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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NnNJ3BgPqZVs7RHVRymY6nD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140150</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Different Areas of Health Care Over a 20-Year Period</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Rolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chinem</surname>
            <given-names>Brunela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim</bold>. Rua B20 Qd 13b Lt 7, Jardins Paris, Postal Code 74885-614, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>; <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>493</fpage>
      <lpage>501</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in young adults and their modification over time are measures that change the risks and prevent CVDs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the presence of CVRFs and their changes in different health care professionals over a period of 20 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>All students of medicine, nursing, nutrition, odontology, and pharmacy departments of Federal University of Goi&#225;s who agreed to participate in this study were evaluated when they started their degree courses and 20 years afterward. Questionnaires on CVRFs [systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and family history of early CVD, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sedentarism] were administered. Cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels, blood pressure, weight, height, and body mass index were determined. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate distribution, the chi-square test was used to compare different courses and sexes, and the McNemar test was used for comparing CVRFs. The significance level was set at a p value of &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The first stage of the study included 281 individuals (91% of all the students), of which 62.9% were women; the mean age was 19.7 years. In the second stage, 215 subjects were reassessed (76% of the initial sample), of which 59.07% were women; the mean age was 39.8 years. The sample mostly consisted of medical students (with a predominance of men), followed by nursing, nutrition, and pharmacy students, with a predominance of women (p &lt; 0.05). Excessive weight gain, SAH, and dyslipidemia were observed among physicians and dentists (p &lt; 0.05). Excessive weight gain and SAH and a reduction in sedentarism (p &lt; 0.05) were observed among pharmacists. Among nurses there was an increase in excessive weight and alcohol consumption (p &lt; 0.05). Finally, nutritionists showed an increase in dyslipidemia (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In general, there was an unfavorable progression of CVRFs in the population under study, despite it having adequate specialized knowledge about these risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Personnel</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Education/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>It is estimated that approximately 23.3 million people will die of CVD in 2030, mainly heart disease (HD) and stroke, with them being the leading cause of death worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 75% cardiovascular mortality can be decreased with appropriate lifestyle changes; this is the biggest challenge presented by the various guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The most important behavioral factors associated with HD and stroke, referred to as cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), are unhealthy diet, sedentarism, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. These risk factors account for approximately 80% cases of coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Unhealthy diet and sedentarism have negative effects, such as high blood pressure, elevated glucose and lipid levels, excessive weight gain, and obesity on individuals. CVRFs can be evaluated in basic health care centers and indicate an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and other complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Health education is an indispensable tool in the prevention and control of nontransmissible chronic diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Theoretically, the study of the progress of some CVRFs in a group of individuals with health-related university education can determine the real impact of health education as a measure of health promotion. This assumption is based on the fact that this is a population with formal training in health and therefore with in-depth knowledge of the risks and harms associated with CVRFs and the associated risk behaviors.</p>
      <p>For this purpose, we compared the presence and changes in some CVRFs in a population of individuals with professional training in health care over a period of 20 years.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The research project was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Federal University of Goi&#225;s.</p>
      <p>This was a longitudinal study that included two assessment stages separated by a period of 20 years. The population under study consisted of all the students of the Faculties of Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition, Dentistry, and Pharmacy of the federal university located in a large city of the Center-West region of Brazil, who began their courses in 1993 and who agreed to participate in the study. The same individuals were reassessed 20 years afterward, as health professionals in various specialty areas. The study was thus developed in the two stages.</p>
      <p>The individuals who did not agree to participate in either stage of the study and those with congenital heart disease and type-1 diabetes mellitus were excluded.</p>
      <p>In the first stage, the subjects were selected with the help of the boards of the faculties on prescheduled dates. In the second stage, they were located via the State's Regional Councils of Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition, Dentistry, and Pharmacy and contacted by telephone. Interviews were then schedule for data collection. Moreover, the subjects were located individually using the Internet as search tool. Data regarding the individuals who did not reside in Greater Goi&#226;nia or Bras&#237;lia was collected by telephone. In these specific cases, data were included in the final analysis because these were health professionals. All the participants were informed about the study's procedures and signed the informed consent document, both in in 1993 and in 2013.</p>
      <p>The questionnaire used in 1993 was again administered 20 years afterward. In both stages, the study's variables were the following: age; sex; diagnosis and previous treatment for systemic arterial pressure, dyslipidemia, or diabetes mellitus. In addition, the individuals were asked about the occurrence of major cardiovascular events [acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, or the need for myocardial revascularization (MRV)]. With regard to lifestyle, history of smoking (smoker or nonsmoker), alcohol consumption (yes or no), physical activity (sedentarism, without any physical activity; irregular physical activity, 30 min 3&#215;/week; and regular, &#8805;30 minutes 3&#215;/week). The presence of early cardiovascular disease in the first-degree family (&lt;65 years for women and &lt;55 years for men) was also taken into consideration.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective measures</title>
        <p>Evaluated parameters:</p>
        <p><bold>Weight:</bold> the individuals were weighed when they were wearing light clothes and barefoot, using Plenna Lithium electronic scales (maximum capacity of 150 kg and precision of 100 g).</p>
        <p><bold>Height:</bold> the individuals were measured barefoot, using a SECCA laser stadiometer, model 206, with a precision of 0.1 cm.</p>
        <p><bold>Body mass index (BMI):</bold> determined using the formula established by Quetelet [BMI = Weight in kg/(height in m)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p><bold>Blood Pressure (BP):</bold> measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer in the first stage and a calibrated OMRON HEM705 CP semiautomatic device in the second stage. The measurements were performed twice on the right arm of the individuals in the seated position and with the arm supported, after 5 min of rest, and at an interval of 2 min. The values obtained in the second blood pressure measurement were used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collected by telephone</title>
        <p>Sixteen individuals were interviewed over the telephone for data collection. In these cases, weight and height measurements provided by the subjects were used and the subjects were asked to measure blood pressure using a calibrated device used in the routine clinical practice according to the recommendations of the study. Because these subjects were health professionals there were no difficulties in performing these procedures and data were considered reliable.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory data</title>
        <p>In the first stage of the study, the measurement of blood glucose and cholesterol levels was performed after a 12-h fasting period in a blood sample collected via finger-stick procedure, and the reading was performed with strips using the HEMOGLUCOTEST and the REFLOTRON devices, respectively.</p>
        <p>In the second stage, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile tests performed up to 12 months before the filling of the questionnaire were used; the sample was collected after a 12-h fasting period and the subjects were instructed to avoid alcohol consumption 48 h before sample collection. Only five individuals did not have the required test results, and new sample collections were performed for them. The colorimetric-enzymatic method was used to measure total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), serum triglycerides (TG), and plasma glucose. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) values were estimated using the Friedewald formula, where LDL = TC - (HDL + TG/5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although the method used to determine cholesterol and glucose levels was not the same in the two stages of the study, the literature is full of reports on the good correlation between the values obtained by these methods. Therefore, data analysis was not affected by this fact<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In addition, there was no modification in the reference values between the two evaluations. Moreover, level modification over time was the aim of the study, rather than the absolute values.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Database and Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The data were stored in a specific database, compiled in Excel (Microsoft) software, and a comparative analysis was performed. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software (Statistical Package of Social Science, version 20.0, Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normal distribution of the continuous variables. The association between the categorical variables, such as degree and sex, was analyzed using the chi-square test. The comparative analysis of CVRFs between 1993 and 2013 was performed using the McNemar test for categorical variables and by analyzing each risk factor on both stages; the Wilcoxon signed test was used to compare CVRFs with continuous data, such as cholesterol levels, between both stages, considering that these were nonparametric data and that the comparison was performed using the same population at two distinct stages. A p value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The database of the first stage included 281 individuals (representing &gt; 91% of all the students enrolled in the first year), of which 220 (78.3% of the initial sample) were examined 20 years afterward for the second stage. Five individuals were excluded: 4 because they did not agree to participate and 1 because he/she was diagnosed with type-1 diabetes mellitus during this period. Therefore, we used the data of 215 health professionals to analyze data.</p>
      <p>Of the 281 individuals under study in 1993, 62.99% were women and the mean age was 19.7 years (minimum 17 years and maximum 22 years). In the 2013 group, the mean age was 39.8 years (minimum 37 years and maximum 42 years) and 59.07% individuals were women. There was no statistically significant difference in age between the different health professions.</p>
      <p>The distribution of participants was analyzed according to the university degree and sex, at both stages of the study. In 1993, there was predominance of medical students and, among whom there was a predominance of men. In contrast, there was a higher proportion of women among nursing, nutrition, and pharmacy students. In addition, there was a predominance of women among dentists; however, the difference was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of participants according to the training degree and sex in 1993. Goi&#226;nia-GO</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Female</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Degrees</bold>
              </th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01t01">*</xref> </th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td>104</td>
              <td>37.0</td>
              <td>177</td>
              <td>63.00</td>
              <td>&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td>281</td>
              <td>100.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medicine</bold>
              </td>
              <td>59</td>
              <td>61.5</td>
              <td>37</td>
              <td>38.5</td>
              <td>0.025</td>
              <td>96</td>
              <td>34.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nutrition</bold>
              </td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>3.8</td>
              <td>25</td>
              <td>96.2</td>
              <td>&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td>26</td>
              <td>9.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dentistry</bold>
              </td>
              <td>23</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>37</td>
              <td>61.7</td>
              <td>0.071</td>
              <td>60</td>
              <td>21.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nursing</bold>
              </td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>9.5</td>
              <td>38</td>
              <td>90.5</td>
              <td>&#8804; 0.001</td>
              <td>42</td>
              <td>14.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pharmacy</bold>
              </td>
              <td>17</td>
              <td>29.8</td>
              <td>40</td>
              <td>70.2</td>
              <td>0.002</td>
              <td>57</td>
              <td>20.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>chi-square test, *significance at a p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In 2013, the distribution according to the university degree was similar; however, with regard to sex there was a change in the pharmacists group, where although there was a predominance of women; however, the difference was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of participants according to the training degree and sex in 2013. Goi&#226;nia-GO</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Male</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Female</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Degrees</bold>
              </th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01t02">*</xref></th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td>87</td>
              <td>40.5</td>
              <td>128</td>
              <td>59.5</td>
              <td>&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td>215</td>
              <td>100.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medicine</bold>
              </td>
              <td>48</td>
              <td>64.0</td>
              <td>27</td>
              <td>36.0</td>
              <td>0.015</td>
              <td>75</td>
              <td>34.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nutrition</bold>
              </td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>4.2</td>
              <td>23</td>
              <td>95.8</td>
              <td>&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td>24</td>
              <td>11.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dentistry</bold>
              </td>
              <td>20</td>
              <td>43.5</td>
              <td>26</td>
              <td>56.5</td>
              <td>0.376</td>
              <td>46</td>
              <td>21.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nursing</bold>
              </td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>11.8</td>
              <td>30</td>
              <td>88.2</td>
              <td>&#8804;0.001</td>
              <td>34</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pharmacy</bold>
              </td>
              <td>14</td>
              <td>38.9</td>
              <td>22</td>
              <td>61.1</td>
              <td>0.182</td>
              <td>36</td>
              <td>16.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>chi-square test, *significance level at a p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All the assessed groups showed excessive weight gain, with statistically significant differences among physicians, dentists, nurses, and pharmacists (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of excessive weight in 1993 and 2013, according to the course. Goi&#226;nia &#8211; GO. McNemar test</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (Among nurses,) with time was observed among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists. Although the same trend was observed among nurses and nutritionists, the difference was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of hypertension in 1993 and 2013, the second course. Goi&#226;nia - GO</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Dyslipidemia followed the same increasing trend; however, this increase was only statistically significant among physicians, dentists, and nutritionists (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia in 1993 and 2013, the second course. Goi&#226;nia &#8211; GO</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A statistically significant decrease in sedentarism was observed in the whole sample, and showed a decreasing tendency in each separate group of professionals; however, the difference was only statistically significant among pharmacists (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of sedentary in 1993 and 2013, the second course. Goi&#226;nia - GO</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Excessive alcohol consumption behavior was variable, with a tendency to increase in the whole sample; however, there was a statistically significant increase in its prevalence in the group of nursing professionals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the number and proportion of alcohol-consuming participants in 1993 and 2013, according to the degree. Goi&#226;nia-GO</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>1993</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>2013</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t03">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td>92</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>32.7</td>
              <td>75</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>34.9</td>
              <td>0.037</td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medicine</bold>
              </td>
              <td>34</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>35.4</td>
              <td>27</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>36.0</td>
              <td>0.549</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nutrition</bold>
              </td>
              <td>7</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>26.9</td>
              <td>8</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>34.8</td>
              <td>0.508</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dentistry</bold>
              </td>
              <td>23</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>18</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nursing</bold>
              </td>
              <td>6</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>14.3</td>
              <td>9</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>26.5</td>
              <td>0.039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pharmacy</bold>
              </td>
              <td>22</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>38.6</td>
              <td>13</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>36.1</td>
              <td>0.687</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t03">
            <p>McNemar test</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>significance level at a p value &lt;0.05</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Smoking prevalence, which was low in 1993, was maintained at the same levels in all the specialty areas over the 20-year period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the number and proportion of participants who were smokers in 1993 and 2013, according to the degree. Goi&#226;nia-GO</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>1993</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>2013</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t04">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td>13</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>4.6</td>
              <td>8</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>3.7</td>
              <td>0.289</td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medicine</bold>
              </td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>5.2</td>
              <td>2</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>2.7</td>
              <td>0.453</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nutrition</bold>
              </td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dentistry</bold>
              </td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>6.7</td>
              <td>3</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>6.4</td>
              <td>1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Nursing</bold>
              </td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>2.4</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>2.9</td>
              <td>1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pharmacy</bold>
              </td>
              <td>3</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>5.3</td>
              <td>2</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>5.6</td>
              <td>1.000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t04">
            <p>McNemar test</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02t04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>significance level at a p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The knowledge of CVRFs, the monitoring of their presence in young populations and their progression over time, as well as the evaluation of risk behaviors have an important role in the implementation of measures that modify the natural history of these risk factors and prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study showed statistically significant differences in the progression of the prevalence of some CVRFs in different groups of health professionals over a period of 20 years.</p>
      <p>There was a statistically significant increase in excessive weight gain among physicians, dentists, pharmacists, and nurses. In addition, there was a clear increase in excessive weight gain among nutritionists; however, the difference was not statistically significant, probably because of the sample size of this subgroup. Because of the high percentage of increase, it is also possible but less probable that the nutritionists' training, which is more focused on food-related aspects of human health, contributes to their weight gain. This increase in the prevalence of excessive weight gain over time has been demonstrated in studies that follow specific populations, especially when the follow-up is initiated at a younger age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of SAH also increased among the groups. This increase was statistically significant among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists. Although an increase was also observed in nutritionists and nurses, it was not statistically significant.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia also increased and the difference was statistically significant among physicians, dentists, and nutritionists.</p>
      <p>We highlight that we observed an increase in the prevalence of all the variables among physicians and dentists. These two groups, in this study, showed the worst progression of the assessed CVRFs and deserve special attention. An explanation may be related to the professional activity itself. On one hand these are highly sedentary activities and on the other hand these professionals experience a high degree of stress.</p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect of the assessment of excessive weight gain, SAH, and dyslipidemia is the fact that these three variables increased even when the increase in the prevalences of sedentarism, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking were not as significant. A simplistic yet plausible explanation is the natural aging of the population under study. SAH and dyslipidemia are degenerative diseases and their prevalence tends to increase with aging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, as was observed in the study group. This explanation does not apply to the increase in excessive weight because the individuals were adults in the first assessment. In this case, it was demonstrated that university training in health care did not modify the increase the prevalence of excessive weight gain over the years, as occurs in the general population.</p>
      <p>A statistically significant reduction in sedentarism occurred among pharmacists. Although a trend for reduction was observed in the other health professional groups, the differences were not statistically significant, probably because of the different sample sizes. These data demonstrate the inverse relationship between sedentarism and level of schooling, which had already been shown in population surveys and studies with specific populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Excessive alcohol consumption was one of the analyzed variables that progressed in a particular manner among the health professionals. There was an increase in alcohol consumption among nutritionists and nurses; however, the difference was only statistically significant in the latter group. Among physicians, dentists and pharmacists, who already consumed more alcohol, no difference was observed between the two stages. In general, the results of publications on this topic show an increase in alcohol consumption with educational attainment and socioeconomic class<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In the first report on this population, in which only physicians were analyzed, a reduction in alcohol consumption was observed 15 years after the initial data collection; however, the difference was not statistically significant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The change in the prevalence of smoking was small among the groups. It was low in the initial data collection and remained low after 20 years, with no statistically significant variation with time among the groups. The antismoking campaigns and the various laws to prevent and restrict smoking that have been adopted in Brazil in recent years have achieved a statistically significant reduction in the number of smokers in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and we conclude that these comprehensive actions also achieved positive results in the population assessed in this study.</p>
      <p>In general, the progression of some CVRFs varied among different groups of health professionals; however, all tended to increase. Among physicians and dentists, there was an increase in excessive weight gain, SAH, and dyslipidemia. Among pharmacists, there was an increase in excessive weight gain and SAH and reduction in sedentarism. Nurses showed an increase in excessive weight gain and alcohol consumption. Nutritionists only showed an increase in dyslipidemia. The analysis of these compiled data, considering only the number of CVRFs that had a positive or negative variation over the 20 years, suggests more CVRF progression among physicians and dentists and less CVRF progression among nutritionists.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of CVRF modification over a specific period of time in different groups of health professionals had not been performed in studies using an appropriate scientific methodology. Some findings of studies with specific groups of health professionals, such as the Nurses Health Study II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> with nurses and the Physicians Health Study I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> with physicians, showed that the prevalence of CVRFs is statistically significantly lower among these professionals than in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. However, there are no studies comparing the different groups of health professionals, which is the novelty of this research.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this study deserve to be discussed. One is the fact that in 2013 we were not able to locate all the individuals assessed in 1993. The explanation is the long interval between the two data collections, lack of updated records in the institutions that regulate the activities of health professionals in Brazil, and the high mobility of the analyzed population, with professionals often working in places distant from where they studied. This is particularly important because Brazil is a country with the size of a continent with many asymmetries in regional development. Nevertheless, a group of &gt; 75% individuals of the initial group was a representative sample and allowed us to draw meaningful conclusions.</p>
      <p>Another limitation was the use of different methods to determine cholesterol and glucose levels at the two stages in the study. However, the literature is full of reports on the good correlation between the values obtained by these methods. Therefore, this did not harm the analysis of data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Hence, the use of different devices to measure blood pressure was not considered to a confounder because the semiautomatic method has been validated and has a good correlation with the measurements performed using the mercury sphygmomanometer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and the standardized measurement technique in two stages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that further data on the progression of CVRFs in individuals with university training in health care areas, such as those presented in this study, would allow for the validation of our findings.</p>
      <p>There was a statistically significant increase in the CVRFs in some groups and for some of the analyzed variables, whereas the increase was not statistically significant for others. Smoking was the exception: a small percentage of students already had this habit in 1993, which tended to decrease even further. It is worth noting that, in general, there was an increase in the prevalence of most CVRFs in the 20-year period, despite the individuals' training in health-related subjects.</p>
      <p>The study of a population with formal education in health, with appropriate knowledge on CVRFs and their implications, should highlight some fundamental aspects. First, the increase in the prevalence of the majority of CVRFs in the follow-up suggests a marked gap between knowing the risks and adopting protection measures. This fact was demonstrated by Jardim et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Dioguardi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in their studies with physicians, in which there was also a high prevalence of most CVRFs under study. Furthermore, in this analysis we found a CVRF prevalence profile that was similar, in many aspects, to that of the general population. Despite some differences that were favorable to the health professionals (as shown in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>), university training in health-related subjects did not correspond to an effective reduction in the CVRFs. If, for example, we compare the smoking behavior of this population with that of the general population, we conclude that the sum of the actions aimed at society as a whole (laws, public policies, propaganda) are more effective than university training in a health-related subject.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In general, there was an increase in the prevalence of CVRFs assessed in the population studied, despite the individuals' technical knowledge of these risk factors. There was an increase in excessive weight gain, SAH, and dyslipidemia among physicians and dentists. Excessive weight gain, increased prevalence of SAH, and decreased sedentarism were observed among pharmacists. Excessive weight gain and alcohol consumption was observed among nurses. Nutritionists showed an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>2013 ESH/ESC. Task Force for the management of Arterial Hypertension. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertension. 2013,31(10):1925-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <year>2013</year>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ESH</collab>
            <collab>ESC</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Task Force for the management of Arterial Hypertension. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertension</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1925</fpage>
          <lpage>1938</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Barroso, WS; Chinem, B; Jardim, PCV. Acquisition of data: Jardim, TV. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Povoa, TR; Jardim, PCV. Statistical analysis: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Povoa, TR. Obtaining Funding: Jardim, TV. Writing of the manuscript: Jardim, TV; Jardim, PCV. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Barroso, WS; Chinem, B; Jardim, PCV.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Bolsa de Apoio para Pesquisas em Cardiologia da SBC; FAPEG (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Goi&#225;s).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis of Thiago Veiga Jardim de Souza by Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular em Diferentes &#193;reas da Sa&#250;de num Intervalo de Vinte Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Rolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chinem</surname>
            <given-names>Brunela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Estadual de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim</bold>. Rua B20 Qd 13b Lt 7, Jardins Paris, CEP 74885-614, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>thiagoveiga@cardiol.br</email>; <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no mundo. O conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV) em jovens e suas altera&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo, podem contribuir para a&#231;&#245;es que modifiquem estes riscos e previnam o aparecimento das DCVs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Verificar, em diferentes profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, a presen&#231;a e altera&#231;&#245;es nos fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV) num intervalo de vinte anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avaliados comparativamente ao ingressar na faculdade e vinte anos ap&#243;s, todos os alunos de medicina, enfermagem, nutri&#231;&#227;o, odontologia e farm&#225;cia de uma Universidade Federal que aceitaram participar. Utilizados question&#225;rios sobre FRCV (HAS, DM, dislipidemia e hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV precoce, tabagismo, etilismo e sedentarismo). Determinados colesterol, glicemia, PA, peso, altura e IMC. Utilizados teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar distribui&#231;&#227;o, Qui-Quadrado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre cursos e sexos e McNemar para FRCV. Significante p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Inicialmente estudados 281 indiv&#237;duos (91% do total de alunos), sendo 62,9% mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 19,7 anos e reavaliados 215 (76% da amostra inicial), 59,07% mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 39,8 anos. Maior representatividade por estudantes de medicina, predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino entre eles, e predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino nos estudantes de enfermagem, nutri&#231;&#227;o e farm&#225;cia (p &lt; 0,05). Entre os m&#233;dicos e odont&#243;logos houve aumento de excesso de peso, HAS e dislipidemia (p &lt; 0,05). Entre os farmac&#234;uticos, aumento de excesso de peso e HAS e redu&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo (p &lt; 0,05). Entre os enfermeiros, elevou-se excesso de peso e etilismo (p &lt; 0,05). Na nutri&#231;&#227;o, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o da dislipidemia (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Encontrada em geral, evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel dos FRCV na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, mesmo sendo ela portadora de conhecimento t&#233;cnico adequado em rela&#231;&#227;o a estes fatores.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Pessoal de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de pessoas que morrer&#227;o por DCV, principalmente doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (DC) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) &#233; estimado em cerca de 23,3 milh&#245;es em 2030, permanecendo como a principal causa de morte no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) estima que tr&#234;s quartos da mortalidade cardiovascular pode ser diminu&#237;da com adequadas mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, e esse &#233; o grande desafio das diversas diretrizes existentes em preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (CV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os fatores comportamentais mais importantes associados &#224; DC e ao AVC s&#227;o dieta inadequada, sedentarismo, tabagismo e consumo excessivo de bebida alco&#243;lica. Estes fatores comportamentais s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por cerca de 80% dos casos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cerebrovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os efeitos de uma dieta n&#227;o saud&#225;vel e do sedentarismo podem ser identificados nos indiv&#237;duos atrav&#233;s da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, da glicose, e dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos, al&#233;m do sobrepeso e obesidade. Estes fatores de risco podem ser medidos em servi&#231;os de atendimento b&#225;sico e indicam um risco aumentado de desenvolver infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e outras complica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de &#233; vista como uma ferramenta indispens&#225;vel na preven&#231;&#227;o e controle das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Ao estudarmos a evolu&#231;&#227;o de alguns fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com uma forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria em cursos da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, &#233; poss&#237;vel, em tese, determinar o real o impacto da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de como medida de promo&#231;&#227;o desta. Este pressuposto &#233; aventado por tratar-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com uma educa&#231;&#227;o formal em sa&#250;de, sendo assim profunda conhecedora dos riscos e malef&#237;cios de fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e dos comportamentos de risco associados &#224;s mesmas.</p>
        <p>Com este objetivo, comparamos a presen&#231;a e altera&#231;&#245;es de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com forma&#231;&#227;o profissional na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de num intervalo de vinte anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal com avalia&#231;&#227;o em dois momentos, com um intervalo de 20 anos. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi composta por todos os acad&#234;micos das Faculdades de Medicina, Enfermagem, Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Odontologia e Farm&#225;cia de uma Universidade Federal, localizada numa cidade de grande porte da regi&#227;o centro-oeste do Brasil, que iniciaram o curso no ano de 1993 e que aceitaram participar do estudo. Os mesmos indiv&#237;duos foram reavaliados ap&#243;s 20 anos, j&#225; como profissionais dentro das diversas profiss&#245;es da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. O estudo foi, dessa forma, desenvolvido em duas etapas.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que n&#227;o concordaram em participar em qualquer etapa do estudo, os portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e de diabetes mellitus tipo 1.</p>
        <p>Na primeira fase, os sujeitos da pesquisa foram selecionados em datas pr&#233;-agendadas com a dire&#231;&#227;o das respectivas faculdades, e na segunda fase foram localizados atrav&#233;s dos Conselhos Regionais de Medicina, Enfermagem, Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Odontologia e Farm&#225;cia do Estado, seguido por contato telef&#244;nico e posterior agendamento de entrevista para coleta de dados. Al&#233;m disso, a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos foi realizada nominalmente utilizando a internet como ferramenta de busca. Para indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o residiam na grande Goi&#226;nia ou Bras&#237;lia, essa coleta foi realizada por telefone. Por se tratarem de profissionais de sa&#250;de, os dados referidos, nesses casos espec&#237;ficos, foram considerados para an&#225;lise final. Todos os participantes foram informados sobre os procedimentos do estudo em 1993 e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, sendo o mesmo procedimento repetido na etapa posterior.</p>
        <p>O mesmo question&#225;rio utilizado em 1993 foi novamente aplicado ap&#243;s vinte anos. As vari&#225;veis pesquisadas nos dois momentos foram: idade, sexo, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia ou diabetes. Os indiv&#237;duos foram questionados ainda sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de evento cardiovascular maior (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - IAM, acidente vascular cerebral - AVC, ou necessidade revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio - RVM). Quanto aos h&#225;bitos de vida, foi analisado o hist&#243;rico de tabagismo (fumante ou n&#227;o fumante), etilismo (ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica ou n&#227;o) e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (sedent&#225;rio - sem qualquer atividade f&#237;sica, atividade f&#237;sica irregular - quando menos de 30 minutos tr&#234;s vezes/semana e regular - quando maior ou igual a 30 minutos 3x/semana). A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular precoce em familiar de primeiro grau (&lt; 65 anos para mulheres e &lt; 55 anos para homens) tamb&#233;m foi considerada.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas Objetivas</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados:</p>
          <p><bold>Peso</bold> - indiv&#237;duos vestidos com roupas leves e sem cal&#231;ados, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica da marca Plenna Lithium com capacidade m&#225;xima de 150kg e precis&#227;o de 100gr.</p>
          <p><bold>Altura</bold> - indiv&#237;duos descal&#231;os utilizando estadi&#244;metro SECCA a laser, modelo 206 com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm.</p>
          <p><bold>&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC)</bold> - atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula estabelecida por QUETELET (IMC = Peso em kg/Altura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>em metro)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
          <p><bold>Press&#227;o Arterial (PA)</bold> - utilizados na primeira etapa aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio e na segunda etapa aparelhos semi-autom&#225;ticos da marca OMRON HEM705 CP devidamente calibrados. As medidas foram realizadas ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, sendo efetuadas duas medidas, com intervalo de dois minutos, no membro superior direito, com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e com o bra&#231;o apoiado. Foi considerada para fins de an&#225;lise dos dados, a segunda medida da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados colhidos por telefone</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados por telefone foi realizada com dezesseis indiv&#237;duos. Nestes casos, foram utilizados o peso e a altura referidos, e aos mesmos foi solicitada a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com aparelho calibrado utilizado na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es previstas no estudo. Por se tratarem de profissionais da sa&#250;de n&#227;o houve dificuldades para a execu&#231;&#227;o destes procedimentos e os dados foram considerados confi&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados Laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Na primeira etapa a dosagem da glicemia e colesterol foi realizada ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum em amostra de sangue colhida atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o digital com lanceta, e a leitura realizada atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todo de fita utilizando os aparelhos de HEMOGLUCOTEST e o REFLOTRON respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Para a segunda etapa, foram utilizados os exames de glicemia de jejum e perfil lip&#237;dico, realizados at&#233; 12 meses antes do preenchimento do question&#225;rio, desde que colhidos ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum e seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica 48h antecedendo a coleta. Apenas cinco indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o possu&#237;am os resultados dos exames necess&#225;rios que se enquadrassem nestes requisitos, sendo que destes foi realizada nova coleta. O m&#233;todo utilizado para dosagem do colesterol total (CT), HDL colesterol (HDL), triglic&#233;rides s&#233;ricos (TG) e da glicemia plasm&#225;tica foi o colorim&#233;trico-enzim&#225;tico. O valor do LDL colesterol foi estimado pela F&#243;rmula de Friedewald onde LDL = CT - (HDL+ TG/5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Apesar de a metodologia empregada para dosagem de colesterol e glicemia n&#227;o ser a mesma nas duas etapas do estudo, j&#225; existe na literatura uma ampla documenta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores obtidos por estes m&#233;todos, n&#227;o havendo com isso preju&#237;zo na an&#225;lise dos dados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Outro aspecto importante &#233; o fato de que n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o nos valores de refer&#234;ncia no intervalo entre as duas avalia&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m do que o objetivo do estudo n&#227;o eram os valores absolutos, mas sua poss&#237;vel modifica&#231;&#227;o no intervalo de tempo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Banco de Dados e An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram armazenados em banco de dados pr&#243;prio, estruturado no programa Excel (Microsoft) e analisados comparativamente. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do Software SPSS (StatisticalPackage of Social Science, vers&#227;o 20.0, Chicago, IL, USA).O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para analisar se as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para a an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, tais como o curso de forma&#231;&#227;o e o sexo, foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado. A an&#225;lise comparativa dos FRCV entre 1993 e 2013 foi realizada utilizando o teste de McNemar para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e analisado cada fator nos dois momentos; para compara&#231;&#227;o nos dois momentos de FRCV, que tinham dados cont&#237;nuos, como o colesterol, foi utilizado o teste dos sinais de Wilcoxon, considerando que eram dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos e que a compara&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com a mesma popula&#231;&#227;o em dois momentos distintos. Foram considerados significantes valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O banco de dados da primeira etapa foi composto por 281 indiv&#237;duos (representando mais de 91% do total de alunos matriculados no primeiro ano), dos quais foram localizados 220 (78,3% da amostra inicial) ap&#243;s 20 anos, para a segunda fase. Foram exclu&#237;dos cinco indiv&#237;duos, quatro por n&#227;o concordarem em participar e um por ter sido diagnosticado como diab&#233;tico tipo 1 neste intervalo, sendo utilizados os dados de 215 profissionais da sa&#250;de para a an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        <p>Dos 281 indiv&#237;duos estudados em 1993, 62,99% eram do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 19,7 anos (m&#237;nimo de 17 e m&#225;ximo de 22 anos). No grupo estudado em 2013 a idade m&#233;dia foi de 39,8 anos (m&#237;nimo 37 e m&#225;ximo 42), sendo 59,07% do sexo feminino. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa da idade na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as diferentes profiss&#245;es de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Foi analisada a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo conforme o curso universit&#225;rio de forma&#231;&#227;o e o sexo nas duas etapas da coleta de dados. Em 1993, nesta an&#225;lise foi encontrada uma maior representatividade do grupo por estudantes de medicina e um predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino entre eles. Ao contr&#225;rio houve predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino entre os estudantes de enfermagem, nutri&#231;&#227;o e farm&#225;cia. Entre os de odontologia houve tamb&#233;m tend&#234;ncia a predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino, sem, entretanto, alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes segundo o curso de forma&#231;&#227;o e sexo em 1993. Goi&#226;nia - GO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Masculino</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Feminino</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Cursos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01t05">*</xref></th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>104</td>
                <td>37,0</td>
                <td>177</td>
                <td>63,00</td>
                <td>&#8804;0,001</td>
                <td>281</td>
                <td>100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicina</bold>
                </td>
                <td>59</td>
                <td>61,5</td>
                <td>37</td>
                <td>38,5</td>
                <td>0,025</td>
                <td>96</td>
                <td>34,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nutri&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>3,8</td>
                <td>25</td>
                <td>96,2</td>
                <td>&#8804;0,001</td>
                <td>26</td>
                <td>9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Odontologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>23</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>37</td>
                <td>61,7</td>
                <td>0,071</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>21,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Enfermagem</bold>
                </td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>9,5</td>
                <td>38</td>
                <td>90,5</td>
                <td>&#8804;0,001</td>
                <td>42</td>
                <td>14,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Farm&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>17</td>
                <td>29,8</td>
                <td>40</td>
                <td>70,2</td>
                <td>0,002</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>20,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Qui-Quadrado, *significativo - p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em 2013, a distribui&#231;&#227;o segundo o curso de forma&#231;&#227;o foi a mesma, entretanto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, houve uma diferen&#231;a entre os farmac&#234;uticos, que apesar de manterem predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes segundo o curso de forma&#231;&#227;o e sexo em 2013. Goi&#226;nia - GO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Masculino</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Feminino</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Cursos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01t06">*</xref></th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>87</td>
                <td>40,5</td>
                <td>128</td>
                <td>59,5</td>
                <td>&#8804;0,001</td>
                <td>215</td>
                <td>100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicina</bold>
                </td>
                <td>48</td>
                <td>64,0</td>
                <td>27</td>
                <td>36,0</td>
                <td>0,015</td>
                <td>75</td>
                <td>34,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nutri&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>4,2</td>
                <td>23</td>
                <td>95,8</td>
                <td>&#8804;0,001</td>
                <td>24</td>
                <td>11,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Odontologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>20</td>
                <td>43,5</td>
                <td>26</td>
                <td>56,5</td>
                <td>0,376</td>
                <td>46</td>
                <td>21,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Enfermagem</bold>
                </td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>11,8</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>88,2</td>
                <td>&#8804;0,001</td>
                <td>34</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Farm&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>38,9</td>
                <td>22</td>
                <td>61,1</td>
                <td>0,182</td>
                <td>36</td>
                <td>16,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Qui-Quadrado, *significativo - p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso foi detectada eleva&#231;&#227;o em sua preval&#234;ncia entre todos os grupos avaliados, sendo estes valores significativos entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos, enfermeiros e farmac&#234;uticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de Excesso de Peso em 1993 e 2013, segundo o curso. Goi&#226;nia - GO.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o houve ao longo do tempo um aumento significativo de sua preval&#234;ncia entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos e farmac&#234;uticos e apesar de tamb&#233;m haver aumento entre os enfermeiros e nutricionistas, este valor s&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em 1993 e 2013, segundo o curso. Goi&#226;nia - GO.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Para a dislipidemia da mesma forma houve aumento global de valores, mas esta eleva&#231;&#227;o foi significativa apenas entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos e nutricionistas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de Dislipidemia em 1993 e 2013, segundo o curso. Goi&#226;nia - GO.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo que foi reduzida de maneira significativa na amostra avaliada como um todo e mostrou tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o em cada uma das &#225;reas isoladamente, mas alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas entre os farmac&#234;uticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de Sedentarismo em 1993 e 2013, segundo o curso. Goi&#226;nia - GO.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0493-40150-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao etilismo o comportamento foi vari&#225;vel, mas houve uma eleva&#231;&#227;o significante em sua preval&#234;ncia apenas entre os profissionais da enfermagem, al&#233;m da eleva&#231;&#227;o no grupo analisado em conjunto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero e propor&#231;&#227;o dos participantes etilistas nos dois momentos, segundo o curso. Goi&#226;nia - GO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>1993</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t07">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>92</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>32,7</td>
                <td>75</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>34,9</td>
                <td>0,037</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicina</bold>
                </td>
                <td>34</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>35,4</td>
                <td>27</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>36,0</td>
                <td>0,549</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nutri&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>26,9</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>34,8</td>
                <td>0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Odontologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>23</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>18</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Enfermagem</bold>
                </td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>14,3</td>
                <td>9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>26,5</td>
                <td>0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Farm&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>22</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>38,6</td>
                <td>13</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>36,1</td>
                <td>0,687</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t07">
              <p>Teste de McNemar,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02t07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>significativo - p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O h&#225;bito do tabagismo, que tinha baixa preval&#234;ncia, n&#227;o sofreu modifica&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos cursos estudados ao longo dos vinte anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero e propor&#231;&#227;o dos participantes tabagistas nos dois momentos, segundo o curso. Goi&#226;nia - GO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>1993</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2013</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t08">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>13</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4,6</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3,7</td>
                <td>0,289</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicina</bold>
                </td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2,7</td>
                <td>0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nutri&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Odontologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>6,7</td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>6,4</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Enfermagem</bold>
                </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2,4</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2,9</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Farm&#225;cia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5,3</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5,6</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t08">
              <p>Teste de McNemar,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02t08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O conhecimento sobre os FRCV, a aten&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a destes fatores em popula&#231;&#245;es de baixa idade, sua evolu&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo, assim como a avalia&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos de risco podem contribuir de maneira importante para a&#231;&#245;es que modifiquem a hist&#243;ria natural destes riscos permitindo a preven&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo detectou marcantes diferen&#231;as na evolu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares em diferentes profissionais de sa&#250;de em um intervalo de vinte anos.</p>
        <p>Encontrou-se um aumento significativo de excesso de peso entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos, farmac&#234;uticos e enfermeiros. Entre os nutricionistas houve tamb&#233;m clara tend&#234;ncia &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o no excesso de peso, mas este n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia provavelmente pelo tamanho da amostra deste sub-grupo. Outra possibilidade, menos prov&#225;vel pela grande mudan&#231;a percentual que ocorreu, &#233; a forma&#231;&#227;o dos nutricionistas mais focada em aspectos alimentares da sa&#250;de humana, com uma maior repercuss&#227;o sobre o aumento do peso ao longo da vida destes profissionais. Esta eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso com o passar dos anos j&#225; foi demonstrada em publica&#231;&#245;es referentes a seguimento de popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, especialmente se este seguimento se inicia em mais idades mais jovens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica tamb&#233;m aumentou entre os grupos estudados. Este aumento foi significativo entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos e farmac&#234;uticos e apesar de crescer entre os nutricionistas e enfermeiros a eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ocorreu, a ponto de atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia, a tend&#234;ncia evolutiva tamb&#233;m foi de crescimento, com um aumento significativo entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos e nutricionistas.</p>
        <p>Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o nestas an&#225;lises, que houve uma eleva&#231;&#227;o das preval&#234;ncias de todas estas vari&#225;veis entre os m&#233;dicos e odont&#243;logos. Estes dois grupos neste estudo apresentaram a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o nos fatores de risco avaliados e merecem uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial. Uma prov&#225;vel explica&#231;&#227;o poderia estar relacionada &#224; pr&#243;pria atividade profissional dos mesmos. Uma possibilidade poderia ser imputada ao trabalho eminentemente sedent&#225;rio destes dois grupos e outra pelo alto grau de estresse a que s&#227;o submetidos estes profissionais.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto relevante na avalia&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia, &#233; o fato de que estas tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis se elevaram mesmo com as preval&#234;ncias de sedentarismo, etilismo e tabagismo n&#227;o tendo sofrido eleva&#231;&#245;es t&#227;o significativas. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o simplista, mas plaus&#237;vel para este fato &#233; justamente o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia s&#227;o doen&#231;as degenerativas e tendem a elevar suas preval&#234;ncias na popula&#231;&#227;o com o envelhecimento da mesma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, assim como ocorreu no grupo acompanhado por este estudo. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do excesso de peso esta mesma explica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se aplica, pois j&#225; se tratavam de indiv&#237;duos adultos na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o. Neste caso sim, fica demonstrado que a forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria em um curso da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de n&#227;o foi capaz de modificar a hist&#243;ria natural do aumento da preval&#234;ncia do excesso de peso com o passar dos anos, assim como ocorre na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        <p>Nos grupos investigados, o sedentarismo reduziu significativamente entre os farmac&#234;uticos, e mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o nos demais grupos de profissionais de sa&#250;de estudados, n&#227;o atingindo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica provavelmente em virtude de diferen&#231;as nos tamanhos das amostras. Estes dados demonstram a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o sedentarismo e grau de escolaridade, j&#225; demonstrado em levantamentos populacionais e estudos de popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>O consumo de &#225;lcool foi uma das vari&#225;veis analisadas que evoluiu de forma particular entre os profissionais de sa&#250;de estudados. Houve um aumento percentual do consumo entre nutricionistas e enfermeiros, mas apenas neste &#250;ltimo grupo estatisticamente significante. Entre os m&#233;dicos, odont&#243;logos e farmac&#234;uticos, que j&#225; tinham h&#225;bito de maior consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia ao longo dos vinte anos. Em linhas gerais h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia em publica&#231;&#245;es sobre este assunto de se detectar eleva&#231;&#245;es do consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas com o aumento da escolaridade e da classe socioecon&#244;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Na primeira publica&#231;&#227;o referente a esta popula&#231;&#227;o, em que foram estudados apenas os m&#233;dicos, ap&#243;s quinze anos da an&#225;lise inicial, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, entretanto sem atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo pouco se alterou na an&#225;lise dos grupos. J&#225; apresentava uma baixa preval&#234;ncia na coleta de dados inicial e assim permaneceu ap&#243;s vinte anos, n&#227;o havendo varia&#231;&#227;o significativa ao longo do tempo entre os grupos. Considerando as campanhas anti-tabaco e as diversas leis de combate e restri&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo que foram adotadas no Brasil ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, que acabaram por promover uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do tabagismo na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, podemos concluir que estas a&#231;&#245;es de abrang&#234;ncia populacional obtiveram tamb&#233;m resultados positivos na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada por este estudo.</p>
        <p>Em linhas gerais, foi detectada uma evolu&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares em diferentes profissionais da sa&#250;de, mas sempre com tend&#234;ncia a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos. Entre os m&#233;dicos e odont&#243;logos houve aumento de excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia. Entre os farmac&#234;uticos, aumento de excesso de peso, de hipertens&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo. Entre os enfermeiros, elevou-se o excesso de peso e o etilismo. Na nutri&#231;&#227;o, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o apenas da dislipidemia. A an&#225;lise da compila&#231;&#227;o destes dados, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco que sofreu varia&#231;&#227;o positiva ou negativa ao longo do tempo de seguimento, nos sugere uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;dicos e odont&#243;logos e uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o entre os nutricionistas.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ao longo de um determinado per&#237;odo de tempo em diferentes profissionais da sa&#250;de n&#227;o foi realizada anteriormente em estudos com metodologia cient&#237;fica adequada. Alguns achados de estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es de determinadas &#225;reas da sa&#250;de como o <italic>Nurses Health Study II</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> com enfermeiras, e o <italic>Physicians Health Study I</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, com m&#233;dicos mostram uma preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares substancialmente menor entre estes profissionais, quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Entretanto n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que fa&#231;am a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pr&#243;prios profissionais de sa&#250;de, o que &#233; um ponto de destaque nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste trabalho merecem ser discutidas. Uma destas reside no fato da n&#227;o localiza&#231;&#227;o em 2013 de todos os indiv&#237;duos avaliados em 1993. Isto se justifica pelo longo intervalo de tempo entre as duas coletas de dados, falta de registros atualizados e integrados nos &#243;rg&#227;os que regulam as atividades dos profissionais da sa&#250;de no Brasil, al&#233;m de uma grande mobilidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, com profissionais atuando em locais distantes de sua regi&#227;o de forma&#231;&#227;o. Este fato &#233; especialmente importante por tratar-se de um pa&#237;s de dimens&#245;es continentais com imensas diferen&#231;as no desenvolvimento das suas diversas regi&#245;es. Apesar disto, a reavalia&#231;&#227;o de mais de 75% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo inicial torna a amostra representativa e permite as conclus&#245;es apresentadas.</p>
        <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o a ser observada foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de metodologias diferentes para an&#225;lise do colesterol e glicemia nas duas etapas da investiga&#231;&#227;o. Apesar da metodologia empregada n&#227;o ter sido a mesma, j&#225; existe na literatura uma ampla documenta&#231;&#227;o que confirma a boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores obtidos por estes m&#233;todos, n&#227;o havendo com isso preju&#237;zo na an&#225;lise dos dados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Da mesma forma, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diferentes aparelhos para a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o foi considerada relevante, por tratar-se de um aparelho semi-autom&#225;tico tamb&#233;m validado e que apresenta boa correla&#231;&#227;o com as medidas efetuadas com aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e pela t&#233;cnica de medida padronizada nos dois momentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>Vale mencionar ainda, que a escassez de dados na literatura sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos com forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria em &#225;reas da sa&#250;de, como &#233; o caso do presente estudo, torna a discuss&#227;o sobre o tema feita de maneira comparativa menos fact&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Em alguns grupos e para algumas vari&#225;veis analisadas houve aumento dos fatores de risco de maneira significativa, enquanto que para outros, apesar de haver tend&#234;ncia a maior preval&#234;ncia dos fatores investigados, este incremento n&#227;o foi significativo. Fez exce&#231;&#227;o o tabagismo que j&#225; ocorria em pequena propor&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes daquela &#233;poca e que se manteve com tend&#234;ncia a diminui&#231;&#227;o ainda maior. Merece ser destacado o fato de que, de uma maneira geral, apesar da &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o dos investigados, houve um aumento da maioria dos fatores de risco ao longo dos 20 anos.</p>
        <p>Ao estudar-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o com uma educa&#231;&#227;o formal em cursos da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, com um conhecimento adequado sobre os fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e suas implica&#231;&#245;es, alguns aspectos fundamentais devem ser destacados. Em primeiro lugar, o aumento da preval&#234;ncia no intervalo de seguimento de grande parte dos fatores de risco, sugere existir uma marcante diferen&#231;a entre conhecer riscos e adotar medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o. Este fato j&#225; foi bem demonstrado por Jardim e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Dioguardi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, ao estudarem m&#233;dicos, quando tamb&#233;m houve uma preval&#234;ncia alta de grande parte dos fatores de risco estudados. Outro aspecto, diz respeito &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Nesta an&#225;lise encontramos um perfil de preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o acompanhada neste estudo em muitos aspectos semelhante ao perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Existem algumas diferen&#231;as, favor&#225;veis aos profissionais de sa&#250;de, como j&#225; demonstrado em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, mas de fato, a forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de n&#227;o representa redu&#231;&#227;o efetiva do risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Se considerarmos o comportamento desta popula&#231;&#227;o e da popula&#231;&#227;o geral em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, por exemplo, acabamos concluindo que no final, o conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es direcionadas &#224; sociedade como um todo (leis, pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas, propaganda) podem ser mais efetivos que uma forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria em um curso da &#225;rea de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Houve de uma maneira geral uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares avaliados na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, mesmo sendo ela portadora de conhecimento t&#233;cnico adequado em rela&#231;&#227;o a estes fatores. Entre os m&#233;dicos e odont&#243;logos houve aumento de excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dsilipidemia. Entre os farmac&#234;uticos, aumento de excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo. Entre os enfermeiros, elevou-se o excesso de peso e o etilismo. Na nutri&#231;&#227;o, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o apenas da dislipidemia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Barroso, WS; Chinem, B; Jardim, PCV. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jardim, TV. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Povoa, TR; Jardim, PCV. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Povoa, TR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de Financiamento: Jardim, TV. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jardim, TV; Jardim, PCV. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jardim, TV; Sousa, ALL; Barroso, WS; Chinem, B; Jardim, PCV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado parcialmente por Bolsa de Apoio para Pesquisas em Cardiologia da SBC; FAPEG (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Goi&#225;s).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
