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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wLgGW8BvLD8s77KJFCKMbwD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140151</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improving Post-Discharge Medication Adherence in Patients with CVD: A Pilot Randomized Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morisky</surname>
            <given-names>Donald E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Sara T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lyra-Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Divaldo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California Los Angeles</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Los Angeles</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Alfredo Dias de Oliveira Filho,</bold> Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro dos Martins. Postal Code 57072-900, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil. Email:   <email>alfredo.dias@pq.cnpq.br</email>; <email>adias1@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>503</fpage>
      <lpage>512</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Effective interventions to improve medication adherence are usually complex and expensive.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the impact of a low-cost intervention designed to improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes in post-discharge patients with CVD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>A pilot RCT was conducted at a teaching hospital. Intervention was based on the four-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4). The primary outcome measure was medication adherence assessed using the eight-item MMAS at baseline, at 1 month post hospital discharge and re-assessed 1 year after hospital discharge. Other outcomes included readmission and mortality rates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>61 patients were randomized to intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 31) groups. The mean age of the patients was 61 years (SD 12.73), 52.5% were males, and 57.4% were married or living with a partner. Mean number of prescribed medications per patient was 4.5 (SD 3.3). Medication adherence was correlated to intervention (p = 0.04) and after 1 month, 48.4% of patients in the control group and 83.3% in the intervention group were considered adherent. However, this difference decreased after 1 year, when adherence was 34.8% and 60.9%, respectively. Readmission and mortality rates were related to low adherence in both groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The intervention based on a validated patient self-report instrument for assessing adherence is a potentially effective method to improve adherent behavior and can be successfully used as a tool to guide adherence counseling in the clinical visit. However, a larger study is required to assess the real impact of intervention on these outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Discharge</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Discharge Summaries</kwd>
        <kwd>Randomized Controlled Trial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research Foundation for the State of Alagoas</funding-source>
          <award-id>EFP00000889</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Trial registration: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos RBR-26ydc3.</p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Medication adherence can be defined as the extent to which patients follow the instructions they are given for prescribed treatments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Adherence is a determinant of high-quality outcomes, yet studies indicate that 20% to 50% of patients - across gender, age, and ethnic cohorts and with various medical disorders - do not take their medications as prescribed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. This is a growing concern to clinicians and healthcare systems because of mounting evidence that non-adherence is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes and higher costs of care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In the setting of chronic medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, medication non-adherence leads to worse medical treatment outcomes, higher hospitalization rates and increased health care costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Even after hospitalization, adherence problems may persist due to inadequate knowledge about the treatment, lack of understanding or excessive complexity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>A variety of interventions have been tested with the goal of improving patient adherence. However, despite several types of interventions demonstrating effectiveness in improving medication adherence in chronic medical conditions, few significantly affected clinical outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A Cochrane Database review concluded that almost all of the interventions that were effective for long-term care were complex, including combinations of more convenient care, information, reminders, self-monitoring, reinforcement, counseling, family therapy, psychological therapy, crisis intervention, manual telephone follow-up and supportive care. Even the most effective interventions did not lead to large improvements in adherence and treatment outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>We have developed our intervention based on patient responses to the questions of a self-reporting instrument for assessing adherence to medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Based on a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, we hypothesized that this low-cost intervention would improve measured adherence and reduce exacerbations requiring emergency department visits or hospitalization. The present study assessed an intervention in post-discharge patients with CVD taking prescribed drugs with the aim of improving medication adherence and clinical outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design</title>
        <p>We performed a randomized controlled, single-center trial with patients allocated to intervention <italic>versus</italic> usual care between October 2010 and April 2011. A computer program randomized patients using minimization with a random element to ensure that the 2 trial arms are not significantly different on 5 key variables: age, gender, number of drugs per patient, surgical procedure during hospitalization and diagnosis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the flow of patients throughout the study.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow diagram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0503-40151-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Setting</title>
        <p>A 300-bed cardiovascular clinic of a private urban teaching hospital, in the city of Macei&#243;, state of Alagoas, Northeast Brazil. The state of Alagoas has one of the worst human development indices (HDI) in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recruitment</title>
        <p>We recruited and obtained consent from consecutive patients who were discharged from cardiovascular clinics and who were prescribed antihypertensive medication.</p>
        <p>Patients were randomly allocated to brief intervention or usual care and we used an intent-to-treat approach and thus ignored subsequent changes to regimens, treatment interruptions, and treatment termination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Collection</title>
        <p>We had to strike a careful balance between early intervention and enough time for participants to demonstrate variance in medication adherence, thus our decision was to assess adherence at baseline and 1 month post-hospital discharge. Later, we re-assessed adherence 1 year after hospital discharge, as well as readmission and mortality rates; both clinical outcome measures were included to correlate adherence and effectiveness of intervention. Therefore,<italic> c</italic>onsenting participants were contacted by phone call by a trained lay interviewer at 2 moments: a) 1 month after their event, when they were asked to answer the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; b) 1 year after their event, when they were once again asked to complete MMAS-8 and to report the number of hospitalizations related to CVD during the study year. Patients that were randomized to the intervention group were contacted again by phone on the same day (+ 5 days) of the first application of MMAS-8, during this telephone contact. Questions about the medications were discussed with these patients by the research pharmacists. Deaths were confirmed via death certificate. The study was closed 12 months after the last patient had been discharged. Patients who had been readmitted to the study site hospital during the 12-month follow-up period did not receive the intervention again.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Aiming maximum inclusiveness, we recruited all patients who had a discharge diagnosis of CVD and who were on antihypertensive medication.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Patients were excluded if they reported they were already using any tool to improve adherence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Approval</title>
        <p>The Federal University of Alagoas institutional review board approved the study protocol and consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measuring Adherence</title>
        <p>Medication adherence - the primary outcome measure in the evaluation of this trial was assessed by phone call through the MMAS-8, an 8-item self-report scale for measuring medication-taking behavior developed from a previously validated 4-item scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and supplemented with additional items to better assess barriers to adherence behavior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>). Each of the 8 items measures a specific medication-taking behavior and not a determinant of adherence behavior. The new scale has been determined to have higher reliability compared with the 4-item scale (a = .83 vs a = .61)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The MMAS scores can range from 0 to 8 and have been previously trichotomized into the following 3 levels of adherence to facilitate use in clinical practice: high adherence (score = 8), medium adherence (score, 6 to &lt; 8), and low adherence (score, &lt; 6)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Prior research revealed that the new scale is significantly associated with blood pressure control in patients with hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. In our study, we used a validated version in Portuguese of the MMAS-8<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Patients were considered adherent if they had a score equal to 8 (high adherence)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The 4-Item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Do you ever forget to take your (name of health condition) medicine?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Do you ever have problems remembering to take your (name of health condition) medicine?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. When you feel better, do you sometimes stop taking your (name of health condition) medicine?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. Sometimes if you feel worse when you take your (name of health condition) medicine, do you stop taking it?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The 8-Item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Do you sometimes forget to take your high blood pressure pills?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Over the past two weeks, were there any days when you did not take your high blood pressure medicine?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. Have you ever cut back or stopped taking your medication without telling your doctor because you felt worse when you took it?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. When you travel or leave home, do you sometimes forget to bring along your medications?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5. Did you take your high blood pressure medicine yesterday?</td>
                <td align="center">No / Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6. When you feel that your blood pressure is under control, do you sometimes stop taking your medicine?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7. Do you ever feel hassled about sticking to your blood pressure treatment plan?</td>
                <td align="center">Yes / No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8. How often do you have difficulty remembering to take all your blood pressure medication?</td>
                <td align="center">Never-Rarely/Once in a while/ Sometimes/Usually/All the time</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intervention</title>
        <p>As the MMAS-4 measures non-adherence using 4 items and identifies the 2 main types of non-adherence - unintentional non-adherence (which occurs when patients wish to adhere to medications, but are prevented from taking medications due to some reason; it is based on forgetfulness and clarification regarding the medical regimen) and intentional non-adherence (which occurs when patients deliberately do not take their medications; it is based on withdrawing medications when feeling better or worse)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, we have developed our intervention based on MMAS-4 questions, which has been shown to be predictive of adherence to cardiovascular medications and blood pressure control, aiming to prevent both intentional and unintentional non-adherence behavior, INAB and UNAB, respectively.</p>
        <p>This protocol consisted of 2 distinct parts: patient-centered verbal instructions (to prevent INAB and UNAB) and written material about prescribed medications (to prevent UNAB). Interventions to enhance medication adherence in chronic medical conditions may be grouped by type<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, as follows: (I) <italic>informational</italic> interventions describe cognitive strategies designed primarily to educate and motivate patients by instructional means, based on the concept that patients who understand their condition and its treatment will be more informed, empowered, and likely to comply (e.g.: face-to-face oral, telephone, written, or audiovisual education; didactic group class; and mailed instructional material - not including reminders or prompts to comply); (II) <italic>behavioral</italic> interventions are strategies designed to influence behavior through shaping, reminding (cues), or rewarding desired behavior (reinforcement), examples include skill building by a health care professional, pillboxes, calendars, a change in packaging, or other steps intended to remind the patient; changes in dosage schedule to simplify the regimen or tailor the regimen to the patient's daily routine (i.e., reduce its behavioral demands); and rewards and reinforcement (e.g., assessment of adherence with feedback to the patient); (III)   <italic>family and social</italic> interventions involve social support strategies, whether provided by family or another group (e.g. support groups and family counseling)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Our combined intervention included features of I and II of the preceding categories.</p>
        <p>The main elements of the discharge counseling were as follows: a) information about disease process/prognosis; b) information about discharge medications (e.g., therapeutic goals; how to monitor drug treatment, especially the consequences of abrupt cessation of antihypertensive treatments and adverse drug reactions that may be causes of withdrawal; and how to handle inaccurate dosing systems or unusual dosage forms). Subjects considered critical to success of treatment were discussed with the patient (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Chart 3</xref> - please see additional File 2). Additional information (e.g., dosage schedule) was written on a drug treatment card adapted as a refrigerator magnet.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Chart 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Points to discuss with patients and suggested recommendations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">MMAS-4 question</th>
                <th align="center">Do you ever forget to take your medicine?</th>
                <th align="center">Do you ever have problems remembering to take your medicine?</th>
                <th align="center">When you feel better do you sometimes stop taking your medicine?</th>
                <th align="center">When you sometimes feel worse when you take the medicine, do you stop taking it?</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Specific goal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">To improve memory for medication taking</td>
                <td align="center">To adapt the regimen to the patient's daily schedule to address carelessness</td>
                <td align="center">To avoid stopping the treatment when feeling better</td>
                <td align="center">To avoid stopping the treatment when feeling worse</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Procedure 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Procedure 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Procedure 3</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">Provide an easy reminder and identify a daily activity or cue that the patient does regularly at about the time he or she should take medications and explain to the patient to take medications at this time</td>
                <td align="center">Explain fundamentals of hypertension and its management to patient in terms he or she can understand. Explain how the medication works in a simple way and what are the specific consequences or effects if the patient stops taking it.</td>
                <td align="center">Teach patient how to monitor the most common side effects of his or her treatment (withdrawal rates due to side effects must be investigated). Support and encourage patient to report the problem to the physician.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Therapeutic class information</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Agents acting on the renin- angiotensin system, Beta blocking agents and Calcium channel blockers</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">This medicines act by dilating the blood vessels (and, in some cases*, reducing heart muscles contractility). Therefore amlodipine and losartan may take a <italic>few weeks</italic>to <italic>show</italic> noticeable effects.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Linking medication taking to patient's daily schedule<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Withdrawal symptoms</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Potential causes of withdrawal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Amlodipine</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: in the morning, around breakfast time (there is little evidence of what is the optimal time to take once-daily amlodipine, however the optimal dosing time may be morning).</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Abrupt withdrawal of this agent can precipitate coronary vasospasm, which may result in myocardial infarction.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Peripheral edema, fatigue, palpitation, headache, dyspepsia, nausea.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Atenolol</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: uncertain.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Tachycardia, palpitation, excessive sweating, chest pain, heart attack, death.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Hypotension, bradycardia, bronchospasm, cold extremities.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food (although the presence of food may reduce the bioavailability of atenolol by 20%).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Captopril</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: uncertain (although there is fair evidence that bedtime dosing may constitute an effective option to reduce cardiovascular risk)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Abrupt withdrawal of these agents can precipitate hypertensive rebound in diabetic patients with chronic renal failure</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Dry cough, hyperkalemia (especially if used with spironolactone; main symptoms: palpitations and muscle weakness), postural hypotension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken without food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Carvedilol</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: evening.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Tachycardia, palpitation, excessive sweating, chest pain, heart attack, death.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Fatigue, hypotension, diarrhea, asthenia, bradycardia, dizziness, edema.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Enalapril</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: evening.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Abrupt withdrawal of these agents can precipitate hypertensive rebound in diabetic patients with chronic renal failure</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Hypotension, dry cough.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Losartan</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: administration time-dependent effects of losartan have not been documented.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">There is little evidence of rebound effect after abrupt <italic>withdrawal of losartan</italic> therapy</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Dizziness, diarrhea, tiredness.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food (concurrent use of losartan and grapefruit juice may result in increased half-life and decreased area under the concentration time curve of losartan's active metabolite).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Therapeutic class information</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diuretics</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">These medications increase water loss by inhibiting sodium and chloride resorption in the kidneys. When taking these antihypertensives, one will urinate a lot because of the increased water loss.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Linking medication taking to patient's daily schedule</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Withdrawal symptoms</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Potential causes of withdrawal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: before 6 pm and preferably in the morning</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">If diuretics are withdrawn suddenly in patients with a normal sodium intake, there will be rebound retention of sodium and water (with consequent edema), because compensatory mechanisms that maintain sodium balance in the face of diuretics continue to act for several days after diuresis has worn off.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Hypokalemia (symptoms include muscular weakness, myalgia, and muscle cramps), weakness.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center"> May be taken with food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Furosemide</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: no significant difference related to dosing time was observed between morning and evening trials.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Hypokalemia (symptoms include muscular weakness, myalgia, and muscle cramps), hyperglycemia, hyponatremia (symptoms include nausea and vomiting, headache, fatigue, appetite loss).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Spironolactone</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: administration time-dependent effects of spironolactone have not been documented.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">There is no apparent rebound effect after abrupt <italic>withdrawal of spironolactone</italic> therapy</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Hyperkalemia (main symptoms: palpitations and muscle weakness).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken with food.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Therapeutic class information</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Platelet aggregation inhibitors</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">Treatment with blood thinners prevents blood clots from forming in blood vessels. It may be used to prevent or treat heart attacks and stroke.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Linking medication taking to patient's daily schedule</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Withdrawal symptoms</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Potential causes of withdrawal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">Optimal dosing time: in the morning and/or in the evening with food (bedtime administration of aspirin decreases morning surge of platelet aggregation while kept same antiplatelet efficacy during other time of the day compared to taking these drugs at day-time).</td>
                <td align="center">The withdrawal of acetylsalicylic acid may be associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and thrombosis.</td>
                <td align="center">Gastrointestinal side effects (pain, heartburn, indigestion), bleeding.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">Optimal dosing time: in the morning and/or in the evening with food (bedtime administration of clopidogrel decreases morning surge of platelet aggregation while kept same antiplatelet efficacy during other time of the day compared to taking these drugs at day-time).</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel withdrawal is associated with a rebound prothrombotic and/ or proinflammatory response. Premature cessation of clopidogrel in patients receiving drug-eluting stents is a clear risk factor for stent thrombosis.</td>
                <td align="center">Bleeding, Gastrointestinal side effects (pain, heartburn, indigestion, diarrhea), rash.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Therapeutic class information</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Lipid modifying agent</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">These agents are used along with a proper diet to help lower 'bad' cholesterol and fats and raise 'good' cholesterol in the blood</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Linking medication taking to patient's daily schedule</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Withdrawal symptoms</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Potential causes of withdrawal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Rosuvastatin</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Optimal dosing time: in the morning or in the evening (there are sufficient data to support evening administration of simvastatin to achieve optimal effect, however the elimination half-life of rosuvastatin is significantly longer and this is probably significant in the ability to take it in the morning with non-significant changes in lipid lowering compared to evening administration).</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Statin withdrawal abrogates this beneficial effect in patients initially responsive to this therapy and may cause rebound inflammatory effect.</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Muscle pain, fatigue and weakness, myalgia, cognitive loss.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">May be taken without food.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The research pharmacists were previously trained in discharge counseling approach for 6 months at the study setting. The enhanced medication review provided by pharmacists to patients in the intervention group on the day of discharge consisted of 9 steps with mean total duration of 32 minutes:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The doctor confirms the patient's hospital discharge and sends the outpatient prescription for analysis by the pharmacist.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The pharmacist transcribes data from medical records and prescription to a form specifically designed for this study.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The pharmacist reviews the following data for each drug: indication, dosage and schedule, treatment duration, method of use, adverse reactions, main drug-drug and drug-food interactions. Current drug-drug interactions or other drug-related problems are communicated to the prescriber before discharge. The communicated problems did lead to an adaptation/correction of the prescription.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The pharmacist reviews the following data for each patient: diagnosis, age, sex and drugs used before hospitalization.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>After reviewing patient data, the pharmacist highlights critical points to the success of treatment after hospital discharge. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Chart 3</xref>)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Main advice and schedules are written on a drug treatment card adapted as a refrigerator magnet.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Subjects considered critical to successful treatment and schedules are discussed with the patient. In this step, the health-disease process is also discussed, as well as measures to be taken in case of a forgotten dose. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Chart 3</xref>)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The instructions about drug treatment are checked with the patient.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The drug treatment card is given to the patient as well as a phone number for contact.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The research pharmacists were also encouraged to minimize regimen complexity for their patients by identifying potential simplifications during discharge prescription reviews and discussing these changes with hospital doctors and patients.</p>
        <p>The intervention pertained to all discharge medications. However, medication adherence was ascertained just for the anti-hypertensive medications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Control condition</title>
        <p>Participants in the control group received hospital's usual care and answered the same questions (from the MMAS-8 and about readmission events) by phone at the same moments as the intervention group. Moreover, they were visited before discharge by a research-team member in order to disguise the lack of testing intervention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Size</title>
        <p>We estimated that a sample size of at least 19 patients in each group would provide 80% power to detect a 40% difference, based on baseline adherence and results from a previously performed pilot investigation in medication adherence by using a t-test with a 2-sided &#945; level of 0.05<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Unlike this, difference in adherence between groups is generally small in randomized clinical trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, we did not find any study that included concurrent post-discharge patients with CVD and MMAS as the adherence measure, or even studies with an intervention based on its own assessment tool. We believe that this shared mechanism leads to higher adherence scores in intervention group and consequently increases effect size.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Bivariate comparisons between groups were performed using chi-square test for equal proportions (or Fisher's exact tests where numbers are small) and reported as numbers and percentages. Continuous normally distributed variables (determined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were compared using ANOVA and reported as means (standard error). Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine independent correlates of medication adherence. These statistical analyses were performed using the statistical program package SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). The researcher (S.F.N.) responsible for analyzing readmission and adherence data was blinded regarding the group to which the patients had been randomized.</p>
        <p>The magnitude of the intervention effect (Cohen's <italic>d</italic>) was calculated by subtracting the MMAS-8 mean score of the control group from the MMAS-8 mean score of the intervention group and dividing the result by the pooled standard deviation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. A Cohen's d of 0.5 thus indicates that the mean of the intervention group is half a standard deviation larger than the mean of the control group. Values of d from 0.56 to 1.2 can be assumed to be large, 0.33 to 0.55 are moderate, and 0 to 0.32 are small<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This measure is independent from the method of adherence measurement used, thus permitting comparison of different interventions across studies. In this way, it provides more information than a simple test of significance comparing outcomes in intervention and control groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of 73 patients invited to participate in the study, 11 declined. Of 62 randomized patients (31 intervention and 31 control), 1 patient was not found after 1 month and was excluded from further analyses. This left 61 eligible patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the flow of patients throughout the study. The groups were well balanced with respect to baseline characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>). The mean age of the patients was 61 years (SD 12.73), 52.5% were males, and 57.4% were married or living with a partner. Mean number of prescribed medications per patient was 4.5 (SD 3.3). Most prescribed drugs were: aspirin (63.9%), atenolol (57.4), losartan (55.7), rosuvastatin (39.3), clopidogrel (32.8), amlodipine (21.3), carvedilol (19.7), spironolactone (18.0), furosemide (14.8), hydrochlorothiazide (11.5), enalapril (8.2), captopril (6.6), digoxin (5.2), atorvastatin (3.3), and others (29.5). Among the most commonly prescribed drugs (used by more than 10% of patients), only carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide were not statistically significantly associated with adherence (p = 0.489 and p = 0.179 respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline Characteristics of Patients by Group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">Intervention Group (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">Control Group (n = 31)</th>
              <th align="center">p values</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Sex, N&#176;. (%)</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">16 (53.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (51.6)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">14 (46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (48.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">60.93 (12.69)</td>
              <td align="center">61.07 (12.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">b</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Married or living with partner, N&#176;. (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (54.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#176;. of prescribed medications at discharge, mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">4.46 (1.72)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 (1.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">b</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Underwent surgery during hospitalization, N&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9(29.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Main diagnosis, N&#176;. (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">16 (53.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (48.4)</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">0.70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">6(20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8(25.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7(22.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">7(23.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Other</td>
              <td align="center">2(6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Chi-square test</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>ANOVA</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Medication Adherence at baseline</title>
        <p>Medication adherence was 41.9% and 58.1% in the usual care and intervention groups at baseline (p = 0.710).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medication Adherence after 1 Month</title>
        <p>Medication adherence improved between the baseline and follow-up surveys in both groups, 48.4% and 83.3% in the usual care and intervention groups, respectively, but was significantly greater (p = 0.004) in the intervention group (Cohen's   <italic>d</italic> = 0.741). Potential factors that may affect medication adherence (e.g. gender, age, marital status, number of prescribed medications, undergoing surgery during hospitalization and main diagnosis) were not related to medication adherence after 1 month. In the logistic regression, having received the intervention was the only significant risk factor for medication adherence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medication Adherence after 1 Year</title>
        <p>The effects of the intervention decreased (p = 0.203) during the 12-month post intervention follow-up period, in which medication adherence was 34.8% and 60.9% for the control group and intervention group, respectively (Cohen's <italic>d</italic> = 0.643).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Readmission and Mortality rate</title>
        <p>The numbers of hospitalizations and deaths during the study are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>. Of 61 patients analyzed after 1 month, 7 were lost to follow-up after 1 year (4 intervention and 3 control). Of the 54 patients, 9 ([3 intervention and 6 control]; p = 0.27, Fisher exact test) died before the end of the 12-month follow-up period; 8 <italic>patients died</italic> of their underlying disease and 1 of septicemia (intervention group). 20/54 patients (7/26 intervention and 13/28 control]; p = 0.20, Fisher exact test) were re-hospitalized during the course of the study. Main cause of re-hospitalization was CVD (25 events), followed by respiratory problems (2) and cancer (1). As for the intervention group, there was a 19.5% reduction in re-hospitalization, although this was not significant at the .05 level. Adherent patients in both groups had significantly lower rates of readmission and mortality (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02 respectively). The mortality rate was also influenced by diagnosis and presence of comorbidities.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of Outcomes at 12-Months Follow Up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" align="center">Value (%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Intervention Group (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Control Group (n = 31)</th>
                <th align="center">p Values</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Readmissions</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deaths</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In 2001, Cooper et al. showed in a review of 12 meta-analyses that educational interventions were generally poorly described, and failed to adhere to theoretical models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Subsequent reviews have found few consistent associations between the characteristics and effectiveness of interventions to improve adherence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Kripalani et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observed that behavioral interventions that reduced dosing demands of individual therapies consistently improved adherence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; other successful interventions usually contained multiple elements delivered over time. However, none of these reviews focused on medication adherence after hospital discharge. In a Cochrane Database review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, no evidence of difference in adherence to medication was observed after two pharmacy discharge plans.</p>
      <p>In contrast to these findings, our intervention based on MMAS-4 improved medication adherence score after 1 month. In addition, control of potential confounding factors (e.g. age, gender, marital status, number of prescribed medications, undergoing surgery during hospitalization and main diagnosis) did not influence the results. This effect may be due to several causes. First, we used a measure of medication-taking behavior based on the same pattern of intervention; although the eight-item scale has shown better psychometric properties than the original 4-item scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, some questions are identical.</p>
      <p>Second, although 12 different classes of drugs were used by the patients' physicians, a narrow variety of drugs inside theses classes were prescribed (mostly aspirin, enalapril, losartan, clopidogrel and rosuvastatin). Such rigid adherence to medical guidelines, although leading to excessive costs, permitted us to focus our efforts on a restricted number of therapies.</p>
      <p>Third, our intervention was centered on subjects considered critical to treatment success and it may be related to a MMAS-8 question commonly answered incorrectly among non-adherent patients: "Have you ever cut back or stopped taking your medication without telling your doctor because you felt worse when you took it?" Burnier<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> states that it appears that an effective, convenient drug regimen that is relatively free of side effects, combined with a positive and supportive approach to treatment, will therefore yield the best results in terms of facilitating adherence and persistence with antihypertensive therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In our study, physicians reported that some patients came back or contacted them by phone after an adverse drug event for which they were warned during a counseling session, instead of stop taking their medication.</p>
      <p>Fourth, the presence of a Hawthorne effect was considered and must not be ignored; however, patients in the control group were visited by a research-team member in order to disguise the lack of testing intervention. A systematic review performed by Schlenk et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> observed that, because of the nature of the interventions, the investigators were not able to blind the participants and interventionists to group assignment, which could produce Hawthorne, novelty, and experimenter effects in the intervention group subjects. For all practical purposes, our patients were blinded about the treatment that was used.</p>
      <p>Fifth, in the pilot study we observed that longer counseling sessions (e.g. 20 to 40 minutes) led to a few patients' refusal of continuation of intervention. Thus, we believe that a shorter intervention tends to be more comprehensive and effective. It is also noted that acceptability of intervention among patients was high.</p>
      <p>However, the positive effect of the intervention decreased significantly (p = 0.203) after 1 year, which may be due to the fact that this study did not have sufficient power to detect a 26% reduction in adherence (Cohen's <italic>d</italic> = 0.643) as a meaningful difference. Kripalani et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> state that many similar studies were relatively small and not sufficiently powered to detect differences in clinical outcomes. On the other side, a high effect size - as foreseen in this pilot study - does not require a large sample and both probability of detecting a difference and the power are both high as well. A sample size of at least 30 patients in each group would provide 80% power to detect a 33.5% increase in medication adherence; and we observed a 35% difference after 1 month. However, as a pilot study, our study was in fact underpowered for more nuanced differences in long-term adherence and other outcomes.</p>
      <p>Our study had other limitations. For example, the intervention was delivered by 2 pharmacists, which limits the generalizability of our findings. Because of multiple components of intervention (e.g. verbal counseling based on INAB and UNAB and written materials) we could not attribute intervention effects to any single component. Although patients, prescribers and the researcher responsible for analyzing study data were blinded to the group, the pharmacists who performed data collection were not. We also had limited information about other medications used during the follow-up year. Intervention itself was limited by lack of ongoing contact. Carter et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> suggest that continued interventions may be necessary to maintain high rates of BP control, especially in those patients who lose BP control. And this may be why the intervention did not led to better clinical outcomes after 1 year. At this time point, adherent patients in both groups had significantly lower rates of readmission and mortality, and once the effect of intervention on adherence dissipated, we believe that the same intervention involving ongoing contact may positively influence these clinical outcomes. Murray et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, for instance, provided a 9-month multilevel intervention to support medication management in outpatients with heart failure who had low health literacy and limited resources, with a 3-month post-study phase, improving adherence to cardiovascular medications and decreasing health care use and costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Finally, 8 (11%) patients declined to participate. While one patient refused to participate because of the possibility of being assigned to the placebo condition, five patients claimed not having time to participate and two declared themselves anxious to go home. Although this occurred at pre-randomization and does not affect internal validity, it may affect the generalizability of our study.</p>
      <p>While non-adherence to medications is common for patients with CVD, who might be less likely to take their medication as prescribed because hypertension is asymptomatic, many studies have described the association between medication adherence and clinical outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A meta-analysis revealed that the odds of good blood pressure control among patients adherent to anti-hypertensive medications, compared to those who were non-adherent was 3.44 [95% confidence interval 1.6-7.37]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> . Although we did not measure blood pressure as part of the study and cannot determine the association between self-reported medication adherence and blood pressure control, previous studies demonstrated a significant association between the MMAS-8 score and blood pressure control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nair et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> state that medication adherence appears to be a patterned behavior established through the creation of a routine and a reminder system for taking the medication. In addition, control of hypertension - as one of the most important interventions to prevent coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and end stage renal disease - may be achieved by continued efforts on development of simple and feasible interventions to improve medication adherence. Gehi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> findings suggest that self-reported adherence may be a simple and straightforward method to identify patients at risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Similarly, it seems plausible that interventions designed to improve self-reported adherence can positively affect clinical outcomes. Our findings suggest that self-report methods of measuring medication-taking behavior, such as MMAS-4, may be integrated into the clinical visit in which the health care provider interacts with the patients in assessing adherence behavior and provides immediate feedback and counseling as to how barriers - such as forgetting, misunderstandings - can be addressed, as well as provide reinforcement for good adherence behavior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the encouraging results, we need to examine other behavioral determinants that may influence medication adherence and clinical outcomes. These results need to be replicated using a multicenter, randomized strategy, and such a study is already being carried out in patients with chronic CVD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Based on these findings, we conclude that a brief intervention based on a patient self-report instrument for assessing medication adherence is a potentially effective method to improve adherent behavior - which was correlated, in our investigation, to readmissions and mortality rate - in post-discharge patients with CVD taking prescribed drugs. However, a larger study is required to assess the real impact of intervention on these outcomes. Although updated by MMAS-8 as a research method for assessing adherence to medications, MMAS-4 can still be used as a guide for an educational intervention in the clinical setting, whereby the health care provider asks the intentional and unintentional adherence questions to the patient and provides guidance and counseling to the patient based on the response.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Lyra-Jr DP; Acquisition of data: Pacheco ST; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira-Filho AD, Costa FA, Neves SF; Statistical analysis: Neves SF; Obtaining financing: Oliveira-Filho AD; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Pacheco ST, Neves SF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Costa FA, Lyra-Jr DP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEAL.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Role of the Sponsor</bold> The funders had no role in the design and conduction of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Alfredo D. Oliveira-Filho, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We acknowledge the assistance provided by Hospital do A&#231;&#250;car staff in the implementation of this intervention study.</p>
      <p>This research was fully sponsored by the Research Foundation for the State of Alagoas (FAPEAP), with grant number EFP00000889.</p>
      <p>The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of FAPEAL or Hospital do A&#231;&#250;car.</p>
      <p>We also thank all patients who participated in this study.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Ades&#227;o Terap&#234;utica P&#243;s-alta Hospitalar de Pacientes com DCV: Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado - Estudo Piloto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morisky</surname>
            <given-names>Donald E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Sara T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lyra-Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Divaldo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of California Los Angeles</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Los Angeles</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alfredo Dias de Oliveira Filho,</bold> Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro dos Martins. CEP 57072-900, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil. Email:   <email>alfredo.dias@pq.cnpq.br</email>; <email>adias1@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es eficazes para melhorar a ades&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa s&#227;o geralmente complexas e caras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto de uma interven&#231;&#227;o de baixo custo delineada para melhorar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes no p&#243;s-alta com DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Um ECR - estudo piloto foi realizado em um hospital-escola. A interven&#231;&#227;o foi baseada na escala de ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica de Morisky de quatro itens - MMAS-4. O desfecho prim&#225;rio medido foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o utilizando a MMAS de oito itens no momento da alta, 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, e a reavalia&#231;&#227;o 1 ano depois da alta. Outros resultados inclu&#237;ram reinterna&#231;&#227;o e as taxas de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram randomizados 61 pacientes para grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 30) e controle (n = 31). A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 61 anos (DP 12,73), 52,5% eram do sexo masculino e 57,4% eram casados ou moravam com parceiro (a). O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de medicamentos prescritos por paciente foi de 4,5 (DP 3,3). A ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o foi correlacionada &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,04) e ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s, 48,4% dos pacientes do grupo controle e 83,3% no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o foram considerados aderentes. No entanto, essa diferen&#231;a diminuiu depois de 1 ano, quando a ades&#227;o foi de 34,8% e 60,9%, respectivamente. As taxas de readmiss&#227;o e de mortalidade foram relacionadas &#224; baixa ades&#227;o nos dois grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o com base em um instrumento validado de auto-relato do paciente para avaliar a ades&#227;o &#233; um m&#233;todo potencialmente eficaz para melhorar o comportamento aderente e pode ser usado com sucesso como uma ferramenta para orientar o aconselhamento da ades&#227;o na visita cl&#237;nica. No entanto, um estudo maior &#233; necess&#225;rio para avaliar o real impacto da interven&#231;&#227;o sobre esses desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Alta do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Sum&#225;rios de Alta do Paciente Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Controlado Aleat&#243;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas</funding-source>
          <award-id>EFP00000889</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Registro de Ensaio: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos RBR-26ydc3</p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o pode ser definida como a medida do quanto os pacientes seguem as instru&#231;&#245;es para os tratamentos prescritos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A ades&#227;o &#233; um fator determinante de desfechos de alta qualidade, embora estudos indiquem que 20% a 50% dos pacientes - de todas as idades, sexo e coortes &#233;tnicas e com v&#225;rios problemas de sa&#250;de - n&#227;o tomam os seus medicamentos conforme prescritos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Essa &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o crescente para os m&#233;dicos e os sistemas de sa&#250;de por causa de evid&#234;ncias de que a n&#227;o-ades&#227;o &#233; prevalente e associada a resultados adversos e custos mais elevados de cuidados da sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Em condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas cr&#244;nicas, como hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, a n&#227;o-ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o leva a piores desfechos do tratamento m&#233;dico, maiores taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e aumento de custos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Mesmo ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, problemas de ades&#227;o podem persistir devido ao conhecimento insuficiente sobre o tratamento, a falta de compreens&#227;o ou complexidade excessiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diversas interven&#231;&#245;es foram testadas com o objetivo de melhorar a ades&#227;o do paciente. No entanto, apesar de v&#225;rios tipos de interven&#231;&#245;es demonstrarem efic&#225;cia na melhoria da ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o em condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas cr&#244;nicas, poucas afetaram significativamente os resultados cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Uma revis&#227;o da Base de Dados Cochrane conclui que quase todas as interven&#231;&#245;es eficazes para cuidados de longa dura&#231;&#227;o eram complexas, incluindo combina&#231;&#245;es de cuidados mais convenientes, informa&#231;&#245;es, lembretes, automonitoriza&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;o, aconselhamento, terapia familiar, terapia psicol&#243;gica, interven&#231;&#227;o para crise, acompanhamento por telefone manual e cuidados de suporte. At&#233; mesmo as interven&#231;&#245;es mais eficazes n&#227;o levaram a grandes melhorias na ades&#227;o e desfechos do tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Desenvolvemos nossa interven&#231;&#227;o com base nas respostas dos pacientes &#224;s perguntas de um instrumento de auto-relato para avaliar a ades&#227;o aos medicamentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Baseado em um estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que essa interven&#231;&#227;o de baixo custo melhoraria a ades&#227;o medida e reduziria as exacerba&#231;&#245;es que requerem atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O presente estudo avaliou uma interven&#231;&#227;o em pacientes p&#243;s-alta com DCV tomando medicamentos prescritos com o objetivo de melhorar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e os resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Projeto</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo cl&#237;nico controlado randomizado de um &#250;nico centro, com pacientes alocados para interven&#231;&#227;o ou para cuidados habituais entre outubro de 2010 e abril de 2011. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a necessidade de garantir que os dois grupos do estudo n&#227;o fossem significativamente diferentes nas 5 vari&#225;veis chave: idade, sexo, n&#250;mero de medicamentos por paciente, procedimento cir&#250;rgico durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxo de pacientes durante o estudo.</p>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0503-40151-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cen&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Uma cl&#237;nica cardiovascular de 300 leitos de um hospital escola privado urbano, na cidade de Macei&#243;, Alagoas, Nordeste do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recrutamento</title>
          <p>Recrutamos e obtivemos o consentimento de pacientes que tiveram alta de uma cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e para os quais foram prescritos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente para interven&#231;&#227;o breve ou cuidados habituais, e usamos uma abordagem de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e, portanto, ignoramos altera&#231;&#245;es subsequentes nos regimes de tratamentos, interrup&#231;&#245;es de tratamento e t&#233;rmino do tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de Dados</title>
          <p>Foi necess&#225;rio estabelecer um ponto de equil&#237;brio entre a interven&#231;&#227;o precoce e o tempo suficiente para que os participantes demonstrassem varia&#231;&#227;o na ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, assim, a nossa decis&#227;o foi avaliar a ades&#227;o basal e 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Mais tarde, reavaliamos a ades&#227;o 1 ano ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, bem como a readmiss&#227;o e a taxa de mortalidade; ambas as medidas foram inclu&#237;das para correlacionar ades&#227;o e efetividade da interven&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, os participantes que consentiram foram contatados por telefone por um entrevistador n&#227;o m&#233;dico e treinado em dois momentos: a) um m&#234;s ap&#243;s os eventos, quando foram convidados a responder &#224; Escala de Ades&#227;o Terap&#234;utica de oito itens de Morisky (MMAS-8)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; b) 1 ano ap&#243;s os eventos, quando foram convidados a preencher novamente a MMAS-8 e informar o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; DCV no ano de estudo. Os pacientes que foram randomizados para o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o foram contatados novamente por telefone no mesmo dia (+ 5 dias) da primeira aplica&#231;&#227;o da MMAS-8, durante o contato telef&#244;nico. As perguntas sobre os medicamentos foram discutidas com esses pacientes pelos farmac&#234;uticos pesquisadores. As mortes foram confirmadas atrav&#233;s de certid&#227;o de &#243;bito. O estudo foi fechado 12 meses ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo paciente receber alta. Os pacientes que foram readmitidos no hospital do estudo durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 12 meses n&#227;o receberam a interven&#231;&#227;o novamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Com o objetivo obter o m&#225;ximo de inclus&#227;o, recrutamos todos os pacientes que tiveram um diagn&#243;stico de alta de DCV e que faziam uso de medicamento anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos caso tivessem relatado o uso de qualquer m&#233;todo ou dispositivo para melhorar a ades&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica</title>
          <p>O conselho de &#233;tica institucional da Universidade Federal de Alagoas aprovou o protocolo do estudo e o formul&#225;rio de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medindo a Ades&#227;o</title>
          <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o - o desfecho prim&#225;rio na avalia&#231;&#227;o desse estudo - foi avaliada por telefone atrav&#233;s da MMAS-8, uma escala de auto-relato de 8 itens para medir o comportamento de tomada de medicamentos, desenvolvida a partir de uma escala<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> de 4 itens previamente validada e complementada com itens adicionais, para melhor determina&#231;&#227;o dos obst&#225;culos ao comportamento de ades&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Ap&#234;ndices 1</xref> e   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">2</xref>). Cada um dos 8 itens mede um comportamento espec&#237;fico de tomada de medicamentos, e n&#227;o um determinante do comportamento de ades&#227;o. A nova escala foi determinada para obter-se uma maior confiabilidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a escala de 4 itens (a = 0,83   <italic>vs</italic>. a = 0,61)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. As pontua&#231;&#245;es da MMAS podem variar de 0 a 8, e foram tricotomizadas anteriormente para os seguintes tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de ades&#227;o para facilitar o uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica: alta ades&#227;o (pontua&#231;&#227;o, 8), ades&#227;o m&#233;dia (pontua&#231;&#227;o de 6 a &lt; 8), e baixa ades&#227;o (pontua&#231;&#227;o &lt; 6)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Pesquisas anteriores revelaram que a nova escala est&#225; associada de forma significativa com o controle de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Em nosso estudo, foi utilizada uma vers&#227;o validada em Portugu&#234;s da MMAS-8<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Os pacientes foram considerados aderentes se tivessem uma pontua&#231;&#227;o igual a 8 (alta ades&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Ap&#234;ndice 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escala de Ades&#227;o Terap&#234;utica de oito itens de Morisky (MMAS-4)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. Voc&#234; &#224;s vezes se esquece de tomar seus rem&#233;dios para (nome da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de)?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2. Voc&#234; tem problemas para se lembrar de tomar seus rem&#233;dios para (nome da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de)?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3. Quando voc&#234; se sente melhor, voc&#234; &#224;s vezes para de tomar os seus rem&#233;dios para (nome da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de)?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4. Quando se sente mal com os rem&#233;dios para (nome da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de), voc&#234; &#224;s vezes para de tom&#225;-los?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Ap&#234;ndice 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Escala de Ades&#227;o Terap&#234;utica de oito itens de Morisky (MMAS-8)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. Voc&#234; &#224;s vezes esquece de tomar os seus rem&#233;dios para press&#227;o?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2. Nas duas &#250;ltimas semanas, houve algum dia em que voc&#234; n&#227;o tomou seus rem&#233;dios para press&#227;o alta?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3. Voc&#234; j&#225; parou de tomar seus rem&#233;dios ou diminuiu a dose sem avisar seu m&#233;dicoporque se sentia pior quando os tomava?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4. Quando voc&#234; viaja ou sai de casa, &#224;s vezes esquece de levar seus medicamentos?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5. Voc&#234; tomou seus medicamentos para press&#227;o alta ontem?</td>
                  <td align="center">No / Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6. Quando sente que sua press&#227;o est&#225; controlada, voc&#234; &#224;s vezes para de tomarseus medicamentos?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7. Voc&#234; j&#225; se sentiu incomodado por seguir corretamente o seu tratamento para press&#227;o alta?</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim/N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8. Com que frequ&#234;ncia voc&#234; tem dificuldades para se lembrar de tomar todos os seus rem&#233;dios para press&#227;o?</td>
                  <td align="center">Nunca-Raramente/Uma vez ou outra/Algumas vezes/Frequentemente/Sempre</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Como a MMAS-4 mede a n&#227;o-ades&#227;o usando 4 itens e identifica os dois tipos principais de n&#227;o-ades&#227;o - n&#227;o-ades&#227;o n&#227;o intencional (que ocorre quando os pacientes desejam aderir aos medicamentos, mas s&#227;o impedidos de tom&#225;-los por alguma raz&#227;o; &#233; baseada no esquecimento e esclarecimento sobre o regime de tratamento m&#233;dico e a n&#227;o-ades&#227;o intencional) e n&#227;o-ades&#227;o intencional (que ocorre quando os pacientes deliberadamente n&#227;o tomam seus medicamentos; &#233; baseada na interrup&#231;&#227;o da tomada de medicamento quando o paciente se sente melhor ou pior)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, desenvolvemos a nossa interven&#231;&#227;o com base na MMAS de 4 quest&#245;es, que tem demonstrado ser preditiva da ades&#227;o aos medicamentos cardiovasculares e controle da press&#227;o arterial, com o objetivo de prevenir o comportamento de n&#227;o-ades&#227;o tanto intencional quanto n&#227;o intencional, NAI e NANI, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Este protocolo consistiu de 2 partes distintas: instru&#231;&#245;es verbais centradas no paciente (para evitar NAI e NANI) e material escrito sobre os medicamentos prescritos (para evitar NANI). As interven&#231;&#245;es para melhorar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas podem ser agrupadas por tipo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, como indicado a seguir: (i) as interven&#231;&#245;es <italic>informativas</italic> descrevem estrat&#233;gias cognitivas projetadas principalmente para educar e motivar os pacientes por meio de instru&#231;&#227;o, com base no conceito de que os pacientes que compreendem a sua condi&#231;&#227;o e seus tratamentos ser&#227;o mais informados, emponderados, e propensos a segui-los (por exemplo: oral face-a-face, por telefone, por escrito, ou educa&#231;&#227;o audiovisual face-a-face; aulas did&#225;ticas em grupo; e envio de material instrucional pelo correio - n&#227;o incluindo lembretes ou pedidos de cumprimento); (II) interven&#231;&#245;es <italic>comportamentais</italic> s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias para influenciar o comportamento atrav&#233;s de modelagem, lembran&#231;as (sinais), ou gratifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento desejado (refor&#231;o); exemplos incluem o desenvolvimento de habilidades por um profissional de sa&#250;de, caixas de p&#237;lulas, calend&#225;rios, mudan&#231;a na embalagem, ou outras medidas com o objetivo de lembrar o paciente; mudan&#231;as no esquema de dosagem para simplificar o regime de tratamento ou adaptar o regime de tratamento &#224; rotina di&#225;ria do paciente (ou seja, reduzir suas exig&#234;ncias comportamentais); e recompensas e refor&#231;o (por exemplo, avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o com <italic>feedback</italic> para o paciente); (III) Interven&#231;&#245;es   <italic>familiares e sociais</italic> envolvem estrat&#233;gias de apoio social, seja pela fam&#237;lia ou outro grupo (por exemplo, grupos de apoio e orienta&#231;&#227;o familiar)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Nossa interven&#231;&#227;o combinada incluiu caracter&#237;sticas das categorias I e II citadas previamente.</p>
          <p>Os principais elementos do aconselhamento na alta hospitalar foram os seguintes: a) informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o processo da doen&#231;a/progn&#243;stico; b) informa&#231;&#245;es sobre medicamentos da alta (por exemplo, os objetivos terap&#234;uticos; como monitorar o tratamento medicamentoso, especialmente as consequ&#234;ncias da interrup&#231;&#227;o abrupta de tratamentos anti-hipertensivos e rea&#231;&#245;es adversas a medicamentos que podem ser causas da interrup&#231;&#227;o, e como lidar com sistemas de dosagem imprecisos ou formas de dosagem n&#227;o-usuais). Assuntos considerados cr&#237;ticos para o sucesso do tratamento foram discutidos com o paciente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Ap&#234;ndice 3</xref> - por favor consulte Arquivo adicional 2). Informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais (por exemplo, posologia) foram escritas em um cart&#227;o de tratamento adaptado como um &#237;m&#227; de geladeira.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Ap&#234;ndice 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pontos para discuss&#227;o com os pacientes e recomenda&#231;&#245;es</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quest&#227;o da MMAS-4</td>
                  <td align="center">Voc&#234; esquece de tomar os seus rem&#233;dios?</td>
                  <td align="center">Voc&#234; tem problemas para se lembrar de tomar seus rem&#233;dios?</td>
                  <td align="center">Quando voc&#234; se sente melhor, voc&#234; &#224;s vezes para de tomar seus rem&#233;dios?</td>
                  <td align="center">Algumas vezes, quando voc&#234; se sente mal ao tomar seus rem&#233;dios, voc&#234; para de tom&#225;-los?</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Meta espec&#237;fica</td>
                  <td align="center">Otimizar a memoriza&#231;&#227;o para tomada dos medicamentos</td>
                  <td align="center">Adaptar a posologia aos h&#225;bitos di&#225;rios do paciente e abordar descuidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Evitar a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento quando se sentir melhor</td>
                  <td align="center">Evitar a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento quando se sentir melhor</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Procedure 1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Procedure 2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Procedure 3</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Fornecer um lembrete de f&#225;cil manuseio e identificar atividades di&#225;rias ou que o paciente faz regularmente por volta do(s) hor&#225;rio(s) em que deve tomar o(s) medicamentos(s) e explicar ao paciente que deve tomar os medicamentos nesse momento</td>
                  <td align="center">Explicar os princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos da hipertens&#227;o e seu tratamento para o paciente em termos que ele ou ela possa entender. Explicar como o medicamento funciona de uma forma simples e quais s&#227;o as consequ&#234;ncias ou efeitos de cada medicamento se o paciente parar de tom&#225;-lo</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensinar ao paciente como monitorar os efeitos colaterais mais comuns do seu tratamento (taxas de abandono devido a efeitos colaterais devem ser investigadas). Apoiar e incentivar o paciente a relatar o problema ao m&#233;dico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">
                    <bold>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a classe terap&#234;utica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Agentes que atuam no sistema reninaangiotensina, agentes betabloqueadores e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">Esses medicamentos atuam dilatando os vasos sangu&#237;neos (e, em alguns casos*, reduzindo a contratilidade dos m&#250;sculos card&#237;acos). Portanto pode demorar algumas semanas para que os efeitos da amlodipina e da losartana comecem a ser Percebidos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Vinculando o medicamento &#224; programa&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da retirada do medicamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Causas potenciais da retirada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anlodipino*</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: na parte da manh&#227;, na hora do caf&#233; da manh&#227; (h&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia de que haja um momento ideal para tomar anlodipino uma vez ao dia; no entanto, o hor&#225;rio ideal parece ser de manh&#227;). Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">A retirada abrupta deste medicamento pode precipitar vasoespasmo coronariano, o que pode resultar em infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">Edema perif&#233;rico, fadiga, palpita&#231;&#227;o, dor de cabe&#231;a, dispepsia, n&#225;useas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atenolol*</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: incerto. Pode ser tomado com alimentos (embora a presen&#231;a de alimentos possa reduzir a biodisponibilidade do atenolol em 20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Taquicardia, palpita&#231;&#245;es, sudorese excessiva, dor no peito, infarto, morte</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipotens&#227;o, bradicardia, broncoespasmo, extremidades frias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Captopril</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: incerto (embora haja algumas evid&#234;ncias de que a administra&#231;&#227;o ao deitar seja uma op&#231;&#227;o efetiva para reduzir o risco cardiovascular). Deve ser tomado sem alimentos</td>
                  <td align="center">A retirada abrupta desse medicamento pode precipitar o rebote hipertensivo em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">Tosse seca, hipercalemia (especialmente se usado com espironolactona; os principais sintomas: palpita&#231;&#245;es e fraqueza muscular), hipotens&#227;o postural</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carvedilol*</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: noite. Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Taquicardia, palpita&#231;&#245;es, sudorese excessiva, dor no peito, infarto, morte</td>
                  <td align="center">Fadiga, hipotens&#227;o, diarreia, astenia, bradicardia, tonturas, edema</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enalapril</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: noite. Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">A retirada abrupta desses medicamentos pode precipitar rebote hipertensivo em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipotens&#227;o, tosse seca</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Losartana</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: investiga&#231;&#245;es ainda n&#227;o conclusivas. Pode ser tomado com alimentos (uso concomitante da losartana e do suco de toranja pode resultar em aumento da meia-vida e diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o do metab&#243;lito ativo)</td>
                  <td align="center">H&#225; poucas evid&#234;ncias de efeito rebote ou de semelhante natureza ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o abrupta da losartana</td>
                  <td align="center">Tontura, diarr&#233;ia, cansa&#231;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a classe terap&#234;utica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">Medicamentos dessa classe aumentam a perda de &#225;gua atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da reabsor&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons s&#243;dio e cloreto nos rins. Ao tomar esses anti-hipertensivos, haver&#225; um aumento da frequ&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria em grande parte devido ao aumento da perda de &#225;gua.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Vinculando o medicamento &#224; programa&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da retirada do medicamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Causas potenciais da retirada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: antes das 18:00 horas, de prefer&#234;ncia na parte da manh&#227;. Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">Se o uso de diur&#233;ticos for interrompido de repente em pacientes com ingest&#227;o normal de s&#243;dio, haver&#225; reten&#231;&#227;o rebote de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua (com consequente edema), porque os mecanismos compensat&#243;rios que mant&#234;m o equil&#237;brio de s&#243;dio na presen&#231;a de diur&#233;ticos continuam a agir por v&#225;rios dias ap&#243;s a diurese ter sido interrompida</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipocalemia (os sintomas incluem fraqueza muscular, mialgia e c&#227;ibras musculares), Fraqueza</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemida</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hor&#225;rios de tomada pela manh&#227; e &#224; noite. Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipocalemia (os sintomas incluem fraqueza muscular, mialgia e c&#227;ibras musculares), hiperglicemia, hiponatremia (os sintomas incluem n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos, dor de cabe&#231;a, fadiga, perda de apetite)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: n&#227;o documentado. Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o h&#225; efeito rebote aparente ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o abrupta do tratamento com espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipercalemia (principais sintomas: palpita&#231;&#245;es e fraqueza muscular)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">
                    <bold>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a classe terap&#234;utica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">O tratamento com anticoagulantes impede a forma&#231;&#227;o de co&#225;gulos nos vasos sangu&#237;neos. Ele pode ser usado para prevenir ou tratar infartos e acidentes vasculares cerebrais</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Vinculando o medicamento &#224; programa&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da retirada do medicamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Causas potenciais da retirada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: na parte da manh&#227; e/ou &#224; noite, com alimentos (administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina &#224; hora de dormir diminui a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, enquanto mant&#233;m a mesma efic&#225;cia antiplaquet&#225;ria durante as outras horas do dia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a administra&#231;&#227;o desse medicamento durante o dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">A interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico pode estar associada com fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais e trombose</td>
                  <td align="center">Efeitos colaterais gastrointestinais (dor, dispepsia, indigest&#227;o), sangramento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Hor&#225;rio ideal de tomada: na parte da manh&#227; e/ou &#224; noite, com alimentos (administra&#231;&#227;o de clopidogrel &#224; hora de dormir diminui a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, enquanto mant&#233;m a mesma efic&#225;cia antiplaquet&#225;ria durante as outras horas do dia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a administra&#231;&#227;o dessesmedicamento durante o dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">A interrup&#231;&#227;o do clopidogrel est&#225; associada com rebote pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e/ou resposta pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria. Interrup&#231;&#227;o prematura do clopidogrel em pacientes que receberam stents farmacol&#243;gicos &#233; um claro fator de risco para trombose de stent.</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento, efeitos colaterais gastrointestinais (dor, azia, indigest&#227;o, diarreia), erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">
                    <bold>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a classe terap&#234;utica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipolipemiantes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">Esses medicamentos s&#227;o usados juntamente com uma dieta adequada para ajudar a reduzir o colesterol "ruim" e gorduras e aumentar o colesterol "bom" no sangue</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Vinculando o medicamento &#224; programa&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da retirada do medicamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Causas potenciais da retirada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rosuvastatin</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">Tempo ideal de tomada: na parte da manh&#227; ou &#224; noite (h&#225; dados suficientes para apoiar a administra&#231;&#227;o de sinvastatina &#224; noite para se obter o efeito ideal; no entanto, a meia-vida de elimina&#231;&#227;o da rosuvastatina &#233; significativamente mais longa e essa &#233; provavelmente significativa na capacidade de tom&#225;-la tamb&#233;m na parte da manh&#227; com altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o significativas na redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios em compara&#231;&#227;o com a administra&#231;&#227;o &#224; noite). Pode ser tomado pr&#243;ximo ou durante a alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">A interrup&#231;&#227;o da estatina anula seu efeito ben&#233;fico em pacientes inicialmente responsivos &#224; essa terapia e pode causar efeito rebote inflamat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Dor muscular, fadiga e fraqueza, mialgia, perda cognitiva</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os farmac&#234;uticos pesquisadores foram previamente treinados na abordagem de aconselhamento de alta hospitalar durante 6 meses no cen&#225;rio do estudo. A revis&#227;o melhorada dos medicamentos fornecida pelos farmac&#234;uticos para os pacientes do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o no dia da alta consistiu em 9 passos, com dura&#231;&#227;o total m&#233;dia de 32 minutos:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>O m&#233;dico confirma a alta hospitalar do paciente e envia a prescri&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial para an&#225;lise do farmac&#234;utico.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O farmac&#234;utico transcreve os dados de registros m&#233;dicos e prescri&#231;&#227;o para um formul&#225;rio projetado especificamente para esse estudo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O farmac&#234;utico analisa os seguintes dados para cada medicamento: indica&#231;&#227;o, posologia e hor&#225;rio, dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, m&#233;todo de uso, rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, principais intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas e de alimentos com medicamentos. Intera&#231;&#245;es com medicamentos atuais ou outros problemas relacionados aos medicamentos s&#227;o comunicados ao m&#233;dico antes da alta. Os problemas comunicados levaram &#224; adapta&#231;&#227;o/corre&#231;&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O farmac&#234;utico analisa os seguintes dados para cada paciente: diagn&#243;stico, idade, sexo e medicamentos usados antes da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Depois de analisar os dados do paciente, o farmac&#234;utico destaca pontos cr&#237;ticos para o sucesso do tratamento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Ap&#234;ndice 3</xref>)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es principais e regimes de tratamento s&#227;o escritos em um cart&#227;o de tratamento adaptado como um &#237;m&#227; de geladeira.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Os assuntos considerados cr&#237;ticos para o sucesso do tratamento e os hor&#225;rios s&#227;o discutidos com o paciente. Nessa etapa, o processo de sa&#250;de-doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m &#233; discutido, bem como as medidas a serem tomadas em caso de esquecimento de uma dose. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Ap&#234;ndice 3</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As instru&#231;&#245;es sobre o tratamento medicamentoso s&#227;o verificadas com o paciente.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O cart&#227;o de tratamento &#233; dado ao paciente, assim como um n&#250;mero de telefone para contato.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Os farmac&#234;uticos pesquisadores tamb&#233;m foram incentivados a minimizar a complexidade do regime de tratamento para os seus pacientes, identificando potenciais simplifica&#231;&#245;es durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es das prescri&#231;&#245;es de alta hospitalar e discutindo essas mudan&#231;as com os m&#233;dicos do hospital e pacientes.</p>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o foi estabelecida para todos os medicamentos usados na alta hospitalar. No entanto, a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o foi verificada apenas para os medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Condi&#231;&#227;o de controle</title>
          <p>Os participantes do grupo controle receberam cuidados habituais do hospital e responderam as mesmas perguntas (do MMAS-8 e sobre eventos de readmiss&#227;o) por telefone nos mesmos momentos que o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, eles foram visitados antes da alta por um membro da equipe de pesquisa-, para disfar&#231;ar a falta de interven&#231;&#227;o a ser testada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho da Amostra</title>
          <p>Estimou-se que uma amostra de, pelo menos, 19 pacientes em cada grupo forneceria 80% de poder para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 40%, com base na ades&#227;o basal e nos resultados de um estudo piloto realizado anteriormente sobre ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, utilizando um teste t bilateral com n&#237;vel &#945; de 0.05<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Diferentemente, a diferen&#231;a da ades&#227;o entre os grupos &#233; geralmente pequena em estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Contudo, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum estudo que tenha inclu&#237;do pacientes concorrentes p&#243;s-alta com DCV e MMAS como a medida de ades&#227;o, ou at&#233; mesmo estudos com uma interven&#231;&#227;o baseada em sua pr&#243;pria ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Acreditamos que esse mecanismo compartilhado leva a maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es de ades&#227;o no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o e consequentemente aumenta o tamanho do efeito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es bivariadas entre os grupos foram realizadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado para propor&#231;&#245;es iguais (ou teste exato de Fisher) e relatadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das (determinadas pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram comparadas usando ANOVA e apresentadas como m&#233;dias (desvio padr&#227;o). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica   <italic>stepwise-backward</italic> foi conduzida para determinar correlatos independentes da ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o. Essas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). O pesquisador (SFN), respons&#225;vel pela an&#225;lise de dados de readmiss&#227;o e de ades&#227;o foi cegado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ao qual os pacientes foram randomizados.</p>
          <p>A magnitude do efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o (d de Cohen) foi calculada subtraindo-se a m&#233;dia da pontua&#231;&#227;o da MMAS-8 do grupo de controle da m&#233;dia da pontua&#231;&#227;o da MMAS-8 do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o e dividindo o resultado pelo desvio padr&#227;o agrupado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Um d de Cohen de 0,5 indica, portanto, que a m&#233;dia do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior que a metade de um desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia do grupo de controle. Valores de d de 0,56 a 1,2 podem ser considerados como altos, 0,33 a 0,55 moderados, e 0 a 0,32 pequenos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Essa medida &#233; independente do m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o utilizado, permitindo assim a compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es em todos os estudos. Dessa forma, ela fornece mais informa&#231;&#245;es do que um simples teste de signific&#226;ncia comparando os resultados nos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o e de controle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 73 pacientes convidados a participar do estudo, 11 declinaram. Dos 62 pacientes randomizados (31 no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o e 31 no grupo controle), um paciente n&#227;o foi encontrado ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s e foi exclu&#237;do das an&#225;lises posteriores. Isso deixou 61 pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxo de pacientes durante o estudo. Os grupos foram bem equilibrados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 1</xref>). A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 61 anos (DP 12,73), 52,5% eram do sexo masculino e 57,4% eram casados ou viviam com parceiro. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de medicamentos prescritos por paciente foi de 4,5 (DP 3,3). Os medicamentos mais prescritos foram: aspirina (63,9%), atenolol (57,4), losartan (55,7), rosuvastatina (39,3), clopidogrel (32,8), amlodipina (21,3), carvedilol (19,7), espironolactona (18,0), furosemida (14,8), hidroclorotiazida (11,5), enalapril (8.2), captopril (6,6), digoxina (5.2), atorvastatina (3,3) e outros (29,5). Entre os medicamentos mais comumente prescritos (usado por mais de 10% dos pacientes) s&#243; o carvedilol e a hidroclorotiazida n&#227;o foram estatisticamente, de maneira significativa, associados com a ades&#227;o (p = 0,489 e p = 0,179, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Basais dos Pacientes por Grupo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n = 31)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Sexo, N&#176;, (%)</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">16 (53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (51,6)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">a</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (48,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">60,93 (12,69)</td>
                <td align="center">61,07 (12,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">b</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Casado ou vivendo com parceiro (a), No (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">a</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#186; de medicamentos prescritos na alta, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">4,46 (1,72)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">b</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Submetido &#224; cirurgia durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, No (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9(29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">a</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;stico principal, N&#176;, (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16 (53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (48,4)</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">0,70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">a</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">6(20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8(25,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7(22,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">7(23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">2(6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Teste <sup>a</sup> Qui-quadrado</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>ANOVA</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Ades&#227;o Basal &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A ades&#227;o basal &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o foi de 41,9% e 58,1% nos grupos de assist&#234;ncia habitual e de interven&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,710).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 1 M&#234;s</title>
          <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o melhorou entre a medida basal e os estudos de acompanhamento em ambos os grupos, 48,4% e 83,3% nos grupos de cuidados habituais e de interven&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente, mas foi significativamente maior (p = 0,004) no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (d de Cohen = 0,741). Fatores potenciais que podem afetar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, sexo, idade, estado civil, n&#250;mero de medicamentos prescritos, se submeter &#224; cirurgia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico principal) n&#227;o foram relacionados com ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, ter recebido a interven&#231;&#227;o foi o &#250;nico fator de risco significativo para a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 1 Ano</title>
          <p>Os efeitos da interven&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;ram (p = 0,203) durante o per&#237;odo de 12 meses p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento, em que a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o foi de 34,8% e 60,9% para o grupo de controle e o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente (d de Cohen = 0,643).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Readmiss&#227;o e taxa de Mortalidade</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e mortes durante o estudo est&#225; resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 2</xref>. Dos 61 pacientes analisados ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s, 7 foram perdidos durante o acompanhamento ap&#243;s 1 ano (4 interven&#231;&#227;o e tr&#234;s controle). Dos 54 pacientes, 9 ([3 interven&#231;&#227;o e 6 de controle], p = 0,27, teste exato de Fisher) morreram antes do final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 12 meses; 8 pacientes morreram de sua doen&#231;a de base e 1 de septicemia (grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o). 20/54 pacientes (7/26 interven&#231;&#227;o e 13/28 controle], p = 0,20, teste exato de Fisher) foram re-hospitalizados durante o curso do estudo. A principal causa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi a DCV (25 eventos), seguida por problemas respirat&#243;rios (2) e c&#226;ncer (1). Para o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 19,5% na re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, embora isso n&#227;o tenha sido significativo ao n&#237;vel de 0,05. Pacientes aderentes de ambos os grupos tiveram taxas significativamente mais baixas de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e de mortalidade (p = 0,03 e p = 0,02, respectivamente). A taxa de mortalidade tamb&#233;m foi influenciada pelo diagn&#243;stico e pela presen&#231;a de comorbidades.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resumo dos Desfechos ap&#243;s 12 Meses de Acompanhamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" align="center">Valor (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n = 31)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reinterna&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortes</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 2001, Cooper et al. mostraram em uma revis&#227;o de 12 meta-an&#225;lises que as interven&#231;&#245;es educativas eram geralmente mal descritas, e n&#227;o seguiam os modelos te&#243;ricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Revis&#245;es subsequentes encontraram poucas associa&#231;&#245;es consistentes entre as caracter&#237;sticas e a efic&#225;cia de interven&#231;&#245;es para melhorar a ades&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Kripalani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observaram que as interven&#231;&#245;es comportamentais que reduziram as exig&#234;ncias de dosagem de terapias individuais consistentemente melhoraram a ades&#227;o; outras interven&#231;&#245;es bem-sucedidas geralmente apresentavam m&#250;ltiplos elementos fornecidos no decorrer do tempo. No entanto, nenhum destes estudos concentrou-se na ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Em uma revis&#227;o da Base de Dados Cochrane<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a na ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o foi observada ap&#243;s dois planos de alta farmac&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>Em contraste com esses resultados, a nossa interven&#231;&#227;o com base na MMAS-4 melhorou o escore de ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, o controle de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o (por exemplo, idade, sexo, estado civil, n&#250;mero de medicamentos prescritos, se submeter &#224; cirurgia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico principal) n&#227;o influenciou os resultados. Esse efeito pode ocorrer por v&#225;rias causas. Em primeiro lugar, utilizou-se uma medida do comportamento de tomada de medicamentos baseada no mesmo padr&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o; embora a escala de oito itens tenha mostrado melhores propriedades psicom&#233;tricas que a escala original de 4 itens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, algumas quest&#245;es s&#227;o id&#234;nticas.</p>
        <p>Em segundo lugar, apesar de 12 classes diferentes de medicamentos terem sido usadas pelos m&#233;dicos dos pacientes, uma variedade limitada de medicamentos dentro dessas classes foi prescrita (principalmente aspirina, enalapril, losartan, clopidogrel e rosuvastatina). Tal ades&#227;o rigorosa &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, embora levando a custos excessivos, nos permitiu concentrar os esfor&#231;os em um n&#250;mero restrito de terapias.</p>
        <p>Em terceiro lugar, a nossa interven&#231;&#227;o foi centrada em temas considerados fundamentais para o sucesso do tratamento, e pode estar relacionada &#224; uma pergunta da MMAS-8 comumente respondida incorretamente entre os pacientes n&#227;o aderentes: "Alguma vez voc&#234; j&#225; interrompeu ou parou de tomar seu(s) medicamento(s) sem informar o seu m&#233;dico por que voc&#234; se sentiu pior com a medica&#231;&#227;o?". Burnier<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> diz que parece que um regime de tratamento eficaz e conveniente, relativamente livre de efeitos colaterais, combinado com uma abordagem positiva e de apoio ao tratamento, produzir&#225;, portanto, os melhores resultados em termos de facilitar a ades&#227;o e persist&#234;ncia com a terapia anti-hipertensiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Em nossa estudo, os m&#233;dicos informaram que alguns pacientes voltaram ou entraram em contato com eles por telefone depois de um evento adverso do tratamento, para o qual eles foram avisados durante uma sess&#227;o de aconselhamento, ao inv&#233;s de pararem de tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em quarto lugar, a presen&#231;a um efeito de Hawthorne foi considerada e n&#227;o deve ser ignorada; no entanto, os pacientes do grupo controle foram visitados por um membro da equipe de pesquisa a fim de disfar&#231;ar a falta de interven&#231;&#227;o. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada por Schlenk e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> observaram que, devido &#224; natureza das interven&#231;&#245;es, os investigadores n&#227;o foram capazes de cegar os participantes e os intervencionistas para o grupo de teste, o que poderia produzir o efeito Hawthorne, de novidade, e efeitos do experimentador nos indiv&#237;duos do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Para fins pr&#225;ticos, os nossos pacientes foram cegados a respeito do tratamento utilizado.</p>
        <p>Em quinto lugar, no estudo piloto observou-se que as sess&#245;es de aconselhamento mais longas (por exemplo, de 20 a 40 minutos) levavam alguns pacientes a recusar a continua&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o. Assim, acreditamos que uma interven&#231;&#227;o mais curta tende a ser mais abrangente e eficaz. Note-se tamb&#233;m que a aceitabilidade da interven&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes foi elevada.</p>
        <p>No entanto, o efeito positivo da interven&#231;&#227;o diminuiu significativamente (p = 0,203) ap&#243;s 1 ano, o que pode ter ocorrido devido ao fato de que esse estudo n&#227;o teve poder suficiente para detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 26% na ades&#227;o (d de Cohen = 0,643) como uma diferen&#231;a significativa. Kripalani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>afirmaram que muitos estudos similares foram relativamente pequenos e n&#227;o tinham poder suficiente para detectar diferen&#231;as nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Por outro lado, um grande tamanho de efeito - como previsto nesse estudo-piloto - n&#227;o requer uma grande amostra e tanto a probabilidade de detectar a diferen&#231;a quanto o poder s&#227;o elevados. O tamanho da amostra de pelo menos 30 pacientes em cada grupo forneceria 80% de poder para detectar um aumento de 33,5% na ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o; e observou-se uma diferen&#231;a de 35% ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s. No entanto, como um estudo piloto, nosso estudo foi, de fato, de baixo poder para detectar as diferen&#231;as mais sutis na ades&#227;o em longo prazo e em outros desfechos.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo teve outras limita&#231;&#245;es. Por exemplo, a interven&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por 2 farmac&#234;uticos, o que limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados. Devido aos m&#250;ltiplos componentes da interven&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, aconselhamento verbal baseado em NAI e NANI e materiais escritos) n&#227;o poder&#237;amos atribuir os efeitos da interven&#231;&#227;o &#224; um componente &#250;nico. Embora os pacientes, prescritores e pesquisadores respons&#225;veis pela an&#225;lise dos dados do estudo fossem cegados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo, os farmac&#234;uticos que realizaram a coleta de dados n&#227;o o foram. Tamb&#233;m tivemos informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre outros medicamentos utilizados durante o ano de acompanhamento. A pr&#243;pria interven&#231;&#227;o foi limitada pela falta de contato permanente. Carter e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> sugerem que interven&#231;&#245;es continuadas podem ser necess&#225;rias para manter altas as taxas de controle da press&#227;o arterial, especialmente nos pacientes que perdem esse controle. E isso pode ser a causa do fato da interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ter apresentado melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s 1 ano. Nesse ponto do tempo, pacientes aderentes de ambos os grupos tiveram taxas significativamente mais baixas de readmiss&#227;o e mortalidade, e uma vez dissipado o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o sobre a ades&#227;o, acreditamos que a mesma interven&#231;&#227;o, envolvendo contato permanente, pode influenciar positivamente esses resultados cl&#237;nicos. Murray e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, por exemplo, elaboraram uma interven&#231;&#227;o de 9 meses de m&#250;ltiplos n&#237;veis para apoiar o manejo farmacoterap&#234;utico em pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e baixo n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e recursos limitados, com uma fase p&#243;s-estudo de 3 meses, melhorando a ades&#227;o aos tratamentos cardiovasculares cardiovasculares e diminuindo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o e custos dos cuidados de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Finalmente, 8 (11%) pacientes se recusaram a participar. Enquanto um paciente recusou-se a participar por causa da possibilidade de ser alocado ao grupo placebo, cinco pacientes afirmaram n&#227;o ter tempo para participar e dois declararam-se ansiosos para voltar para casa. Embora isso tenha acontecido na fase de pr&#233;-randomiza&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o afete a validade interna, pode afetar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Embora a n&#227;o-ades&#227;o aos medicamentos seja comum em pacientes com DCV, que podem estar menos propensos a tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita porque a hipertens&#227;o &#233; assintom&#225;tica, muitos estudos t&#234;m descrito a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e os resultados cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise revelou que as chances de um bom controle da press&#227;o arterial entre os pacientes aderentes aos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles n&#227;o aderentes, foi de 3,44 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 1,6-7,37]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Apesar de n&#227;o termos medido a press&#227;o arterial, como parte do estudo, e n&#227;o poder determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o auto-relatada e o controle da press&#227;o arterial, estudos anteriores demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o escore da MMAS-8 e controle da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nair e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> relatam que a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o parece ser um comportamento padronizado estabelecido por meio da cria&#231;&#227;o de uma rotina e um sistema de lembrete para tomar o medicamento. Al&#233;m disso, o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial - como uma das interven&#231;&#245;es mais importantes para prevenir a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio final - pode ser obtido atrav&#233;s esfor&#231;os cont&#237;nuos no desenvolvimento de interven&#231;&#245;es simples e vi&#225;veis para melhorar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o. Os achados de Gehi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> sugerem que a ades&#227;o auto-relatada pode ser um m&#233;todo simples e f&#225;cil de identificar pacientes com risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana. Da mesma forma, parece plaus&#237;vel que as interven&#231;&#245;es destinadas a melhorar a ades&#227;o auto-relatada possam afetar positivamente os desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Nossos resultados sugerem que os m&#233;todos de auto-relato para medir o comportamento de tomada de medicamentos, tais como a MMAS-4, podem ser integrados &#224; visita cl&#237;nica na qual o profissional da sa&#250;de interage com os pacientes na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento de ades&#227;o e fornece um <italic>feedback</italic> imediato e aconselhamento de como os obst&#225;culos - tais como esquecimentos, mal-entendidos - podem ser abordados, bem como proporcionar um refor&#231;o para o comportamento de boa ades&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos resultados animadores, precisamos examinar outros determinantes comportamentais que podem influenciar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Esses resultados precisam ser replicados usando uma estrat&#233;gia multic&#234;ntrica, randomizada, e esse estudo j&#225; est&#225; sendo realizado em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base nesses resultados, conclu&#237;mos que uma breve interven&#231;&#227;o baseada em uma ferramenta de auto-relato do paciente para avaliar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; um m&#233;todo potencialmente eficaz para melhorar o comportamento aderente - que foi correlacionado, em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, &#224;s readmiss&#245;es e &#224; taxa de mortalidade - na p&#243;s-alta de pacientes com DCV tomando os medicamentos prescritos. No entanto, um estudo maior &#233; necess&#225;rio para avaliar o real impacto da interven&#231;&#227;o sobre esses resultados. Embora atualizada pela MMAS-8 como um m&#233;todo de pesquisa para avaliar a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, a MMAS-4 ainda pode ser usada como um guia para uma interven&#231;&#227;o educativa no contexto cl&#237;nico em que o profissional da sa&#250;de faz as perguntas intencionais e n&#227;o intencionais de ades&#227;o para o paciente, e fornece orienta&#231;&#227;o e aconselhamento ao paciente com base na sua resposta.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Lyra-Jr DP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pacheco ST; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira-Filho AD, Costa FA, Neves SF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Neves SF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira-Filho AD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Pacheco ST, Neves SF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira-Filho AD, Morisky DE, Costa FA, Lyra-Jr DP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEAL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Papel do Patrocinador</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os financiadores n&#227;o tiveram nenhum papel na concep&#231;&#227;o e realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo; na coleta, gest&#227;o, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; ou na elabora&#231;&#227;o, revis&#227;o ou aprova&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Alfredo D. Oliveira-Filho pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a assist&#234;ncia prestada ao Hospital do A&#231;&#250;car Hospital do A&#231;&#250;car na implementa&#231;&#227;o desse estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Essa pesquisa foi totalmente patrocinada pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas (FAPEAP), sob n&#250;mero EFP00000889.</p>
        <p>O conte&#250;do &#233; de responsabilidade exclusiva de seus autores e n&#227;o representam necessariamente as opini&#245;es oficiais da FAPEAL ou do Hospital do A&#231;&#250;car.</p>
        <p>Agradecemos tamb&#233;m a todos os pacientes que participaram desse estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
