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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GqCmnyYsyLRhFdQGwk6n3jy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140158</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Using a Pocket-Size Device in the Emergency Room</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente Nicoliello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gois</surname>
            <given-names>A&#233;cio Flavio Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp); S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Medicina de Urg&#234;ncia - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso</bold>. Rua Domiciano Leite Ribeiro, 51, apto 13, bloco 2, Vila Guarani. Postal Code 04.317-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil. E-mail: <email>frederico.mancuso@grupofleury.com.br</email>;   <email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mancuso FJN, Siqueira VN, Gois AFT, Carvalho ACC, Campos O; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Mancuso FJN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mancuso FJN, Siqueira VN, Mois&#233;s VA; Writing of the manuscript: Mancuso FJN, Siqueira VN, Mois&#233;s VA, Campos O; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: de Paola AAV, Carvalho ACC.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>530</fpage>
      <lpage>537</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular urgencies are frequent reasons for seeking medical care. Prompt and accurate medical diagnosis is critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the use of a pocket-size echocardiography in addition to clinical history and physical exam in a tertiary medical emergency care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>One hundred adult patients without known cardiac or lung diseases who sought emergency care with cardiac complaints were included. Patients with ischemic changes in the electrocardiography or fever were excluded. A focused echocardiography with GE Vscan equipment was performed after the initial evaluation in the emergency room. Cardiac chambers dimensions, left and right ventricular systolic function, intracardiac flows with color, pericardium, and aorta were evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age was 61 &#177; 17 years old. The patient complaint was chest pain in 51 patients, dyspnea in 32 patients, arrhythmia to evaluate the left ventricular function in ten patients, hypotension/dizziness in five patients and edema in one patient. In 28 patients, the focused echocardiography allowed to confirm the initial diagnosis: 19 patients with heart failure, five with acute coronary syndrome, two with pulmonary embolism and two patients with cardiac tamponade. In 17 patients, the echocardiography changed the diagnosis: ten with suspicious of heart failure, two with pulmonary embolism suspicious, two with hypotension without cause, one suspicious of acute coronary syndrome, one of cardiac tamponade and one of aortic dissection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The focused echocardiography with pocket-size equipment in the emergency care may allow a prompt diagnosis and, consequently, an earlier initiation of the therapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Equipment, Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Emergency care services play an important role in the treatment of cardiac emergencies, such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), aortic dissection, acute cardiac failure, arrhythmias, cardioembolic stroke, and cardiac tamponade; the rapid recognition and treatment of these conditions are fundamental to better outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Data from the United States indicate that approximately 10% patients who seek these services present with chest pain or dyspnea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> as their chief complaint, and ischemic and nonischemic heart diseases are the leading causes of hospitalization after emergency care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Although many advances have been made in diagnosing such conditions, some patients with ACS are discharged without receiving the correct diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, which consequently increases their mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography is a noninvasive, low-cost and reproducible examination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> that has great diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with suspected ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and acute cardiac failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. It also assists in determining the appropriate therapy for patients with arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recent technological advances in the field of ultrasound have made it possible to build echocardiography equipment just slightly larger than a smart phone that fits in the pocket of a lab coat, permitting its quick use in an emergency at the patient's bedside.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to describe our initial experience using an ultra-portable echocardiography device to perform focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) in the emergency department; our objective was also to observe the number of cases in which the initial clinical diagnosis was confirmed or was altered after the cardiac ultrasound, and describe any technical difficulties related to the use of this device.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The patients in the study were adults who sought treatment from the emergency department in a tertiary hospital for the chief complaint of chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations, and whose diagnosis was questioned after the initial assessment. The initial assessment consisted of the assessment the medical history, physical examination, electrocardiography (ECG) reading. Patients with known cardiac or pulmonary disease were excluded, as were those with ischemic changes in ECG (ST-segment depression or elevation) or fever (axillary temperature &#8805; 37.8&#186;C).</p>
      <p>All participants signed an informed consent form and the study was approved by the institution's Ethics Committee (process registration number 16723413.7.0000.5505).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultra-portable FoCUS</title>
        <p>FoCUS scans were carried out using the ultra-portable Vscan device (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, and were performed by a single cardiologist. FoCUS scans were was carried out in a targeted manner and at the patient's bedside shortly after the initial clinical evaluation and ECG reading, with the goal of resolving doubts about the diagnosis. Subjective analysis was performed on the two-dimensional images and color flow mapping, focusing on the following aspects: the dimensions of the cavities, global systolic function, evaluation of segmental and global contractility of the left ventricle (LV), right ventricular systolic function, anatomical appearance of the mitral and aortic valves, presence of significant mitral and aortic valve regurgitation, presence of indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension (dilatation of the right chambers, bulging of the interventricular septum to the left, dilatation of the pulmonary trunk), presence of pericardial effusion, assessment of the dimensions of the thoracic aorta (ascending aorta and aortic arch), and presence of a dissection line.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vscan device (GE Healthcare) used in this study.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Continuous data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical data were presented as percentages.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>One hundred patients were evaluated: 54 were male, with an average age of 61 &#177; 17 years (range: 15-95 years).</p>
      <p>The most common chief complaint among the study participants was chest pain (n = 52), followed by dyspnea (n = 32), palpitations (n = 10), dizziness/unease associated with hypotension (n = 5), and lower limb edema (n = 1), as can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chief complaint prompting patients to seek emergency care</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Chief complaint</th>
              <th>n = 100</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Palpitations</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dizziness/hypotension</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Lower limb edema</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The most frequent diagnosis after assessment of medical history, physical examination, and ECG reading was of ACS (n = 51), followed by cardiac failure (n = 29), pulmonary embolism (n = 4), cardiac effusion or cardiac tamponade (n = 3), shock of undetermined etiology (n = 2), and aortic dissection (n = 1). In addition, in 10 patients with arrhythmias (seven with atrial fibrillation, two with ventricular tachycardia, and one with junctional tachycardia), FoCUS was used to assess LV systolic function to assist in guiding therapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main diagnostic hypotheses after assessment of medical history, physical examination, and ECG reading</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Initial Suspected Diagnosis</th>
              <th>n = 100</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Acute coronary syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary embolism</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac effusion/cardiac tamponade</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Shock of undetermined etiology</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aortic dissection</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In all patients, it was possible to obtain good-quality images using the ultra-portable FoCUS device.</p>
      <p>Of the 90 patients with uncertain initial diagnosis, the suspected clinical diagnosis at admission was confirmed using FoCUS in 28 (31%) of them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>); 19 (68%) patients with cardiac failure, five (18%) with ACS, two (7%) with pulmonary embolism and two (7%) with cardiac tamponade.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients in whom the initial diagnosis was confirmed by ultra-portable cardiac ultrasound (n = 28)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">Definitive Final Diagnosis</th>
              <th style="border-bottom:hidden">n = 28  </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acute coronary syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary embolism</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac tamponade</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In one of the patients with cardiac failure and significant systolic dysfunction in LV, a blood clot was observed in the apical region of LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient complaining of dyspnea. Portable cardiac ultrasound revealed dilated cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) and a thrombus in apical region (arrow) in the apical window.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Significant pericardial effusion (DP) in the subcostal plane showing signs of restricted ventricular filling in a patient with cardiac tamponade. RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dilatation of the right ventricle (RV) and rectification of the interventricular septum in the parasternal view, in a patient with dyspnea and suspected pulmonary thrombosis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Furthermore, of these 90 patients with uncertain diagnoses after initial assessment, FoCUS led to a change in the initial diagnosis in 17 (19%) of them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). In 10 patients with an initial suspected diagnosis of cardiac failure, the ultrasound showed neither systolic dysfunction nor indirect signs of diastolic dysfunction (enlarged left atrium or LV hypertrophy), although it was possible to identify other cardiac causes for the observed cardiac failure (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe aortic stenosis) in two of these patients. In the remaining patients with suspicion of pulmonary embolism (two cases), shock of undetermined etiology (two cases), and cardiac tamponade (one case), FoCUS yielded normal results, ruling out cardiac causes. In the two patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, the suspected diagnosis was of intermediate level and with normal results from the FoCUS exam, this hypothesis was clinically discarded. In one patient with chest pain and suspected ACS, the ultrasound findings were compatible with pericarditis (pericardial thickening associated with discrete stroke); in one patient with suspected aortic dissection, no dilatation of the aorta, dissection lines, or aortic insufficiency were seen in the ultrasound; only significant LV hypertrophy was observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients in whom the diagnostic hypothesis was changed after ultra-portable cardiac ultrasound (n = 17)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Initial diagnostic hypothesis</th>
              <th>Diagnosis after ultrasound</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="6"> Heart failure (n = 10)</td>
              <td align="center">COPD (n = 4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ARF with hypervolemia (n = 2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Pneumonia (n = 1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Severe aortic stenosis (n = 1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Anxiety (n = 1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2"> Pulmonary embolism (n = 2)</td>
              <td align="center">COPD (n =1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Pneumonia (n =1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Shock of undetermined etiology (n = 2)</td>
              <td align="center">Septic shock (n = 2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acute coronary syndrome (n = 1)</td>
              <td align="center">Pericarditis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac tamponade (n = 1)</td>
              <td align="center">Dehydration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aortic dissection (n = 1)</td>
              <td align="center">Postprandial angina</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ARF: acute renal failure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 10 patients who arrived at the emergency department with sudden-onset symptomatic arrhythmias (seven with atrial fibrillation, two with ventricular tachycardia, and one with junctional tachycardia), LV systolic dysfunction was observed in four, atrial fibrillation in two, and ventricular tachycardia in two; the remainder showed normal systolic LV function.</p>
      <p>In 45 (50%) of the 90 patients with uncertain diagnoses after the initial assessment, the ultra-portable FoCUS did not yield data that confirmed or changed the initial diagnostic hypothesis, and other supporting examinations were necessary.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study allowed us to demonstrate the great utility of cardiac ultrasound done with ultra-portable equipment at the bedside in a clinical emergency department. It was performed in patients who had no certain diagnosis after assessment of the medical history, physical examination, and ECG reading. The ultra-portable FoCUS allowed to confirm diagnosis of 31% patients, and led to a change in the original diagnosis in 19% patients.</p>
      <p>The greatest clinical benefit of using FoCUS in this sample was the confirmation or ruling out of the diagnosis of cardiac failure due to LV dysfunction, because it was possible to diagnose other cardiac diseases (aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) as the cause of cardiac failure in two patients.</p>
      <p>In patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, FoCUS permitted a faster diagnosis in approximately half the patients, and consequently therapy was initiated more quickly. The cases with suspected cardiac tamponade were similar: two of three patients had their diagnosis confirmed quickly, and pericardial fluid was drained sooner.</p>
      <p>In 10% patients with chest pain and suspected ACS, where ECG reading did not prove the diagnosis, FoCUS showed evidence of contractile segment changes.</p>
      <p>This finding, in a patient with a clinical history compatible with myocardial ischemia and no history of prior coronary disease, can be used to confirm the clinical diagnosis of ACS. Furthermore, in one patient, FoCUS showed signs of pericarditis, changing the initial diagnostic hypothesis. Although the percentage of patients with chest pain, normal ECG, and changes in the contractile segments in the ultrasound was small, this population is frequently seen in emergency services and there is clear evidence that faster treatment of ACS leads to lower morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Consequently, this diagnostic tool is of great importance for these patients.</p>
      <p>The use of FoCUS in this sample was also important in assessing LV function in patients who arrived with paroxysmal arrhythmias. Especially in atrial fibrillation, the choice of medication for controlling heart rate and pharmacological cardioversion should take into account the presence or absence of LV dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The possibility of quickly confirming or excluding a diagnosis in severe cases without needing to wait for more complex and more time-consuming tests that are not always immediately available in emergency departments is essential, because it allows for early treatment of serious illnesses, such as ACS, aortic dissection, acute cardiac failure, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac tamponade.</p>
      <p>In addition, the fact that the examination can be carried out at the bedside in a timely manner, with an easily transportable device and with no need for patient transport, provides the ultra-portable equipment with a unique advantage in rapidly clarifying specific issues and streamlining care in emergency departments. Furthermore, FoCUS allowed significant numbers of patients to avoid unnecessary and, at times, potentially harmful therapy.</p>
      <p>Despite great laboratorial and technical advances, there are still difficulties in the rapid diagnosis of acute and potentially fatal cardiovascular diseases. Approximately 2%-8% patients with ACS are discharged from emergency departments without the correct diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, resulting in increased mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Dyspnea is an important symptom that drives patients to seek emergency medical care, and rapid diagnosis of the cause is required<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The main causes of dyspnea in these patients are cardiac or pulmonary in origin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>; however, it is difficult to distinguish between these causes, and the clinical history and physical examination are inconclusive in several cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Although a diagnosis of acute cardiac failure can be made clinically in most cases, a diagnostic doubt may remain in some cases. In this study, the FoCUS allowed for the rapid confirmation or exclusion of the heart as the cause of dyspnea, without the need for time-consuming or detailed diagnostics, such as the evaluation of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels.</p>
      <p>Recent studies with the ultra-portable device also demonstrated its usefulness for clinical diagnosis, although they included stable patients who were hospitalized.</p>
      <p>A Norwegian study that included patients admitted to an internal medicine ward, evaluated the use of the device and noted a change in initial diagnosis in 18% patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, a result similar to the one seen in this study; however, the studies were performed with populations with different diseases. FoCUS has also been tested as a tool for resolving clinical doubts in patients admitted to cardiology wards, where it provided good results for most patients in whom it was used, and also was consistent with conventional Doppler echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Moreover, in the outpatient setting, FoCUS improved the diagnostic accuracy of medical histories and physical examinations in patients with various diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. It is important to note that, unlike in the present study, in the cited studies, the FoCUS ultrasound was performed by physicians, not ultrasound technicians, indicating that FoCUS does not need to be performed by a specialist.</p>
      <p>In contrast with previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, this was the first study to use ultra-portable FoCUS only in patients who were seen in the emergency department shortly after the assessment of medical history, physical examination, and ECG reading. Furthermore, this study was conducted in a clinical emergency department in a tertiary general hospital that comprised patients with acute clinical disease of various etiologies (cardiac or otherwise). This excluded the bias involved with an exclusive cardiac emergency ward, where most patients have acute cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>FoCUS ultrasound should not be considered a complete Doppler echocardiographic examination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, and should be used as a tool to assess heart disease in the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> or as a complement to physical examination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, as a targeted examination that addresses a specific concern and improves diagnostic speed and accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, exactly as shown in the results of the present study. The aim of performing FoCUS in an emergency scenario is to speed up the main diagnosis, especially when a complete echocardiogram is not immediately feasible. The majority of patients undergoing FoCUS will require a conventional echocardiogram, along with all the structural and hemodynamic measurements offered by this diagnostic, to fine-tune therapy and for medium and long term follow-up.</p>
      <p>The ultra-portable device used in this study proved to be effective for obtaining good two-dimensional images and good-quality color flow mapping. The device allowed performing some linear measurements, but cavity measurements were not obtained in our study. The device does not allow measurements of area and volume, and also does not have continuous or pulsed Doppler; thus, it limits objective measurements, such as LV ejection fraction (Simpson method) or the quantification of valvular stenosis/insufficiency.</p>
      <p>Consequently, this study demonstrated that the use of FoCUS in a clinical emergency department allowed for the rapid confirmation or exclusion of diagnostic hypotheses in cases where there was doubt regarding the diagnosis after the assessment of medical history, physical examination, and ECG reading.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This was a descriptive study that did not compare FoCUS with a conventional examination. However, this comparison has already been made in previous studies, validating the use of this new diagnostic tool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>The examinations in this study were performed by a single cardiologist with experience in echocardiography. However, several previous studies have shown that FoCUS performed by physicians who are not specialists in echocardiography is accurate as a complementary investigation to physical examination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In addition, it has been demonstrated that nonspecialist physicians can undergo a brief training to learn how to perform FoCUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Ultra-portable cardiac ultrasound used in an emergency department aided in quickly confirming or ruling out clinical diagnoses and, consequently, beginning treatment more quickly and avoiding inappropriate therapy for incorrect diagnoses. Because this is a descriptive study, it is necessary to perform comparative and randomized studies to confirm these results.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Disciplina de Medicina de Urg&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Medicina de Urg&#234;ncia - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso</bold>. Rua Domiciano Leite Ribeiro, 51, apto 13, bloco 2, Vila Guarani. CEP 04.317-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil. E-mail: <email>frederico.mancuso@grupofleury.com.br</email>;   <email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mancuso FJN, Siqueira VN, Gois AFT, Carvalho ACC, Campos O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Mancuso FJN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mancuso FJN, Siqueira VN, Mois&#233;s VA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mancuso FJN, Siqueira VN, Mois&#233;s VA, Campos O; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: de Paola AAV, Carvalho ACC.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As urg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares s&#227;o causas importantes de procura por atendimento m&#233;dico, sendo fundamentais a rapidez e a precis&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico para diminuir sua morbimortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o uso da ecocardiografia direcionada como complemento diagn&#243;stico ao exame f&#237;sico em um servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos cem pacientes adultos sem doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou pulmonares conhecidas que procuraram atendimento de urg&#234;ncia com queixas cardiol&#243;gicas. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma ou febre. A ecocardiografia direcionada foi realizada logo ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do paciente na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, com aparelho ultraport&#225;til GE Vscan, avaliando subjetivamente: dimens&#245;es das cavidades, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, fluxos intracard&#237;acos pelo mapeamento de fluxo em cores, peric&#225;rdio e aorta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 61 &#177; 17 anos. O quadro cl&#237;nico inicial foi dor tor&#225;cica (52 pacientes), dispneia (32 pacientes), arritmia/avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (dez pacientes), hipotens&#227;o/tontura (cinco pacientes) e edema perif&#233;rico (um paciente). Em 28 pacientes a ecocardiografia direcionada confirmou a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial: 19 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cinco com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, dois com tromboembolismo pulmonar e dois com tamponamento card&#237;aco. Em 17 pacientes, a ecocardiografia direcionada alterou o diagn&#243;stico, afastando a hip&#243;tese cl&#237;nica inicial em dez casos com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dois com suspeita de tromboembolismo pulmonar, dois com hipotens&#227;o a esclarecer, e em cada um dos tr&#234;s restantes com suspeitas de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, tamponamento card&#237;aco e dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia direcionada ultraport&#225;til em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas pode definir rapidamente o diagn&#243;stico e, com isso, &#233; poss&#237;vel iniciar mais precocemente o tratamento adequado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipamentos para Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os servi&#231;os de atendimento de urg&#234;ncias t&#234;m papel importante no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncias card&#237;acas, como S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA), dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) aguda, arritmias, fen&#244;menos cardioemb&#243;licos e tamponamento card&#237;aco, sendo fundamentais o reconhecimento e o tratamento r&#225;pido dessas condi&#231;&#245;es para melhores desfechos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dados norte-americanos indicam que aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes que procuram esses servi&#231;os apresentam dor tor&#225;cica ou dispneia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3  </xref>como queixa principal, sendo que as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas representam as principais causas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ap&#243;s atendimento de urg&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora muitos avan&#231;os tenham ocorrido no diagn&#243;stico desses indiv&#237;duos, alguns pacientes com SCA s&#227;o dispensados sem receberem o diagn&#243;stico correto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, o que, consequentemente, aumenta a mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; um exame n&#227;o invasivo, de baixo custo e reprodut&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, com grande valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico em pacientes com suspeita de SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e IC aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, al&#233;m de auxiliar na determina&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica adequada em pacientes com arritmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com o recente avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico na &#225;rea da ultrassonografia, foi poss&#237;vel a redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva do tamanho dos aparelhos de ecocardiografia para dimens&#245;es pouco maiores que as de um <italic>smartphone</italic>, o qual pode ser carregado dentro do bolso de um jaleco, permitindo o uso r&#225;pido em um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, &#224; beira do leito do paciente.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o uso de um aparelho de ecocardiografia ultraport&#225;til para realiza&#231;&#227;o de Ecocardiografia Direcionada (ED) em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, observando em quantos pacientes foi poss&#237;vel confirmar a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica cl&#237;nica inicial e em quantos a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial foi alterada ap&#243;s o exame, al&#233;m de descrever eventuais dificuldades t&#233;cnicas relacionadas ao uso desse aparelho.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes adultos que procuraram o pronto-socorro de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica de um hospital terci&#225;rio com queixa principal de dor tor&#225;cica, dispneia ou palpita&#231;&#245;es, e que apresentavam alguma d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, composta de anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiograma. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou pulmonar conhecidas, com altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ao eletrocardiograma (supra ou infradesnivelamento do segmento ST) ou com febre (temperatura axilar &#8805; 37,8&#186;C).</p>
        <p>Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado e o projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o (protocolo 16723413.7.0000.5505).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia ultraport&#225;til direcionada</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados no aparelho ultraport&#225;til Vscan (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wiscosin, EUA), apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">figura 1</xref>, e por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico cardiologista ecocardiografista. A ED foi realizada logo ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial e interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma, de forma direcionada, &#224; beira do leito do paciente, com o objetivo de responder &#224; d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica. Foi realizada an&#225;lise subjetiva das imagens bidimensionais e do mapeamento de fluxo em cores, focando nos seguintes aspectos: dimens&#245;es das cavidades, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global, avali&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar e global do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, aspecto anat&#244;mico das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, presen&#231;a de refluxos significativos das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, presen&#231;a de sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades direitas, abaulamento do septo ventricular para a esquerda, dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco pulmonar), presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico, avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es da aorta tor&#225;cica (aorta ascendente e arco a&#243;rtico) e presen&#231;a de linha de dissec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aparelho Vscan (GE Healthcare) utilizado neste estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados no <italic>software</italic>Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup> Excel 2010. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e dados categ&#243;ricos em porcentagens.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados cem pacientes, sendo 54 do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 61 &#177; 17 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 15 a 95 anos).</p>
        <p>A queixa principal mais frequente, entre os pacientes estudados, foi dor tor&#225;cica (n = 52), seguida de dispneia (n = 32), palpita&#231;&#245;es (n = 10), mal-estar/tontura associada &#224; hipotens&#227;o (n = 5) e edema de membros inferiores (n = 1), conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Queixa principal que motivou a procura do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Queixa principal</th>
                <th>n = 100</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor tor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispn&#233;ia</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palpita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tontura/hipotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Edema</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica principal mais frequente, ap&#243;s anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiograma, foi de SCA (n = 51), seguida de IC (n = 29), Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP) (n = 4), derrame peric&#225;rdico ou tamponamento card&#237;aco (n = 3), choque de etiologia indeterminada (n = 2) e dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta (n = 1). Al&#233;m disso, em dez pacientes com arritmias (sendo sete pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, dois com taquicardia ventricular e um com taquicardia juncional), a ED foi indicada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e, assim, auxiliar na orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hip&#243;tese diagnostica principal ap&#243;s anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiograma</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Suspeita cl&#237;nica inicial</th>
                <th>n = 100</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tromboembolismo pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco/derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque de etiologia indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ED ultraport&#225;til, com qualidade de imagem satisfat&#243;ria, em todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>Dos 90 pacientes com incerteza diagn&#243;stica inicial, a suspeita diagn&#243;stica cl&#237;nica na admiss&#227;o p&#244;de ser confirmada com a ED em 28 (31%) deles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>), sendo 19 (68%) pacientes com IC, cinco (18%) com SCA, dois (7%) com TEP e dois (7%) com tamponamento card&#237;aco. Em um dos pacientes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante do VE, foi ainda observado trombo na regi&#227;o apical do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 2</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pacientes que tiveram a hip&#243;tese diagnostica inicial confirmada pela ecocardiografia ultraport&#225;til (n = 28)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Diagn&#243;stico final definitivo</th>
                <th style="border-bottom:hidden">n = 28</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tromboembolismo pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Paciente com queixa de dispneia. Ecocardiografia port&#225;til revelou miocardiopatia dilatada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e trombo em regi&#227;o apical (seta) na janela apical.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP) importante ao corte subcostal, com sinais de restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular, em paciente com tamponamento card&#237;aco. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e retifica&#231;&#227;o do septo ventricular, ao corte paraesternal transversal, em paciente com dispneia e suspeita de tromboembolismo pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0530-40158-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Ainda, desses 90 pacientes com incerteza diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, a ED proporcionou mudan&#231;a da hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial em 17 (19%) deles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>). Em dez pacientes com suspeita inicial de IC, o ecocardiograma n&#227;o demonstrou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica nem sinais indiretos compat&#237;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo ou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda), embora tenha sido poss&#237;vel identificar outra causa card&#237;aca para o quadro de IC apresentado (miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e estenose a&#243;rtica grave) em dois desses pacientes. Nos pacientes restantes, com suspeita de TEP (dois casos), de choque de etiologia indeterminada (dois casos) e de tamponamento card&#237;aco (um caso), a ED foi normal, afastando causa cardiol&#243;gica. Nos dois pacientes com suspeita de TEP, a suspeita era intermedi&#225;ria e, com a ED normal, afastou-se clinicamente essa hip&#243;tese. Em um paciente com dor tor&#225;cica e suspeita de SCA, a ecocardiografia observou achados compat&#237;veis com pericardite (espessamento peric&#225;rdico associado a derrame discreto); em um paciente com suspeita de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta n&#227;o havia dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta, sinais de linha de dissec&#231;&#227;o e nem insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica &#224; ED, sendo observada apenas hipertrofia ventricular esquerda significativa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pacientes que tiveram a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial alterada ap&#243;s a ecocardiografia ultraport&#225;til (n = 17)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial</th>
                <th>Diagn&#243;stico ap&#243;s ecocardiografia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6"> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">DPOC (n = 4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IRA com hipervolemia (n = 2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pneumonia (n = 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estenose a&#243;rtica grave (n = 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (n = 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ansiedade (n = 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Tromboembolismo pulmonar (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">DPOC (n =1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Pneumonia (n =1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque de etiologia indeterminada (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">Choque s&#233;ptico (n = 2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (n = 1)</td>
                <td align="center">Pericardite</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco (n = 1)</td>
                <td align="center">Desidrata&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta (n = 1)</td>
                <td align="center">Angina de consumo</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IRA: Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos dez pacientes que chegaram ao servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com arritmias sintom&#225;ticas de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito (sendo sete com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, dois com taquicardia ventricular e um com taquicardia juncional), foi observada disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE em quatro deles, sendo em dois com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e em dois com taquicardia ventricular; os demais apresentaram fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda sist&#243;lica normal.</p>
        <p>Em 45 (50%) dos 90 pacientes com incerteza diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, a ED ultraport&#225;til n&#227;o trouxe dados que permitissem confirmar ou mudar a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial, sendo necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros exames subsidi&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo permitiu demonstrar a grande utilidade da ED realizada com um equipamento ultraport&#225;til em um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, &#224; beira do leito. Em pacientes em que ainda n&#227;o havia certeza diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiograma, a ED ultraport&#225;til possibilitou confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em 31% deles e, al&#233;m disso, em 19% dos casos, fez que com a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial fosse alterada.</p>
        <p>O maior benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico do uso da ED nesta amostra foi a confirma&#231;&#227;o ou o afastamento do diagn&#243;stico de IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, sendo que em dois pacientes foi poss&#237;vel o diagn&#243;stico de outras cardiopatias (estenose a&#243;rtica e miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica) como causa da IC. Nos pacientes com suspeita de TEP, em metade deles o exame permitiu o diagn&#243;stico mais r&#225;pido, com in&#237;cio mais precoce da terap&#234;utica, assim como na suspeita de tamponamento card&#237;aco, em que dois, de tr&#234;s pacientes, tiveram o diagn&#243;stico confirmado rapidamente, sendo poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da drenagem do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>Em 10% dos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e suspeita de SCA nos quais o ECG n&#227;o foi diagn&#243;stico, a ED observou altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar. Esse achado, em paciente com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e sem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via, pode ser utilizado para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de SCA. Ainda, em um deles, o exame observou sinais de pericardite, alterando a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial. Embora a porcentagem de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, ECG normal e altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar ao ecocardiograma tenha sido pequena, esta &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o frequente nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia e existem evid&#234;ncias bem claras de que, quanto mais precocemente &#233; iniciado o tratamento na SCA, menor &#233; a morbimortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Assim, essa ferramenta diagn&#243;stica se reverte como de grande import&#226;ncia para esses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foi importante, nesta amostra, o uso da ED para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nos pacientes que chegaram com arritmias parox&#237;sticas. Especialmente na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a escolha do f&#225;rmaco para controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e para cardiovers&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica deve considerar a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A possibilidade de confirmar ou excluir um diagn&#243;stico rapidamente em pacientes graves, sem a necessidade de aguardar por exames mais complexos, demorados e nem sempre dispon&#237;veis imediatamente nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, &#233; essencial, pois permite o tratamento mais precoce de doen&#231;as graves, como SCA, dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, IC aguda, TEP e tamponamento card&#237;aco. Adicionalmente, o fato de o exame ser prontamente realizado &#224; beira do leito com aparelho facilmente transport&#225;vel, sem necessidade de remo&#231;&#227;o do paciente, confere vantagem exclusiva aos equipamentos ultraport&#225;teis, com o r&#225;pido esclarecimento de quest&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, agilizando o atendimento na emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Ainda, a ED permitiu evitar terap&#234;utica desnecess&#225;ria e, por vezes, potencialmente prejudicial, em um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Apesar do grande avan&#231;o laboratorial e tecnol&#243;gico, ainda existem dificuldades para realizar o diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares agudas potencialmente fatais. Aproximadamente 2 a 8% dos pacientes com SCA s&#227;o dispensados dos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia sem o diagn&#243;stico correto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, o que resulta em aumento da mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dispneia &#233; uma causa importante de procura por atendimento m&#233;dico de urg&#234;ncia e que necessita de diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido de sua etiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. As principais causas de dispneia, nesses pacientes, s&#227;o de origem card&#237;aca ou pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>; contudo, a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tais origens &#233; dif&#237;cil e, muitas vezes, a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e o exame f&#237;sico s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Embora o diagn&#243;stico de IC aguda possa ser realizado clinicamente em grande parte dos casos, por vezes a d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica permanece. Neste estudo, o exame direcionado permitiu a r&#225;pida confirma&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o como causa da dispneia, sem a necessidade do uso de elementos diagn&#243;sticos laboratoriais mais demorados e onerosos, como o BNP.</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes com o aparelho ultraport&#225;til tamb&#233;m demonstraram sua utilidade para o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, embora incluindo pacientes est&#225;veis internados em enfermaria. Estudo noruegu&#234;s, que incluiu pacientes internados em enfermaria de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, avaliou o uso do aparelho ultraport&#225;til e observou mudan&#231;a da hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica inicial em 18% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, resultado semelhante ao observado neste estudo, embora em popula&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;as diferentes. A ED tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi testada como ferramenta para responder a uma quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica em pacientes internados em enfermaria cardiol&#243;gica, tendo oferecido resposta para a maioria dos pacientes em que foi utilizada, al&#233;m de boa concord&#226;ncia com o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico convencional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Tamb&#233;m no cen&#225;rio ambulatorial, a ED melhorou a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da anamnese/exame f&#237;sico em pacientes com doen&#231;as diversas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. &#201; importante notar que, diferentemente do presente estudo, nos estudos citados o exame direcionado foi realizado por m&#233;dicos n&#227;o especialistas em ecocardiografia, o que indica que o exame direcionado n&#227;o necessita ser obrigatoriamente realizado por um especialista.</p>
        <p>Contrastando com estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, este foi o primeiro a utilizar a ED ultraport&#225;til apenas em pacientes atendidos em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, logo ap&#243;s anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiograma. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo foi realizado em um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas em um hospital geral terci&#225;rio, no qual existem pacientes com doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas agudas de diversas etiologias (card&#237;acas ou n&#227;o), excluindo o vi&#233;s de ser uma emerg&#234;ncia exclusivamente cardiol&#243;gica, situa&#231;&#227;o em que a maioria dos pacientes atendidos possui doen&#231;as cardiovasculares agudas.</p>
        <p>A ED n&#227;o deve ser considerada um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, devendo ser utilizada como uma ferramenta para triagem de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas na popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> ou como complemento ao exame f&#237;sico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, mediante um exame focado, respondendo a uma quest&#227;o espec&#237;fica, e melhorando a rapidez e a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;sticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, exatamente como aqui demonstrado. A ED realizada no cen&#225;rio de emerg&#234;ncia tem como objetivo principal tornar mais r&#225;pido o diagn&#243;stico, principalmente quando n&#227;o houver disponibilidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o imediata de um ecocardiograma completo. A maioria dos pacientes submetidos ao exame direcionado necessitar&#225; oportunamente de um ecocardiograma convencional, com realiza&#231;&#227;o de todas as medidas estruturais e hemodin&#226;micas oferecidas pelo m&#233;todo, para ajuste fino da terap&#234;utica, e seguimento em m&#233;dio e longo prazos.</p>
        <p>O aparelho ultraport&#225;til utilizado neste estudo se mostrou eficaz para obter imagens bidimensionais e mapeamento de fluxo em cores de boa qualidade. O aparelho permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de algumas medidas lineares, por&#233;m n&#227;o foram realizadas medidas de cavidades em nosso estudo. O aparelho n&#227;o possibilita obter medidas de &#225;rea e nem de volume, e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o possui Doppler pulsado ou cont&#237;nuo, limitando, assim, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas objetivas, como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson ou quantifica&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncias ou estenoses valvares.</p>
        <p>Assim, este estudo demonstrou que o uso da ED em um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas permitiu confirmar ou excluir hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas rapidamente, nos casos em que houve d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiograma.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo descritivo, n&#227;o havendo compara&#231;&#227;o do uso da ED com um exame convencional. Por&#233;m, essa compara&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi realizada em estudos anteriores, validando o uso dessa nova ferramenta diagn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os exames deste estudo foram feitos por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico cardiologista com experi&#234;ncia em ecocardiografia. Entretanto, diversos estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a ED realizada por m&#233;dicos n&#227;o ecocardiografistas, como complemento ao exame f&#237;sico, tem boa acur&#225;cia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, j&#225; foi demonstrado que pode ser realizado um treinamento de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ED por m&#233;dicos n&#227;o ecocardiografistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia ultraport&#225;til direcionada em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia permitiu confirmar ou excluir rapidamente um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e, com isso, iniciar mais precocemente o tratamento, al&#233;m de evitar o uso de terap&#234;utica inapropriada por diagn&#243;stico incorreto. Por se tratar de um estudo descritivo, &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos comparativos e randomizados para confirma&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
