo. Depois de cinco
                  minutos aproximadamente, realiza-se um aquecimento mais intenso, que inclui trote
                  ou algum outro exerc&#237;cio de maior intensidade (dura&#231;&#227;o de um a tr&#234;s minutos). Em
                  geral, quando um paciente inicia a reabilita&#231;&#227;o, o aquecimento &#233; mais prolongado.
                  Antes da primeira sess&#227;o &#233; conveniente que algum teste seja realizado. O objetivo
                  do exame &#233; o de permitir uma an&#225;lise objetiva do estado atual do paciente (teste
                  da caminhada dos 6 minutos, por exemplo)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
          <p><bold>b) Treinamento propriamente:</bold> Pode-se realizar com cicloerg&#244;metro,
                  esteiras rolantes, escalador ou simplesmente com caminhadas/trote guiado por
                  pessoal treinado. Habitualmente se come&#231;a com um treinamento de curta dura&#231;&#227;o (15
                  minutos) durante a primeira sess&#227;o e com uma progress&#227;o semanal ou por sess&#227;o, de
                  acordo com o caso. Esta fase dever&#225; estar atrelada ao tempo e intensidade do
                  exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de card&#237;aca de treinamento &#233; determinada de acordo com o m&#233;todo de
                  prescri&#231;&#227;o e/ou resultado do teste de exerc&#237;cio, conforme discutido previamente. O
                  objetivo &#233; atingir e manter esta FC durante a execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos
                  cont&#237;nuos ou intervalados. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; conveniente agregar exerc&#237;cios de
                  resist&#234;ncia a cada sess&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p><bold>c) Volta &#224; calma:</bold> Todas as sess&#245;es devem levar em conta que, nos
                  &#250;ltimos minutos, o paciente deve recuperar os valores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PA
                  iniciais. O m&#233;todo usado para conseguir este objetivo &#233; variado, mas n&#227;o devem
                  faltar alguns elementos, tais como: redu&#231;&#227;o gradual da carga de exerc&#237;cio
                  aer&#243;bico, utiliza&#231;&#227;o do alongamento, repouso em cadeira ou colch&#227;o e t&#233;cnicas de
                  respira&#231;&#227;o (respira&#231;&#227;o abdominal)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>Os exerc&#237;cios podem se dividir em <bold>isot&#244;nicos ou din&#226;micos</bold> e
                     <bold>isom&#233;tricos ou est&#225;ticos:</bold></p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O exerc&#237;cio <bold>isot&#244;nico ou din&#226;mico</bold> gera mudan&#231;as no comprimento
                        muscular com contra&#231;&#245;es r&#237;tmicas, movimentos articulares e escasso
                        desenvolvimento de for&#231;a. Este exerc&#237;cio provoca um aumento importante no
                        consumo de oxig&#234;nio, volume sist&#243;lico e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A press&#227;o
                        arterial sist&#243;lica aumenta e a diast&#243;lica pode diminuir pela queda da
                        resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O exerc&#237;cio <bold>isom&#233;trico ou est&#225;tico</bold> provoca um incremento da
                        for&#231;a muscular com pouca mudan&#231;a no comprimento do m&#250;sculo. Durante este
                        exerc&#237;cio, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica aumenta de forma significativa, a
                        frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o volume sist&#243;lico sofrem incrementos menores do que
                        os observados no exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Entretanto, na pr&#225;tica, a maioria das atividades apresenta uma combina&#231;&#227;o destes
                  dois tipos de exerc&#237;cios em magnitudes variadas e a resposta hemodin&#226;mica depende
                  de qual ser&#225; executado com maior intensidade.</p>
          <p><bold>Quanto aos tipos de treinamento,</bold> os mais relevantes s&#227;o o cont&#237;nuo e
                  o intervalado:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Treinamento cont&#237;nuo:</bold> &#201; aquele que se baseia em um esfor&#231;o
                        constante durante um tempo determinado. Preferentemente, &#233; de moderada
                        intensidade para que possa durar por mais tempo. Relaciona-se, geralmente, &#224;
                        caminhada ou &#224; corrida de intensidade moderada constante, sendo que a
                        velocidade de execu&#231;&#227;o e o comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares
                        depender&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico e da capacidade f&#237;sica individual. O tempo
                        m&#237;nimo sugerido para se manter este tipo de esfor&#231;o oscila entre 20-30
                        minutos por sess&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. O mesmo se pode realizar em
                        diferentes intensidades (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t29">Tabela
                        9</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t29">
            <label>Tabela 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplos de treinamento cont&#237;nuo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Tipo de atividade</th>
                  <th align="center">Velocidade</th>
                  <th align="center">Comportamento</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caminhada lenta</td>
                  <td align="center">4-5 km/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">Consegue conversar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caminhada moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">5-6 km/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">Mant&#233;m uma conversa&#231;&#227;o com dificuldade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caminhada r&#225;pida</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 6 km/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">Conversa com frases curtas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trote leve</td>
                  <td align="center">6 a 7 km/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">Consegue conversar</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trote mais intenso</td>
                  <td align="center">7 a 9 km/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">Conversa com frases curtas</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Treinamento intervalado:</bold> Define-se como um exerc&#237;cio ou uma
                        s&#233;rie deles, composto por per&#237;odos de esfor&#231;o alternados com per&#237;odos de
                        recupera&#231;&#227;o ativos ou passivos. Quando o esfor&#231;o &#233; de alta ou moderada
                        intensidade, usam-se intervalos ativos, com exerc&#237;cios iguais ou diferentes
                        daqueles com os quais se est&#225; trabalhando, mas com intensidade menor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Caso a capacidade funcional do
                        paciente seja baixa, podem ser utilizados intervalos de recupera&#231;&#227;o
                        passivos. Em tais pacientes, esse modo de treinamento com altern&#226;ncia de
                        cargas pode ser a &#250;nica forma de come&#231;ar um programa de exerc&#237;cio em virtude
                        da baixa toler&#226;ncia &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de cargas cont&#237;nuas. A progress&#227;o realiza-se
                        gradativamente, incrementando os per&#237;odos de atividade e diminuindo os de
                        descanso ou substituindo-os por atividade de menor intensidade (mudan&#231;a para
                        recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa). Antes de iniciar esta atividade, &#233; preciso realizar um
                        pr&#233;-aquecimento prolongado e, ao terminar a sess&#227;o, uma recupera&#231;&#227;o de baixa
                           intensidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Educa&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Como se mencionou anteriormente, um programa multidisciplinar de RCV n&#227;o s&#243; inclui
                  o plano de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos programados, como tamb&#233;m a educa&#231;&#227;o que se
                  proporciona ao paciente, seja ela em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, mas
                  tamb&#233;m no que diz respeito ao adequado manejo dos fatores de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Obesidade e sobrepeso</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>O sobrepeso e a obesidade t&#234;m aumentado sua incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia em todo o
                     planeta em n&#237;veis alarmantes. A obesidade &#233; considerada uma epidemia mundial,
                     tanto em crian&#231;as quanto em adultos, alcan&#231;ando quase um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o
                     mundial. Segundo o estudo INTERHEART, o fator de risco cardiovascular mais
                     prevalente &#233; a obesidade abdominal, cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 48,6% na Am&#233;rica
                     Latina, comparada com 31,2% dos outros pa&#237;ses participantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>. A alimenta&#231;&#227;o com excesso de calorias,
                     rica em carboidratos simples e gorduras saturadas, associada ao sedentarismo
                     s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por esta epidemia mundial.</p>
            <p>O aumento da gordura se associa ao aumento dos &#225;cidos graxos livres,
                     hiperinsulinemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, DM, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e
                     dislipidemia. Os efeitos da obesidade sobre o risco cardiovascular global
                     impacta de forma muito marcada. O obeso tem maior frequ&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia de
                     outros fatores de risco. No entanto, o risco manifesta-se tamb&#233;m de forma
                     direta, uma vez que a gordura, particularmente a visceral intra-abdominal, &#233; um
                     &#243;rg&#227;o end&#243;crino, metabolicamente ativo, que sintetiza e libera na circula&#231;&#227;o
                     sangu&#237;nea diferentes pept&#237;deos e outros compostos n&#227;o pept&#237;dicos que participam
                     da homeostase cardiovascular. O obeso perde em maior ou menor grau esse
                     equil&#237;brio e assim o risco tamb&#233;m aumenta.</p>
            <p>O c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) tem sido proposto pelo Instituto
                     Nacional da Sa&#250;de dos Estados Unidos (NHLBI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> e pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> como o m&#233;todo convencional para diagnosticar sobrepeso e
                     obesidade. Em adultos, o sobrepeso &#233; definido por um aumento do valor do IMC de
                     25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obesidade quando o valor &#233; igual ou superior a 30
                        kg/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
            <p>Embora o IMC seja um m&#233;todo simples para detectar sujeitos com aumento
                     consider&#225;vel de gordura corporal, particularmente em &#226;mbito populacional,
                     estudos recentes t&#234;m questionado a sua validade para diagnosticar obesidade
                        individual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>. Numerosos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que
                     medidas de obesidade central se correlacionam melhor com risco de DCV que o
                        IMC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. Portanto, &#233; mais importante
                     determinar se existe aumento da gordura abdominal que definir peso corporal em
                     rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; altura. Uma maneira simples de sab&#234;-lo &#233; medindo o per&#237;metro de
                     cintura com uma fita m&#233;trica, seja no n&#237;vel do umbigo ou 2,5 cm acima da crista
                     il&#237;aca. Os pontos de corte recomendados para diagnosticar obesidade central,
                     usando a circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, s&#227;o: &#8805; 94 cm para o homem e &#8805; 80 cm para a
                     mulher. Se for utilizado o &#237;ndice de cintura-quadril, os valores para</p>
            <p>diagnosticar obesidade central s&#227;o: &#8805; 0,9 para o homem e &#8805; 0,85 para a mulher.
                     Todos estes c&#225;lculos t&#234;m sido estabelecidos para a ra&#231;a branca. Outros
                     par&#226;metros e outras determina&#231;&#245;es seriam necess&#225;rios para a variedade de ra&#231;as
                     da Am&#233;rica Latina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>.</p>
            <p>Outros m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal utilizados s&#227;o a tomografia axial
                     computorizada, o ultrassom, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e a pletismografia corporal
                     por deslocamento de ar. O per&#237;metro de cintura tem a vantagem de ser uma medida
                     simples e &#233; superior ao IMC, mas deve se levar em conta que &#233; propensa a erros
                     de medi&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o do peso est&#225; recomendada em pacientes com obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30
                        kg/m<sup>2</sup>) ou com sobrepeso (IMC &#8805; 25 e &lt; 30
                     kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
            <p>Valores entre 94 e 101 cm para o homem e entre 80 e 87 cm para a mulher
                     consideram-se como de alerta e representam um limiar a partir do qual n&#227;o se
                     deve ganhar mais peso. A restri&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica total e o exerc&#237;cio
                     f&#237;sico regular s&#227;o as pedras angulares do controle do peso. &#201; prov&#225;vel que com
                     o exerc&#237;cio se produzam melhorias no metabolismo da gordura central, inclusive
                     antes que ocorra uma redu&#231;&#227;o do peso.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <p>Educa&#231;&#227;o alimentar &#233; primordial, com &#234;nfase na redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade cal&#243;rica e
                     diminui&#231;&#227;o dr&#225;stica de gorduras e carboidratos simples. Est&#237;mulo ao consumo de
                     mais frutas, vegetais, alimentos integrais e gorduras mono e poli-insaturadas
                     deve ser feito. O h&#225;bito do consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool n&#227;o deve ser
                     desaconselhado, mas esta &#233; uma &#225;rea do conhecimento que ainda necessita de mais
                     estudos para se definir a melhor conduta.</p>
            <p>A frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o, intensidade e o volume de exerc&#237;cios empregados devem
                     adequar-se &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica do sujeito. Os exerc&#237;cios prolongados e de
                     intensidade moderada s&#227;o preferidos, embora seja necess&#225;rio iniciar os planos
                     com intensidade leve e progress&#227;o de acordo com os resultados que forem sendo
                     obtidos. Os exerc&#237;cios preferidos s&#227;o os din&#226;micos, que empregam amplos
                     territ&#243;rios musculares e se realizam com metabolismo predominantemente
                     aer&#243;bico.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sedentarismo (inatividade f&#237;sica)</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>A percentagem da popula&#231;&#227;o inativa na Am&#233;rica Latina oscila entre o 25% e 75%,
                     faixa muito alta devido &#224; diferen&#231;a que existe entre os estudos realizados em
                     cada regi&#227;o. As pessoas que permanecem sedent&#225;rias t&#234;m maior risco de morte e
                     um risco duas vezes maior de padecer de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares se comparadas
                     a pessoas fisicamente ativas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Iniciar, recondicionar e educar o paciente quanto &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o do
                           exerc&#237;cio;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Motivar a manuten&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio de forma indefinida (30-60 minutos de
                           exerc&#237;cio moderado de 5 a 7 dias por semana) (classe I, n&#237;vel de
                           evid&#234;ncia B);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Assegurar que a totalidade dos integrantes da equipe dos programas de RCV
                           conhe&#231;a, eduque e motive os pacientes sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio
                           conforme sua prescri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica completa;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Determinar o risco cardiovascular de forma individual;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (aer&#243;bico, resist&#234;ncia e
                           flexibilidade);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar supervis&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio de acordo com os riscos e
                           prescri&#231;&#245;es.</p>
                <p>(Vide a sec&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico para mais detalhes no que se refere &#224;s
                           recomenda&#231;&#245;es e prescri&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio.)</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estresse psicossocial e estados depressivos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>O estresse tem sido definido como a "situa&#231;&#227;o de um indiv&#237;duo ou de algum dos
                     seus &#243;rg&#227;os ou sistemas que, por exigir deles um rendimento superior ao normal,
                     os p&#245;e em risco de adoecer". &#201; uma resposta ou rea&#231;&#227;o do organismo que obriga a
                     adapta&#231;&#245;es nem sempre bem toleradas ou aceitas, podendo ser agudas ou
                        cr&#244;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>. Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es
                     incluem a ansiedade, a exaust&#227;o emocional, a despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o, a inseguran&#231;a
                     emocional, medo do fracasso, estresse laboral cr&#244;nico, fatores de
                     personalidade, car&#225;ter e isolamento social, que levam &#224; depress&#227;o. O estresse
                     elevado est&#225; claramente associado com o IAM. O estresse se considera na
                     atualidade um fator de risco t&#227;o importante quanto a HAS, o tabagismo ou as
                     dislipidemias.</p>
            <p>Infelizmente, n&#227;o existem dados suficientes para se saber com certeza a
                     preval&#234;ncia de estresse elevado, depress&#227;o e outros problemas psicossociais na
                     Am&#233;rica Latina. Dados do estudo INTERHEART mencionam que, na Am&#233;rica Latina, a
                     preval&#234;ncia de estresse cr&#244;nico e de depress&#227;o seja, respectivamente, 6,8% e
                        36,7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
            <p>As respostas ao estresse produzem aumento da atividade auton&#244;mica por ativa&#231;&#227;o
                     do sistema simp&#225;tico e libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas, ocasionando um aumento da
                     frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, da contratilidade, do volume minuto e da resist&#234;ncia
                     vascular perif&#233;rica, al&#233;m de promover inibi&#231;&#227;o na secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina,
                     aumentar a libera&#231;&#227;o de glicose hep&#225;tica e de &#225;cidos graxos na corrente
                     sangu&#237;nea. Concomitantemente, ocorre incremento da aglutina&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas e
                     uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do limiar para a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>&#201; importante saber o grau de estresse e depress&#227;o que sofrem os pacientes em
                     busca de um programa de RCV, para o qual se recomenda o uso de question&#225;rios
                     padronizados, como o de depress&#227;o PHQ-9, que &#233; gr&#225;tis e dispon&#237;vel na Web. Uma
                     vez que se conhece a situa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, o mesmo deve ser encaminhado para a
                     assistente social, psic&#243;logo e/ou psiquiatra, segundo a gravidade do problema
                     emocional que apresente.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es apontam pela identifica&#231;&#227;o destes grupos de pacientes para
                     intervir de forma prematura, mediante apoio de psicoterapia e mudan&#231;as do
                     estilo de vida, n&#227;o s&#243; dirigidos ao indiv&#237;duo especificamente, mas tamb&#233;m a
                     membros da fam&#237;lia. Estas medidas podem incluir terapia de grupo, medica&#231;&#227;o
                     espec&#237;fica, atividade f&#237;sica e apoio social, tudo a cargo de profissionais
                        especializados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> (classe I, n&#237;vel de
                     evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tabagismo</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>O tabagismo &#233; a depend&#234;ncia cr&#244;nica ocasionada pelo consumo excessivo do fumo,
                     desencadeada por seu principal componente, a nicotina. O tabagismo &#233; um fator
                     de risco independente da DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>, al&#233;m de
                     ser considerado como uma das principais causas de mortalidade evit&#225;vel no
                        mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>.</p>
            <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), um fumante &#233; uma pessoa que tem
                     exercido esse h&#225;bito, diariamente, durante o &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, seja qual for a
                     quantidade de cigarros, nem que seja um s&#243;. O fumante passivo, por outro lado,
                     define-se como aquele que se exp&#245;e &#224; fuma&#231;a do fumo nas suas diferentes formas,
                     tais como cachimbo, cigarro e outros. N&#227;o h&#225; uma exposi&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima in&#243;cua &#224;
                     fuma&#231;a de cigarro: a "fuma&#231;a de segunda m&#227;o" aumenta o risco de DCV de 25% a
                        30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>.</p>
            <p>Houve mudan&#231;as significativas com a implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de zonas livres
                     de fumo, conseguidas atrav&#233;s de um conv&#234;nio hist&#243;rico da organiza&#231;&#227;o mundial da
                     sa&#250;de e pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina e Caribe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo nesta zona se situa ao redor de 31%
                     para homens e 17% para as mulheres, a qual nos motiva a seguir trabalhando em
                     prol de melhorias nesta situa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>O objetivo geral &#233; conseguir a suspens&#227;o completa do consumo de cigarro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>. Isto implica que os programas de RCV e de preven&#231;&#227;o
                     secund&#225;ria incluam medidas integrais de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, al&#233;m de se
                     educar o cidad&#227;o fumante, promovendo e implementando medidas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica
                     relacionadas &#224; supress&#227;o do h&#225;bito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>
                     (IB).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>Toda hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica deve incluir o diagn&#243;stico de tabagismo, de acordo com a
                     defini&#231;&#227;o acima. H&#225; que se verificar ainda se existe exposi&#231;&#227;o ambiental,
                     medi&#231;&#227;o de depend&#234;ncia f&#237;sica, interesse de abandono, fazer um plano e manter
                     seguimento e retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>.</p>
            <p>Algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo s&#227;o:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar question&#225;rio de rotina sobre h&#225;bitos de fumar;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Indicar a quantidade de fumo consumido e as tentativas para parar de
                           fumar;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Classificar a escala de adi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, psicol&#243;gica, social, gestual e
                           depend&#234;ncia da nicotina (testes de Fagerstrom, de teste Glover e de
                              Nilson)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Identificar a fase de interesse de abandono segundo Prochazka and
                           Diclemente (Pr&#233;-contempla&#231;&#227;o, Contempla&#231;&#227;o, Prepara&#231;&#227;o, A&#231;&#227;o,
                              Manuten&#231;&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Estabelecer conversa&#231;&#227;o para gerar consci&#234;ncia (IA);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Acompanhar o processo para parar de fumar ("5As"): <bold>Indague</bold>
                           sobre o estado de fumador; <bold>Aconselhe</bold> que pare;
                              <bold>Analise</bold> os desejos para tentar parar de fumar;
                              <bold>Ajude</bold> no intento de parar; e <bold>Marque</bold> pr&#243;xima
                              consulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Oferecer ajuda independentemente da motiva&#231;&#227;o do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Gerar interven&#231;&#245;es que permitam ao paciente avan&#231;ar nas fases de
                           interesse de abandono do cigarro;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Oferecer e orientar as terapias farmacol&#243;gicas para a cessa&#231;&#227;o de
                           tabagismo (troca de nicotina, Bupropiona, Vareniclina e/ou combina&#231;&#245;es
                              correspondentes)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>. Embora o
                           uso de medicamentos para auxiliar os fumantes a deixarem de fumar tenha
                           sido utilizado em pacientes cardiovasculares, sua prescri&#231;&#227;o deve ser
                           deixada a cargo do cardiologista respons&#225;vel;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar terapias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, tais como:</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Assessoria pr&#225;tica (resolu&#231;&#227;o de problemas/treinamento de
                                 habilidades);</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Apoio psicol&#243;gico e social como parte do tratamento;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- A terapia de grupo &#233; cerca de duas vezes mais eficaz que terapias
                                 de autoajuda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Estabelecer estrat&#233;gia de acompanhamento e seguimento integral
                                 para o paciente.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>O alcance do manejo total para a cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo nos programas de RCV
                     representa uma oportunidade para o resto dos integrantes do n&#250;cleo familiar.
                     Desta forma, evitar-se-ia o in&#237;cio do consumo de cigarro (filhos, netos,
                     irm&#227;os, outros familiares) e/ou at&#233; considerar sua completa erradica&#231;&#227;o do
                     n&#250;cleo familiar (IB).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dislipidemia</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e fatos</title>
            <p>As dislipidemias s&#227;o um fator de risco maior para o desenvolvimento de
                     aterosclerose. Cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 1% no valor de prote&#237;nas de baixa densidade
                     (LDL) se traduz em uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 1% de ocorrerem eventos
                     cardiovasculares futuros. Um aumento de 1% nas lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade
                     (HDL) est&#225; associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 2 a 4%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; de
                     42%, segundo o estudo INTERHEART, comparado com 32% de preval&#234;ncia dos outros
                     pa&#237;ses participantes do estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
          <p>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco:</p>
          <p>De acordo com a guia para o tratamento das dislipidemias no adulto, <italic>Adult
                     Treatment Panel</italic> III (ATP-III)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>, definem a classifica&#231;&#227;o de LDL, HDL e colesterol total segundo seus
                  valores plasm&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Tabela 10</xref>). Este
                  documento tamb&#233;m tem identificado no LDL o primeiro objetivo de tratamento (classe
                  I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t30">
            <label>Tabela 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de HDL, LDL e colesterol total segundo ATP III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 200 Desej&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>200-240 Limite alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 240 Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 100 &#211;timo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>100-130 Desej&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>130-160 Limite alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 160 Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 190 Muito alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 40 Baixo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 60 Desej&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa
                           densidade; ATP III: guia para o tratamento das dislipidemias no adulto,
                           Adult Treatment Panel III.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O ATP-III identificou categorias de risco segundo a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de outros
                  fatores de risco. A presen&#231;a de DCV ou outras formas cl&#237;nicas de aterosclerose,
                  ditas categorias de risco, determina a meta de LDL-C que se deve alcan&#231;ar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Tabela 11</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t31">
            <label>Tabela 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Objetivos, n&#237;veis, mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e tratamento nas
                        diferentes categorias de LDL, segundo ATP III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Categoria de risco</th>
                  <th>Objetivo LDL (mg/dl)</th>
                  <th>N&#237;veis de LDL para in&#237;cio de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida (mg/dl)</th>
                  <th>N&#237;veis de LDL para iniciar tratamento farmacol&#243;gico (mg/dl)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Risco de DC ou equivalente a DC (risco em 10 anos &gt;
                              20% )</td>
                  <td>&lt; 100</td>
                  <td>&#8805; 100</td>
                  <td>&#8805; 130 (100-129: opcional)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="4" align="left">+2 fatores de risco (risco em 10 anos &#8804;
                              20%)</td>
                  <td rowspan="4">&lt; 130</td>
                  <td rowspan="4">&#8805; 130</td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Risco 10 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>10-20% : &#8805; 130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Risco 10 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&lt; 10%: &#8805; 160</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">0-1 fatores de risco</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&lt; 160</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#8805; 160</td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8805; 190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>(160-189: opcional)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; DC: doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Fica ainda por definir se as metas de colesterol LDL, em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria,
                  seguir&#227;o sendo as mesmas, dado os resultados do estudo Jupiter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>, no qual se randomizou para tratamento com
                  rosuvastatina ou placebo pacientes sem doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria que apresentavam valores
                  de LDL menor de 130 mg/dl e prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) ultrassens&#237;vel maiores do que
                  2 mg/l. O referido estudo foi finalizado antes do tempo por ter exibido um
                  benef&#237;cio claro a favor do grupo tratado com rosuvastatina, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o
                  de 44% no objetivo prim&#225;rio (desfecho combinado) de reduzir morte cardiovascular,
                  acidente vascular encef&#225;lico n&#227;o fatal, IAM n&#227;o fatal, angina inst&#225;vel ou
                  revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
          <p>Como j&#225; mencionado previamente, estratificar o risco global do paciente define os
                  objetivos de LDL que devem ser alcan&#231;ados de acordo com a categoria de risco. Para
                  conseguir as referidas metas, muitas vezes devemos ser agressivos no tratamento.
                  As op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas s&#227;o:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas: redu&#231;&#227;o de carboidratos simples e em geral, da
                        ingest&#227;o de gorduras saturadas e trans, e do peso em caso de obesidade, al&#233;m
                        de incremento da atividade f&#237;sica (classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B). O
                        exerc&#237;cio de tipo aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada &#233; considerado de maior
                        impacto sobre os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, em menor medida sobre o HDL e
                        menos ainda sobre o LDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Medidas farmacol&#243;gicas: a meta prim&#225;ria no manejo de dislipidemias &#233;
                        conseguir uma redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel LDL de acordo com as metas descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Tabela 11</xref>. As estatinas s&#227;o as drogas
                        mais utilizadas pelo impacto sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco. Al&#233;m destas drogas,
                        existem outras, tais como a niacina, fibratos, resinas e a ezetimiba<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Outras metas de tratamento:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>No caso de o valor de triglic&#233;rides estar entre 200 a 499 mg/dl, e depois
                        que a meta de LDL for alcan&#231;ada, pode-se aceitar a adi&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o para
                        se chegar &#224; meta de colesterol n&#227;o HDL (classe I; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B), o
                        qual deve ser menor que o valor de LDL+ 30. Isto pode ser conseguido
                        intensificando a terapia com estatinas e somando &#225;cido nicot&#237;nico ou
                           fibratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>. Caso os triglic&#233;rides
                        sejam &gt; 500 mg/dl, deve-se priorizar a redu&#231;&#227;o de seu valor como primeiro
                        objetivo, a fim de diminuir o risco de pancreatite (classe I, n&#237;vel de
                        evid&#234;ncia C).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Outro objetivo importante &#233; aumentar os valores de HDL, particularmente em
                        pacientes com valores de HDL extremadamente baixos e DCV ateroscler&#243;tica.
                        Pode-se utilizar niacina, a qual deve ser iniciada com dose baixa (500 mg) e
                        aumentada de acordo com a toler&#226;ncia (at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima de 2 g). As
                        estatinas tamb&#233;m aumentam os valores de HDL, mas em menor percentagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>. A evid&#234;ncia apoiada no uso de
                        f&#225;rmacos para aumentar o HDL n&#227;o &#233; forte, sendo que estudos recentes t&#234;m
                        questionado o uso de niacina com este prop&#243;sito, enquanto outros t&#234;m
                        demonstrado que a eleva&#231;&#227;o de HDL, utilizando inibidores da CTP, pode
                        inclusive aumentar a mortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e fatos</title>
            <p>Um dos problemas mais frequentes no atendimento m&#233;dico prim&#225;rio &#233; a falta de
                     detec&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e controle da HAS, a qual &#233;, sem d&#250;vida, um dos fatores de
                     risco com maior impacto nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
            <p>A preval&#234;ncia mundial &#233; de aproximadamente um bilh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos, causando
                     algo em torno de 7,1 milh&#245;es de mortes ao ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>. Na Am&#233;rica Latina, 13% das mortes podem ser atribu&#237;das &#224; HAS. De
                     acordo com o estudo INTERHEART<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, a
                     preval&#234;ncia de HAS na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; de 29,1%, mais alta que os 20,8%
                     encontrados nos outros pa&#237;ses participantes. O problema da HAS tamb&#233;m &#233; que,
                     aproximadamente, 30% dos adultos desconhecem serem portadores desta
                     enfermidade. Mais de 40% dos hipertensos n&#227;o est&#227;o tratados e dois ter&#231;os n&#227;o
                     t&#234;m os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados (n&#237;veis menores de 140/90 mmHg).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t32">Tabela 12</xref> mostra a classifica&#231;&#227;o da
                     HAS segundo os lineamentos do VII Relat&#243;rio do Comit&#234; Nacional Conjunto (JNC
                     VII) para adultos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o
                     est&#225; baseada na m&#233;dia de duas ou mais medidas de PA, efetuadas na posi&#231;&#227;o
                     sentado em duas ou mais visitas.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t32">
              <label>Tabela 12</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial em adultos segundo JNC VII<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA</th>
                    <th>PAS (mmHg)</th>
                    <th>PAD (mmHg)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Normal</td>
                    <td>&lt; 120</td>
                    <td>&lt; 80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                    <td>120-139</td>
                    <td>80-89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                    <td>140-159</td>
                    <td>90-99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 160</td>
                    <td>&gt; 100</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o
                              arterial diast&#243;lica; mmHg: mil&#237;metro de merc&#250;rio</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>O objetivo de tratamento para os hipertensos sem outras patologias associadas &#233;
                     PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg (classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A). J&#225; em pacientes
                     hipertensos com doen&#231;a renal ou DM, o objetivo da PA &#233; &lt; 130/80 mmHg, embora
                     estudos recentes tenham demonstrado que conseguir tais n&#237;veis de controle,
                     provavelmente, n&#227;o seja t&#227;o crucial para reduzir o risco de DCV,
                     particularmente em diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>Para conseguir as metas, &#233; fundamental implementar mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida
                        (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t33">Tabela 13</xref>). Tais condutas devem ser
                     recomendadas tamb&#233;m &#224;s pessoas normotensas com carga gen&#233;tica hipertensiva (p.
                     ex., ambos pais com idade &lt; do que 60 anos medicados para HAS).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t33">
              <label>Tabela 13</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Modifica&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida para prevenir e manejar a hipertens&#227;o
                              arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">Medida</th>
                    <th>Objetivo</th>
                    <th>Redu&#231;&#227;o da PA</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o do peso</td>
                    <td>Manter IMC &lt; 24,9</td>
                    <td>5-20 mmHg/10kg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Ado&#231;&#227;o de dieta DASH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
                    <td>Dieta rica em frutas, vegetais e baixa em gorduras totais e
                                 saturadas.</td>
                    <td>8-14 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de s&#243;dio</td>
                    <td>Consumir &lt; 2,4 g/dia de s&#243;dio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></td>
                    <td>2-8 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica</td>
                    <td>30-45 minutos/dia (a maior quantidade de dias por semana)</td>
                    <td>4-9 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td rowspan="2" align="left">Modera&#231;&#227;o do consumo de &#225;lcool<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">***</xref></td>
                    <td style="border-bottom-style:hidden">N&#227;o mais que duas por&#231;&#245;es de
                                 &#225;lcool por dia (30 ml) em homens. Ex.: 700 ml de cerveja, 300 ml de
                                 vinho ou 60-90 ml de whisky</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">2-4 mmHg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td>N&#227;o mais de uma por&#231;&#227;o (15 ml) em mulheres e pessoas de baixo
                                 peso</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN16">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>Dieta DASH: Tend&#234;ncia diet&#233;tica para deter a hipertens&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN17">
                  <label>**</label>
                  <p>A Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana do Cora&#231;&#227;o recomenda um consumo di&#225;rio de s&#243;dio
                              menor de 1500 mg.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN18">
                  <label>***</label>
                  <p>N&#227;o se recomenda que uma pessoa abst&#234;mia inicie o consumo de &#225;lcool
                              como maneira de controlar a hipertens&#227;o.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn>
                  <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; kg: kilograma;
                              mmHg: mil&#237;metro de merc&#250;rio; g: grama.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Quanto ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, os ideais s&#227;o aqueles com predom&#237;nio dos
                     componentes din&#226;micos. Seus benef&#237;cios come&#231;am a partir da terceira semana ap&#243;s
                     iniciados. Os exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a muscular n&#227;o t&#234;m demonstrado benef&#237;cio sobre
                     a HAS como m&#233;todo isolado, j&#225; que devem somar-se aos exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos
                     (classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>.</p>
            <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso, uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PA deve ser considerada
                     a meta do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da HAS, independentemente do f&#225;rmaco
                     utilizado. Como &#233; habitual na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, a decis&#227;o de come&#231;ar
                     com tratamento medicamentoso depende do risco global do paciente. J&#225; que a
                     maioria dos pacientes hipertensos requerer&#225; dois ou mais medicamentos
                     anti-hipertensivos para conseguir o controle da press&#227;o arterial, a adi&#231;&#227;o de
                     um segundo f&#225;rmaco de uma classe diferente deveria ser indicada quando, apesar
                     do uso de um agente individual em adequadas doses, a PA esteja mais de 20 mmHg
                     acima da meta da PAS ou mais de 10 mmHg acima da meta da PAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diabetes melito</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>Denomina-se diabetes melito (DM) uma desordem metab&#243;lica de m&#250;ltiplas
                     etiologias, caracterizada por hiperglicemia cr&#244;nica com dist&#250;rbios no
                     metabolismo dos carboidratos, gorduras e prote&#237;nas, que resulta em defeitos na
                     secre&#231;&#227;o e/ou na a&#231;&#227;o da insulina.</p>
            <p>A principal causa de morte da pessoa com DM tipo 2 &#233; cardiovascular e,
                     portanto, prevenir a DCV implica um manejo integral de todos os fatores de
                     risco. Todos os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, exceto o h&#225;bito de fumar,
                     s&#227;o mais frequentes nos diab&#233;ticos e o seu impacto sobre a DCV tamb&#233;m &#233;
                        maior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>. Ao redor de 25,1 milh&#245;es de
                     pessoas padecem de DM tipo 2, cifra correspondente a 8,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta
                     na Am&#233;rica Latina, conforme censo de 2011. Estima-se que esta cifra chegar&#225; a
                     alcan&#231;ar aproximadamente 40 milh&#245;es de pessoas (60% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta) nos
                     pr&#243;ximos 20 anos. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante mencionar que, atualmente, 15,1
                     milh&#245;es de pessoas (5,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta) sofrem de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose,
                     situa&#231;&#227;o que deve ser tomada como alerta para determinar medidas mais
                     eficientes para a preven&#231;&#227;o deste flagelo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref> (<italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic>).</p>
            <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico da DM, segundo a Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana da Diabetes (ADA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>, podem ser utilizados quaisquer um dos
                     seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Valores de HbA1c &#8805; 6,5.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sintomas de DM mais uma glicemia casual medida em plasma venoso igual ou
                           maior que 200 mg/dl (11,1 mmol/l).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Glicemia em jejum, medida, igual ou maior que 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Glicemia medida em plasma venoso igual ou maior que 200 mg/dl (11,1
                           mmol/l) duas horas depois de uma carga de glicose, durante um teste de
                           toler&#226;ncia oral &#224; glicose (TTOG).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico na pessoa assintom&#225;tica &#233; essencial ter pelo menos um
                     resultado positivo de glicemia igual ou maior que as cifras dos crit&#233;rios 3 e
                     4.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>Recomenda-se estrito controle da glicemia (classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A)
                        (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t34">Tabela 14</xref>). O Estudo Prospectivo
                     Ingl&#234;s sobre DM (UKPDS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> e o Estudo
                     sobre o Controle e Complica&#231;&#245;es da DM (DCCT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref> mostraram que a rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre a hemoglobina glicosilada
                     est&#225;vel (HbA1c) e o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, sem poder identificar um n&#237;vel em
                     que o risco desapare&#231;a. Atualmente, a meta terap&#234;utica de n&#237;veis da HbA1c &#233;
                     menor que 8%, podendo ser inferior a 7% em pacientes coronariopatas jovens. O
                     estudo ACCORD demonstrou que, em pacientes com DM tipo 2, n&#227;o existe benef&#237;cio
                     adicional quando se reduz a HbA1c a n&#237;veis estrito baixos (menor que 6,5%) e
                     que, pelo contr&#225;rio, poder-se-ia aumentar a mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t34">
              <label>Tabela 14</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Metas para o controle dos par&#226;metros de controle glic&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">N&#237;vel</th>
                    <th>Normal</th>
                    <th>Adequado</th>
                    <th>Inadequado</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>Baixo</td>
                    <td>Alto</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Glicemia jejum</td>
                    <td>&lt; 100 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">(1)</xref></td>
                    <td>70-100</td>
                    <td>&#8805; 120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Glicemia 1-2 horas p&#243;s-prandial</td>
                    <td>&lt; 140</td>
                    <td>70-140 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">(2)</xref></td>
                    <td>&#8805; 180</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 6 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">(3)</xref></td>
                    <td>&lt;6,5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">(4)</xref></td>
                    <td>&#8805; 7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">(4)</xref></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN19">
                  <label>(1)</label>
                  <p>O risco de hipoglicemia aumenta significativamente quando se mant&#234;m
                              n&#237;veis dentro da faixa de uma pessoa n&#227;o diab&#233;tica, mediante o uso de
                              hipoglicemiantes. O risco deve ser evitado em idosos, permitindo metas
                              menos estritas.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN20">
                  <label>(2)</label>
                  <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o a limites normais da glicemia p&#243;s-prandial costuma ter menor
                              risco de hipoglicemia. Por este motivo, ela &#233; tamb&#233;m uma meta
                              adequada.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN21">
                  <label>(3)</label>
                  <p>A HbA1c normal tamb&#233;m pode ser definida como o valor m&#233;dio para a
                              popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o diab&#233;tica de refer&#234;ncia. + 2 desvios-padr&#227;o, usando-se o
                              m&#233;todo de referencia do DCCT que &#233; de 6,1%. A faixa normal n&#227;o &#233; a
                              meta terap&#234;utica em pacientes com DM.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN22">
                  <label>(4)</label>
                  <p>Com os novos tratamentos, j&#225; &#233; poss&#237;vel obter e talvez manter uma
                              HbA1c quase normal. Embora todas as Associa&#231;&#245;es Internacionais de DM
                              concordem que se deve tratar de alcan&#231;ar esta meta, a maioria prop&#245;e
                              que se baixe a menos de 7% e que um valor mais alto j&#225; obriga a atuar
                              para iniciar ou mudar uma terapia.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn>
                  <p>Os valores de glicemia est&#227;o expressos em mg/dl (para converter a
                              mmol/l, dividi-los por 18).</p>
                  <p>HbA1c: hemoglobina glicosilada.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>O tratamento da DM inclui medidas farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas. As
                     medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas compreendem tr&#234;s aspectos b&#225;sicos: plano de
                     alimenta&#231;&#227;o, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso no obeso, em pacientes com DM e
                     sobrepeso, continua sendo o &#250;nico tratamento integral capaz de controlar
                     simultaneamente a maioria dos problemas metab&#243;licos da pessoa com DM tipo 2
                     (classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C). Deve-se iniciar tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em
                     toda pessoa com DM tipo 2 que n&#227;o tenha alcan&#231;ado as metas do controle nos
                     n&#237;veis de glicemia mediante as mudan&#231;as terap&#234;uticas no estilo de vida.</p>
            <p>Na sec&#231;&#227;o de Popula&#231;&#245;es Especiais, est&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#245;es adicionais para a
                     reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de pacientes diab&#233;ticos.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica representa em um aglomerado de fatores de risco que
                     incluem obesidade central, PA elevada, n&#237;veis elevados de triglic&#233;rides,
                     glicose e HDL baixo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t35">Tabela 15</xref>). A
                     fisiopatologia desta s&#237;ndrome &#233; constitu&#237;da pela resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Isto
                     significa que o metabolismo da glicose a n&#237;vel celular est&#225; alterado e se faz
                     necess&#225;ria maior quantidade de insulina para metabolizar a mesma quantidade de
                     glicose. Dito de outra forma: existe uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dos
                     tecidos perif&#233;ricos, principalmente o m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da insulina,
                     produzindo-se ent&#227;o uma hiperinsulinemia secund&#225;ria. Os pacientes com esta
                     s&#237;ndrome t&#234;m duas vezes mais risco de sofrer um evento cardiovascular e cinco
                     vezes mais risco de desenvolver DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>. Al&#233;m das
                     anomalias metab&#243;licas descritas, ultimamente se demonstrou que esta s&#237;ndrome &#233;
                     acompanhada por um aumento do inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio (PAI-1),
                     que provoca aumento potencial da trombog&#234;nese e, portanto, um elemento a mais
                     que se soma ao risco de se sofrer um IAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t35">
              <label>Tabela 15</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica segundo ATP III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="left">
                    <th>Deve cumprir pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes cinco componentes:</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Obesidade central: per&#237;metro da cintura &gt; 102 cm em homens e
                                 &gt; 88 cm em mulheres</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Triglic&#233;rides elevados: &#8805; 150 mg/dl ou em tratamento
                                 farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; HDL baixo: &lt; 40 mg/dl em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl em mulheres
                                 ou em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Aumento da tens&#227;o arterial: PA sist&#243;lica &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou PA
                                 diast&#243;lica &#8805; 85 mmHg ou tratamento de hipertens&#227;o previamente
                                 diagnosticada</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Altera&#231;&#227;o da glicemia em jejum: glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum 110
                                 mg/dl [&#8805; 100 mg/dl] ou DM tipo 2 previamente diagnosticado</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>ATP III: guia para o tratamento das dislipidemias no adulto, Adult
                              Treatment Panel III; PA: press&#227;o arterial; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta
                              densidade; DM: diabetes melito.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir as metas propostas para cada componente da s&#237;ndrome;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Medir o per&#237;metro de cintura em todos os pacientes;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conscientizar o paciente sobre a forte influ&#234;ncia que exerce a mudan&#231;a do
                           estilo de vida nesta s&#237;ndrome.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro de cintura;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Exerc&#237;cio predominantemente aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada, que procure
                           atingir 80% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (segundo teste de exerc&#237;cio),
                           assim como exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia com repeti&#231;&#245;es frequentes e s&#233;ries
                           que exercitem diversos grupos musculares;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Reduzir a ingest&#227;o de a&#231;&#250;car agregada, de bebidas adocicadas e de
                           carboidratos simples.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para reiniciar a atividade sexual posterior a eventos
                     cardiovasculares</title>
            <p>A falta de confian&#231;a para realizar a atividade sexual, diminui&#231;&#227;o da libido,
                     disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e transtornos na ejacula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o pontos importantes a
                     considerar ap&#243;s um evento cardiovascular. A orienta&#231;&#227;o e o manejo terap&#234;utico
                     devem iniciar-se desde as primeiras fases dos programas de RCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>. A seguir, citamos algumas das
                     recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Se o paciente &#233; capaz de alcan&#231;ar 6 METs de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico num teste de
                           esfor&#231;o, ou o correspondente nas atividades do dia a dia, n&#227;o deve ter
                           restri&#231;&#245;es para atividade sexual, j&#225; que nem a dura&#231;&#227;o ou a intensidade
                           do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, durante a atividade sexual, s&#227;o o suficientemente
                           arriscados para provocar complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#201; aconselh&#225;vel prevenir o consumo excessivo de alimentos e bebidas
                           alco&#243;licas algumas horas antes da atividade sexual.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Recomenda-se realizar a atividade sexual com m&#233;todo apropriado, no qual o
                           paciente se sinta tranquilo e com uma boa disposi&#231;&#227;o para realizar a
                           atividade. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; aconselh&#225;vel adotar posturas que n&#227;o resultem em
                           um esfor&#231;o exagerado do paciente. &#201; importante que o paciente saiba que a
                           maior parte dos infartos do mioc&#225;rdio relacionados &#224; atividade sexual
                           parecem ocorrer em situa&#231;&#245;es de infidelidade conjugal e/ou em uso
                           concomitante de drogas ou em o paciente vivenciando epis&#243;dios de alto
                           n&#237;vel de estresse.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A orienta&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica &#233; pe&#231;a fundamental na recupera&#231;&#227;o da confian&#231;a
                           do paciente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O uso de sildenafil e outros inibidores da fosfodiesterase n&#227;o est&#227;o
                           contraindicados em pacientes cardiovasculares, a menos que exista angina
                           classe IV, estenose valvular grave ou arritmias ventriculares
                           persistentes. Tais medicamentos est&#227;o tamb&#233;m contraindicados se o
                           paciente usa nitroglicerina ou outros nitratos de maneira regular.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IV - REABILITA&#199;&#195;O CARDIOVASCULAR EM POPULA&#199;&#213;ES ESPECIAIS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em adultos com menos de 55 anos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>As patologias que geram a indica&#231;&#227;o de RCV neste tipo de paciente correspondem,
                     em sua maioria, a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de
                     revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, angioplastia, manejo m&#233;dico de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria,
                     seguido de valvopatias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiopatia cong&#234;nita).</p>
            <p>Este grupo et&#225;rio tem caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias que geram algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es
                     espec&#237;ficas adicionais, somadas &#224;s descritas em cada uma das patologias
                     mencionadas. Tais caracter&#237;sticas incluem: maior probabilidade de estarem
                     economicamente ativos, com atividades que podem requerer esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos
                     significativos; uma maior probabilidade de ter filhos em casa com as
                     responsabilidades que isso implica; alta probabilidade de que os rendimentos
                     financeiros sejam reduzidos durante o epis&#243;dio agudo. Tudo isto gera barreiras
                     importantes, tanto para o acesso aos programas de RCV, quanto para a manuten&#231;&#227;o
                     deles, al&#233;m de dificuldades na ades&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e ao tratamento
                     farmacol&#243;gico em geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Diminuir as barreiras de acesso aos programas de RCV;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fomentar e favorecer as estrat&#233;gias que permitam melhorar a manuten&#231;&#227;o
                           nos programas de RCV;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Implementar estrat&#233;gias que consigam o conhecimento e a compreens&#227;o dos
                           h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis, da prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e da import&#226;ncia do uso de
                              medicamentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es dentro do programa de RCV em geral s&#227;o as mesmas que se
                     realizam para cada patologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em idosos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>Com frequ&#234;ncia, os idosos, definidos como aqueles com idade superior a 65 anos
                     de idade, s&#227;o exclu&#237;dos dos programas de RCV, por&#233;m, s&#227;o conhecidos os
                     benef&#237;cios obtidos em fun&#231;&#227;o da melhoria da capacidade funcional, qualidade de
                     vida e modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco nesta faixa et&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>. &#201; uma popula&#231;&#227;o com um n&#237;vel de capacidade f&#237;sica
                     reduzida, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da flexibilidade, que apresenta altera&#231;&#227;o dos sentidos
                     e diminui&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio. Nesse cen&#225;rio, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es
                     espec&#237;ficas t&#234;m um papel primordial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Estimular o encaminhamento dos idosos para os programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                           card&#237;aca;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Minimizar as barreiras para a assist&#234;ncia e perman&#234;ncia no programa;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Manejar as comorbidades de forma integral;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Alcan&#231;ar maior grau de independ&#234;ncia, autocuidado e adapta&#231;&#227;o social;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fomentar exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia para prevenir ou reverter
                           sarcopenia;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Considerar a possibilidade de que exista certa deteriora&#231;&#227;o cognitiva que
                           possa representar um desafio na aprendizagem de t&#233;cnicas de exerc&#237;cio,
                           dieta e outros princ&#237;pios inclu&#237;dos no programa de RCV.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Enfatizar a motiva&#231;&#227;o pela aprendizagem, n&#227;o s&#243; de exerc&#237;cios, como
                           tamb&#233;m pela informa&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; sua doen&#231;a;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Considerar que se devem repetir ordens, indica&#231;&#245;es e precau&#231;&#245;es;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Incluir exerc&#237;cios que favore&#231;am o autocuidado;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Combinar o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico com prescri&#231;&#227;o individual e exerc&#237;cios de
                           alongamento, flexibilidade, coordena&#231;&#227;o e equil&#237;brio. Prescrever
                           exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia com baixa carga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref> e m&#250;ltiplas repeti&#231;&#245;es, abrangendo diversos grupos
                           musculares.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e fatos</title>
            <p>As patologias com indica&#231;&#227;o de RCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o correspondem &#224;s derivadas de
                     cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, com ou sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, al&#233;m da s&#237;ncope
                     neurocardiog&#234;nica. H&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que a atividade f&#237;sica regular pode ser
                     ben&#233;fica, inclusive em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita complexa, obtendo-se
                     mudan&#231;as significativas na capacidade funcional, comportamento, autocuidado e o
                     estado emocional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Diminuir as barreiras de inclus&#227;o deste grupo de pacientes;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Considerar o componente educativo relacionado aos h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Alcan&#231;ar o maior n&#237;vel de autocuidado e adapta&#231;&#227;o ao contexto familiar e
                           social do paciente.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Orientar e motivar a atividade f&#237;sica recreativa de predile&#231;&#227;o do
                           paciente e que cumpra com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para cada
                           patologia e estado cl&#237;nico;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es de nutri&#231;&#227;o devem contemplar tanto a idade dos
                           pacientes, a etapa de crescimento em que se encontram, assim como a
                           patologia de base, pelo qual &#233; muito importante incluir assessoria e
                           acompanhamento de especialistas em nutri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em mulheres</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>Existe limita&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas nas mulheres, pois elas se
                     encontram sub-representadas nos estudos cl&#237;nicos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual de RCV para as mulheres em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; classe
                     I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A (mulheres com evento coron&#225;rio agudo recente,
                     interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a cardiovascular)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>.</p>
            <p>Na maioria dos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, a DCV ocupa os primeiros lugares de
                     morbidade, por&#233;m, &#233; reconhecido que, em m&#233;dia, menos de 10% do total de
                     participantes em programas de RCV s&#227;o mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>.</p>
            <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, existem algumas
                     caracter&#237;sticas que podem ter diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero, como ocorre com a
                     inatividade f&#237;sica, estresse e DM. Sabe-se que as mulheres chegam com mais
                     idade aos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (com uma m&#233;dia de 10 anos a mais),
                     al&#233;m de manifestarem maior ansiedade que os homens e de terem condicionamento
                     f&#237;sico menor, assim como um maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades e pior qualidade de
                     vida. Em geral, os benef&#237;cios dos programas de RCV s&#227;o similares aos dos
                     homens, embora alguns estudos sugiram que, nas mulheres, haja maior impacto da
                     classe funcional na qualidade de vida. Ainda assim, a perman&#234;ncia no programa &#233;
                     menos prov&#225;vel que a dos homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Aumentar a participa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres com DCV nos programas de RCV;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Aumentar a perman&#234;ncia das mulheres no programa de RCV;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Manter os h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis posteriores &#224; sa&#237;da do programa de RCV.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual de atividade f&#237;sica para mulheres &#233; 30 minutos di&#225;rios de
                     5 a 7 dias por semana, aumentando para 60 a 90 minutos de atividade moderada
                     durante a maioria dos dias da semana. O exerc&#237;cio deve incluir atividades de
                     resist&#234;ncia, equil&#237;brio, coordena&#231;&#227;o, flexibilidade e alongamento (classe I,
                     n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
            <p>Al&#233;m disso, deve-se:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Ajustar a prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio &#224;s comorbidades da paciente;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Colocar a paciente em um grupo compat&#237;vel para realizar as sess&#245;es de
                           exerc&#237;cio;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Levar em conta os sintomas at&#237;picos que podem apresentar;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Determinar durante as sess&#245;es, o tipo de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico com o qual
                           mais se identifica a paciente e assim favorecer sua realiza&#231;&#227;o como parte
                           da sua rotina independente do programa (caminhada, dan&#231;a, ciclismo,
                           nata&#231;&#227;o ou outros)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com diabetes melito</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>Um adequado diagn&#243;stico e um tratamento da DM est&#227;o associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da
                     morbimortalidade. Parte do tratamento &#233; o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, o qual se deve
                     realizar de forma adequada e com os cuidados que este tipo de pacientes requer.
                     Por isso, o grupo interdisciplinar participante de um programa de RCV deve
                     conhecer a adequada abordagem de um paciente com esta patologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>O pessoal vinculado &#224; RCV deve:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Conhecer a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica do paciente diab&#233;tico, levando em conta:</p>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Presen&#231;a de comorbidades, retinopatia, neuropatia,
                                 nefropatia;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Resultados dos &#250;ltimos exames (glicemia em jejum, teste de
                                 toler&#226;ncia oral &#224; glicose, HbA1c, exame oftalmol&#243;gico, controle
                                 lip&#237;dico, etc.);</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Medica&#231;&#227;o atual do paciente, destacando especialmente aquela
                                 medica&#231;&#227;o que gera hipoglicemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t36">Tabela 16</xref>).
                                 No caso de que o paciente esteja sob tratamento com insulina, o
                                 tipo, dose e forma de administra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <table-wrap id="t36">
              <label>Tabela 16</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medica&#231;&#227;o hipoglicemiante e risco de hipoglicemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <th align="left">Neutra</th>
                    <th>Baixo</th>
                    <th>Moderado</th>
                    <th>Alto</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">&#8226; Biguanidas</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">&#8226; Tiazolidinedionas</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">&#8226; Acarbose</td>
                    <td>Metiglinidas</td>
                    <td>Sulfonilureias</td>
                    <td>Insulina</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">&#8226; An&#225;logos de GLP-1 e Gliptinas</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>GLP-1: pept&#237;deo similar ao glucag&#243;n tipo 1 DDP4.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Conhecer hist&#243;ria de hipoglicemia pr&#233;via: Frequ&#234;ncia, circunst&#226;ncias
                           associadas que possam contribuir para a apari&#231;&#227;o da hipoglicemia,
                           sintomas, tratamento de hipoglicemias pr&#233;vias (uso de carboidratos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>. Recomenda-se que cada centro gere protocolos
                           pr&#243;prios de monitoramento glic&#234;mico, desenvolva pol&#237;ticas e procedimentos
                           adequados, adaptados a cada institui&#231;&#227;o;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conhecer o uso do automonitoramento glic&#234;mico: Frequ&#234;ncia e momento do
                           dia do automonitoramento glic&#234;mico, interpreta&#231;&#227;o e tratamento caso seja
                              necess&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Educar o paciente acerca do cuidado com os p&#233;s: Deve-se aconselhar o
                           paciente sobre a correta higiene nos p&#233;s e a import&#226;ncia de utilizar
                           cal&#231;ado c&#244;modo para evitar a apari&#231;&#227;o de atritos, feridas, queimaduras e
                           les&#245;es que possam complicar o estado do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <p>Indica&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio:</p>
            <p>O exerc&#237;cio dever&#225; cumprir com as seguintes metas:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>A curto prazo: mudar o h&#225;bito sedent&#225;rio mediante caminhadas di&#225;rias no
                           ritmo do paciente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A m&#233;dio prazo: a frequ&#234;ncia m&#237;nima dever&#225; ser tr&#234;s vezes por semana em
                           dias alternados, com uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 30 minutos por vez.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A longo prazo: aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia, se for poss&#237;vel diariamente, e com
                           intensidade moderada, de 45 a 60 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o, conservando as
                           etapas de aquecimento, manuten&#231;&#227;o e volta a calma. Recomenda-se o
                           exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (caminhar, trotar, nadar, ciclismo, etc.)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p><italic>O exerc&#237;cio intenso ou o esporte competitivo</italic> requerem medidas
                     preventivas, tais como:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado cardiovascular em pacientes com mais de 30 anos ou
                           com DM com mais de dez anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o (h&#225; risco maior em caso de
                           existirem retinopatia proliferativa, neuropatia auton&#244;mica e outras).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Evitar exerc&#237;cio muito intenso se existir evid&#234;ncia de retinopatia
                           proliferativa.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>As pessoas insulino-dependentes devem consumir uma refei&#231;&#227;o ou merenda
                           rica em carboidratos complexos antes de iniciar o esporte e ter &#224; sua
                           disposi&#231;&#227;o uma bebida a&#231;ucarada pelo risco de hipoglicemia.
                           Eventualmente, o m&#233;dico indicar&#225; um ajuste da dose de insulina para os
                           dias da pr&#225;tica esportiva.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>N&#227;o se recomendam os exerc&#237;cios de alto risco, onde o paciente n&#227;o possa
                           receber aux&#237;lio de imediato (alpinismo, asa-delta, mergulho, entre
                           outros).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Controle do valor glic&#234;mico durante a sess&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                     cardiovascular</title>
            <p>N&#227;o existe consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia nem &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do monitoramento da
                     glicose pr&#233;via, durante ou posterior a uma sess&#227;o de RCV. Por&#233;m, &#233; &#250;til o
                     controle glic&#234;mico durante as primeiras sess&#245;es para se conhecer a resposta
                     glic&#234;mica ao exerc&#237;cio. Desta maneira, &#233; poss&#237;vel se conseguir prevenir as
                     hipoglicemias e ajustar adequadamente o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico a cada paciente,
                     definindo se &#233; necess&#225;rio o automonitoramento pr&#233;vio ou posterior a cada
                     sess&#227;o. Caso seja necess&#225;rio o monitoramento da glicose posterior ao exerc&#237;cio,
                     este deve ser tomado 15 minutos ap&#243;s o mesmo. Se o valor de glicemia obtido nas
                     primeiras sess&#245;es for &lt; 100 mg/dl ou &gt; 300 mg/dl, deve-se informar ao
                     m&#233;dico de refer&#234;ncia para que este indique o tratamento que considere adequado
                     ao paciente. Aqueles pacientes que usam insulina ou hipoglicemiantes orais que
                     possam gerar hipoglicemias devem manter uma glicemia pr&#233;via ao exerc&#237;cio maior
                     que a 100 mg/dl.</p>
            <p>Em caso de hipoglicemia:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Administrar ao paciente 15 g de carboidratos (p. ex: uma fruta ou um copo
                           bebida com a&#231;&#250;car, suco adocicado ou uma x&#237;cara de leite). Avaliar o
                           paciente 15 minutos depois da ingest&#227;o de carboidratos.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Em caso de hiperglicemias:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Paciente diab&#233;tico tipo 1 com glicemia &gt; 300 mg/dl e cetose, deve-se
                           suspender o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, dado que este pode agravar a cetose. N&#227;o &#233;
                           necess&#225;rio suspender o exerc&#237;cio, baseando-se simplesmente na
                           hiperglicemia, se a cetose for negativa.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Paciente diab&#233;tico tipo 2 com glicemia &gt; 300 mg/dl pode realizar
                           exerc&#237;cio, mas com precau&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e pontos chaves no manejo dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t37">Tabela 17</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t37">
              <label>Tabela 17</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Resumo de recomenda&#231;&#245;es/pontos chaves no manejo de pacientes
                           diab&#233;ticos em reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td>Objetivos</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Uma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es chaves para o paciente com diabetes tipo 1
                                 e diabetes tipo 2 &#233; o controle &#243;timo da glicemia; a qual tem
                                 demonstrado uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es
                                 microvasculares relacionadas &#224; diabetes<sup>97</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</td>
                    <td>&#8226; O exerc&#237;cio regular ajuda a manter n&#237;veis apropriados de
                                 glicemia e &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o classe I no manejo dos pacientes com
                                 diabetes melito<sup>73</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; O ambiente da reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#233; uma excelente
                                 oportunidade para a equipe m&#233;dica monitorar e manejar a diabetes
                                 melito, devido ao contato frequente e pr&#243;ximo que, tanto o pessoal
                                 m&#233;dico como o paciente, necessitam desenvolver</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Os exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e de for&#231;a podem desencadear
                                 hipoglicemia em pessoas com diabetes, particularmente naqueles
                                 indiv&#237;duos com controles estritos de glicemia. Isto fornece uma
                                 retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o positiva com respeito aos efeitos do exerc&#237;cio
                                 quanto ao controle da glicemia<sup>98</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Educa&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o dadas aos pacientes identificados com
                                 risco de hipoglicemia e hiperglicemia e se deve apropriadamente
                                 tratar a hipoglicemia, para, assim, evitar um consumo desnecess&#225;rio
                                 de calorias e aumento de peso<sup>99</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Diabetes &#233; um fator de risco maior para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.
                                 Pessoas com diabetes s&#227;o 2 a 4 vezes mais propensas a ter doen&#231;a
                                 cardiovascular que pessoas n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas. Al&#233;m disso, a doen&#231;a
                                 cardiovascular ocorre em pessoas mais jovens com diabetes, que
                                 tendem a desenvolver les&#245;es mais difusas. Pessoas com diabetes t&#234;m
                                 uma alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (cerca do 50%) e dislipidemia,
                                 que contribui para incrementar seu risco de doen&#231;a
                                 cardiovascular</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Pessoas com diabetes, particularmente aqueles de longa data, s&#227;o
                                 suscept&#237;veis a neuropatias auton&#244;micas e s&#227;o menos prov&#225;veis de ter
                                 sintomas, por exemplo, angina, enquanto desenvolvem um infarto do
                                 mioc&#225;rdio. Por isso, exerc&#237;cios de treinamento adaptados para o
                                 reconhecimento de sintomas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio neste tipo de
                                 paciente n&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil. Alguns pacientes podem ter extensas &#225;reas de
                                 isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio antes de desenvolver qualquer dor tor&#225;cica ou
                                 o equivalente a uma angina</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Algumas pessoas com diabetes podem desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es a
                                 longo prazo, o que torna ainda mais desafiante a reabilita&#231;&#227;o
                                 cardiovascular. Eis alguns exemplos: cegueira, nefropatias,
                                 neuropatia perif&#233;rica com diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade, doen&#231;a
                                 vascular perif&#233;rica com claudica&#231;&#227;o significativa ou amputa&#231;&#245;es de
                                 dedo(s)/membro(s), incapacidade de reduzir o ritmo card&#237;aco em
                                 resposta ao exerc&#237;cio e hipotens&#227;o
                                 ortost&#225;tica<sup>100-102</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem-se constitu&#237;do em um problema de sa&#250;de maior,
                     especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o de idade avan&#231;ada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref> . Embora a patologia prim&#225;ria da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca resulte
                     das anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, as altera&#231;&#245;es no fluxo sangu&#237;neo
                     perif&#233;rico, o metabolismo e morfologia muscular esquel&#233;tica (na sua for&#231;a e
                     resist&#234;ncia) contribuem, em grande parte, para a sintomatologia (fluxo
                     perif&#233;rico).</p>
            <p>Os resultados de estudos sistem&#225;ticos indicam que o exerc&#237;cio regular em
                     pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; seguro e se associa a um aumento de 16%
                     do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos centrais,
                     os pacientes que ingressam na RCV apresentam incremento no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pico
                     e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima.</p>
            <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico induz a uma s&#233;rie de adapta&#231;&#245;es nos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos,
                     que inclui aumento da massa muscular, aumento do conte&#250;do de mitoc&#244;ndrias,
                     incremento da atividade das enzimas oxidativas, maior extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio do
                     sangue e mudan&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o do tipo de fibras.</p>
            <p>As respostas inflamat&#243;rias e imunol&#243;gicas desempenham um papel central no
                     desenvolvimento e na progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: n&#237;veis circulantes
                     aumentados de algumas citoquinas t&#234;m sido detectados nestes pacientes. O
                     exerc&#237;cio afeta beneficamente tais marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, melhorando a
                     toler&#226;ncia &#224; atividade f&#237;sica e atenuando o processo inflamat&#243;rio. Assim,
                     produz-se uma libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores de relaxamento derivados do endot&#233;lio, cujo
                     principal representante &#233; o &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que permite maior vasodilata&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>.</p>
            <p>Os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m apresentam m&#250;ltiplas altera&#231;&#245;es
                     na fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, que pode ocorrer como resultado da for&#231;a muscular
                     diminu&#237;da, sendo esta secund&#225;ria &#224; inatividade, o que causa aumento no trabalho
                     ventilat&#243;rio, tanto em repouso quanto durante o exerc&#237;cio. Da&#237; a necessidade de
                     realizar treinamento dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios, o qual melhora o
                     fortalecimento e a resist&#234;ncia destes m&#250;sculos, contribuindo para aumentar a
                     toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios conhecidos gerados pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, os pacientes
                     com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o poucos em programas de RCV. Tais pacientes t&#234;m
                     baixa ades&#227;o a estes programas, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas que apresentam. Por
                     isso, &#233; importante aumentar a participa&#231;&#227;o e perman&#234;ncia dentro do programa.
                     Ademais, para uma mais acurada avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, assim como para
                     prescri&#231;&#227;o otimizada do exerc&#237;cio, &#233; importante contar com um teste
                     cardiopulmonar. Na aus&#234;ncia desta possibilidade, o teste ergom&#233;trico pode
                     proporcionar informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis, ainda que menos robustas que as do TCP. A
                     realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos com oximetria de pulso tamb&#233;m
                     pode contribuir para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <p>Neste tipo de pacientes, recomendam-se exerc&#237;cios predominantemente aer&#243;bicos,
                     podendo utiliz&#225;-los tanto de forma cont&#237;nua como em intervalos, com incrementos
                     leves e gradativos da frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade, regressando ao n&#237;vel pr&#233;vio
                     quando exista toler&#226;ncia reduzida ao se aumentar a intensidade. Tamb&#233;m se podem
                     realizar exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia din&#226;mica, com um alto n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es e
                     baixa carga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes portadores de valvopatias</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>A preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as valvulares tem mudado em nosso meio nas &#250;ltimas
                     d&#233;cadas. N&#227;o obstante, a patologia valvular segue tendo uma import&#226;ncia
                     relevante em qualquer servi&#231;o de cardiologia, sendo mais frequente a etiologia
                     degenerativa ou n&#227;o reum&#225;tica, persistindo com menor incid&#234;ncia as valvopatias
                        cong&#234;nitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>. Apesar de a patologia
                     valvular ser t&#227;o comum, e que, na maior parte dos casos, os sintomas t&#234;m como
                     fator desencadeante e limitante o esfor&#231;o, existem poucos trabalhos nos quais
                     se estude a resposta e limita&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes aos exerc&#237;cios.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>&#201; um desafio aumentar a participa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com valvopatias nos programas
                     de RCV. Para isso, &#233; importante conscientizar os m&#233;dicos encaminhadores sobre a
                     seguran&#231;a destes programas, j&#225; que o temor &#233; a principal causa da baixa
                     indica&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica indicada a esses pacientes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>As orienta&#231;&#245;es ou recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre o exerc&#237;cio neste grupo de pacientes se
                     dirigem fundamentalmente &#224;s les&#245;es que t&#234;m um grau moderado ou severo, j&#225; que
                     as leves e assintom&#225;ticas, sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, n&#227;o t&#234;m restri&#231;&#227;o para
                     praticar atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o competitiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t38">Tabela 18</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
                     <sup>,</sup>
                     <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t38">
              <label>Tabela 18</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em valvopatias</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr align="left">
                    <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                    <th>Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</th>
                    <th>Exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico</th>
                    <th>Exerc&#237;cio competitivo</th>
                    <th>Coment&#225;rios</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Assintom&#225;tico com boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular: exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico
                                 moderado</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Evitar</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Assintom&#225;tico com boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular: aceito em muitos casos
                                 (pr&#233;via avalia&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Pr&#233;via avalia&#231;&#227;o com teste de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4" align="left">Estenose a&#243;rtica</td>
                    <td valign="bottom">&#160;</td>
                    <td valign="bottom">&#160;</td>
                    <td valign="bottom">&#160;</td>
                    <td rowspan="3" valign="bottom">&#8226; As recomenda&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o baseadas na
                                 determina&#231;&#227;o da severidade hemodin&#226;mica da estenose</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td valign="bottom">&#8226; Estenose a&#243;rtica leve assintom&#225;tica: sem
                                 restri&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td valign="bottom">&#8226; Estenose a&#243;rtica leve assintom&#225;tica: sem
                                 restri&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td valign="bottom">&#8226; Estenose a&#243;rtica leve assintom&#225;tica: sem
                                 restri&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2" valign="top">&#8226; Estenose a&#243;rtica moderada a severa:
                                 exerc&#237;cio moderado</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" valign="top">&#8226; Estenose a&#243;rtica moderada a severa: s&#243;
                                 exerc&#237;cios com muito baixa carga</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" valign="top">&#8226; Estenose a&#243;rtica moderada a severa:
                                 evitar</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td valign="top">&#8226; Deve-se realizar teste de esfor&#231;o pr&#233;vio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                    <td align="left">Estenose mitral</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#8226; O exerc&#237;cio est&#225; muito limitado pelos sintomas.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia mitral</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Assintom&#225;ticos, ritmo sinusal, boa fun&#231;&#227;o
                                 ventricular, dimens&#227;o auricular esquerda e press&#227;o na art&#233;ria
                                 pulmonar normal, n&#227;o t&#234;m restri&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Assintom&#225;ticos, ritmo sinusal, boa fun&#231;&#227;o
                                 ventricular, dimens&#227;o auricular esquerda e press&#227;o na art&#233;ria
                                 pulmonar normal, n&#227;o t&#234;m restri&#231;&#245;es</td>
                    <td>&#8226; Assintom&#225;ticos, ritmo sinusal, boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, dimens&#227;o
                                 auricular esquerda e press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar normal, n&#227;o t&#234;m
                                 restri&#231;&#245;es.</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226; Press&#227;o atrial esquerda &gt; 60 mm, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar,
                                 disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular: evitar</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>As doen&#231;as valvulares podem ser acompanhadas de certo grau de severidade de
                     hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e, embora os pacientes possam ser beneficiados pelos
                     programas de RCV, n&#227;o existe suficiente evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica para recomendar
                     sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>A aterosclerose nos membros inferiores, chamada habitualmente doen&#231;a arterial
                     ou vascular perif&#233;rica, possui uma incid&#234;ncia anual que se calcula em 20 por
                     1.000 indiv&#237;duos maiores de 65 anos. Esta patologia gera dor isqu&#234;mica
                     (claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente) que pode provocar limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas nos indiv&#237;duos
                     afetados, com risco de perda da extremidade.</p>
            <p>A claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente dos membros inferiores se define como uma dor de
                     suficiente intensidade que obriga a interromper a caminhada. Ela &#233; causada pelo
                     exerc&#237;cio, &#233; aliviada pelo repouso e &#233; originada por doen&#231;a arterial
                        oclusiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref>.</p>
            <p>A incid&#234;ncia do sintoma na popula&#231;&#227;o geral oscila entre 0,9% e 6,9% em homens e
                     de 1% em mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref>. &#201; necess&#225;rio
                     considerar que o achado de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em um paciente n&#227;o deve ser
                     tomado como um fato isolado, sen&#227;o como a manifesta&#231;&#227;o evidente nos membros
                     inferiores de uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, que tem agredido o sistema locomotor, e
                     que, provavelmente, tal paciente tenha risco de outros eventos cardiovasculares
                     n&#227;o necessariamente relacionados a este sintoma. De fato, de 5% a 10% dos
                     pacientes ter&#227;o um evento cardiovascular n&#227;o fatal em cinco anos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>Os Programas de RCV s&#227;o parte do tratamento m&#233;dico.</p>
            <p>No momento do ingresso, os integrantes do servi&#231;o de RCV devem:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar o interrogat&#243;rio do paciente, conhecer os antecedentes pessoais
                           dos pacientes: presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares,
                           coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, medica&#231;&#227;o habitual, etc;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar e/ou solicitar um teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira ergom&#233;trica com o
                           objetivo de identificar:</p>
                <list list-type="alpha-lower">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>O limiar de aparecimento da dor isqu&#234;mica nas extremidades;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A resposta hemodin&#226;mica perif&#233;rica ao exerc&#237;cio;</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>&#201; importante repetir tal teste para avaliar a melhoria do paciente.
                     Concomitantemente, podem se realizar question&#225;rios de qualidade de vida e de
                     percep&#231;&#227;o de dor no momento do ingresso na reabilita&#231;&#227;o e depois do
                     t&#233;rmino.</p>
            <p>Em geral, 75% dos indiv&#237;duos melhoram a claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente com exerc&#237;cio
                     mais vasodilatadores perif&#233;ricos e antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, enquanto os 25%
                     restante pioram. Deles, 5% requereram uma interven&#231;&#227;o vascular e 2% sofrem uma
                        amputa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Um dos erros mais frequentes neste grupo de pacientes &#233; for&#231;&#225;-lo a
                           caminhar em um ritmo pr&#243;ximo &#224; dor m&#225;xima de claudica&#231;&#227;o. Isto abala o
                           paciente, deixa-o com desconfortos que n&#227;o cedem depois do repouso e lhe
                           tira a vontade de aderir ao programa. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es acertadas na
                           caminhada programada no claudicante seriam<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>:</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Intensidade: moderada e progressiva. Descansar por per&#237;odos breves at&#233;
                           que a dor desapare&#231;a e depois reiniciar a progress&#227;o;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Dura&#231;&#227;o: pode-se come&#231;ar com 5 minutos de caminhada intermitentes, depois
                           progredir at&#233; chegar a 50 minutos;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Tipo de exerc&#237;cio: esteira rolante e caminhada abaixo da dor m&#225;xima;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Os exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia podem somar-se aos aer&#243;bicos, mas n&#227;o
                           substitu&#237;-los;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Componentes de cada sess&#227;o: per&#237;odos de aquecimento e esfriamento, com
                           uma dura&#231;&#227;o de 5 a 10 minutos cada um, com caminhada em campo ou
                           esteira;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Frequ&#234;ncia: 3 a 5 vezes por semana. O ideal seria diariamente.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Os programas de exerc&#237;cio com caminhada s&#227;o um sucesso quando apresentam uma
                     dura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o menor que meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>Apesar de receber um cora&#231;&#227;o com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal, o receptor
                     experimenta intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio depois da cirurgia. Esta intoler&#226;ncia &#233;
                     devida &#224; aus&#234;ncia de inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica do mioc&#225;rdio, anormalidades do m&#250;sculo
                     esquel&#233;tico, desenvolvidas previamente ao transplante por conta da
                     insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular esquel&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>.</p>
            <p>Os pacientes transplantados se caracterizam por ter:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Diferen&#231;as na resposta cardiopulmonar e neuroend&#243;crina;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Elevada frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (acima de 90 batimentos por
                           minuto);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Elevada PAS e PAS em repouso, devido ao incremento da norepinefrina
                           plasm&#225;tica e aos medicamentos imunossupressores, tais como a
                           ciclosporina, f&#225;rmaco que gera um incremento da PA em repouso e durante o
                           exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir a diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal com o
                           treinamento;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir um incremento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o trabalho
                           subm&#225;ximo;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Evitar o sobrepeso ou diminuir o peso, obtendo deste modo um equil&#237;brio
                           nos efeitos colaterais da terapia imunossupressora;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir manter a PA em cifras menores a 130/80 mmHg;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Oferecer ao paciente um suporte para seu manejo psicossocial.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <p>O m&#233;dico deve avaliar o paciente com ecocardiograma para descartar derrame
                     peric&#225;rdico e avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ademais de proporcionar informa&#231;&#245;es
                     ao paciente e &#224; fam&#237;lia sobre as mudan&#231;as nas suas fun&#231;&#245;es vitais, derivadas do
                     transplante.</p>
            <p>Quanto &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, o ideal &#233; iniciar as suas caminhadas a passo lento,
                     entre 1,5 a 2 km e ir aumentando a dist&#226;ncia devagar, mantendo a percep&#231;&#227;o do
                     esfor&#231;o de acordo com a escala de Borg, entre 12-14. O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico deve
                     ser realizado no in&#237;cio com uma intensidade menor que 50% do VO<sub>2</sub> de
                     pico ou 10% abaixo do limiar anaer&#243;bico (guiado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). O
                     treinamento deve iniciar-se desde a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, seguindo na fase II entre a
                     2&#170; e 3&#170; semana p&#243;s-transplante.</p>
            <p>Deve ser interrompido o exerc&#237;cio durante o per&#237;odo de administra&#231;&#227;o de terapia
                     com pulsos esteroides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>.</p>
            <p>O exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia ser&#225; adicionado j&#225; ao se entrar na 6&#170; e 8&#170; semana.
                     Em um primeiro momento, ser&#227;o com banda el&#225;stica (2 a 3 circuitos com 10 a 12
                     repeti&#231;&#245;es, com per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o acima de um minuto entre cada circuito e
                     com intensidade de 40 a 70% da contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>).</p>
            <p>A meta &#233; chegar a fazer 5 sets de 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es com 70% da contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria
                     m&#225;xima e uma recupera&#231;&#227;o total.</p>
            <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o total do exerc&#237;cio ser&#225; de 30 a 40 minutos di&#225;rios, combinando
                     exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia e aer&#243;bicos, progredindo lentamente do aquecimento
                     at&#233; as atividades de resist&#234;ncia.</p>
            <p>Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante desenhar uma dieta para manter o peso ideal, assim como
                     para controlar o colesterol, a DM e PA, dado que estes pacientes s&#227;o muito
                     sens&#237;veis ao sal. Tamb&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;rio informar o paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o
                     de medidas para reduzir o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o depois do transplante. Um adequado
                     apoio psicossocial &#233; de muita ajuda para manejar a depress&#227;o aumentada pelo uso
                     de corticoides e o alto n&#237;vel de ansiedade gerada pelo transplante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>.</p>
            <p>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes portadores de marca-passo e
                     cardiodesfribriladores</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e fatos</title>
            <p>J&#225; foi demonstrado o benef&#237;cio destes dispositivos na diminui&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios
                     de morte s&#250;bita e na melhoria na qualidade de vida, por&#233;m, tem se descrito uma
                     importante incid&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome de ansiedade e fobias. Por esta
                     raz&#227;o, a maioria dos trabalhos de investiga&#231;&#227;o coincide quanto &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o
                     de adequado e cont&#237;nuo suporte e acompanhamento psicol&#243;gico e educativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>Devido ao fato de que as mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas do exerc&#237;cio possam aumentar a
                     probabilidade de disparo do desfibrilador (CDI), existe temor por parte do
                     grupo m&#233;dico encarregado e mesmo do paciente para realizar exerc&#237;cios. Por
                     isso, &#233; um desafio vencer esse medo e aumentar o n&#250;mero de pacientes
                        encaminhados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
            <p>Devemos conhecer antes de come&#231;ar o exerc&#237;cio:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>A patologia de base do paciente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A informa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica do marca-passo, como o tipo de sensor que adapta a
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dado que isto determinar&#225;, em alguns pacientes, a
                           resposta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao exerc&#237;cio, especialmente em pacientes
                           sem resposta cronotr&#243;pica adequada. Este fator dever&#225; ser levado em conta
                           na hora de prescrever o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, como a frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima &#224; que est&#225;
                           programada o choque do CDI.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>&#201; importante determinar os limites de exerc&#237;cio (de 10 a 20 bpm abaixo da FC
                     que est&#225; programado o choque do CDI). Mediante um teste de esfor&#231;o,
                     conheceremos a sua frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de treinamento, trabalhando com a mesma
                     75% no primeiro m&#234;s e a 85% no segundo m&#234;s.</p>
            <p>O trabalho em grupo produz grandes benef&#237;cios psicol&#243;gicos, facilita a troca de
                     experi&#234;ncias e sensa&#231;&#245;es, ajudando a perder o medo. A forma&#231;&#227;o dos grupos se
                     faz de forma paulatina, fazendo coincidir pacientes novos com outros. Estes
                     &#250;ltimos servem de guia para os novos, demonstrando-lhes que &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar
                     importantes esfor&#231;os que melhoram o n&#237;vel f&#237;sico, sem riscos de
                        complica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <p>Depender&#227;o do tipo de marca-passo implantado:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Tipo Uni-cameral (VVI) sem frequ&#234;ncia adapt&#225;vel &#174;, mas com boa resposta
                           cronotr&#243;pica: age-se de forma similar como com os pacientes
                           convencionais. Pode-se antecipar melhoria no consumo m&#225;ximo de
                              O<sub>2</sub> e no limiar anaer&#243;bico, com aumento na capacidade
                           funcional.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Tipo Uni-cameral VVI sem frequ&#234;ncia adapt&#225;vel e sem resposta
                           cronotr&#243;pica: &#233; indicado para treinamento f&#237;sico sem restri&#231;&#245;es. Por&#233;m,
                           nestes enfermos, embora melhore a capacidade funcional, existe um menor
                           incremento no consumo de O<sub>2</sub> pico e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Tipo Uni-cameral VVIR (com resposta adapt&#225;vel) se adequar&#225; &#224; frequ&#234;ncia
                           card&#237;aca do exerc&#237;cio. Por&#233;m, se o sensor do marca-passo &#233; baseado em
                           aceler&#244;metro que detecta movimento axial, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a adapta&#231;&#227;o da
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o seja adequada em exerc&#237;cios com intensidade
                           moderada ou alta que n&#227;o induzam movimento axial, como bicicleta
                           estacion&#225;ria.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Recomenda-se n&#227;o realizar exerc&#237;cios com pesos ou se elevem excessivamente os
                     bra&#231;os at&#233; pelo menos 6 semanas do implante. Deve-se manter sempre uma rela&#231;&#227;o
                     direta com o arritmologista encarregado pelo manejo do paciente, com o fim de
                     definir ajustes de programa&#231;&#227;o. Na maioria dos casos e principalmente nos
                     sobreviventes de morte s&#250;bita, os efeitos psicol&#243;gicos s&#227;o muito importantes.
                     Ser&#225; necess&#225;rio um tratamento espec&#237;fico e individualizado por parte dos
                     psic&#243;logos e psiquiatras da unidade, com o fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida
                     e o progn&#243;stico, j&#225; que existe evid&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre afeta&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica,
                     arritmias ventriculares e descargas do CDI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref>.</p>
            <p>&#201; adequado realizar um teste de funcionamento do marca-passo em cada paciente,
                     anterior ao ingresso no programa de RCV, de tal maneira que nos permita
                     monitorar com certeza os sinais vitais, sintomas em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio e
                     altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo. Al&#233;m de se considerar a programa&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo,
                     dependendo da idade e o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref> .</p>
            <p>A percentagem de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alcan&#231;ada, os METS e a sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva
                     de esfor&#231;o por parte do paciente, calculada por meio da escala de Borg,
                     servir&#227;o para determinar o c&#225;lculo da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Uma adequada
                     planifica&#231;&#227;o do treinamento trar&#225; como resultado que a melhoria na capacidade
                     funcional e na morbidade siga em rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a etiologia e a gravidade
                     da DCV subjacente. Para os pacientes que s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos em programas de RCV, um
                     dos objetivos principais &#233; dar-lhes confian&#231;a e seguran&#231;a, ante a apari&#231;&#227;o de
                     poss&#237;veis arritmias ou descargas durante o exerc&#237;cio ou durante a sua vida
                     cotidiana e ajud&#225;-los a superar seus medos e ansiedades, pela mudan&#231;a na sua
                     qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>O paciente com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca associada &#224; doen&#231;a pulmonar e est&#225;vel n&#227;o deve
                     ser exclu&#237;do de um programa</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Diretriz Sul-Americana de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</title>
            <p>de RCV, requerendo-se apenas que estejam est&#225;veis e com medica&#231;&#227;o adequada.
                     Estes pacientes desenvolvem limita&#231;&#245;es progressivas, muitas das vezes, sem
                     acometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o. A doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica danifica
                     progressivamente o tecido pulmonar e as vias a&#233;reas com o transcurso dos anos,
                     resultando finalmente em deteriora&#231;&#227;o da reserva ventilat&#243;ria de curso lento.
                     Este quadro se complica com hipoxemia e eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es vasculares
                     pulmonares levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            <p>Todos estes fatores contribuem para a sensa&#231;&#227;o de dispneia e piora da
                     capacidade ao exerc&#237;cio, o qual gera redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria. A
                     aus&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cio leva a uma perda de condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica perif&#233;rica e,
                     finalmente, &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia, aumento da fraqueza e atrofia
                     muscular, gerando uma maior diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. Por&#233;m,
                     pacientes com severa piora ventilat&#243;ria e fraqueza dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios
                     beneficiam-se significativamente da reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar intensiva. Da mesma
                     forma, a hipoxemia ao exerc&#237;cio tem sido considerada por alguns como uma
                     contraindica&#231;&#227;o para um programa de exerc&#237;cios e isto pode ser um caso
                     particular para o paciente com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria agregada, mas pode ser feita
                     com um paciente compensado e monitorizado adequadamente. &#201; desej&#225;vel contar com
                     um ox&#237;metro de pulso para medir a satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> durante o
                     exerc&#237;cio. Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 88% &#233; indica&#231;&#227;o de pausa
                        transit&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref> ou necessidade se
                     suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio durante o treinamento f&#237;sico, seja com o uso de
                     cateter nasal ou mesmo com m&#225;scara de Venturi.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir que o indiv&#237;duo tolere o programa de exerc&#237;cio prescrito;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta com o pneumologista para conseguir uma
                           medica&#231;&#227;o adequada que lhe permita realizar um programa de exerc&#237;cios;
                           Quantificar adequadamente o n&#237;vel de incapacidade para, desta forma,
                           prescrever a carga adequada de exerc&#237;cio;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir o controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir controlar a depress&#227;o e ansiedade produzidas pela sensa&#231;&#227;o de
                           dispneia;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Melhorar a resist&#234;ncia muscular e diminuir a atrofia muscular;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente mediante a melhora da capacidade
                           funcional em fun&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conseguir reduzir o per&#237;odo de descanso entre cada per&#237;odo de
                           exerc&#237;cio.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>&#201; importante a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios e cardiovasculares
                           antes de come&#231;ar com o programa. Aconselha-se realizar um exame f&#237;sico,
                           radiografia padr&#227;o de t&#243;rax, espirometria e ecocardiograma, al&#233;m de teste
                           cardiopulmonar ou a caminhada de 6 minutos. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste
                           ergom&#233;trico convencional com suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pode ser &#250;til em
                           pacientes com hipoxemia significativa em repouso ou induzida no
                           esfor&#231;o.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O exerc&#237;cio deve estar balanceado em tr&#234;s tipos de exerc&#237;cios:
                           flexibilidade, exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia e aer&#243;bicos. O alongamento &#233;
                           parte de uma rotina de exerc&#237;cios que desenvolvem flexibilidade,
                           melhorando a faixa de movimento e ajudando o aquecimento geral. Podem se
                           incluir exerc&#237;cios com peso livre, de baixa intensidade e alta
                           frequ&#234;ncia, assim como caminhadas, remo, nata&#231;&#227;o, hidrogin&#225;stica,
                           ciclismo, subir escadas e outros, capazes de produzir um n&#237;vel de
                           estresse cardiopulmonar importante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A carga inicial prescrita a partir do ponto de vista pulmonar deve ser de
                           intensidade suficientemente baixa para que o paciente n&#227;o sinta
                           desconforto.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A intensidade apropriada de trabalho desejado para estes pacientes deve
                           ser determinada com o treinamento, isto &#233;, de 70 a 80% da frequ&#234;ncia
                           card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, se for poss&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Nas primeiras semanas, as sess&#245;es n&#227;o devem prolongar-se al&#233;m de 20
                           minutos. Portanto, as estrat&#233;gias com intensidades para alcan&#231;ar o mais
                           alto n&#237;vel no exame de esfor&#231;o inicial deve ser a &#250;ltima meta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>O paciente com obstru&#231;&#227;o evidente deve ter indica&#231;&#227;o de uso de
                           broncodilatador de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, 15 minutos antes de iniciar os
                           exerc&#237;cios.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Quando o paciente tolera cargas de exerc&#237;cios, estas podem ser aumentadas
                           em torno de 12,5 watts para a bicicleta ergom&#233;trica e 9 watts para o
                           erg&#244;metro de m&#227;o e aumentar a cada 6 sess&#245;es.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Manejo psicossocial: j&#225; que as altera&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas s&#227;o comuns nesses
                           pacientes, &#233; importante uma avalia&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica pr&#233;via ao ingresso no
                           programa de RCV.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes coronariopatas (P&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,
                  p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
                  mioc&#225;rdica)</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e fatos</title>
            <p>Depois de um evento coron&#225;rio agudo, os pacientes come&#231;ar&#227;o a realizar
                     atividade f&#237;sica segundo a sua toler&#226;ncia (caminhadas, cicloerg&#244;metro, etc.) e
                     compat&#237;vel com a gravidade do quadro. Geralmente, em uma semana, todos os
                     pacientes estar&#227;o desenvolvendo uma atividade que, no come&#231;o, ser&#225; suave e
                     indicada pelo profissional a cargo do seu programa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desafios e objetivos</title>
            <p>O exerc&#237;cio baseado em RCV reduz os eventos fatais entre 25% a 40% a longo
                     prazo. Apesar do indiscut&#237;vel benef&#237;cio da RCV, s&#243; 15 a 30% dos pacientes que
                     t&#234;m sofrido um evento cardiovascular participam deste tipo de programas, al&#233;m
                     da diminui&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o que t&#234;m os pacientes que decidem participar. Desse
                     modo, &#233; importante fomentar a const&#226;ncia e perman&#234;ncia dos mesmos no
                        programa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Recomenda-se realizar um teste de esfor&#231;o e uma avalia&#231;&#227;o
                           neuromusculoesquel&#233;tica, quando o paciente come&#231;ar com o programa de RCV.
                           Caso o paciente inicie no programa antes do teste de esfor&#231;o, este deve
                           ser realizado nas primeiras 4 a 7 semanas, cujos resultados ser&#227;o
                           utilizados para ajuste da prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>Todos os pacientes p&#243;s s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda ou procedimento de
                     revasculariza&#231;&#227;o devem submeter-se a um teste de exerc&#237;cio com an&#225;lise do ECG
                     (quando seja tecnicamente fact&#237;vel) ou a um teste equivalente n&#227;o invasivo para
                     avaliar a isquemia nas primeiras 4-7 semanas ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (N&#237;vel de
                     Evid&#234;ncia, IIa-C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Como regra geral, a atividade f&#237;sica (atividade durante o lazer,
                           atividade profissional e atividade sexual) deve reiniciar-se a 50% da
                           capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio, expressa em METS, e ser aumentada
                           gradativamente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Um paciente que tenha a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda preservada
                           e n&#227;o apresente isquemia induz&#237;vel ou arritmias em um teste de esfor&#231;o
                           pode retornar &#224; sua atividade profissional. Se o trabalho for de
                           escrit&#243;rio, pode reiniciar uma atividade de oito horas di&#225;rias. Se o
                           trabalho for manual e envolver atividade f&#237;sica com esfor&#231;os moderados ou
                           intensos, a carga de trabalho n&#227;o deve exceder 50% da capacidade m&#225;xima
                           de exerc&#237;cio avaliada no teste de esfor&#231;o. A jornada de trabalho n&#227;o deve
                           exceder quatro horas no primeiro m&#234;s, com progressivos aumentos mensais
                           de dois horas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Um paciente que apresente disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda
                           moderada ou com isquemia leve num teste de esfor&#231;o pode reiniciar o
                           trabalho de escrit&#243;rio, mas a sua atividade deve limitar-se a trabalho
                           manual est&#225;tico.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Um paciente com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda severa ou
                           isquemia significativa em um teste de esfor&#231;o pode realizar trabalho de
                           escrit&#243;rio sempre que a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio seja &gt; 5 METS sem
                           sintomas. Se n&#227;o for, o paciente deve abster-se de trabalhar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome vasovagal</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ncope vagal ou neurocardiog&#234;nica &#233; uma entidade comum com uma preval&#234;ncia
                  estimada em torno de 35%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref>.</p>
          <p>O uso de l&#237;quidos e o sal t&#234;m sido amplamente recomendados para o tratamento desta
                     patologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref>. Alguns exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos
                  (contrapress&#227;o) t&#234;m sido utilizados como abortivos dos epis&#243;dios que v&#234;m
                  precedidos por um pr&#243;dromo. Esses exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o destinados a aumentar rapidamente
                  a resist&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica e, portanto, prevenir uma s&#237;ncope devido &#224; queda
                  da PA. Os principais exerc&#237;cios de contrapress&#227;o s&#227;o a empunhadura, a tens&#227;o das
                  extremidades superiores, unindo as duas m&#227;os e tratando de separ&#225;-las e a
                  contra&#231;&#227;o das extremidades inferiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref>. Outro
                  m&#233;todo eficaz para a preven&#231;&#227;o de novos epis&#243;dios s&#227;o exerc&#237;cios supervisionados,
                  nos quais se permanece em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, apoiado na parede, de dura&#231;&#227;o
                  progressiva, chegando a 30 minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref>. O
                  exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico regular deve ser recomendado porque s&#227;o quase sempre eficazes
                  na diminui&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, uma vez que aumentam o volume de sangue, a massa
                  muscular nas extremidades inferiores e melhoram o retorno venoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>. A evid&#234;ncia tem demonstrado que um
                  programa regular de exerc&#237;cios com atividade aer&#243;bica e exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia
                  aumenta a sensibilidade dos barorreceptores arteriais, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o
                  tratamento farmacol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custo/Efic&#225;cia de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>O custo efici&#234;ncia mede os anos e a qualidade de vida ganha e expressa-se
                  preponderantemente em termos monet&#225;rios sobre os anos ganhos. Ao falar de custo/
                  benef&#237;cio ou custo-efetividade, medem-se tamb&#233;m os custos de uma interven&#231;&#227;o,
                  acrescidos aos custos relacionados com a doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o, incluindo complica&#231;&#245;es
                  ou eventos a longo prazo. Os resultados se expressam em termos de benef&#237;cios
                  cl&#237;nicos (anos de vida ganhos) divididos pelo valor monet&#225;rio (custo), resultando
                  no custo que tem cada ano de vida a mais, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento
                  alternativo ou &#224; aus&#234;ncia de tratamento.</p>
          <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a RCV &#233; custo-efetivo e, inclusive, pode chegar
                  a ser custo-poupan&#231;a, porque n&#227;o s&#243; aumenta a sobrevida, como abaixa os custos.
                  Ades e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref> analisaram o
                  custo/benef&#237;cio em 21 meses de RCV e encontraram um valor de U$ 739 a menos que o
                  grupo controle, enquanto que Oldrige e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref> mostraram U$ 9.200 a menos que no grupo controle, em um per&#237;odo de
                  12 meses. Se quisermos comparar o custo/efici&#234;ncia gerado por a RCV com o gerado
                  por outras interven&#231;&#245;es, como por exemplo, podemos citar o tratamento m&#233;dio da HAS
                  que tem um custo/efetivo de U$ 9000. Isto comprova que a RCV &#233; &#250;til em termos de
                  sobreviv&#234;ncia, eventos cardiovasculares, qualidade de vida e tamb&#233;m sob o ponto de
                  vista econ&#244;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>V - CONCLUS&#213;ES</title>
        <p>Hoje sabemos que a RCV &#233; segura e eficaz, diminui a mortalidade total e de origem
               card&#237;aca, al&#233;m do n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares, diminui tamb&#233;m as interna&#231;&#245;es
               hospitalares, melhora os sintomas e a qualidade de vida, al&#233;m de ser custo-efetiva.
               Ela &#233; recomendada em todos os guias de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, por&#233;m, sua implanta&#231;&#227;o em
               nosso meio &#233; sub&#243;tima e frustrante.</p>
        <p>Devem-se garantir os recursos humanos e materiais para desenvolver estes programas de
               forma padronizada, acess&#237;vel e universal. A atitude e a colabora&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos na
               fase de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; elemento chave para o encaminhamento e co sucesso dos
               programas. Uma atitude favor&#225;vel para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o facilitar&#225; a altera&#231;&#227;o de rotina
               de um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
        <p>O "desenho" dos programas e a atitude dos profissionais podem influir no abandono do
               programa, exatamente por n&#227;o se ajustarem &#224;s circunstancias dos pacientes. Devem-se
               considerar programas reduzidos e/ou domiciliares semissupervisionados para casos que
               assim o requeiram. As mulheres se incorporam menos e abandonam antes os programas,
               por serem mais idosas, por apresentar patologias associadas &#224; depress&#227;o, menor
               suporte social e mais cargas familiares. Algo parecido sucede com pacientes
               deprimidos e de baixo n&#237;vel social. A falta de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e os maus h&#225;bitos
               alimentares est&#227;o criando uma mudan&#231;a do perfil cardiovascular da popula&#231;&#227;o, o que
               implica em uma apari&#231;&#227;o mais precoce das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da DCV e aumento da
               preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco, como sedentarismo e sobrepeso. Estas circunst&#226;ncias
               acarretam grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, o qual deve ser corrigido com medidas de
               educa&#231;&#227;o dirigidas a toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, fomentando predominantemente os programas de
               preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Consideramos, portanto, que os governos, por meio de suas
               pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, devem envolver-se mais, promovendo e realizando a&#231;&#245;es de real
               impacto na sociedade.</p>
        <p>Em declara&#231;&#227;o feita no ano 1993, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) propunha que a
               reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o poderia ser considerada como uma terapia isolada, mas sim
               ser integrada no tratamento global da cardiopatia e ser parte ativa da Preven&#231;&#227;o
               Secund&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
