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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">G9ZhjGdSnRSKfvcGfsxWqpN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140164</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Adult Stem Cells for the Treatment of Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Westphal</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Rocha Loures</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Bezerra de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanis</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senegaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pasquini</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFRP); PR, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;  </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUC-PR)- Curitiba, PR, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Jo&#227;o Westphal,</bold> R. Prof. Paulo D'Assump&#231;&#227;o, 902, Uberaba. Postal Code 81540-260. Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>rwestphal@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Westphal RJ; Acquisition of data: Westphal RJ, Bueno RRL, Galv&#227;o PBA, Zanis Neto J, Souza JM, Senegaglia AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Westphal RJ, Bueno RRL, Gu&#233;rios EE, Senegaglia AC; Obtaining financing: Westphal RJ, Pasquini R, Cunha CLP; Writing of the manuscript: Westphal RJ, Gu&#233;rios EE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Westphal RJ, Bueno RRL, Zanis Neto J, Souza JM, Gu&#233;rios EE, Brofman PR, Pasquini R, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>521</fpage>
      <lpage>529</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Morbimortality in patients with dilated idiopathic cardiomyopathy is high, even under optimal medical treatment. Autologous infusion of bone marrow adult stem cells has shown promising preliminary results in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Determine the effectiveness of autologous transplantation of bone marrow adult stem cells on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, and on the degree of mitral regurgitation in patients with dilated idiopathic cardiomyopathy in functional classes NYHA II and III.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We administered 4,54 x 10<sup>8</sup> &#177; 0,89 x 10<sup>8</sup> bone marrow adult stem cells into the coronary arteries of 24 patients with dilated idiopathic cardiomyopathy in functional classes NYHA II and III. Changes in functional class, systolic and diastolic left ventricular function and degree of mitral regurgitation were assessed after 3 months, 6 months and 1 year.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>During follow-up, six patients (25%) improved functional class and eight (33.3%) kept stable. Left ventricular ejection fraction improved 8.9%, 9.7% e 13.6%, after 3, 6 and 12 months (p = 0.024; 0.017 and 0.018), respectively. There were no significant changes neither in diastolic left ventricular function nor in mitral regurgitation degree. A combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation was implanted in two patients (8.3%). Four patients (16.6%) had sudden death and four patients died due to terminal cardiac failure. Average survival of these eight patients was 2.6 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow adult stem cells was associated with an improvement or stabilization of functional class and an improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction, suggesting the efficacy of this intervention. There were no significant changes neither in left ventricular diastolic function nor in the degree of mitral regurgitation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Stem Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplantation, Autologous</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), the most common cardiomyopathy, is characterized by dilation of the left ventricle (LV) or both ventricles, eccentric hypertrophy, and systolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Ventricular dilation, which is always present, can be mild, moderate, or severe, with left ventricular internal dimensions of up to 9.0 cm; decreased LV contractility may also occur to mild, moderate, and severe degrees, with or without pulmonary and/or systemic congestion symptoms. It is not uncommon for ventricular dilation to precede signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF). In approximately 50% of patients with DCM, the etiology cannot be identified; in these cases, patients are classified as having idiopathic DCM (IDCM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Optimized medical therapy reduces the morbidity and mortality of patients with IDCM of New York Heart Association (NYHA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> functional class II or III and clinical stage C of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (AHA/ACC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> classification according to disease progression. However, because this is a severe progressive disease with high mortality, drug treatment only slows progression to NYHA functional class IV in a significant number of patients, leading to early death or cardiac transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for new and better methods of treating HF. Few trials in the literature have evaluated the efficacy of stem cell transplantation in treating patients with IDCM; however, the available results are promising<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study aimed to determine the effects of autologous transplantation of adult bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on systolic and diastolic LV function and on the degree of mitral insufficiency (MI) in patients with IDCM in NYHA functional classes II and III.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research at the Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Paran&#225; (UFPR), registered under process BANPESQ 2005016327, and recorded in CEP/HC 1001.040/2005/03. All patients participating in the study signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Between June 2007 and June 2013, 24 patients (mean age 51.4 &#177; 11.5 years, 70.8% male) with IDCM were prospectively studied. The patients were stable but had HF NYHA functional classes II and III, despite at least 3 months of optimized medical treatment, and underwent autologous transplantation of adult BMSC via intracoronary infusion.</p>
      <p>The study included patients aged between 30 and 75 years, whose transthoracic Doppler echocardiograms demonstrated left ventricular diastolic dimensions &gt; 58 mm and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 34% according to Simpson's modified method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were as follows: presence of valvular disease, except mild to moderate functional MI or tricuspid insufficiency; coronary angiography showing &#8805; 50% obstruction of one or more coronary arteries; seropositive status for Chagas disease or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); current or previous use of cardiotoxic chemotherapy; abuse of alcohol or illegal drugs; history of sustained ventricular tachycardia; comorbidities impacting 2-year survival; and poor acoustic window for thoracic imaging.</p>
      <p>Clinical evaluations were performed (anamnesis with special attention to determination of the functional class and physical examination, including anthropometric measurements) along with laboratory testing [hemogram, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, urea, potassium, uric acid, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), triglycerides, transaminases, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free T4], electrocardiogram, and Doppler echocardiography in the pre-transplant period and 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after transplantation, with annual follow-up thereafter.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Doppler ecocardiography protocol</title>
        <p>Complete and standardized Doppler ecocardiographs were performed on an outpatient basis in the Cardiology Methods Service at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas at UFPR by a single operator with level 3 training in accordance with the guidelines established by the ACC/AHA consensus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The echocardiographies were performed using a Hewlett Packard Sonos<sup>&#174;</sup> 5500 model or a Philips Envisor<sup>&#174;</sup> (Bothell, Seattle, WA, United States) with a 2.5-MHz sectorial transducer, utilizing recommended plans in terms of M mode, two-dimensional and Doppler (pulsed, color and tissue), with simultaneous and continuous recording of the electrocardiogram. Among the variables studied and detailed below, we used the average of three measurements.</p>
        <p>The left ventricular systolic function was evaluated by means of LVEF, calculated using the modified two-dimensional biplane Simpson's method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Values &#8805; 55% were considered normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. As an indirect parameter of left ventricular systolic function, in M mode, the distance in millimeters was measured between E point in the mitral valve ultrasound, corresponding to the initial opening of the mitral valve, and the anterior ventricular septum in its maximum posterior movement. A maximum value of 6 mm was considered normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modified Simpson&#8217;s method to calculate the ejection fraction of the left ventricle (A) Four-chamber view; (B) two-chamber view; on the left, diastole; on the right, systole.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Left ventricular diastolic function was assessed by measuring the velocities of the diastolic E waves [NV = 60 (50-90) cm/s] and A waves [NV = 50 (40-90) cm/s] of the mitral diastolic flow, the E/A wave ratio [NV = 1.2 [0.8-1.8)], and the deceleration time of the E wave (DT - NV = 217 (178-187) ms], measured from the interval between the E wave peak and the extrapolated intersection between the flow deceleration and the base line<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Using tissue Doppler, the the velocities of basal septal mitral ring movement waves were measured: systolic S (NV = 5.97 &#177; 1.14 cm/s), initial diastolic e' (NV = 7.91 &#177; 2.16 cm/s), and final diastolic a' (NV = 5.99 &#177; 1.73 cm/s). From this, the E/e' ratio was calculated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. When atrial fibrillation rhythm was present, the E and e' wave measurements were performed over three consecutive beats, with cycles lasting between 10% and 20% of the mean cardiac rate.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tissue Doppler with the sample volume positioned in the mitral valve ring plane, in the septal wall S: systolic wave; e': early diastolic wave; a': atrial systolic wave.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The maximum volume of the left atrium was determined using Simpson's method, excluding the left atrial appendage and the mouth of the pulmonary veins and considering the mitral ring plane as the lower atrial border (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). This volume was divided by the body surface area, resulting in the left atrial volume index (LAVI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The normal value for LAVI is 22 &#177; 6 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; however, because of its correlation with cardiovascular events, 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> was used as the upper limit for normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modified Simpson's method to calculate to calculate the left atrial volume (A) Four-chamber view; (B) two-chamber view.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Representing systolic and diastolic functions, the myocardial performance index, or Tei index, was defined as the ratio between the total isovolumetric times (contraction and relaxation) and left ventricular ejection time (NV = 0.34-0.44). This was calculated by subtracting the time between the beginning and the end of the systolic aortic flow from the time elapsed between the closing and the opening of the mitral valve, and dividing this result by LV ejection time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figure 4</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Method of calculating the myocardial performance index (IPM), or Tei index. ECG: electrocardiogram; TCI: isovolumetric contraction time; TRI: isovolumetric relaxation time; TE: ejection time.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>MI was quantified by color Doppler using planimetry to obtain the outer border of the mitral regurgitant jet within the left atrium. The severity of MI was evaluated by the ratio between the area of the regurgitant jet and the area of the left atrium (ARJ/ALA): a relationship of &lt;20% indicated discrete MI, 20%-40% indicated moderate MI, and &gt;40% indicated significant MI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Area of the regurgitant jet (ARJ) in relation to the area of the left
                     atrium (ALA) in a case of significant mitral insufficiency (ARJ/ALA &gt;40%).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bone marrow collection technique</title>
        <p>The bone marrow was collected in the surgical center of the UFPR Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. In total, 30 mL of peripheral blood was collected to obtain autologous serum. The bone marrow was collected through multiple punctures (20) in both posterior iliac crests, always in distinct points. Approximately 5 mL was aspirated from each puncture in an attempt to reduce the contamination of the bone marrow with peripheral blood, totaling approximately 100 mL of bone marrow. The collected material was homogenized using Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI medium) with the addition of penicillin 200 UI/mL and streptomycin 100 &#181;g/mL as well as heparin sodium 350 units, in a proportion of one part bone marrow and one part medium. The tubes holding the bone marrow were sent for cell processing. The percentage of viable cells was determined by homogenization of 0.5 mL of the cell suspension with 0.1 mL of a Trypan blue 0.4% solution, followed by a count of at least 100 cells in a Neubauer chamber. The adult BMSCs were used on the patients on the same day they were collected.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intracoronary stem cell implant technique</title>
        <p>Initially, coronarography using the Seldinger technique was performed to confirm the absence of coronary lesions and to describe the coronary arteries. It was followed by an infusion of autologous stem cells in the coronary arteries at a rate of 1 mL/min through an infusion catheter (AMICATH) positioned sequentially, using a 0.014'' guidewire, at the beginning of the left anterior descending (into which 10 mL of the solution was infused), the left circumflex (5 mL), and the right coronary artery (5 mL).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results of quantitative variables were described as means &#177; standard deviations. Qualitative variables were described by frequencies and percentages. The normality of the variables was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For each variable evaluated, each post-transplant evaluation was compared with the pre-transplant evaluation using the Student's <italic>t</italic> test for paired samples. Considering the first four assessment periods (pre-transplant and 3 months, 6 month, and 1 year after transplantation) for each variable, a patient's profile analysis was performed, assessing, assessing the homogeneity of patient progress over the period of 1 year. The patient survival time after transplantation was described by means of a Kaplan-Meier curve. p values &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the initial clinical evaluation, 10 patients (41.7%) were in NYHA functional class II, while 14 (58.3%) were in functional class III. The mean LVEF was 27.08 &#177; 5.12% (17%-34%). The basal electrocardiogram of five patients (20.8%) did not present conduction disturbances; four patients (16.6%) had left bundle branch conduction disorder; 15 patients (62.5%) presented with left branch block.</p>
      <p>On average, 4.54 &#215; 10<sup>8</sup> &#177; 0.89 &#215; 10<sup>8</sup> (2.11 &#215; 10<sup>8</sup> -5.06 &#215; 10<sup>8</sup>) adult BMSCs with 93.04% viability were injected into the coronary arteries. There were no complications related to bone marrow aspiration or the intracoronary infusion of adult BMSCs. In addition, these procedures revealed no clinical or electrocardiographic changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>In the long term after adult BMSC infusion, six patients (25%) showed an improvement from NYHA functional class III to II, while eight patients (33%) remained stable in the same functional class without complications. Five patients (20.8%) showed clinical complications with worsening in functional class: one due to renal failure after cholecystectomy, one due to bronchial pneumonia and pleural effusion, and one due to acute atrial fibrillation rhythm reverted using electrical cardioversion. The other two patients (8.3%) received cardiac resynchronization therapy: one for the worsening of HF and the other for nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia. With clinical management, four of these patients returned to their initial functional class, while one patient improved by one functional class.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up period, eight (33.3%) deaths occurred; of these, four (16.6%) patients had sudden cardiac death and four (16.6%) terminal HF. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref> shows the graph of the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the sample studied.</p>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the sample studied</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      <p>With regard to the echocardiographic parameters observed, compared with pre-transplant levels, a continuous and significant improvement in LVEF was observed during clinical follow-up, with an average increase of 8.9%, 9.7%, and 13.6% after 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively (p &lt; 0.05 for all). This occurred at the expense of a significant decrease in the LV end systolic volume without a significant change in the end diastolic volume. The distance between E point and the ventricular septum in M mode, significantly reduced in the first 3 months after transplantation and remained stable during later follow-up. DT, in turn, significantly increased during the 3-month period, returning to the base levels and remaining stable. The remaining parameters (LAVI, ARJ/ALA, E/A ratio, E/e' ratio, and Tei index) showed no statistically significant variations in comparisons between pre-transplant values and the various post-transplant stages (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters at baseline and follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Variable</th>
              <th>Pre-transplant (n = 23)</th>
              <th>3 months (n = 23)</th>
              <th>6 months (n = 23)</th>
              <th>1 year(n = 22)</th>
              <th>2 years (n = 13)</th>
              <th>3 years (n = 9)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.91 &#177; 5.16</td>
              <td align="center">29.30 &#177; 6.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">29.57 &#177; 6.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30.41 &#177; 7.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">33.54 &#177; 8.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">36.11 &#177; 10.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ESV (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">212.65 &#177; 68.34</td>
              <td align="center">200.48 &#177; 77.61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">191.91 &#177; 78.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">201.36 &#177; 82.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">179.62 &#177; 96.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">160.44 &#177; 93.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EDF (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">288.48 &#177; 80.60</td>
              <td align="center">278.39 &#177; 88.26</td>
              <td align="center">267.61 &#177; 89.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">283.23 &#177; 91.70</td>
              <td align="center">260.23 &#177; 115.55</td>
              <td align="center">237.67 &#177; 102.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SV (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">75.87 &#177; 19.95</td>
              <td align="center">77.87 &#177; 17.67</td>
              <td align="center">75.87 &#177; 18.54</td>
              <td align="center">82.00 &#177; 19.46</td>
              <td align="center">80.31 &#177; 22.91</td>
              <td align="center">77.22 &#177; 14.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E-SV (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">25.48 &#177; 5.36</td>
              <td align="center">24.57 &#177; 4.90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">24.70 &#177; 6.14</td>
              <td align="center">25.05 &#177; 5.39</td>
              <td align="center">26.69 &#177; 5.59</td>
              <td align="center">22.78 &#177; 7.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LAVI (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">59.17 &#177; 17.42</td>
              <td align="center">54.26 &#177; 20.74</td>
              <td align="center">54.22 &#177; 22.51</td>
              <td align="center">57.23 &#177; 20.42</td>
              <td align="center">60.69 &#177; 27.52</td>
              <td align="center">50.44 &#177; 22.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.44 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 &#177; 0.99</td>
              <td align="center">1.43 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 1.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">1.34 &#177; 0.94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#167;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">203.26 &#177; 48.02</td>
              <td align="center">243.81 &#177; 101.98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">205.91 &#177; 79.32</td>
              <td align="center">213.45 &#177; 83.025</td>
              <td align="center">214.69 &#177; 55.14</td>
              <td align="center">223.11 &#177; 87.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/e'</td>
              <td align="center">12.83 &#177; 4.76</td>
              <td align="center">12.13 &#177; 3.79</td>
              <td align="center">12.74 &#177; 4.49</td>
              <td align="center">13.59 &#177; 4.81</td>
              <td align="center">11.69 &#177; 3.68</td>
              <td align="center">12.11 &#177; 3.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tei index</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARJ/ALA</td>
              <td align="center">26.34 &#177; 11.85</td>
              <td align="center">26.00 &#177; 9.70</td>
              <td align="center">26.33 &#177; 10.94</td>
              <td align="center">30.06 &#177; 12.75</td>
              <td align="center">22.72 &#177; 7.81</td>
              <td align="center">26.24 &#177; 11.56</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ESV: end systolic volume; EDV: end diastolic volume; SV: systolic volume; E-SV: distance between E point and the ventricular septum in M mode; LAVI: left atrial volume index; E/A: relationship between E and A wave speeds in diastolic mitral flow; DT: E wave deceleration time; E/e': relationship between E wave in diastolic mitral flow and e' wave movement in the septal basal area of the mitral ring; ARJ/ALA: ratio between the area of the mitral regurgitant jet and the area of the left atrium.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 in comparison with pre-transplant values;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>n = 21, as one patient developed unreverted atrial fibrillation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>n = 12;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>n = 8.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The benefit of stem cells in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is related to possible neovascularization and myocardial tissue formation because of these cells' ability to acquire the characteristics of other cell lines such as myocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. In addition, adult BMSCs injected into the coronary arteries can indirectly contribute to cardiac regeneration by releasing several peptides, which have a paracrine effect on the myocardium and the resident cardiac progenitor cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Clinical and experimental studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> suggest benefits from stem cell therapy in ischemic and Chagas-related DCM, mainly because of a decrease in fibrosis and an increase in vasculature but without concrete evidence of transdifferentiation of stem cells into cardiomyocites. However, these studies did show a significant improvement in the functional class and left ventricular systolic function, as assessed by LVEF. Seth et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>performed intracoronary stem cell transplantation in patients with DCM, obtaining an improvement in the functional class and a significant 5.4% increase in LVEF in the treated group over a 6-month follow-up period. Vrtovec et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> performed intracoronary CD34 stem cell transplantation in 28 patients with IDCM guided by contractile alterations accented by scintillography, with a control group. After 1 year, patient LVEF increased from 25.5 &#177; 7.5% to 30.1 &#177; 6.7% (p = 0.03), the distance in the 6-min walk test increased, and the level of the natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP decreased, along with potential increased survival; this result persisted during the 5-year follow-up period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Vilas-Boas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> conducted stem cell transplantation in 28 patients with Chagas-related HF and demonstrated in increase in LVEF from 20.1 &#177; 6.8% (base) to 28.3 &#177; 7.9% (p &lt; 0.03) 6 months after the procedure. In our sample, an improvement or stabilization of the functional class was observed in a significant number of patients, in addition to an important evolutionary improvement in LVEF compared with pre-transplant base values, with an average increase of 8.9%, 9.7%, and 13.6% after 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively; these values persisted until 3 years after the procedure. Consistent with the findings in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, this increase was due to a reduction in ESV and stability of EDV and SV.</p>
      <p>The E-SV parameter demonstrated a discreet decrease between the pre-procedure period and 3 months post-procedure but remained stable during follow-up and comparisons between pre-procedure and 6 months post-procedure and pre-procedure and 1 year post-procedure. It is known that this parameter increases with decreased ejection fraction, possibly as a result of the remodeling of the ventricular cavity with increasing diameters, primarily the anteroposterior and ventricular volumes. However, in this study, we did not observe any increase, probably because of the presence of left bundle branch block, an intraventricular conduction disturbance, and intraventricular dyssynchrony, which was present in 19 (79.2%) of the 24 patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>The E/A ratio of the diastolic mitral flow waves, the E wave DT in early mitral diastolic flow, the E/e' ratio, and the LAVI by body surface area are all echocardiographic indices that assess LV diastolic function. No significant sustained changes occurred in these variables, reflecting nonsignificant progress in the diastolic function of the study population.</p>
      <p>In addition, there was no significant variation in the Tei index. In patients with IDCM, this index, which reflects left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance, has independent prognostic value if it worsens, which, which did not occur in this study.</p>
      <p>The semi-quantitative assessment of MI severity did not show statistical significance in the comparisons between the pre-transplant evaluations and subsequent evaluations until 3 years post-procedure. Mild to moderate MI in the pre-transplant period did not progress to moderate or severe levels at any time, and it is interpreted as non-worsening in left ventricular remodeling, which is the cause of mitral reflux in IDCM because of mitral ring dilation.</p>
      <p>Joint analysis of these indices allows us to infer that on average, our patients exhibited grade III diastolic dysfunction, named reversible restrictive pattern. These results, along with the Tei index, corroborated the severity of diastolic and systolic dysfunction in the population studied as well as their high mortality demonstrated in the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, with an average survival of 2.6 years for the eight patients who died.</p>
      <p>IDCM is the main substrate for sudden cardiac death. The absolute risk of sudden death increases with deterioration of cardiac function; however, the relationship between sudden and non-sudden deaths is inversely related to the extent of the functional damage, i.e., mortality is lower but the likelihood of sudden death is greater among patients with cardiomyopathy in better functional classes (I and II). The mortality rate observed in our population is similar to that obtained by Vrtovec et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> These authors found an overall mortality rate of 25% (48% because of HF and 52% because of sudden cardiac death) 5 years after intracoronary stem cell transplantation, although this was lower in the group that received stem cells (14% vs. 35%; p = 0.01). The same occurred with the deaths from HF (5% vs. 18%; p = 0.03) but not with sudden cardiac death (9% vs. 16%; p = 0.39)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>The limitations of this study are as follows: the absence of a control group only in optimized clinical treatment, the lack of prior endomyocardiac biopsy to rule out other possible causes of DCM, and the fact that analysis of the echocardiographic parameters was performed by a single qualified operator.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated that patients with DCM who underwent intracoronary implant of autologous stem cells remain stable or improve their NYHA functional class and demonstrate significant improvement in left ventricular systolic function because of increased LVEF. Consequently, it may be a stimulus for additional research on the application of stem cells in IDCM.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ricardo Jo&#227;o Westphal, from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Transplante Aut&#243;logo de C&#233;lulas-Tronco Adultas para Tratamento da Cardiomiopatia Dilatada Idiop&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Westphal</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Rocha Loures</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Bezerra de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanis</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senegaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pasquini</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFRP) - Curitiba, PR, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUC-PR) - Curitiba, PR, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Jo&#227;o Westphal</bold>, R. Prof. Paulo D'Assump&#231;&#227;o, 902, Uberaba. CEP 81540-260. Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>rwestphal@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Westphal RJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Westphal RJ, Bueno RRL, Galv&#227;o PBA, Zanis Neto J, Souza JM, Senegaglia AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Westphal RJ, Bueno RRL, Gu&#233;rios EE, Senegaglia AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Westphal RJ, Pasquini R, Cunha CLP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Westphal RJ, Gu&#233;rios EE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Westphal RJ, Bueno RRL, Zanis Neto J, Souza JM, Gu&#233;rios EE, Brofman PR, Pasquini R, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica apresentam alta morbimortalidade, mesmo em tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado. A infus&#227;o aut&#243;loga de c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas da medula &#243;ssea mostrou resultados cl&#237;nicos preliminares promissores nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a efic&#225;cia do transplante aut&#243;logo de c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas da medula &#243;ssea sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, e o grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em classes funcionais NYHA II e III.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Infundiram-se 4,54 x 10<sup>8</sup> &#177; 0,89 x 10<sup>8</sup> c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas da medula &#243;ssea nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de 24 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em classes funcionais NYHA II e III. Ap&#243;s 3 meses, 6 meses e 1 ano, avaliaram-se as mudan&#231;as de classe funcional, das fun&#231;&#245;es ventricular esquerda sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, e do grau da insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No seguimento, seis (25%) pacientes melhoraram sua classe funcional e oito (33,3%) mantiveram sua classe funcional inicial. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aumentou 8,9%, 9,7% e 13,6%, ap&#243;s 3 e 6 meses e 1 ano (p = 0,024; p = 0,017 e p = 0,018), respectivamente. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e o grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral n&#227;o demonstraram mudan&#231;as significativas. Dois pacientes (8,3%) receberam cardioversor e ressincronizador implant&#225;vel. Ocorreram quatro (16,6%) mortes s&#250;bitas e quatro (16,6%) mortes por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal. A sobrevida m&#233;dia desses oitos pacientes foi de 2,6 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A infus&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica promoveu melhora ou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional, e melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em expressivo n&#250;mero de pacientes, sugerindo efic&#225;cia dessa interven&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o se observaram mudan&#231;as significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e nem no grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas-Tronco</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Aut&#243;logo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMPD), a mais comum das cardiomiopatias, &#233; caracterizada pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sempre presente, pode ser discreta, moderada ou importante, com dimens&#245;es internas ventriculares esquerdas de at&#233; 9,0 cm, e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do VE tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer em graus discreto, moderado e grave, sem e com sintomas de congest&#227;o pulmonar e/ou sist&#234;mica. N&#227;o &#233; incomum que a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preceda sinais e sintomas de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC). Em aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com CMPD, a causa etiol&#243;gica n&#227;o pode ser identificada; nesses casos, os pacientes s&#227;o classificados como tendo Cardiomiopatia Dilatada Idiop&#225;tica (CMPDI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado diminui a morbimortalidade de portadores de CMPDI em classes funcionais II ou III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>(NYHA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, e em est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico C da classifica&#231;&#227;o baseada na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a da <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</italic> (AHA/ACC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No entanto, por ser uma doen&#231;a grave, progressiva e com alta mortalidade, o tratamento medicamentoso apenas retarda a evolu&#231;&#227;o para a classe funcional IV da NYHA em um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes, levando-os precocemente ao transplante card&#237;aco ou ao &#243;bito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Por isso, h&#225; uma cont&#237;nua necessidade de melhores e novas formas de tratamento da IC. Existem poucos <italic>trials</italic> na literatura que avaliam a efic&#225;cia do transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco na terap&#234;utica de pacientes com CMPDI, mas os resultados dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o promissores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a efic&#225;cia do transplante aut&#243;logo de c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas da medula &#243;ssea sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE, e sobre o grau de Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (IM), em pacientes portadores de CMPDI em classes funcionais NYHA II e III.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), com protocolo BANPESQ 2005016327 e registro no CEP/HC 1001.040/2005/03. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Entre junho de 2007 e junho de 2013, estudaram-se, prospectivamente, 24 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 51,4 &#177; 11,5 anos, 70,8% homens) portadores de CMPDI, est&#225;veis, por&#233;m com IC em classes funcionais NYHA II e III, apesar de pelo menos 3 meses de tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, e que foram submetidos ao transplante aut&#243;logo de C&#233;lulas-Tronco Adultas da Medula &#211;ssea (CTAMO) por infus&#227;o intracoronariana.</p>
        <p>Inclu&#237;ram-se pacientes com idades entre 30 e 75 anos, cujos dopplerecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos demonstraram dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda &gt; 58 mm e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o de VE (FEVE) &#8804; 34% pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as valvares, exceto a IM ou tric&#250;spide funcionais de grau leve a moderado; coronariografia mostrando obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% da luz de uma ou mais coron&#225;rias; sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas ou HIV; uso pr&#233;vio ou corrente de quimioter&#225;picos cardiot&#243;xicos; uso abusivo de &#225;lcool ou drogas il&#237;citas; hist&#243;ria de taquicardia ventricular sustentada; comorbidades com impacto na sobrevida em 2 anos; e pacientes com janela ac&#250;stica tor&#225;cica ruim.</p>
        <p>Foram efetuadas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (anamnese, com especial aten&#231;&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional, e exame f&#237;sico, com determina&#231;&#227;o de medidas antropom&#233;tricas), laboratoriais (hemograma, glicemia de jejum, creatinina, ureia, pot&#225;ssio, &#225;cido &#250;rico, colesterol, Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade-Colesterol - HDL-Colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, transaminases, CPK, Horm&#244;nio Estimulante da Tireoide - TSH e T4 livre), eletrocardiograma e dopplerecocardiograma nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-transplante, aos 3 meses, 6 meses, 1 ano e, posteriormente, anuais.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de dopplerecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Os exames dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficos completos e padronizados foram realizados ambulatorialmente no Servi&#231;o de M&#233;todos Cardiol&#243;gicos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFPR, por um &#250;nico operador com n&#237;vel 3 de treinamento, de acordo as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo consenso da ACC/AHA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Utilizaram-se ecocardi&#243;grafos Hewlett Packard, modelo Sonos<sup>&#174;</sup> 5500, ou Philips Envisor<sup>&#174;</sup>, (Bothell, Seattle, WA, Estados Unidos), com transdutor setorial de 2,5 MHz, nos planos recomendados, nas modalidades de modo M, bidimensional e Doppler pulsado, cont&#237;nuo, colorido e tecidual, com registro simult&#226;neo e cont&#237;nuo do eletrocardiograma. Dentre as vari&#225;veis pesquisadas e detalhadas a seguir, usou-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas.</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi avaliada por meio da FEVE, calculada pelo m&#233;todo bidimensional, biplanar de Simpson modificado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 1</xref>). Consideraram-se normais valores &#8805; 55%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Como par&#226;metro indireto da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, mediu-se, pelo modo M, a dist&#226;ncia em mil&#237;metros entre o ponto E do ecograma valvar mitral, correspondendo &#224; abertura inicial da valva mitral, e o septo ventricular anterior, na sua movimenta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima posterior. Considerou-se como normal o valor m&#225;ximo de 6 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;todo de Simpson modificado para c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (A) Corte de 4 c&#226;maras; (B) corte de 2 c&#226;maras; &#224; esquerda, di&#225;stole; &#224; direita, s&#237;stole.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi avaliada pelas medidas das velocidades das ondas diast&#243;licas E [VN = 60 (50-90) cm/s] e A [VN = 50 (40-90) cm/s] do fluxo diast&#243;lico mitral, da rela&#231;&#227;o das ondas E/A [VN = 1,2 [0,8 -1,8)] e do tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TD - VN = 217 (178-187) ms], medido pelo intervalo entre o pico da onda E e a extrapola&#231;&#227;o da interse&#231;&#227;o da desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo com a linha de base<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Mediram-se, pelo Doppler tecidual, as velocidades das ondas da movimenta&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral septal basal, sist&#243;lica S (VN = 5,97 &#177; 1,14 cm/s), e as diast&#243;licas inicial e' (VN = 7,91 &#177; 2,16 cm/s) e final a' (VN = 5,99 &#177; 1,73 cm/s). Calculou-se, ent&#227;o, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a onda E e a onda e' (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Na presen&#231;a de ritmo card&#237;aco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, as medidas das ondas E e e' foram realizadas em tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos, cujos ciclos tinham dura&#231;&#227;o dentro de 10 a 20% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Doppler tecidual com o volume de amostra posicionado no plano do anel valvar mitral, na parede septal. S: onda sist&#243;lica; e': onda da di&#225;stole precoce; a': onda da s&#237;stole atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Determinou-se o volume m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, excluindo-se o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e a desembocadura das veias pulmonares, e considerando-se como borda atrial inferior o plano do anel mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 3</xref>). Esse volume foi dividido pela superf&#237;cie corporal, resultando no Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo Indexado (VAEI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O valor normal do VAEI &#233; de 22 &#177; 6 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, mas, por sua correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos cardiovasculares, foi utilizado o valor de corte de 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> como limite superior do normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;todo de Simpson modificado para c&#225;lculo do volume atrial esquerdo. (A) Corte de 4 c&#226;maras; (B) corte de 2 c&#226;maras.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Representando as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, o &#237;ndice de   <italic>performance</italic> do mioc&#225;rdico, ou &#237;ndice de Tei, foi definido como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os tempos isovolum&#233;tricos totais (contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento) e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VN = 0,34 - 0,44). Ele foi calculado dividindo-se o tempo decorrido entre o fechamento e a abertura da valva mitral menos o tempo entre o in&#237;cio e o t&#233;rmino do fluxo sist&#243;lico a&#243;rtico, pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figura 4</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;todo de c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de performance do mioc&#225;rdio (IPM) ou &#237;ndice de Tei. ECG: eletrocardiograma; TCI: tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trico; TRI: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>IM foi quantificada pelo Doppler colorido, obtendo-se, por planimetria, a borda externa do jato regurgitante mitral no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo. Avaliou-se a gravidade da IM pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre a &#193;rea do Jato Regurgitante e a &#193;rea do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AJR/AAE): rela&#231;&#227;o &lt; 20% indicou IM discreta; entre 20 e 40%, IM moderada; e rela&#231;&#227;o &gt; 40%, IM importante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#193;rea do jato regurgitante (AJR) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo
                        (AAE) em um caso de insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante (AJR/AAE &gt; 40%).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica de coleta da medula &#243;ssea</title>
          <p>A coleta da medula &#243;ssea foi realizada no centro cir&#250;rgico do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFPR. Coletaram-se 30 mL de sangue perif&#233;rico para obten&#231;&#227;o de soro aut&#243;logo. A medula &#243;ssea foi coletada por meio de m&#250;ltiplas pun&#231;&#245;es (20) de ambas as cristas il&#237;acas posteriores, sempre em pontos distintos. Em m&#233;dia, aspirou-se cerca de 5 mL em cada pun&#231;&#227;o, a fim de reduzir a contamina&#231;&#227;o da medula com sangue perif&#233;rico, totalizando aproximadamente 100 mL da medula &#243;ssea. O material coletado foi homogeneizado com o meio RPMI, acrescido de 200 UI/mL de penicilina e de 100 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL de estreptomicina, al&#233;m de 350 unidades de heparina s&#243;dica, mantendo-se a propor&#231;&#227;o de 1/2 da medula &#243;ssea e 1/2 do meio. Os frascos com a medula &#243;ssea foram encaminhados para processamento celular. A porcentagem de c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis foi determinada pela homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o de 0,5 mL da suspens&#227;o celular com 0,1 mL de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de azul de Tripan 0,4%, seguida da contagem de um m&#237;nimo de 100 c&#233;lulas em c&#226;mara de Neubauer. As CTAMO foram aplicadas nos pacientes no mesmo dia de sua coleta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica de implante intracoronariano de c&#233;lulas-tronco</title>
          <p>Por meio da t&#233;cnica de Seldinger, realizou-se, primeiramente, uma coronariografia, para reconfirma&#231;&#227;o de aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas e descri&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Seguiu-se com infus&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco aut&#243;logas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, a uma velocidade de 1 mL/minuto, atrav&#233;s de um cateter de infus&#227;o (AMICATH) posicionado sequencialmente, com o aux&#237;lio de um fio-guia 0,014", no in&#237;cio do ramo descendente anterior (pelo qual infundiram-se 10 mL da solu&#231;&#227;o), do ramo circunflexo (5 mL) e da coron&#225;ria direita (5 mL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados de vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritos por m&#233;dias &#177; desvios padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para cada uma das vari&#225;veis avaliadas, a compara&#231;&#227;o de cada momento de avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante com o momento pr&#233;-transplante foi feita usando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras pareadas. Considerando-se os primeiros quatro per&#237;odos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (pr&#233;-transplante, 3 meses, 6 meses e 1 ano ap&#243;s o transplante), para cada vari&#225;vel, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de perfil (<italic>profile</italic>), avaliando-se a homogeneidade da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes ao longo do per&#237;odo de 1 ano. Para a descri&#231;&#227;o do tempo de sobrevida dos pacientes ap&#243;s o transplante, foi apresentada uma curva de Kaplan-Meier. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Os dados foram analisados com o programa computacional <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial, dez pacientes (41,7%) pertenciam &#224; classe funcional II e 14 (58,3%) &#224; classe funcional III da NYHA. A FEVE m&#233;dia era de 27,08 &#177; 5,12% (17 a 34%). O eletrocardiograma basal de cinco pacientes (20,8%) n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica; quatro pacientes (16,6%) tinham dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo; e 15 pacientes (62,5%) apresentavam bloqueio do ramo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Injetou-se uma m&#233;dia de 4,54 x 10<sup>8</sup> &#177; 0,89 x 10<sup>8</sup> (2,11 x 10<sup>8</sup> - 5,06 x 10<sup>8</sup>) CTAMO com viabilidade de 93,04% nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; aspira&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do da medula &#243;ssea e nem &#224; infus&#227;o intracoronariana das CTAMO. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e nem eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica decorrente dos procedimentos.</p>
        <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de CTAMO, seis pacientes (25%) apresentaram melhora da classe funcional NYHA III para II, e oito pacientes (33%) permaneceram est&#225;veis na mesma classe funcional, sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Cinco pacientes (20,8%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com piora da classe funcional: um por disfun&#231;&#227;o renal no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de colecistectomia, um por broncopneumonia e derrame pleural, e um por ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda revertida por cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Os outros dois pacientes (8,3%) receberam terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, um por piora da IC, e o outro por taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e sustentada. Com manejo cl&#237;nico, quatro desses pacientes retornaram &#224; sua classe funcional inicial e um paciente melhorou em um grau sua classe funcional.</p>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, ocorreram oito (33,3%) mortes, sendo que quatro (16,6%) pacientes tiveram morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, e quatro (16,6%) por IC terminal. A   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref> apresenta o gr&#225;fico da curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier da amostra estudada.</p>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para a amostra estudada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0521-40164-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Quanto aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, observou-se melhora cont&#237;nua e significativa da FEVE no seguimento cl&#237;nico, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os &#237;ndices pr&#233;-transplante, tendo ocorrido aumento m&#233;dio de 8,9%, 9,7% e 13,6% ap&#243;s 3 meses, 6 meses e 1 ano, respectivamente (todos com p &lt; 0,05). Isso ocorreu &#224;s custas de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do volume sist&#243;lico final do VE, sem ter havido altera&#231;&#227;o significativa no volume diast&#243;lico final. A dist&#226;ncia entre o ponto E e o septo ventricular no modo M, teve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos primeiros 3 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, permanecendo est&#225;vel no seguimento tardio. O TD apresentou, por sua vez, um aumento significativo no acompanhamento de 3 meses, retornando, ent&#227;o, aos n&#237;veis basais e permanecendo est&#225;vel na evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os demais par&#226;metros pesquisados (VAEI, AJR/AAE, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' e &#237;ndice de Tei) n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os valores pr&#233;-transplante e os v&#225;rios est&#225;gios da evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas no basal e no seguimento tardio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Pr&#233; (n = 23)</th>
                <th>3 meses (n = 23)</th>
                <th>6 meses (n = 23)</th>
                <th>1 ano (n = 22)</th>
                <th>2 anos (n = 13)</th>
                <th>3 anos (n = 9)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,91 &#177; 5,16</td>
                <td align="center">29,30 &#177; 6,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">29,57 &#177; 6,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30,41 &#177; 7,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">33,54 &#177; 8,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">36,11 &#177; 10,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSF (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">212,65 &#177; 68,34</td>
                <td align="center">200,48 &#177; 77,61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">191,91 &#177; 78,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">201,36 &#177; 82,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">179,62 &#177; 96,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">160,44 &#177; 93,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDF (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">288,48 &#177; 80,60</td>
                <td align="center">278,39 &#177; 88,26</td>
                <td align="center">267,61 &#177; 89,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">283,23 &#177; 91,70</td>
                <td align="center">260,23 &#177; 115,55</td>
                <td align="center">237,67 &#177; 102,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VS (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">75,87 &#177; 19,95</td>
                <td align="center">77,87 &#177; 17,67</td>
                <td align="center">75,87 &#177; 18,54</td>
                <td align="center">82,00 &#177; 19,46</td>
                <td align="center">80.31 &#177; 22,91</td>
                <td align="center">77,22 &#177; 14,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E-SV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">25,48 &#177; 5,36</td>
                <td align="center">24,57 &#177; 4,90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">24,70 &#177; 6,14</td>
                <td align="center">25,05 &#177; 5,39</td>
                <td align="center">26,69 &#177; 5,59</td>
                <td align="center">22,78 &#177; 7,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VAEI (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">59,17 &#177; 17,42</td>
                <td align="center">54,26 &#177; 20,74</td>
                <td align="center">54,22 &#177; 22,51</td>
                <td align="center">57,23 &#177; 20,42</td>
                <td align="center">60,69 &#177; 27,52</td>
                <td align="center">50,44 &#177; 22,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 &#177; 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 1,13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1,34 &#177; 0,94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#167;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">203,26 &#177; 48,02</td>
                <td align="center">243,81 &#177; 101,98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">205,91 &#177; 79,32</td>
                <td align="center">213,45 &#177; 83,025</td>
                <td align="center">214,69 &#177; 55,14</td>
                <td align="center">223,11 &#177; 87,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">12,83 &#177; 4,76</td>
                <td align="center">12,13 &#177; 3,79</td>
                <td align="center">12,74 &#177; 4,49</td>
                <td align="center">13,59 &#177; 4,81</td>
                <td align="center">11,69 &#177; 3,68</td>
                <td align="center">12,11 &#177; 3,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Tei</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ARM/AAE</td>
                <td align="center">26,34 &#177; 11,85</td>
                <td align="center">26,00 &#177; 9,70</td>
                <td align="center">26,33 &#177; 10,94</td>
                <td align="center">30,06 &#177; 12,75</td>
                <td align="center">22,72 &#177; 7,81</td>
                <td align="center">26,24 &#177; 11,56</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; E-SV: dist&#226;ncia entre o ponto E e o septo ventricular no modo M; VAEI: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades das ondas E e A do fluxo diast&#243;lico mitral; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; E/e': rela&#231;&#227;o da onda E do fluxo diast&#243;lico mitral e a onda e' da movimenta&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral septal basal; ARM/AAE: rela&#231;&#227;o entre a &#225;rea de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e a &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 na compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores pr&#233;;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>n = 21, pois um paciente evoluiu com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o revertida;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>n = 12;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>n = 8.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O benef&#237;cio das c&#233;lulas-tronco no tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#225; relacionado &#224; poss&#237;vel neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido mioc&#225;rdico, em raz&#227;o da capacidade de essas c&#233;lulas adquirirem caracter&#237;sticas de outras linhagens celulares, como mi&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas da musculatura lisa vascular e c&#233;lulas endoteliais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, as CTAMO injetadas nas coron&#225;rias podem contribuir indiretamente para a regenera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, ao liberarem diversos pept&#237;deos que exercem uma a&#231;&#227;o par&#225;crina sobre o mioc&#225;rdio e c&#233;lulas progenitoras card&#237;acas residentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> sugeriram benef&#237;cios da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco em CMPD, isqu&#234;mica e chag&#225;sica, principalmente decorrente de uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fibrose e do aumento na vasculatura, mas sem evid&#234;ncia concreta de transdiferencia&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas-tronco em cardiomi&#243;citos. Mostraram, entretanto, melhora significativa da classe funcional e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda avaliadas pela FEVE. Seth e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> realizaram implanta&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas-tronco em pacientes com CMPD, obtendo melhora na classe funcional e um significante aumento na FEVE de 5,4% no grupo tratado, num seguimento de 6 meses. Vrtovec e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> realizaram transplante intracoronariano de c&#233;lulas-tronco CD34 em 28 pacientes com CMPDI, com grupo controle, guiado por altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til mais acentuada pela cintilografia. Ap&#243;s 1 ano, os pacientes apresentaram um aumento na FEVE de 25,5 &#177; 7,5% para 30,1 &#177; 6,7 % (p = 0,03), aumento da dist&#226;ncia no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico NT-proBNP, al&#233;m de potencial aumento da sobrevida - resultado este que se manteve no acompanhamento de 5 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Vilas-Boas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> realizaram implante de c&#233;lulas-tronco com 28 pacientes com IC chag&#225;sica e demonstraram aumento da FEVE de 20,1 &#177; 6,8% (basal) para 28,3 &#177; 7,9% (p &lt; 0,03) 6 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Na nossa amostra, observou-se ter havido uma melhora ou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional em expressivo n&#250;mero dos pacientes e uma melhora evolutiva significativa da FEVE, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais pr&#233;-transplante, com um aumento m&#233;dio da FEVE, respectivamente, de 8,9%, 9,7% e 13,6%, ap&#243;s 3, 6 meses e 1 ano, mantendo-se dessa forma at&#233; aos 3 anos. Confirmando achados da literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, tal aumento se deu por uma redu&#231;&#227;o do VSF e uma estabilidade do VDF e VS.</p>
        <p>O par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico E-SV apresentou discreta diminui&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e 3 meses, mas permaneceu est&#225;vel no seguimento, e na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e 6 meses, e pr&#233; e 1 ano. Sabe-se que esse par&#226;metro aumenta com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, possivelmente pelo efeito do remodelamento da cavidade ventricular, com aumento dos di&#226;metros, principalmente o anteroposterior, e dos volumes ventriculares. Por&#233;m, neste estudo, n&#227;o observamos aumento, provavelmente devido &#224; presen&#231;a de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular e dissincronia intraventricular presentes em 19 (79,2%) dos 24 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A das ondas diast&#243;licas do fluxo mitral, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E do fluxo diast&#243;lico mitral precoce, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' e o VAEI pela superf&#237;cie corporal s&#227;o todos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. N&#227;o ocorreram mudan&#231;as significativas sustentadas dessas vari&#225;veis, refletindo mudan&#231;as evolutivas n&#227;o significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve tamb&#233;m varia&#231;&#227;o significativa do &#237;ndice de Tei. Nos pacientes com CMPDI, esse &#237;ndice, que reflete o desempenho sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo, apresenta valor progn&#243;stico independente quando apresenta piora evolutiva, o que n&#227;o aconteceu neste estudo.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa da gravidade da IM n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nas compara&#231;&#245;es da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-transplante e nas avalia&#231;&#245;es posteriores at&#233; 3 anos. A IM leve a moderada, no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-transplante, em nenhum momento atingiu o grau moderado a grave ou grave, interpretando-se como uma n&#227;o piora do remodelamento ventricular esquerdo, que, por dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, &#233; a causa do refluxo mitral na CMPDI.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise conjunta desses &#237;ndices permite inferir que, na m&#233;dia, nossos pacientes apresentaram uma disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de grau III, denominada de padr&#227;o restritivo revers&#237;vel. Esses resultados, acrescentados ao &#237;ndice de Tei, corroboram a gravidade das disfun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, bem como sua alta mortalidade, demonstrada na curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com sobrevida m&#233;dia de 2,6 anos para os oito pacientes que morreram.</p>
        <p>A CMPDI &#233; o substrato principal da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. O risco absoluto de morte s&#250;bita aumenta com a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as mortes s&#250;bitas e n&#227;o s&#250;bitas est&#225; inversamente relacionada com a extens&#227;o do dano funcional, ou seja, a mortalidade &#233; menor, mas a probabilidade de morte s&#250;bita &#233; maior entre os pacientes com cardiomiopatia em melhor classe funcional (I e II). A taxa de &#243;bito observada na nossa pesquisa foi semelhante &#224; obtida por Vrtovec e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Esses autores demonstraram uma taxa de &#243;bito global de 25% (48% por IC e 52% por morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca) 5 anos ap&#243;s transplante intracoronariano de c&#233;lulas-tronco, por&#233;m inferior no grupo que recebeu c&#233;lulas-tronco (14% vs. 35%; p = 0,01). O mesmo ocorreu com as mortes por fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (5% vs. 18%; p = 0,03), mas n&#227;o com a morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (9% vs. 16%; p = 0,39)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo residiram na aus&#234;ncia de grupo controle apenas em tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, da falta de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via para descartar outras poss&#237;veis causas de CMPD, e no fato de a an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ter sido realizada por um &#250;nico operador qualificado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada submetidos a implante intracoronariano de c&#233;lulas-tronco aut&#243;logas apresentam uma melhora ou perman&#234;ncia da classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, bem como significativa melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda pelo aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Pode, por isso, ser um est&#237;mulo para a pesquisa adicional da aplica&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco na cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ricardo Jo&#227;o Westphal pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
