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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y4PDPtyCDn5tWrYJMFDd67f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Troponin in Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minuzzo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Minuzzo,</bold> Rua Galofre, 35, apto. 82, Jardim Vila Mariana. Postal Code 04116-240, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>lminuzzo@uninove.br</email>;   <email>dr.minuzzo@uol.com.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>513</fpage>
      <lpage>520</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the western world and its treatment should be optimized to decrease severe adverse events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the effect of previous use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on cardiac troponin I measurement in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation and evaluate clinical outcomes at 180 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective, observational study, carried out in a tertiary center, in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. Clinical, electrocardiographic and laboratory variables were analyzed, with emphasis on previous use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cardiac troponin I. The Pearson chi-square tests (Pereira) or Fisher's exact test (Armitage) were used, as well as the non-parametric Mann-Whitney's test. Variables with significance levels of &lt;10% were submitted to multiple logistic regression model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 457 patients with a mean age of 62.1 years, of whom 63.7% were males, were included. Risk factors such as hypertension (85.3%) and dyslipidemia (75.9%) were the most prevalent, with 35% of diabetics. In the evaluation of events at 180 days, there were 28 deaths (6.2%). The statistical analysis showed that the variables that interfered with troponin elevation (&gt; 0.5 ng / mL) were high blood glucose at admission (p = 0.0034) and ST-segment depression &#8805; 0.5 mm in one or more leads (p = 0.0016). The use of angiotensin-converting inhibitors prior to hospitalization was associated with troponin &#8804; 0.5 ng / mL (p = 0.0482). The C-statistics for this model was 0.77.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This study showed a correlation between prior use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and reduction in the myocardial necrosis marker troponin I in patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. However, there are no data available yet to state that this reduction could lead to fewer severe clinical events such as death and re-infarction at 180 days.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Recent records have shown that approximately 1 million individuals are hospitalized in the United States due to Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and an increase in its prevalence has been observed, when compared to ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, along with the increased use of medications such as beta-blockers, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor II-blockers, thienopyridines and statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> - all associated with the use of troponin as a marker of myocardial necrosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The elevation in this biomarker increases the risk of death and re-infarction in the first six months, when compared to troponin-negative patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Thus, the rationale for this study was based on the fact that the reduction in cardiac troponin I in patients with NSTE-ACS could provide a modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), preventing the deleterious actions of angiotensin II on myocardial ischemia, such as cardiac hypertrophy and dilation, coronary vasoconstriction, increased oxidation of Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, stimulus for PAI-1 release, among others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, which may be alleviated by the use of ACE inhibitors, of which benefits have been demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12  </xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective, observational study carried out in a tertiary center from September 8, 2009 to October 10, 2010, in patients with a diagnosis of NSTE-ACS, with a minimum age of 18 years. Patients with ST-segment elevation were excluded, as well as those with confounding ECG changes, such as atrial fibrillation, definitive pacemaker and left bundle branch block, or refusal to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>All patients included in the study signed the free and informed consent form. All participants answered a questionnaire that included their personal references, personal pathological antecedents and previous use of medications.</p>
      <p>Laboratory measurements of glucose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, creatinine, potassium and cardiac troponin I were performed at admission. Electrocardiographic changes, such as ST-segment depression when &#8805; 0.5 mm in at least two contiguous leads or &gt; 0.5 mm in one lead, in both, except aVR, were analyzed. We also analyzed the inversion of T waves, with amplitude &#8805; 1.0 mm in two or more contiguous leads, except aVR. Inpatients were followed until a clinical outcome occurred or until discharge; after that, they were reassessed by telephone contact or by medical record for clinical outcomes at 180 days.</p>
      <p>Regarding the statistical methods, descriptive statistics of absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies were used for qualitative measures, whereas summary statistics of mean, median, standard deviation (SD) and 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles (interquartile range) were used for quantitative variables. Associations between qualitative measures and the groups were carried out as follows: positive (&gt; 0.5 ng/mL) and negative troponin (&#8804; 0.5 ng/mL) and the use and non-use of ACE inhibitors before hospital admission were assessed by Pearson's chi-square<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> or Fisher's exact test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> was applied to compare the quantitative measures between the two groups, due to non-normality of data</p>
      <p>The variables for the logistic regression model were selected among those that has at least 70% of the observations (n &#8805; 319), with absolute frequency of at least five occurrences per category, when qualitative measure, with a significance level &lt; 15% (p &lt; 0.15) in the two-dimensional analysis (univariate), and those which the researcher believed to be of clinical relevance for the assessed outcomes: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH); dyslipidemia; unstable angina (UA); Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI); prior Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG); congestive heart failure (CHF); cerebrovascular accident (CVA); typical pain on admission; creatinine and glycemia on admission; medications prior to admission (acetylsalicylic acid - aspirin, beta-blockers, statins, ACE inhibitors); and ST segment depression &gt; 0.5 mm.</p>
      <p>The stepwise backward method selected the variables for the final model. The results are shown as odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) and descriptive level (p value). For the final model in the logistic regression analysis, only the variables with a significance level &lt; 10% (p &lt; 0.10) were maintained. The fit of the models was evaluated using C statistics (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve - ROC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The level of significance was set at 5%. The software used was the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), release 19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 457 patients hospitalized with NSTE-ACS were included, of which 288 (63.0%) had UA and 169 (37.0%) non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Among the study population, 291 were males (63.7%) with a mean age of 62.17 years (&#177; 11.04), 390 patients (85.3%) had SAH, 347 (75.9%) had dyslipidemia and 160 (35.0%) were diabetics, in addition to other conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Regarding medications, 242 patients (53.3%) received ACE inhibitors, 337 (73.9%) AAS, 289 (63.4%) received beta-blockers and other medications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="3" align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">Patients (n = 457) n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Age, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">62.2 (11.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">291 (63.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Personal history</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">390 (85.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">347 (75.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Congestive heart failure - (NYHA &#8805; II)</td>
              <td align="center">294 (64.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Previous acute coronary syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">275 (60.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Previous revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">226 (49.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Only PCI</td>
              <td align="center">118 (25.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Only CABG</td>
              <td align="center">67 (14.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">160 (35.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Family history of coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">172 (37.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">110 (24.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Cerebrovascular accident</td>
              <td align="center">30 (6.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Coronary artery disease &#8805; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">287 (62.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Presentation at admission</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Symptoms</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Typical chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">391 (85.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Atypical chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">66 (14.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Dyspnea<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">14 (3.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Syncope<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">4 (0.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Precordial pain at admission</td>
              <td align="center">281 (61.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Number of pain episodes in the last 48 hours</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Two or more episodes</td>
              <td align="center">253 (55.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>One episode</td>
              <td align="center">204 (44.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Hemodynamic instability at admission<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">75.86 (&#177; 16.56)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">139.61 (&#177; 28.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.69 (&#177; 17.07)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Congestive heart failure - Killip-Kimball class</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>I</td>
              <td align="center">451 (98.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>II</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>III</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>IV</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Diagnosis</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">169 (37.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Unstable Angina III B</td>
              <td align="center">287 (62.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Unstable Angina III C</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Symptoms associated to chest pain;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mmHg. SD: standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association classification; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medications used prior to hospital admission</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Medication</th>
              <th align="center">Patients (n = 457) n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
              <td align="center">337 (73.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">289 (63.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statins</td>
              <td align="center">278 (61.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</td>
              <td align="center">242 (53.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nitrates</td>
              <td align="center">174 (38.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">164 (36.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Calcium-channel blockers</td>
              <td align="center">89 (19.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">32 (7.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Digitalis</td>
              <td align="center">14 (3.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Others</td>
              <td align="center">276 (60.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the demographic characteristics taking into account the previous use of ACE inhibitors or not, demonstrating that among the users, there were more hypertensive individuals (91.3% vs. 78.6%, p &lt;0.001), with a previous history of congestive heart failure (CHF), according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) &#8805; II FC (69.0% vs. 59.1%, p &lt;0.027), of ACS (69.0% vs. 50.2%, p &lt;0.001) and revascularization procedures (55.8% vs. 42.3%, p = 0.004), among others.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics according to troponin values</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4" rowspan="2">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">TnI &#8804; 0.5 ng/mL</th>
              <th align="center">TnI &gt; 0.5 ng/mL</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">Total (n = 457)</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Patients (n = 288) n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Patients (n = 169) n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Age</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">61.2 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">63.9 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">62.2</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Median (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center">60.0 (53;69)</td>
              <td align="center">64.0 (56;72)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">176 (61.1)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (68.0)</td>
              <td align="center">291</td>
              <td align="center">0.137</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Personal history</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">227 (78.8)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (71.0)</td>
              <td align="center">347</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">110 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (29.6)</td>
              <td align="center">160</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">252 (87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (81.7)</td>
              <td align="center">390</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">69 (24.0)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (24.3)</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">0.942</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">113 (39.2)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (34.9)</td>
              <td align="center">172</td>
              <td align="center">0.357</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Previous ACS</td>
              <td align="center">180 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (56.2)</td>
              <td align="center">275</td>
              <td align="center">0.185</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Previous revascularization procedures</td>
              <td align="center">142 (49.3)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (49.7)</td>
              <td align="center">226</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Only PCI</td>
              <td align="center">78 (27.1)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (23.7)</td>
              <td align="center">118</td>
              <td align="center">0.487</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Only CABG</td>
              <td align="center">37 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (17.8)</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">0.196</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Cerebrovascular accident</td>
              <td align="center">24 (8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6(3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">CHF (NYHA &#8805; II)</td>
              <td align="center">199 (69.1)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (56.2)</td>
              <td align="center">294</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Coronary artery disease &#8805; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">183 (63.5)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (61.5)</td>
              <td align="center">287</td>
              <td align="center">0.669</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Clinical presentation at admission</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Symptoms</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Typical chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">254 (88.2)</td>
              <td align="center">137 (81.1)</td>
              <td align="center">391</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Two or more pain episodes in the last 48 hours</td>
              <td align="center">169 (58.7)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (49.7)</td>
              <td align="center">253</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">CHF - Killip-Kimball class &#8805; II</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">6(3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">0.002F</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Treatment performed</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Clinical</td>
              <td align="center">210 (72.9)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (52.7)</td>
              <td align="center">299</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">PCI</td>
              <td align="center">56 (19.4)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (30.2)</td>
              <td align="center">107</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">22 (7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Medications at admission</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
              <td align="center">222 (77.1)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (68.0)</td>
              <td align="center">337</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">193 (67.0)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (56.8)</td>
              <td align="center">289</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">190 (66.0)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (52.1)</td>
              <td align="center">278</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">ACEI</td>
              <td align="center">160 (55.6)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (48.5)</td>
              <td align="center">242</td>
              <td align="center">0.146</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">Calcium-channel blockers</td>
              <td align="center">53 (18.4)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (21.3)</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">0.442</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">ECG alterations</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">ST-segment depression &#8805; 0.5 mm (one or more leads)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (15.6)</td>
              <td align="center">54(32)</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">T -wave inversion &#8805; 1.0 mm</td>
              <td align="center">97 (33.7)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (34.9)</td>
              <td align="center">156</td>
              <td align="center">0.789</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">Biochemical analysis</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Glycemia</td>
              <td align="center">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">121.4 (54.6)</td>
              <td align="center">141.9 (71.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">105.5 (89;132)</td>
              <td align="center">116.0 (95;165)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.42)</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 (0.59)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.048</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0(0.9;1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (0.9;1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>TnI: troponin I; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CABG: coronary-artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CHF: congestive heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association classification; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ECG: electrocardiogram.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Due to the relevance of troponin in this study, the patients' demographic characteristics were observed, taking into account the cutoff value of this biomarker. Thus, it was observed that the troponin-positive patients were older (63.9% vs. 61.2%, p = 0.006), had more previous myocardial revascularization procedures (49.7% vs. 49.3% p = 0.034) and had ST-segment depression &#8805; 0.5 mm in one or more leads, among others (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Of the 457 patients in the study, 319 (69.8%) underwent coronary angiography, of which 103 (32.3%) were submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 43 (13.5%) to CABG.</p>
      <p>According to the TIMI risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, 124 patients were classified as low risk (27.2%), 216 (47.2%) as intermediate risk, and 117 (25.6%) as high risk, showing that this is a population at high risk for cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>During hospitalization, 51 patients (11.2%) had complications, of which ten (19.6%) died, ten (19.6%) developed CHF, six (11.8%) had significant nonfatal cardiac arrhythmias, six (11.8%) had cardiogenic shock (CS), five (9.8) had re-infarction, four (7.8%) AMI, three (5.9%) acute pulmonary edema, three (5.9%) reversed cardiac arrest, two (3.9%) recurrent or refractory angina and two (3.9%), cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The cause of death was CS, AMI and septic shock (SS) in five, three and two patients, respectively. Within 180 days, the primary outcome measures were death from all causes and re-infarction, with a predominance of CS in 11 patients (39.2%) and AMI in eight patients (28.5%).</p>
      <p>A statistical analysis model was created according to which troponin levels were compared (&gt; 0.5 ng / dL vs. &#8804; 0.5 ng / dL), patients who used ACE inhibitors prior to hospitalization had, a negative beta coefficient (-0.520) and OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.99, with p = 0.048.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This prospective study carried out in patients with NSTE-ACS demonstrated an association between prior use of ACE inhibitors and reduction in the levels of myocardial necrosis biomarker cardiac troponin I.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have demonstrated the role of ACE inhibitors in preventing cardiac events in patients at high cardiovascular risk, with consequent reduction in morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Troponin is considered the most sensitive and specific marker of myocardial necrosis for the diagnosis of AMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, although this marker can be elevated in other clinical situations and thus hinder the differential diagnosis of patients with chest pain that seek emergency care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In the 1990s, troponin caused a paradigm shift in the diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and prognostic implications in these patients when evaluated in the short, medium and long term<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this sense, this study sought to correlate the use of ACE inhibitors with the release of cardiac troponin I in patients with NSTE-ACS, of which modulation of the RAAS would attenuate the harmful effects associated with excessive production of angiotensin II, both local and systemic. The several benefits would cover a broad spectrum, such as improved coronary and peripheral vasodilator activity, reduction of platelet activity, increased endogenous fibrinolysis and reduced inflammatory activity, among others, providing what might be called a cardioprotective effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> 31</xref>.</p>
      <p>The first report on this subject occurred in a 2001 study by Kennon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, who evaluated the correlation between the use of ACE inhibitors and the reduction of troponin in patients with NSTE-ACS, associated with a genetic component (gene polymorphisms: DD, II, DI or ID). The population studied had demographic characteristics that were different from those observed in our study, as although there was a considerable percentage of previous AMI and diabetes, there were low rates of medication use prior to hospitalization, such as aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and statins, which is currently unacceptable for patients with this degree of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Kennon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> concluded that the use of ACE inhibitors reduced troponin levels by approximately 75% and that there might be an association between this reduction and the beneficial effects, both on vascular reactivity and the coagulation system. The genetic assessment showed no association between troponin levels and gene polymorphism (similar in the three groups). In contrast, patients in our study have higher cardiovascular risk, with history of prior ACS (60.2% vs. 27.3%); previous myocardial infarction (39.8% vs. 35.9%); previous revascularization procedures (49.5% vs. 16.5%); and diabetes (35.0% vs. 23.2%).</p>
      <p>Medications were also used in higher proportion prior to hospital admission, such as ASA (73.9% vs. 55.1%), beta-blockers (63.4% vs. 23.1%), ACE inhibitors (53.3% vs. 14.8%) and statins (61.0% vs. 15.6%). Therefore, considering the most recent and national<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and North-American<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> guidelines, patients with increased cardiovascular risk should be under more intensive medical therapy.</p>
      <p>At the end of 2009, dos Santos et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> developed the first national risk score for patients with NSTE-ACS. In this study, it was observed that the use of ACE inhibitors prior to hospitalization conferred "protection" to patients, which was confirmed by the presence of this variable in the final risk score model. The population of this research came from a database that was similar to that of the present study, both regarding the degree of cardiovascular risk and the use of medications prior to admission. However, those authors did not intend to correlate the use of ACE inhibitors and the presence of the biomarker cardiac troponin I and its possible clinical events during hospitalization, as well as in the medium and long term.</p>
      <p>The benefits of using ACE inhibitors in patients with NSTE-ACS and STE-ACS have been widely confirmed in large clinical trials, especially in those with large infarcts and consequent left ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Despite the obvious differences in their physiopathology, interesting results were observed in a retrospective study published in 2010 in patients with STE-ACS carried out in a single center in the United States, with 511 patients enrolled between 2004 and 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, either in the coronary, cerebral or peripheral beds, as well as those with diabetes were excluded; therefore, the study was on the margin of the exclusion criteria found in the real world. Nevertheless, it was the first study that attempted to correlate the benefit of ACEI prior to an STE-ACS event. Its results confirmed that patients taking ACE inhibitors, when compared to non-users, had lower levels of troponin at admission (79.8 ng/dL vs. 120.0 ng/dL, p = 0.016). From a medical viewpoint, this beneficial effect remained, regardless of the concomitant use of aspirin and statins.</p>
      <p>In 2010, in a study carried out in Sweden, 87,241 patients that did not take ACE inhibitors prior to hospitalization (40,549 with STE-ACS and 46,692 with NSTE-ACS) were assessed in the period between 1995 and 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. At hospital discharge, ACE inhibitors were prescribed to 36.5 % of the patients, whose clinical outcomes were evaluated up to a one-year period. The results corroborate previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, with a mortality reduction of 24% in the period (p &lt; 0.001). The risk of death at 1 year was lower in patients receiving ACE inhibitors (10.6% vs.12.1%, p &lt; 0.001). Limitations of this study were not-randomized registration data, lack of control of comorbidities and treatments used (type and dose of ACE inhibitors), and the fact that clinical outcome evaluation was performed only in patients who survived hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>In comparison, our study was prospective and 242 (53.3%) of the patients admitted used ACE inhibitors. Of a total of 28 deaths in 180 days, ten (6.2%) occurred during hospitalization, being higher in ACE inhibitor users (p = NS), in the elderly (p &lt; 0.001), those with a history of CHF (NYHA &#8805; II) prior to hospitalization (p = 0.042) and those with higher creatinine (p &lt; 0.001). As limitations, we did not perform left ventricular dysfunction measurement and did not control comorbidities.</p>
      <p>In 2011, researchers from the GRACE, GRACE2 and CANRACE studies performed a retrospective analysis from 1999 to 2008 with 13,632 patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, correlating prior ACE inhibitors to hospitalization from STE-ACS (3,817 patients) and NSTE-ACS (9,815 patients), aiming to assess the proportion of in-hospital major clinical events.</p>
      <p>Users of ACE inhibitors were compared with nonusers by analyzing demographic characteristics such as medical history, current medications, clinical presentation, electrocardiographic changes on admission and laboratory tests, including troponin and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB). When compared to our study, also high-risk, and taking into account the period when data were obtained, the treatment did not follow the most current guidelines for these ischemic syndromes and approximately 20% of patients with ACS and diabetes mellitus did not receive ACE inhibitors. As for the results, users of ACE inhibitors, when compared to non-users, had lower release of biomarkers within the first 24 hours (76.3% vs. 67.3%, p &lt;0.001). Hospital mortality was higher in ACE inhibitor users (p = 0.012), but this became non-significant when the model was adjusted for other prognostic factors and use of other medications. The authors concluded that the prior use of ACE inhibitors is not independently associated with reduced in-hospital major clinical events, such as death or re-infarction after NSTE-ACS or STE-ACS. There was underutilization of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents, as well as of coronary angiographies and percutaneous coronary interventions in patients using ACE inhibitors and in many patients with renal dysfunction, leading to a smaller number of hemodynamic studies and consequently, to the reduction of percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
      <p>Factors such as non-randomization, exclusion of patients who did not survive hospitalization, incomplete data on the use of other antagonists of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, non-reported dose of medications, duration of prior treatment with ACE inhibitors, adherence to medication and peak myocardial necrosis marker, which was not established by the study protocol (and may underestimate its true magnitude and diagnosis of re-infarction) may have affected the results.</p>
      <p>In comparison, our study was prospective and observational, did not exclude any patient during the specified period, regardless of age, creatinine level or any other demographic characteristic, and included a population at high cardiovascular risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>), fully medicated, according to the national<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and North-American guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Historically, it is known that patients with renal dysfunction and the elderly are often excluded from clinical trials, as they increase the risk of severe clinical events and difficulties in therapeutic management, thus interfering with its optimization, as well as the fact that percutaneous treatment is not contemplated when indicated. In this study, no patient was excluded during the stipulated period and the best approach was used on admission, either percutaneous or surgical, always in agreement with the medical staff, patients and their families. However, patients with renal dysfunction and the elderly showed a significant increase in mortality at 180 days (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The present study was designed in an attempt to demonstrate whether there would be a reduction in myocardial necrosis marker troponin I associated with the use of ACE inhibitors, taking into account other variables that could interfere with this biomarker's release.</p>
      <p>In the proposed statistical model, when troponin levels were compared (&gt; 0.5 ng / dL vs. &#8804; 0.5 ng / dL) in patients who used ACE inhibitors, a "protective effect" was observed, as the statistical analysis of final model showed a negative beta coefficient (- 0.520) and OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.35 to 0.99, p = 0.048) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). Considering these results, the correlation between the use of ACE inhibitors and lower release of troponin in patients with NSTE-ACS was evident.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multiple logistic regression analysis for troponin &gt; 0.5 ng / mL</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Analyzed variable</th>
              <th align="center">Effect</th>
              <th align="center">SE</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Typical pain at admission</td>
              <td align="center">-0.878</td>
              <td align="center">0.375</td>
              <td align="center">0.416</td>
              <td align="center">0.199;0.867]</td>
              <td align="center">0.0193</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glycemia at admission</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">1.008</td>
              <td align="center">1.003 - 1.013</td>
              <td align="center">0.0034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clinical treatment</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.0002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PCI</td>
              <td align="center">1.089</td>
              <td align="center">0.325</td>
              <td align="center">2.973</td>
              <td align="center">1.572 - 5.622</td>
              <td align="center">0.0008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CABG</td>
              <td align="center">1.400</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
              <td align="center">4.055</td>
              <td align="center">1.806 - 9.103</td>
              <td align="center">0.0007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous ACEI use at admission</td>
              <td align="center">-0.520</td>
              <td align="center">0.263</td>
              <td align="center">0.594</td>
              <td align="center">0.355 - 0.996</td>
              <td align="center">0.0482</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ST-segment depression &#8805; 0.5 mm</td>
              <td align="center">0.971</td>
              <td align="center">0.307</td>
              <td align="center">2.641</td>
              <td align="center">1.447 - 4.818</td>
              <td align="center">0.0016</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SE: standard error; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>However, this correlation has not translated into a reduction in severe clinical events such as death and re (infarction) at 180 days. In our series, in-hospital mortality of 2.2% and mortality at 180 days of 6.2% are considered low; thus, it is observed that the use of ACE inhibitors prior to hospitalization was not associated with the decrease in death rates.</p>
      <p>Some authors observed that the beneficial clinical effects from the use of ACE inhibitors became apparent only after about 1 year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. In this research, we used a minimum of 30 days prior to admission as time of medication use for inclusion criteria in the study.</p>
      <p>Another matter concerns the differences between ACEIs because, in our study, these drugs were considered as belonging to a "class". A Canadian study evaluating different classes of ACE inhibitors used after an AMI, used for a one-year period, showed benefits in survival according to the ACE inhibitor used in patients aged &gt; 65 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> However, the three major groups of ACE inhibitors show important pharmacological differences due to their chemical structure, and thus it can lead to different clinical effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, despite this correlation of cardiac troponin I with the use of ACE inhibitors, many demographic, clinical and laboratory factors are implicated in this broad-spectrum population with NSTE-ACS to significantly correlate it with the reduction in serious clinical events, such as and death re-infarction within a period of 180 days.  </p>
      <p>The study of other populations, different from the one evaluated by this study, could lead to other results, but at present there is no record in the medical literature of another study that includes a population with such significant cardiovascular risk or using such comprehensive therapy, widely recommended by the main worldwide renowned cardiology societies and that demonstrates such a statistically significant association between the use of ACE inhibitors and necrosis marker tropinin I in patients with NSTE-ACS.</p>
      <p>However, when interpreting this research, in spite of the correlation of cardiac troponin I with the use of ACE inhibitors, many demographic, clinical and laboratory factors would be implicated in this broad-spectrum population with NSTE-ACS, to correlate it significantly with the reduction in severe clinical events such as death and re (infarction) at 180 days.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated that patients hospitalized for NSTE-ACS that had previously used ACE inhibitors showed decreased levels of the myocardial necrosis marker troponin I. However, there are no data available yet to affirm that this reduction could lead to a smaller number of severe clinical events, such as death and re-infarction at 180 days.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Minuzzo L, Santos ES, Timerman A; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Minuzzo L, Timerman A.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luiz Minuzzo, from USP/Dante Pazzanese.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Inibidores da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da Angiotensina e Troponina na S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minuzzo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Minuzzo,</bold> Rua Galofre, 35, apto. 82, Jardim Vila Mariana. CEP 04116-240, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>lminuzzo@uninove.br</email>;   <email>dr.minuzzo@uol.com.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a maior causa de mortalidade no mundo ocidental, devendo seu tratamento ser otimizado, para a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos graves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o efeito do uso pr&#233;vio de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina na mensura&#231;&#227;o da troponina I card&#237;aca em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASST), e avaliar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em at&#233; 180 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo, observacional, em um centro terci&#225;rio, em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASST). Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais, com &#234;nfase no uso pr&#233;vio de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e dosagem de troponina I card&#237;aca. Foram usados os testes qui quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fischer , al&#233;m do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Vari&#225;veis com n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 10% foram submetidas a modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;dos 457 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 62,1 anos, dos quais 63,7% eram do sexo masculino. Fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (85,3%) e dislipidemia (75,9%) foram os mais prevalentes, com 35% de diab&#233;ticos. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos em 180 dias, observaram-se 28 &#243;bitos (6,2%). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, as vari&#225;veis que interferiram no aumento de troponina (&gt; 0,5 ng/mL) foram a glicemia de admiss&#227;o elevada (p = 0,0034) e o infradesnivelamento do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm, em uma ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es (p = 0,0016). Relacionada com troponina &#8804; 0,5 ng/mL, esteve o uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina pr&#233;vio &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,0482). A estat&#237;stica C para esse modelo foi de 0,77.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o entre o uso pr&#233;vio de IECA e a redu&#231;&#227;o do marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica troponina I card&#237;aca em pacientes internados por SCASST. Por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis para se afirmar que esta redu&#231;&#227;o poderia levar a um n&#250;mero menor de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves como morte e re(infarto) em 180 dias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Registros recentes evidenciaram que cerca de 1 milh&#227;o de pessoas s&#227;o internadas nos Estados Unidos por S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SCASST)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, observando-se um aumento de sua preval&#234;ncia quando comparada &#224; S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SCACST)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, com a intensifica&#231;&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos como betabloqueadores, Inibidores da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da Angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II, tienopirid&#237;nicos e estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> &#8722; todos estes associados &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da troponina como marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador aumenta o risco de morte e re(infarto) nos primeiros 6 meses, quando comparado aos pacientes troponina-negativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Desse modo, o racional para este trabalho baseou-se no fato de que a redu&#231;&#227;o de troponina I card&#237;aca em pacientes com SCASST poderia propiciar uma modula&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona (SRAA), evitando as a&#231;&#245;es delet&#233;rias da angiotensina II na isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, como hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, aumento da oxida&#231;&#227;o das Lipoprote&#237;nas de Baixa Densidade (LDL) colesterol, est&#237;mulo para a libera&#231;&#227;o de PAI-1, entre outras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, podendo ser atenuadas pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos IECA, cujos benef&#237;cios j&#225; foram demonstrados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional, realizado em um centro terci&#225;rio, no per&#237;odo de 8 de setembro de 2009 a 10 de outubro de 2010, em pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de SCASST, com a idade m&#237;nima de 18 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, bem como com altera&#231;&#245;es confundidoras ao eletrocardiograma, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ritmo de marca-passo definitivo e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, ou recusa em participar do estudo.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Todos responderam a um question&#225;rio com suas refer&#234;ncias pessoais, antecedentes pessoais patol&#243;gicos e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. Foram coletadas dosagens laboratoriais de glicemia de chegada, hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito, leuc&#243;citos, creatinina, pot&#225;ssio e troponina I card&#237;aca. Foram analisadas as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como o infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, quando &#8805; 0,5 mm, em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, ou &gt; 0,5 mm, em uma deriva&#231;&#227;o, em ambas, com exce&#231;&#227;o da deriva&#231;&#227;o aVR. Foi analisada tamb&#233;m a invers&#227;o de ondas T, com amplitude &#8805; 1,0 mm em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, com exce&#231;&#227;o de aVR. Os pacientes internados foram acompanhados at&#233; um desfecho cl&#237;nico ou a alta hospitalar; ap&#243;s esta, foram reavaliados por meio de contato telef&#244;nico ou pelo prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico para os desfechos cl&#237;nicos aos 180 dias.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos, foram utilizadas as estat&#237;sticas descritivas de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%) para as medidas qualitativas e estat&#237;sticas sum&#225;rias de m&#233;dia, mediana, Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) e percentis 25 e 75 (intervalo interquart&#237;lico) para as medidas quantitativas. Associa&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas qualitativas e os grupos foram feitas do seguinte modo: troponina positiva (&gt; 0,5 ng/mL) e negativa (&#8804; 0,5 ng/mL), e uso e n&#227;o uso de IECA antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar foram avaliados pelos testes qui quadrado de Pearson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ou exato de Fischer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas quantitativas entre os dois grupos, foi aplicado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, devido &#224; n&#227;o normalidade do dados. As vari&#225;veis para o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram selecionadas entre as que apresentaram pelo menos 70% das observa&#231;&#245;es (n &#8805; 319), com frequ&#234;ncia absoluta de, pelo menos, cinco ocorr&#234;ncias por categoria, quando medida qualitativa, com n&#237;vel descritivo &lt; 15% (p &lt; 0,15) na an&#225;lise bidimensional (univariada), e aquelas em que o pesquisador acreditava ser de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica nos desfechos analisados: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS); dislipidemia; angina inst&#225;vel; Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM); Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) pr&#233;via; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; dor t&#237;pica na admiss&#227;o; creatinina e glicemia na admiss&#227;o; medicamentos pr&#233;vios &#224; admiss&#227;o (&#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico &#8722; AAS, betabloqueadores, estatinas, IECA); e depress&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 0,5 mm. O m&#233;todo de <italic>stepwise backward</italic>selecionou as vari&#225;veis para o modelo final. Os resultados foram apresentados em Raz&#227;o de Chances (<italic>Odds Ratio &#8722;</italic> OR) e seus Intervalos de Confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e n&#237;vel descritivo (valor de p). Para o modelo final na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, permaneceram as vari&#225;veis com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 10%   <italic>(</italic>p &lt; 0,10). O ajuste dos modelos foi avaliado pela estat&#237;stica C (&#225;rea sob a curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> &#8722; ROC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia dos testes foi de 5%. O<italic> software</italic> utilizado foi o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 457 pacientes internados com diagn&#243;stico de SCASST, dos quais 288 (63,0%) eram portadores de angina inst&#225;vel e 169 (37,0%) apresentavam IAM Sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (IAMSST). Dentre a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 291 eram do sexo masculino (63,7%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 62,17 anos (&#177; 11,04), 390 pacientes (85,3%) apresentavam HAS, 347 (75,9%) dislipidemia e 160 (35,0%) eram diab&#233;ticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos, 242 pacientes (53,3%) recebiam IECA, 337 (73,9%) AAS, 289 (63,4%) betabloqueadores e outras medica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o uso pr&#233;vio ou n&#227;o de IECA, sendo que, nos usu&#225;rios, havia maior n&#250;mero de hipertensos (91,3% vs. 78,6%; p &lt; 0,001), com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC), de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da   <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), CF &#8805; II (69,0% vs. 59,1%; p &lt; 0,027), de SCA (69,0% vs. 50,2%, p &lt; 0,001) e de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (55,8% vs. 42,3%, p = 0,004), entre outros.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes (n = 457) n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 (11,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">291 (63,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Antecedentes pessoais</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">390 (85,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">347 (75,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva &#8211; (NYHA &#8805; II)</td>
                <td align="center">294 (64,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">275 (60,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Procedimentos de CRM pr&#233;vios</td>
                <td align="center">226 (49,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Apenas ICP</td>
                <td align="center">118 (25,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Apenas cirurgia de RM</td>
                <td align="center">67 (14,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">160 (35,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">172 (37,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">110 (24,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">30 (6,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria &#8805; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">287 (62,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Sintomas</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica</td>
                <td align="center">391 (85,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica</td>
                <td align="center">66 (14,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
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                <td align="center">14 (3,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>S&#237;ncope<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Dor precordial no momento da admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">281 (61,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">N&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de dor nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Dois ou mais epis&#243;dios</td>
                <td align="center">253 (55,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Um epis&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">204 (44,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica na admiss&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">75,86 (&#177; 16,56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">139,61 (&#177; 28,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,69 (&#177; 17,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva - Classe de Killip-Kimball</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">451 (98,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
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              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Diagn&#243;stico</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">169 (37,0)</td>
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              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Angina inst&#225;vel III B</td>
                <td align="center">287 (62,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Angina inst&#225;vel III C</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
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          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Sintomas associados &#224; dor tor&#225;cica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90 mmHg. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medicamentos pr&#233;vios &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medicamento</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes (n = 457) n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">337 (73,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">289 (63,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">278 (61,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">242 (53,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitratos</td>
                <td align="center">174 (38,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">164 (36,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">89 (19,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">32 (7,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digit&#225;licos</td>
                <td align="center">14 (3,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">276 (60,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais de acordo com o valor da troponina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">TnI &#8804; 0,5 ng/mL</th>
                <th align="center">TnI &gt; 0,5 ng/mL</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Total (n = 457)</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Pacientes (n = 288) n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes (n = 169) n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Idade</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">M&#233;dia (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">61,2 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">63,9 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">62,2</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (53;69)</td>
                <td align="center">64,0 (56;72)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">176 (61,1)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (68,0)</td>
                <td align="center">291</td>
                <td align="center">0,137</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Antecedentes pessoais</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
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              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">227 (78,8)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (71,0)</td>
                <td align="center">347</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">110 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">160</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">252 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (81,7)</td>
                <td align="center">390</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">69 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">0,942</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC</td>
                <td align="center">113 (39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
                <td align="center">0,357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">SCA pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">180 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (56,2)</td>
                <td align="center">275</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Procedimentos de RM pr&#233;vios</td>
                <td align="center">142 (49,3)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (49,7)</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Apenas ICP</td>
                <td align="center">78 (27,1)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">118</td>
                <td align="center">0,487</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Apenas cirurgia de RM</td>
                <td align="center">37 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">0,196</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">24 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6(3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">ICC (NYHA &#8805; II)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (69,1)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (56,2)</td>
                <td align="center">294</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria &#8805; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">183 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">287</td>
                <td align="center">0,669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Sintomas</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica</td>
                <td align="center">254 (88,2)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (81,1)</td>
                <td align="center">391</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Dois ou mais epis&#243;dios de dor nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas</td>
                <td align="center">169 (58,7)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (49,7)</td>
                <td align="center">253</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">ICC &#8211; classe de Killip-Kimball &#8805; II</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6(3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,002F</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Tratamento realizado</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">210 (72,9)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (52,7)</td>
                <td align="center">299</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">ICP</td>
                <td align="center">56 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (30,2)</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">CRM</td>
                <td align="center">22 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Medicamentos na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
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              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">222 (77,1)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (68,0)</td>
                <td align="center">337</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">193 (67,0)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (56,8)</td>
                <td align="center">289</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">190 (66,0)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (52,1)</td>
                <td align="center">278</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">IECA</td>
                <td align="center">160 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">53 (18,4)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Depress&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm (uma ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">54(32)</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Invers&#227;o de ondas T &#8805; 1,0 mm</td>
                <td align="center">97 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">156</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">Bioqu&#237;mica</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Glicemia</td>
                <td align="center">Mdia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">121,4 (54,6)</td>
                <td align="center">141,9 (71,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">105,5 (89;132)</td>
                <td align="center">116,0 (95;165)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,42)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 (0,59)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0(0,9;1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,9;1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>TnI: troponina I; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquart&#237;lico; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; NYHA: classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Devido &#224; relev&#226;ncia da troponina nesse estudo, foram observadas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o valor de corte desse biomarcador. Observou-se, assim, que os pacientes troponina-positivos eram mais idosos (63,9% vs. 61,2%; p = 0,006), tinham mais procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via (49,7% vs. 49,3%; p = 0,034), apresentavam mais depress&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm, em uma ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de outras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Dos 457 pacientes do estudo, 319 (69,8%) realizaram cineangiocoronariografia, dos quais 103 (32,3%) foram submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e 43 (13,5%) &#224; CRM.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o escore de risco TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, 124 pacientes foram classificados como de baixo risco (27,2%), 216 (47,2%) como de risco intermedi&#225;rio e 117 (25,6%) como de alto risco, demonstrando se tratar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de elevado risco para eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 51 pacientes (11,2%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es: dez (19,6%) foram a &#243;bito, dez (19,6%) evolu&#237;ram com ICC, seis (11,8%) apresentaram arritmias card&#237;acas significativas n&#227;o fatais, seis (11,8%) apresentaram CC (choque cardiog&#234;nico), cinco (9,8) reinfarto, quatro (7,8%) IAM, tr&#234;s (5,9%) edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, tr&#234;s (5,9%) parada card&#237;aca revertida, dois (3,9%) angina refrat&#225;ria ou recorrente e dois (3,9%) Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico (AVE). A causa do &#243;bito foi CC, IAM e choque s&#233;ptico em cinco, tr&#234;s e dois pacientes, respectivamente. No per&#237;odo de 180 dias, os desfechos prim&#225;rios analisados foram &#243;bito por todas as causas e (re)infarto, predominando CC em 11 pacientes (39,2%) e IAM em oito pacientes (28,5%).</p>
        <p>Foi realizado um modelo de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, segundo o qual foram comparados os n&#237;veis de troponina (&gt; 0,5 ng/dL vs. &#8804; 0,5 ng/dL), sendo que os pacientes que utilizaram IECA previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o apresentaram, no modelo final, um beta coeficiente negativo (-0,520) e OR = 0,59, IC95% = 0,35 - 0,99, com p = 0,048).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo prospectivo, realizado em pacientes com SCASST, demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre o uso pr&#233;vio de IECA e a redu&#231;&#227;o do biomarcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica troponina I card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m demonstrado o papel dos IECA na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos em pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, com a consequente redu&#231;&#227;o de morbidade e de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>A troponina &#233; considerado o mais sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, apesar desse marcador poder estar elevado em outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e, assim, dificultar o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica que adentram &#224; emerg&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Nos anos de 1990, a troponina provocou mudan&#231;a de paradigma no diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas nesses pacientes, quando avaliados em curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, este estudo procurou correlacionar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IECA com a libera&#231;&#227;o de troponina I card&#237;aca em pacientes com SCASST, cuja modula&#231;&#227;o do SRAA, atenuaria os efeitos delet&#233;rios relacionados com a produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de angiotensina II, tanto local como sist&#234;mica. Os v&#225;rios benef&#237;cios abrangeriam um amplo espectro, como a melhoria da atividade vasodilatadora coron&#225;ria e perif&#233;rica, a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade plaquet&#225;ria, o aumento da fibrin&#243;lise end&#243;gena e a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade inflamat&#243;ria, entre outros, conferindo o que se poderia denominar de efeito cardioprotetor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>O primeiro relato sobre esse assunto ocorreu em um estudo realizado em 2001, por Kennon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, que avaliou a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de IECA e a redu&#231;&#227;o de troponina em pacientes com SCASST, associada a um componente gen&#233;tico (polimorfismos g&#234;nicos: DD, II, DI ou ID). A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas diferentes da observada em nossa pesquisa, pois, embora houvesse uma consider&#225;vel porcentagem de IAM pr&#233;vio e de diab&#233;ticos, havia baixo &#237;ndice de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, como AAS, betabloqueadores, IECA e estatinas, hoje inaceit&#225;vel para pacientes com esse grau de risco cardiovascular. Kennon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>conclu&#237;ram que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IECA reduziu os n&#237;veis de troponina em cerca de 75% e que poderia haver associa&#231;&#227;o entre essa redu&#231;&#227;o e seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos, tanto na reatividade vascular como no sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de troponina e o polimorfismo g&#234;nico (semelhante nos tr&#234;s grupos). Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes de nosso estudo s&#227;o de mais alto risco cardiovascular, com hist&#243;ria de SCA pr&#233;via (60,2% vs. 27,3%); IAM pr&#233;vio (39,8% vs. 35,9%); procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;vios (49,5% vs. 16,5%); e diab&#233;ticos (35,0% vs. 23,2%). Tamb&#233;m foram utilizados medicamentos antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar em maior propor&#231;&#227;o, como AAS (73,9% vs. 55,1%), betabloqueadores (63,4% vs. 23,1%), IECA (53,3% vs. 14,8%) e estatinas (61,0% vs. 15,6%). Portanto, &#224; luz das mais recentes diretrizes nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e americanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, pacientes com maior risco cardiovascular devem estar sob tratamento cl&#237;nico mais intensivo.</p>
        <p>No final do ano de 2009, dos Santos e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>elaboraram o primeiro escore de risco nacional para pacientes com SCASST. Neste, observou-se que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IECA previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar conferiu "prote&#231;&#227;o" aos pacientes, fato este confirmado pela presen&#231;a dessa vari&#225;vel no modelo final do escore de risco elaborado. A popula&#231;&#227;o dessa pesquisa proveio de um banco de dados com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224; do presente estudo, tanto em grau de risco cardiovascular, como na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos pr&#233;vios &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, n&#227;o havia a inten&#231;&#227;o daqueles autores em correlacionar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IECA e a presen&#231;a do biomarcador troponina I card&#237;aca e seus poss&#237;veis eventos cl&#237;nicos, tanto durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, quanto em m&#233;dio e longo prazos.</p>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IECA em pacientes com SCASST e SCACST t&#234;m sido amplamente confirmados em grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos, sobretudo naqueles que apresentam grandes infartos e consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Apesar das evidentes diferen&#231;as em suas fisiopatologias, resultados interessantes puderam ser observados em um estudo retrospectivo publicado em 2010, em pacientes com SCACST, realizado em um &#250;nico centro dos Estados Unidos, com 511 pacientes inclu&#237;dos entre 2004 e 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Foram exclu&#237;dos os que apresentavam hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tanto nos leitos coronarianos, cerebrais ou perif&#233;ricos, al&#233;m dos diab&#233;ticos; portanto, o estudo esteve &#224; margem dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o encontrados no mundo real. De qualquer forma, foi o primeiro estudo que tentou correlacionar o benef&#237;cio do uso de IECA previamente a um evento de SCACST. Seus resultados confirmaram que os pacientes usu&#225;rios de IECA, quando comparados aos n&#227;o usu&#225;rios, apresentaram n&#237;veis de troponina menores na interna&#231;&#227;o (79,8 ng/dL vs. 120,0 ng/dL; p = 0,016). Do ponto de vista medicamentoso, esse efeito ben&#233;fico permaneceu, independentemente do uso concomitante de AAS e estatinas.</p>
        <p>Em 2010, em um estudo realizado na Su&#233;cia, foram analisados 87.241 pacientes que n&#227;o utilizavam IECA previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (40.549 com SCACST e 46.692 com SCASST), no per&#237;odo entre 1995 e 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Na alta hospitalar, foi prescrito IECA para 36,5% dos pacientes, nos quais foram avaliados os desfechos cl&#237;nicos at&#233; o per&#237;odo de 1 ano. Os resultados corroboraram estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de 24% no per&#237;odo (p &lt; 0,001). O risco de morte em 1 ano foi menor em pacientes em uso de IECA (10,6% vs.12,1%; p &lt; 0,001). Foram limita&#231;&#245;es desse estudo: os dados eram de registro e n&#227;o randomizados, houve falta de controle das comorbidades e dos tratamentos utilizados (tipo e doses de IECA), e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos foi realizada somente nos pacientes que sobreviveram &#224; alta hospitalar. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, nosso estudo foi prospectivo e 242 (53,3%) dos pacientes admitidos utilizavam IECA. De um total de 28 &#243;bitos em 180 dias (6,2%), dez ocorreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, sendo maior nos usu&#225;rios de IECA (p = NS), nos mais idosos (p &lt; 0,001), naqueles com hist&#243;ria de ICC (NYHA &#8805; II) previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,042) e naqueles com creatinina mais elevada (p &lt; 0,001). Como limita&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o realizamos a mensura&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e n&#227;o controlamos as comorbidades.</p>
        <p>No ano de 2011, os investigadores do GRACE, GRACE2 e CANRACE realizaram an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 1999 a 2008 com 13.632 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, em correlacionando o uso de IECA previamente a uma interna&#231;&#227;o por SCACST (3.817 pacientes) e SCASST (9.815 pacientes), com o intuito de avaliar a propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves intra-hospitalares. Foram comparados os usu&#225;rios com os n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de IECA, analisando-se caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas como antecedentes pessoais, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, modo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas na admiss&#227;o e os exames laboratoriais, incluindo troponina e Isoenzima MB da Creatina Quinase (CK-MB). Quando comparado ao nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m de risco elevado, e levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o per&#237;odo em que os dados foram obtidos, a terap&#234;utica n&#227;o contemplou as diretrizes mais atuais dessas s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas, e cerca de 20% dos pacientes com SCA e diabetes melito n&#227;o receberam IECA. Nos resultados, os usu&#225;rios de IECA, quando comparados aos n&#227;o usu&#225;rios, tiveram menor libera&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores dentro das primeiras 24 horas (76,3% vs. 67,3%; p &lt; 0,001). A mortalidade hospitalar foi maior nos usu&#225;rios de IECA (p = 0,012), por&#233;m tornou-se n&#227;o significativa quando o modelo foi ajustado a outros fatores progn&#243;sticos e uso de outras medica&#231;&#245;es. Conclu&#237;ram os autores que o uso de IECA pr&#233;vio n&#227;o &#233; independentemente associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves intra-hospitalares, como reinfarto ou morte, ap&#243;s um quadro de SCACST ou SCASST. Havia uma subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de antiplaquet&#225;rios, anticoagulantes, cineangiocoronariografias e interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas em pacientes em uso de IECA e em muitos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, o que levou a um menor n&#250;mero de estudos hemodin&#226;micos e, consequentemente, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. Fatores como n&#227;o randomiza&#231;&#227;o, exclus&#227;o de pacientes que n&#227;o sobreviveram &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, dados incompletos acerca do uso de outros antagonistas do eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, dose n&#227;o relatada dos medicamentos, dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento pr&#233;vio com o IECA, ader&#234;ncia ao medicamento utilizado e o pico do marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, que n&#227;o foi estabelecido pelo protocolo do estudo (podendo subestimar sua real magnitude e no diagn&#243;stico de reinfarto) podem ter interferido nos resultados. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, nosso estudo foi prospectivo, observacional, n&#227;o excluiu nenhum paciente no per&#237;odo estabelecido, independentemente de idade, n&#237;vel de creatinina ou qualquer outra caracter&#237;stica demogr&#225;fica, e contemplou uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>), plenamente medicada, seguindo as diretrizes nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e americanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>). Historicamente, sabe-se que pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e idosos s&#227;o, muitas vezes, exclu&#237;dos dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, por aumentarem o risco de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves e dificultarem o manejo terap&#234;utico, interferindo, assim, em sua otimiza&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da n&#227;o contempla&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento percut&#226;neo diante de sua indica&#231;&#227;o. Nesta pesquisa, n&#227;o foi exclu&#237;do nenhum paciente durante o per&#237;odo estipulado e realizou-se a melhor abordagem na interna&#231;&#227;o, sendo ela percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, sempre com a concord&#226;ncia entre a equipe m&#233;dica, paciente e seus familiares. No entanto, nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e idosos, observou-se uma mortalidade aumentada em 180 dias de modo significativo (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi desenhado na tentativa de demonstrar se haveria redu&#231;&#227;o do marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica troponina I card&#237;aca relacionada ao uso de IECA, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o outras vari&#225;veis que poderiam interferir na libera&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador.</p>
        <p>No modelo estat&#237;stico proposto, quando foram comparados os n&#237;veis de troponina (&gt; 0,5 ng/dL vs. &#8804; 0,5 ng/dL) nos pacientes que utilizaram IECA, observou-se um "efeito protetor", pois a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do modelo final apresentou um beta coeficiente negativo (- 0,520) e OR = 0,59, IC95% = 0,35 - 0,99, com p = 0,048) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>). Diante desses resultados, ficou evidente a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de IECA e a menor libera&#231;&#227;o de troponina em pacientes com SCASST. No entanto, essa correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se traduziu em redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves, como morte e re(infarto) em at&#233; 180 dias. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 2,2% e a mortalidade em 180 dias de 6,2% s&#227;o consideradas baixas, de modo que se observa que o uso de IECA previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o se relacionou com a redu&#231;&#227;o de morte.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para troponina &gt; 0,5 ng/mL</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel analisada</th>
                <th align="center">Efeito</th>
                <th align="center">EP  </th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor t&#237;pica na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,878</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
                <td align="center">0,416</td>
                <td align="center">0,199;0,867]</td>
                <td align="center">0,0193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">1,008</td>
                <td align="center">1,003 - 1,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,0034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,0002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">1,089</td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
                <td align="center">2,973</td>
                <td align="center">1,572 - 5,622</td>
                <td align="center">0,0008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">1,400</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
                <td align="center">4,055</td>
                <td align="center">1,806 - 9,103</td>
                <td align="center">0,0007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de IECA pr&#233;vio &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,520</td>
                <td align="center">0,263</td>
                <td align="center">0,594</td>
                <td align="center">0,355 - 0,996</td>
                <td align="center">0,0482</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depress&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm</td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
                <td align="center">2,641</td>
                <td align="center">1,447 - 4,818</td>
                <td align="center">0,0016</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>EP: Erro padr&#227;o; OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Alguns autores observaram que os efeitos cl&#237;nicos ben&#233;ficos advindos do uso de IECA tornaram-se evidentes somente ap&#243;s cerca de 1 ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Nesta pesquisa, utilizou-se o per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 30 dias pr&#233;vios &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o como tempo de uso da medica&#231;&#227;o para crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
        <p>Outra quest&#227;o refere-se &#224;s diferen&#231;as entre os IECA, pois, em nossa pesquisa, esses medicamentos foram considerados como pertencentes a uma "classe". Estudo canadense que avaliou as diferentes classes de IECA utilizados ap&#243;s um IAM, utilizados por um per&#237;odo de 1 ano, observou benef&#237;cios na sobrevida de acordo com o IECA utilizado em pacientes com idade &gt; 65 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. No entanto, importantes diferen&#231;as farmacol&#243;gicas existem entre os tr&#234;s grandes grupos de IECA, em raz&#227;o de sua estrutura qu&#237;mica, podendo, assim, levar a efeitos cl&#237;nicos diferenciados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
        <p>No entanto, apesar dessa correla&#231;&#227;o da troponina I card&#237;aca com o uso de IECA, muitos fatores demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais estariam implicados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de amplo espectro com SCASST, para relacion&#225;-la, de modo significativo, com a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves como morte e re(infarto), em um per&#237;odo de 180 dias.</p>
        <p>O estudo de outras popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes da avaliada por esta pesquisa poderia levar a outros resultados, mas, no momento, n&#227;o h&#225; registro, na literatura m&#233;dica, de outro estudo que contemple uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular t&#227;o expressivo, em uso de uma terap&#234;utica t&#227;o abrangente, amplamente recomendada pelas grandes associa&#231;&#245;es de cardiologia reconhecidas mundialmente e que demonstre uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o uso de IECA e a do marcador de necrose troponina I card&#237;aca em pacientes com SCASST.</p>
        <p>No entanto, na interpreta&#231;&#227;o deste pesquisador, apesar da correla&#231;&#227;o da troponina I card&#237;aca com o uso de IECA, muitos fatores demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais estariam implicados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de amplo espectro com SCASST, para relacion&#225;-la de modo significativo com a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves como morte e re(infarto), em um per&#237;odo de 180 dias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou que, nos pacientes internados por SCASST e que fizeram uso pr&#233;vio de IECA, houve redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis do marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica troponina I card&#237;aca. Por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; dados dispon&#237;veis para se afirmar que essa redu&#231;&#227;o poderia levar a um n&#250;mero menor de eventos cl&#237;nicos graves, como morte e re(infarto), no per&#237;odo de 180 dias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Minuzzo L, Santos ES, Timerman A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Minuzzo L, Timerman A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luiz Minuzzo pela USP/Dante Pazzanese.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
