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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Severe Coronary Vasospasm Complicated with Ventricular Tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acar</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;ksel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fidan</surname>
            <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;zci</surname>
            <given-names>Servet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avc&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>An&#305;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Cardiology Department, Istambul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Serdar Fidan</bold>, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital Kartal / Istanbul, Denizer Street, 34846. Email: <email>dr_serdar86@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e81</fpage>
      <lpage>e86</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Vasospasm</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrates / therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Variant form of angina was first described by Prinzmetal as transient and recurrent coronary spasm leading to recurrent episodes of myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Although so many factors can trigger or aggravate coronary vasospasm; endothelial dysfunction was considered as an important mechanism underlying this situation. The location and extent of vasospasm determine the seriousness of the clinical picture, which can include myocardial infarction severe arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock and even death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 68-year-old male was admitted to our emergency department complaining of severe chest pain for 4 hours. On physical examination his vital findings were within the normal limits with a slightly high blood pressure reading 150/90 mmHg, a regular pulse 80/min, a respiratory rate 15/min. His 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed 1mm ST depression in lateral leads without significant ST elevation or T wave abnormality in other leads. The patient had a history of hypertension and a coronary angiography which was performed 10 days before in another hospital. The patient reported that he had had similar type of chest pain 10 days before and because of that a coronary angiography had been performed. There was not any critical lesion on his coronary angiogrpahy and he had been discharged on metoprolol 50mg and aspirin 100mg because of noncritical coronary lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>, 1B). A bed side transthoracic echocardiogram revealed posterolateral wall hypokinesis with an ejection fraction around 50-55 %. The patient's cardiac enzyme levels on admission were above normal with a troponin T level 4.2 ng/ml (&lt;0,01ng/ml) and CK-MB level 8.3 u/l (&lt; 2 u/l). He was diagnosed with non ST elevated myocardial infarction and appropriate treatment was started including aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin and sublingual nitroglycerine. Just seconds before starting treatment, the patient condition deteriorated. He had a pulseless ventricular tachycardia attack which was succesfully returned to sinus rhythm by defibrillation without need for endotracheal entubation. We performed an urgent coronary angiography because of ongoing ischemia and malign arrhytmia. The angiography revealed out severe stenosis of circumflex artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref>, 2B, 2C), noncritical plaques in left anterior descending and right coronary artery. To rule out coronary vasospasm, 300 microgram nitroglycerine was injected intracoronary before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although an increase in the distal flow of circumflex artery was observed, the view of occluded area has not changed much (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2D</xref>). So we decided for PCI. Soon after advancing the floppy guide wire through circumflex artery, the occluded area seemed to be relieved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2E</xref>). We removed back the guide wire and injected 500mcg nitroglycerine directly to the coronary circulation. After applying increasing doses of nitroglycerin up to 500 mcg into the coronary circulation, final angiographic image demonstrated fully dilated circumflex artery without any stenotic lesion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2F</xref>). The patient was diagnosed with non ST elevated myocardial infarction due to variant angina. As variant angina was suspected, metoprolol was replaced by diltiazem and also the patient was discharged on nitrate and aspirin. At the 3months follow-up visit, the patient was asymptomatic and reported no chest pain episode. We followed up patient without any change in his medical treatment.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Images of the coronary angiography of the patient which was performed 10 days before admission, demonstrating right (A) and left coronary arteries (B).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0e81-40166-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiographic images demonstrating severe circumflex artery spasm from right oblique caudal (A) and right oblique cranial views (B,C), arrows. Increased distal flow despite incomplete resolution of circumflex artery spasm after injection of 300 mcg nitroglycerine (D), arrows. After advancing the floppy guide wire through circumflex artery, the occluded area seemed to be relieved (E). Final angiographic image showing fully dilated circumflex artery after injection of 500 mcg nitroglycerine (F).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0e81-40166-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Coronary vasospasm or variant form of angina pectoris is characterized by remarkable ST segment elevation and severe chest pain episodes usually without physical effort<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Although coronary spasms usually occur in a focal area, it can be also multifocal and affect more than one coronary vessel at the same time. The definitive diagnosis is made when angiographically demonstrated coronary artery vasoconstriction reverses with nitroglycerin. The mechanism underlying variant angina is not fully identified. Although there are so many theories to enlight the mechanism of vasospastic angina, many of them focus on endothelial dysfunction and imbalance between local vasoconstrictors-vasodilators. There are ongoing discussions about nitric oxide. The results for nitric oxide are contentious<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The location and extent of vasospasm determine the seriousness of the clinical picture, which can include myocardial infarction severe arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock and even death. Spasm of coronary artery reduces the myocardial perfusion and causes serious complications. &#304;n our patient, ventricular tachycardia was triggered by ongoing ischemia caused by severe circumflex artery vasospasm. The low coronary perfusion at the area of spasm probably prevented the collection of sufficient concentration of nitrate. This can be the probable mechanism for resistant vasospasm after first injection of 300mcg nitrates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Calcium channel blockers and long acting nitrates are first-line treatment choices for coronary vasospasm. Also there are studies showing beneficial effects of prazosin and nicorandil (potasium channel activator) on variant angina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Beside these medical treatment options, surgical or percutaneous revascularization therapies can be thought for those refractory to medical treatment. Risk factor modification against known atherosclerotic disease also should be kept in mind.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our case is an unusual presented variant angina without ST segment elevation on admission ECG. Vasospastic angina always should be kept in mind because it can lead to serious life threatening complications. Since there are some different treatments for the variant angina and atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, the differential diagnosis must be done carefully. This case report emphasizes the importance of intracoronary usage of nitrates to rule out coronary vasospasm before the percutaneous coronary interventions. Proper use of nitroglycerin could prevent unnecessary coronary interventions.</p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Video 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiography which was performed 10 days before admission demonstrating left coronary system without critical lesions.</title>
        </caption>
        <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/7a3946e2008c22051d46508901429cd8df62c63d.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f06">
        <label>Video 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiography demonstrating severe circumflex artery spasm from right oblique cranial view.</title>
        </caption>
        <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/ddc1afe02f9982f0ee7d670662dafe9ea8050b10.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f07">
        <label>Video 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiography demonstrating severe circumflex artery spasm from right oblique caudal view.</title>
        </caption>
        <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/a8033ed75b35dcb970177886be5f4cfaaaf0b31e.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f08">
        <label>Video 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary angiograpy showing incomplete resolution of circumflex artery spasm after injection of 300 mcg nitroglycerin.</title>
        </caption>
        <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/58e52f75bf15d6a485f5ff606ee39266bb84873b.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f09">
        <label>Video 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Completely dilated circumflex artery after injection of 500 mcg nitroglycerine.</title>
        </caption>
        <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/c9a520b41f49cb1c2eebe82372455eefcad0fd8b.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
      </fig>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <mixed-citation>Sung LC, Chen CH, Hou CJ, Tsai CH. Severe coronary vasospasm during an acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. J Intern Med Taiwan. 2005;16:129-33.</mixed-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>Kaski JC. Management of vasospastic angina -- role of nicorandil. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1995;9 Suppl 2:221-7.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vasoespasmo Coronariano Severo Complicado com Taquicardia Ventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acar</surname>
            <given-names>G&#246;ksel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fidan</surname>
            <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;zci</surname>
            <given-names>Servet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avc&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>An&#305;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia, Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Serdar Fidan</bold>, Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialty Education and Research Hospital KARTAL / ISTANBUL, Denizer Street, 34846. E-mail: dr_serdar86@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Vasoespasmo Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitratos / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Forma variante de angina foi primeiramente descrita por Prinzmetal como espasmo coronariano transit&#243;rio e recorrente, que leva a epis&#243;dios recorrentes de isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> do mioc&#225;rdio. Embora muitos fatores possam desencadear ou agravar o vasoespasmo coronariano; a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi considerada como um importante mecanismo subjacente a esta situa&#231;&#227;o. A localiza&#231;&#227;o e a extens&#227;o do vasoespasmo determinam a gravidade do quadro cl&#237;nico que pode incluir arritmias graves, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, choque cardiog&#234;nico e mesmo a morte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Um homem de 68 anos de idade foi admitido no Pronto Socorro com queixa de dor no peito h&#225; 4 horas. No exame f&#237;sico seus sinais vitais encontravam-se dentro dos limites normais, com uma press&#227;o arterial ligeiramente elevada de 150/90 mmHg, pulso regular de 80/min, ritmo respirat&#243;rio de 15/min. Seu eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (ECG) mostrou depress&#227;o de 1mm no segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST significativo ou anormalidade da onda T em outras deriva&#231;&#245;es. O paciente tinha um hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o e uma angiografia coron&#225;ria realizada 10 dias antes em outro hospital. O paciente relatou que teve um tipo semelhante de dor no peito 10 dias antes, e por isso foi&#8209;lhe feita uma angiografia coronariana. A sua angiografia coronariana n&#227;o apresentou qualquer les&#227;o cr&#237;tica e e foi medicado com metoprolol 50mg e 100mg de aspirina devido a les&#245;es coron&#225;rias n&#227;o&#8209;cr&#237;ticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">1B</xref>). Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#224; beira do leito revelou hipocinesia de parede p&#243;stero-lateral com uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em torno de 50-55%. Os n&#237;veis de enzimas card&#237;acas do paciente na admiss&#227;o situaram-se acima do normal com um n&#237;vel de troponina T de 4.2 ng/mL (&lt; 0, 01 ng/mL) e CK-MB n&#237;vel 8.3 u/l (&lt; 2 u/L). Foi-lhe diagnosticado infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e iniciado tratamento adequado, incluindo aspirina, clopidogrel, heparina e nitroglicerina sublingual. Apenas alguns segundos antes de iniciar o tratamento o paciente piorou. Apresentou uma taquicardia ventricular sem pulso que foi retornada com &#234;xito ao ritmo sinusal por desfibrila&#231;&#227;o sem necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal. Foi realizada uma angiografia coron&#225;ria urgente devido &#224; isquemia em curso e &#224; arritmia maligna. A angiografia revelou estenose severa da art&#233;ria circunflexa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2C</xref>), placas n&#227;o cr&#237;ticas em descendente anterior esquerda e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. Para descartar vasoespasmo coronariano, foram injetados 300 microgramas de nitroglicerina intracoron&#225;ria antes da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). Embora fosse observado um aumento no fluxo distal da art&#233;ria circunflexa, a vis&#227;o da &#225;rea oclu&#237;da n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2D</xref>). Foi decidida ent&#227;o a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma ICP. Logo depois da introdu&#231;&#227;o do fio&#8209;guia flex&#237;vel na art&#233;ria circunflexa, a &#225;rea oclu&#237;da pareceu estar desobstru&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 2E</xref>). O fio-guia foi removido e injetadas 500 mcg de nitroglicerina diretamente na circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de doses crescentes de nitroglicerina at&#233; 500 mcg na circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, a imagem angiogr&#225;fica final mostrou art&#233;ria circunflexa totalmente dilatada sem qualquer les&#227;o esten&#243;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figura 2F</xref>). O paciente foi diagnosticado com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST devido &#224; angina variante. Como se suspeitava de angina variante, o metoprolol foi substitu&#237;do por diltiazem e o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar sendo-lhe prescrito nitrato e aspirina. Na visita de controle de 3 meses, o paciente estava assintom&#225;tico e n&#227;o relatou qualquer epis&#243;dio de dor no peito. Seguimos controlando o paciente sem qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o no seu tratamento m&#233;dico.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens da angiografia coron&#225;ria do paciente que foi realizada 10 dias antes da admiss&#227;o, mostrando art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direitas (A) e esquerdas (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0e81-40166-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens de angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrando espasmo severo da art&#233;ria circunflexa, vista caudal direita obl&#237;qua (A) e vista direita craniana obl&#237;qua (B, C), setas. Fluxo distal aumentado apesar de resolu&#231;&#227;o incompleta de espasmo da art&#233;ria circunflexa ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 300 mcg de nitroglicerina (D), setas. Depois de fazer avan&#231;ar o fio-guia flex&#237;vel atrav&#233;s da art&#233;ria circunflexa, a &#225;rea oclu&#237;da pareceu desobstru&#237;da (E). Imagem angiogr&#225;fica final, mostrando art&#233;ria circunflexa totalmente dilatada ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 500 mcg de nitroglicerina (F).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0e81-40166-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Vasoespasmo coronariano ou forma variante de angina de peito caracteriza-se por not&#225;vel supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e epis&#243;dios de dor no peito geralmente sem esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Embora o espasmo coronariano ocorra geralmente em uma &#225;rea focal, pode tamb&#233;m ser multifocal e afetar mais do que um vaso coronariano ao mesmo tempo. O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; feito quando a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o coronariana angiograficamente demonstrada reverte com nitroglicerina. O mecanismo subjacente da angina variante n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecido. Embora existam muitas teorias para esclarecer o mecanismo da angina vasosp&#225;stica, muitas delas est&#227;o focadas na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e no desequil&#237;brio entre vasoconstritores-vasodilatadores locais. H&#225; discuss&#245;es em curso sobre o &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Os resultados do &#243;xido n&#237;trico s&#227;o controversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A localiza&#231;&#227;o e a extens&#227;o do vasoespasmo determinam a gravidade do quadro cl&#237;nico que pode incluir arritmias graves, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, choque cardiog&#234;nico e at&#233; mesmo a morte. O espasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria reduz a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e provoca s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es. Em nosso paciente, a taquicardia ventricular foi desencadeada por isquemia causada por vasoespasmo grave da art&#233;ria circunflexa. A baixa perfus&#227;o coronariana em &#225;rea de espasmo, provavelmente impediu a cole&#231;&#227;o? de concentra&#231;&#227;o suficiente de nitrato. Isto pode ser o mecanismo prov&#225;vel para vasoespasmo resistente ap&#243;s a primeira inje&#231;&#227;o de 300 mcg de nitratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e nitratos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento de primeira linha para o vasoespasmo coronariano. Tamb&#233;m existem estudos mostrando os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do prazosin e nicorandil (ativador do canal de pot&#225;ssio) na angina variante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Al&#233;m destas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento m&#233;dico, as terapias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea podem ser pensadas para aqueles casos refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento m&#233;dico. A modifica&#231;&#227;o do fator de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica conhecida tamb&#233;m deve ser tida em mente.  </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso caso &#233; uma angina variante incomum sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST no ECG de admiss&#227;o. A angina vasosp&#225;stica deve ser sempre tida em mente porque pode levar a graves complica&#231;&#245;es com risco de morte. Uma vez que existem algumas diferen&#231;as no tratamento da angina variante e da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria ateroscler&#243;tica, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial deve ser feito com cuidado. Este relato de caso enfatiza a import&#226;ncia do uso intracoron&#225;rio de nitratos para descartar a ocorr&#234;ncia de vasoespasmos coronarianos antes das interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas. O uso adequado de nitroglicerina pode prevenir interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas desnecess&#225;rias.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria que foi realizada 10 dias antes da admiss&#227;o, demonstrando sistema coron&#225;rio esquerdo sem les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas.</title>
          </caption>
          <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/7a3946e2008c22051d46508901429cd8df62c63d.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria, demonstrando o espasmo da art&#233;ria circunflexa severa da vis&#227;o craniana direita obl&#237;qua.</title>
          </caption>
          <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/ddc1afe02f9982f0ee7d670662dafe9ea8050b10.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>V&#237;deo 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cineangiocoronariografia demonstrando o espasmo da art&#233;ria circunflexa severa, da vista caudal direita obl&#237;qua.</title>
          </caption>
          <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/a8033ed75b35dcb970177886be5f4cfaaaf0b31e.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>V&#237;deo 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrando resolu&#231;&#227;o incompleta de espasmo da art&#233;ria circunflexa ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina 300 mcg.</title>
          </caption>
          <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/58e52f75bf15d6a485f5ff606ee39266bb84873b.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>V&#237;deo 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Art&#233;ria circunflexa completamente dilatada ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 500 mcg de nitroglicerina</title>
          </caption>
          <media xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/p3zj6cbwhgtfM4vprDqgqjq/c9a520b41f49cb1c2eebe82372455eefcad0fd8b.mp4" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4"/>
        </fig>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
