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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mBrMsSCrntwMv5cy8Rk4HMd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140152</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation on Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Left Atrial Remodeling</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henz</surname>
            <given-names>Benhur Davi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanatta</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Loureiro</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly Bianca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novakoski</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Nascimento dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuseppin</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Bras&#237;lia de Arritmia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Bras&#237;lia de Arritmia- Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UnB</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina (UnB), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Simone Nascimento dos Santos,</bold> SMDB conjunto 16 lote 5 casa A, Lago Sul. Postal Code 71680-160. Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil. Email:   <email>simonens@cardiol.br</email>; <email>sns2003@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>485</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF), and the estimation of elevated LV filling pressures by E/e' ratio is related to worse outcomes in patients with AF. However, it is unknown if restoring sinus rhythm reverses this process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of AF ablation on estimated LV filling pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 141 patients underwent radiofrequency (RF) ablation to treat drug-refractory AF. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed 30 days before and 12 months after ablation. LV functional parameters, left atrial volume index (LAVind), and transmitral pulsed and mitral annulus tissue Doppler (e' and E/e') were assessed. Paroxysmal AF was present in 18 patients, persistent AF was present in 102 patients, and long-standing persistent AF in 21 patients. Follow-up included electrocardiographic examination and 24-h Holter monitoring at 3, 6, and 12 months after ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>One hundred seventeen patients (82.9%) were free of AF during the follow-up (average, 18 &#177; 5 months). LAVind reduced in the successful group (30.2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 10.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 22.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 1.1 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001) compared to the non-successful group (37.7 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 14.3 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 37.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 14.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p = ns). Improvement of LV filling pressure assessed by a reduction in the E/e' ratio was observed only after successful ablation (11.5 &#177; 4.5 vs. 7.1 &#177; 3.7, p &lt; 0.001) but not in patients with recurrent AF (12.7 &#177; 4.4 vs. 12 &#177; 3.3, p = ns). The success rate was lower in the long-standing persistent AF patient group (57% vs. 87%, p = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Successful AF ablation is associated with LA reverse remodeling and an improvement in LV filling pressure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="46"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Grade I diastolic dysfunction is often considered a normal finding in the elderly, but it was found to be an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation (AF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Diastolic dysfunction contributes to the occurrence of AF because left ventricular (LV) relaxation abnormalities lead to a reduction in passive left atrial (LA) emptying, an increase in LA volume and pressure, and pulmonary vein (PV) distension, resulting in electrical remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It is not known if the occurrence of AF would worsen or even lead to increased LV filling pressure. The ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E) and early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e'), E/e', is useful in the estimation of LV filling pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Catheter ablation has emerged as the most promising strategy for treating AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Because restoring sinus rhythm is associated with both LA reverse remodeling and the improvement in LA function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, we hypothesize that successful AF ablation would improve LV filling pressure. This study sought to evaluate the impact of AF ablation on LV filling pressure, estimated by E/e' ratio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>In this study, we prospectively included consecutive patients with symptomatic, drug-refractory AF referred for ablation to the Instituto Bras&#237;lia de Arritmia, between January 2007 and July 2010. Patients with paroxysmal, persistent, or long-standing persistent AF were classified according to AHA/ACC/ESC/HRS guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Exclusion criteria were as follows: significant cardiac valvular disease, first episode of AF, LA thrombus or tumors, hyperthyroidism, angina, or myocardial infarction occurring less than six months prior to ablation, or contraindications to warfarin use. Patients with previous percutaneous or surgical ablation procedures for AF were also excluded. Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin was used for at least one month pre-ablation and at least four months post-ablation in all patients, including those patients with paroxysmal AF. Seventy-three percent of patients were taking an angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) during baseline and follow-up echocardiography. There was no important change in medication profile during the study period, except for the withdrawal of anticoagulation therapy for successful ablation patients with low risk (CHADS 2 &#8804; 1) for embolic events.</p>
        <p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed within 24 h of ablation to exclude LA thrombus. Approval for this study was obtained from the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>EP study and ablation technique</title>
        <p>A multi-polar catheter was inserted into the coronary sinus from the jugular vein for recording and stimulation. Before the first transseptal puncture, 3,000 IU intravenous heparin was given, and additional heparin was administered to keep the activated coagulation time &gt; 350 sec<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. After transseptal access, a circular mapping catheter was used to guide the isolation of all four pulmonary veins (PVs). Ablation was performed using either 8-mm non-irrigated tip (35 W, 50 &#186;C) or 3.5-mm irrigated tip catheter (25 - 30 W, 42 &#186;C) to achieve PV antrum isolation. The ablation end-point was the elimination of all PV potentials. Additional linear lesions were performed in long-standing persistent AF as previously reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Ablation was performed in the antral region of all pulmonary veins (PV) guided by the presence of PV potentials on the circular mapping catheter with the aim of achieving pulmonary vein isolation. Additional LA substrate modification was performed at the discretion of the operator, mostly for patients with long-standing persistent AF, which included roof line, mitral isthmus line, coronary sinus ablation, and CFAE at the discretion of the operator. Briefly, CFAE was defined as continuous or multicomponent electrograms recorded during atrial fibrillation. Reinduction of AF was not tried after ablation.</p>
        <p>If any left atrial tachycardia was induced, the entrainment mapping technique was used to identify critical areas for the reentrant circuit. In patients with documented typical atrial flutter, additional cavotricuspid isthmus ablation was performed.</p>
        <p>Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) was used to guide transseptal puncture and ablation using Sequoia(tm) or Cypress(tm) ultrasound systems (Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., Ultrasound Division, Mountain View, CA) and a deflectable, 5.5 - 10 MHz, phased-array AcuNav(tm) catheter (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.) with pulsed-wave Doppler. ICE images were also used to avoid ablation inside PVs or the LA appendage. Beginning in January 2007, ICEs were also used to guide visualization of the esophagus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)</title>
        <p>TTE was performed at 30 days before and 12 months after AF ablation using a Sequoia(tm) ultrasound system (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.). The following data were measured: LV diameter and volume, LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction) and LV mass, LA diameter and volume, transmitral pulsed Doppler E and A waves, mean of septal and lateral mitral valve annulus spectral tissue Doppler (TDI) e' and a' wave, and mitral regurgitation quantification. LA volume was measured using Simpson's method as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography, and then LA volume was indexed (LAind) by dividing by body surface area (reference value &lt; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Because the mitral annulus TDI is less load-dependent and is more feasible to perform in AF patients, it was used to estimate LV filling pressure. Importantly, the LAVind and E/e' ratio could be consistently recorded during sinus rhythm or AF. Ninety-three patients (66%) were in AF during baseline echocardiographic measurements. In these patients, five measurements were averaged to calculate all data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>After the ablation procedure, anticoagulation therapy was maintained for at least four months, and antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) were used for three months in all patients. During the first year of follow-up, ECG was recorded monthly, exercise testing in the sixth month, TTE was done in the twelfth month, and Holter monitoring was done in the third, sixth, and twelfth months after ablation. Recurrence was defined as symptomatic or asymptomatic AF recorded by ECG, exercise testing, or Holter monitoring, after a blanking period of three months. All patients were followed for at least one year.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistic analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are reported as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and compared with Student's t-test or ANOVA. Categorical variables are reported as percentages and compared with chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. A probability value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated and expressed as percent average value. All statistical analysis was performed with SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> 16 for Mac.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Three patients were excluded for having moderate mitral regurgitation. The study population comprised 141 patients [mean age, 67 &#177; 11 years, 71 (50.3%) male]. Eighteen (12.8%) patients had paroxysmal AF, 102 (72.3%) patients had persistent AF, and 21 (14.9%) patients had long-standing persistent AF. The mean failed AAD trials per patient were 2.1 &#177; 0.7. One hundred and twenty-six patients (89.3%) underwent one procedure, nine patients (6.4%) underwent two procedures, and six patients (4.3%) underwent three procedures.</p>
      <p>All patients were followed for at least one year. Over a mean follow-up period of 18 &#177; 5 months, 117 (82.9%) patients were in sinus rhythm, 70.1% were not, and 12.8% were on previously failed AAD therapy. Twenty-four (17.1%) patients failed AF ablation and were defined as the non-successful group.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline Characteristics</title>
        <p>Baseline characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. There were more NYHA class II patients (56.4% vs. 75%, p &lt; 0.0001) and long-standing persistent AF patients (10.2 vs. 37.5%, p = 0.001) in the non-successful group. At baseline, patients with successful ablation showed lower LAVind (30.2 &#177; 10.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 37.7 &#177; 14.3 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.023), E/e' ratio (11.5 &#177; 4.5 vs. 12.7 &#177; 4, p = 0.01), and E/A ratio (0.9 &#177; 0.3 vs. 1.15 &#177; 0.5, p &lt; 0.0001) and higher LVEF (68.6 &#177; 4.9% vs. 63.5 &#177; 8.6%, p = 0.01) and e' velocity (8.1 &#177; 4.3 cm/s vs. 6.4 &#177; 1.8 cm/s, p = 0.009) than non-successful patients. There was no remarkable variation in patient's body surface area during the study period.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics in patients with successful and non-successful atrial fibrillation ablation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Successful Group (n=117)</th>
                <th align="center">Non-successful (n=24)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender, male, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (52.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (41.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">NYHA FC</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">I 51 (43.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">I 3 (12.5%)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">II 66 (56.4 %)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">II 18 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">III 3 (12.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">AF type</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">paroxysmal 18 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">paroxysmal 0</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">persistent 87 (74.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">persistent 15 (62.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Longstanding-Persistent 12 (10.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">Longstanding-Persistent 9 (37.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcohol abuse</td>
                <td align="center">18 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chagas disease</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBP</td>
                <td align="center">69 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPOD</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DD</td>
                <td align="center">61 (52.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAV ind (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 10.6</td>
                <td align="center">37.7 &#177; 14.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48.7 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29.8 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                <td align="center">209.4 &#177; 49.8</td>
                <td align="center">186.2 &#177; 25.2</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68.6 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A ratioz</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8.1 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>a' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10.1 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">11.5 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>FC: functional class; NYHA: New York Heart Association; AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; HBP: high blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DD: diastolic dysfunction; LAV ind: left atrial volume index; LVD: left ventricular diastole; LVS: left ventricular systole: LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome</title>
        <p>During follow-up, ablation was successful in a greater percentage of patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF than patients with long-standing persistent AF (87% vs. 57%, respectively, p = 0.001). Acute PV isolation was achieved in all patients in this cohort. Additional LA substrate modification was frequently performed in patients with non-paroxysmal AF (roof line: paroxysmal = 3 patients vs. non-paroxysmal = 35 patients, p = 0.001; mitral isthmus line: paroxysmal = 0 patients vs. non-paroxysmal = 54 patients, p &lt; 0.001; coronary sinus ablation: paroxysmal = 0 patients vs. non-paroxysmal = 27 patients, p &lt; 0.001; CFAE: paroxysmal = 1 patient, non-paroxysmal = 15 patients, p &lt; 0.01). The average procedure time for the entire cohort was 265 &#177; 55 min (204 &#177; 51 min for paroxysmal AF, 277 &#177; 79 min for non-paroxysmal AF, p = 0.009).</p>
        <p>In patients with successful ablation, there was a significant improvement in NYHA functional class compared to recurrent AF patients (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in parameters of LA reverse remodeling in successful patients (LAVind: 30.2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 10.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 22.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 1.1 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Also, in successful patients, LV filling pressure improved, as E/e' ratio was reduced significantly after ablation (11.5 &#177; 4.5 vs. 7.1 &#177; 3.7, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). These observations were not seen in patients with recurrent AF. Analyzing only patients with paroxysmal AF, we also observed a reduction in LAVind (21.8 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 11.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 14.1 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 5.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001) and in the E/e' ratio (10.3 &#177; 3 vs. 5.0 &#177; 0.5, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Follow-up characteristics in patients with successful and non-successful atrial fibrillation ablation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Successful Group (n = 117)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Non-Successful (n = 24)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Pre-ablation</td>
                <td align="center">Post-ablation</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Pre-ablation</td>
                <td align="center">Post-ablation</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHAFC</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAV ind (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 10.6</td>
                <td align="center">22.6 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">37.7 &#177; 14.3</td>
                <td align="center">37.5 &#177; 14.5</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">46.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">27.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">27.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                <td align="center">195.3 &#177; 44.5</td>
                <td align="center">192.4 &#177; 51.8</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">173.5 &#177; 27.9</td>
                <td align="center">178.5 &#177; 21.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF(%)</td>
                <td align="center">68.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">66.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>e' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>a' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAV ind (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-7.9 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-1.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; E/e' ratio</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-3.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-1.1 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>FC: functional class; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LAV ind: left atrial volume index; LVD: left ventricular diastole; LVS: left ventricular systole; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Example of left atrium (LA) reverse remodeling after successful atrial fibrillation ablation. 1a) LA volume index before ablation; 1b) LA volume index 12 months after ablation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0485-40152-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>Intraobserver variability for E wave velocity, e' wave velocity, and LA volume were 2.0%, 3.3%, and 2.3%, respectively. Interobserver variability for E wave velocity, e' wave velocity, and LA volume were 3.7%, 3.5% and 4.3%, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this study were related to LV filling pressure and LA reverse remodeling. Using Doppler echocardiography, we showed that successful AF ablation reduces LA volume and improves LV filling pressure estimated by E/e' ratio.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Reverse remodeling of LA post-AF ablation</title>
        <p>Volume and pressure overload are recognized as the main factors leading to the adaptive responses that occur in LA remodeling. This overload promotes distension of the LA and PVs, which generates rapid and disorganized electrical activity favoring AF occurrence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The adaptive responses leading to this phenomenon are myocyte growth, hypertrophy, necrosis, alterations of fibrocollagenous connective tissue, and changes in the expression of cellular ion channels and atrial hormones, including atrial natriuretic peptide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Furthermore, in the setting of LA volume overload and/or LA pressure overload, LA myocytes are more likely to depolarize, increasing vulnerability to AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. After AF occurrence, the arrhythmia may be maintained by a remodeled substrate, but AF itself also promotes atrial remodeling ("AF begets AF")<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Thus, as previously hypothesized, the restoration of sinus rhythm leads to LA reverse remodeling after successful AF ablation, electrical cardioversion or cardiac surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Beukema et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> found that LA diameter decreased from the baseline significantly in patients with persistent sinus rhythm after ablation, and they also found that recurrent AF was associated with larger diameters. Verma et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> reported similar results in LA diameter reduction in a series of patients who underwent extensive PV antrum ablation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Recently, Machino-Ohtsuka et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> reported a significant LA volume reverse remodeling after 12 months of successful AF ablation. Similar findings were demonstrated using cardiac magnetic resonance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Our results are in agreement with these studies because a significant improvement in LA reverse remodeling was found in our successful ablation population, in which LAVind decreased from 30.2 &#177; 10.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 22.6 &#177; 1.1 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0.001). We measured LA volume, which is more accurate than LA diameter, to evaluate reverse LA remodeling after AF treatment. LA diameter is measured in M-mode, using a single LA dimension and may, thus, underestimate LA size. On the other hand, the LA index volume is measured using biplane Simpson's rule (4- and 2-chamber views), which is more reliable. This method has been validated with computed tomography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and magnetic resonance measurement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>It is important to emphasize that LA reverse remodeling was also observed in patients with paroxysmal AF (21.8 &#177; 11.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 14.1 &#177; 5.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001). Although our series had only 18 patients with paroxysmal AF, this finding was consistent. Similarly, 49% of patients from the study by Beukema et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> had paroxysmal AF, and these patients showed a reduction in LA diameter from 40.5 &#177; 4.4 to 37.5 &#177; 3.5 mm (p &lt; 0.01). In the study by Tops et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, 61% of patients had paroxysmal AF, but they did not compare this subgroup with persistent and long-standing persistent AF patients. These findings were also observed in the study by Reant et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, which showed a reduction in longitudinal diameter from 59.7 &#177; 7.3 mm to 53.19 &#177; 7.7 mm six months after ablation in the subgroup of patients with paroxysmal AF.</p>
        <p>Remodeling of the LA substrate appears to play an important role in the success rate of AF ablation, but the mechanism responsible for LA reverse remodeling after successful ablation is not clear yet. Our results support the findings reported by Reant et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, who suggested that diastolic dysfunction may cause isolated AF by the combination of LA and PV stretch and enlargement, which results from LV end-diastolic pressure. One could argue that extensive ablation shrinks the left atrium, and that reverse remodeling would not be related to sinus rhythm restoration. However, in our series, reverse remodeling was not observed in patients with recurrent AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Improvement of left ventricle diastolic function</title>
        <p>Diastolic dysfunction is a common cause of volume and/or pressure overload, which leads to LA remodeling and may further result in structural and electrophysiological heterogeneity, promoting a substrate for AF occurrence. Thus, it is not surprising that the restoration of sinus rhythm could also improve diastolic function. Sinus rhythm restoration after ablation results in LA reverse remodeling, but these studies have not noted a clear benefit in LV diastolic function. The lack of a clear benefit may be explained by the fact that although the LA volume index is a reliable method to evaluate abnormalities in LV diastolic loading<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, this index is a measure of LA function. However, Hurrell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> showed that there is a very good correlation between the LA volume index and invasive LV diastolic loading<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. The LA volume index has been used in different settings as a measure of diastolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. By incorporating other methods to estimate LV filling pressure, we were able to show its improvement after restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm following AF ablation.</p>
        <p>Although pulsed-wave Doppler analysis of the mitral valve inflow and PV flow are commonly used, these measurements may be influenced by preload and afterload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. This limitation is even more pronounced in patients with AF due to changes in LA filling and loss of LA contraction. In this situation, TDI imaging is the most accurate method to estimate LV filling pressure. In our study population, patients with non-successful AF ablation had a lower e' and higher E/e' ratio than patients with successful AF ablation, suggesting a relationship between elevated LV filling pressure and poor AF ablation outcome. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the E/e' ratio during follow-up in successful patients, suggesting that sinus rhythm restoration has a positive impact on LV filling pressure. The same findings were observed in patients with paroxysmal AF. Only a few studies have tried to assess the relationship between AF and ventricular diastolic filling patterns. Melek<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> et al. reported the cardioversion effect on TDI parameters in persistent AF patients. They were not able to find any significant improvement on diastolic function after restoration of sinus rhythm with the exception of atrial function, but the follow-up period was very short. In contrast, some studies found that impaired diastolic filling was an independent predictor of late recurrence following cardioversion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> and ablation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>.</p>
        <p>Patients with pronounced ventricular filling impairment are at greater risk for AF. What is not clear is if AF can worsen LV diastolic function. During acute rapid AF, there are some mechanisms explaining the worsening of LV diastolic function, for example, loss on LA contraction, irregular LV filling, and rate and worse AV synchrony; long-standing AF data are still scarce. Some mechanistic insights came from the studies of Goette et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>, who showed in animal and human models that AF lead to down-regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine, which are associated with vascular dysfunction and heart failure. They also showed a reduction in aldosterone levels after restoration of sinus rhythm.</p>
        <p>There is lack of data showing improvement of diastolic function after successful AF ablation. Reant et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> found that diastolic function improved significantly 12 months since the procedure, with an increase in lateral early diastolic peak velocity of 29% (p &lt; 0.001) in paroxysmal AF and 46% (p &lt; 0.05) in chronic AF patients. Cha et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> reported a diastolic function improvement following successful AF ablation. Diastolic function was graded from 1 to 4 according to ASE guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>, however all patients included were in sinus rhythm at the time of their transthoracic echocardiograms. Our study included a large number of patients with persistent and permanent AF, so that 66% were not in sinus rhythm during echocardiographic measurements. Nevertheless, we suggest an association between successful AF ablation and estimated LV filling improvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Although we have shown an association between LA volume index reduction and improvements in LV filling pressure in patients with successful AF ablation, we acknowledge that this association may not be related just to ablation. LA reverse remodeling after successful AF ablation may result not only from sinus rhythm restoration but may also be a consequence of better left atrial-ventricular synchronism. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>We did not perform seven-day ambulatory monitoring, and asymptomatic AF recurrences may have been missed. However, we investigated patients for asymptomatic AF recurrences during the first year of follow-up: ECG was recorded monthly, and Holter monitoring was done in the third, sixth, and twelfth month after ablation.</p>
        <p>Finally, this was a non-randomized, single-arm study, and some echocardiography measurements that are thought to be a consequence of the ablation procedure may have been influenced by other factors. For example, after invasive procedures, some patients become more compliant with pharmacological treatment and exercise, and this may have altered the echocardiography measurements regardless of the ablation procedure.</p>
        <p>Because this is the initial experience of a single private practice service, most patients referred for ablation were classified into persistent or long standing persistent AF, according to HRS 2007 consensus, making this study difficult to compare with other AF ablation studies, which have mostly paroxysmal AF patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>AF ablation showed better results in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF than long-standing persistent AF. When sinus rhythm was maintained consistently, there was an improvement in estimated LV filling pressure and LA reverse remodeling.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos, SN; Henz, BD; Zanatta, AR; Barreto, JR; Leite, LR. Acquisition of data: Santos, SN; Henz, BD; Zanatta, AR; Barreto, JR; Loureiro, KB; Novakoski, C; Santos, MVN; Giuseppin, FF; Oliveira, EM; Leite, LR. Statistical analysis: Santos, SN; Leite, LR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos, SN; Leite, LR. Writing of the manuscript: Santos, SN; Leite, LR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos, SN; Henz, BD; Leite, LR.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Abla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Press&#227;o de Enchimento Ventricular Esquerdo e Remodelamento Atrial Esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henz</surname>
            <given-names>Benhur Davi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanatta</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Loureiro</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly Bianca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novakoski</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Nascimento dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuseppin</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Bras&#237;lia de Arritmia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Bras&#237;lia de Arritmia - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UnB</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina (UnB), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Simone Nascimento dos Santos,</bold> SMDB conjunto 16 lote 5 casa A, Lago Sul. CEP 71680-160. Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil. Email:   <email>simonens@cardiol.br</email>; <email>sns2003@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) est&#225; associada a novos epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), e a estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o E/e' est&#225; relacionada a um pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com FA. Entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal pode reverter este processo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA na estimativa da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 141 pacientes foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) para o tratamento da FA refrat&#225;ria a drogas. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico 30 dias antes e 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros funcionais do VE, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (VAEi) e Doppler transmitral pulsado e Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (e' e E/e'). Dezoito pacientes apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica, 102 persistente e 21 pacientes FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. O acompanhamento incluiu ECG e monitoramento pelo sistema Holter 24h, 3, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cento e dezessete pacientes (82,9%) n&#227;o apresentaram FA durante o acompanhamento (m&#233;dia de 18 meses &#177; 5 meses). O VAEi apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo com sucesso (30,2 mL/m2 &#177; 10,6 mL/m2 para 22,6 mL/m2 &#177; 1,1 mL/m2, p &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem sucesso (37,7 mL/m2 &#177; 14,3 mL/m2 para 37,5 mL/m2 &#177; 14,5 mL/m2, p = ns). A melhora da estimativa da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, avaliada atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o E/e', foi observada apenas ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso (11,5 &#177; 4,5 vs. 7,1 &#177; 3,7, p &lt; 0,001), n&#227;o sendo observada em pacientes com FA recorrente (12,7 &#177; 4,4 vs. 12 &#177; 3,3, p = ns). A taxa de sucesso foi menor no grupo com FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (57% vs. 87%, p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso est&#225; associada ao remodelamento reverso do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e a uma melhora da estimativa na press&#227;o de enchimento do VE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de grau 1 &#233; frequentemente considerada normal na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, mas descobriu-se que ela &#233; um fator preditivo independente para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica aumenta a probabilidade de FA porque anormalidades no relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) levam &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do esvaziamento passivo do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), aumento do volume e press&#227;o do AE e distens&#227;o das veias pulmonares (VPs), ocasionando remodelamento el&#233;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. N&#227;o se sabe se a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA pioraria ou ainda levaria ao aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a raz&#227;o da velocidade do fluxo diast&#243;lico mitral inicial (E) e velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial no anel mitral (e') (E/e') pode ser &#250;til para estimar a press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter surgiu como a estrat&#233;gia mais promissora para o tratamento da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Uma vez que a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal est&#225; associada com a remodelamento reverso e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, n&#243;s supomos que a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso melhoraria a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA na press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, estimada atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o E/e'.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, inclu&#237;mos prospectivamente pacientes consecutivos que apresentavam FA sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria a drogas, que haviam sido encaminhados ao Instituto de Bras&#237;lia de Arritmia para abla&#231;&#227;o entre Janeiro de 2007 e Julho de 2010. Pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, persistente ou persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o foram classificados de acordo com as diretrizes AHA/ACC/ESC/HRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram utilizados: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular significante, primeiro epis&#243;dio de FA, trombos ou tumores no AE, hipertireoidismo, angina ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio que tivessem ocorrido h&#225; menos de 6 meses da abla&#231;&#227;o, ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o relacionadas ao uso de varfarina. Pacientes submetidos a procedimentos pr&#233;vios de abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica para FA tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. Terapia anticoagulante com varfarina foi administrada por ao menos um m&#234;s antes da abla&#231;&#227;o e ao menos 4 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes, incluindo aqueles com FA parox&#237;stica. Setenta e tr&#234;s por cento dos pacientes estavam tomando inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina-I (IECA) ou bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina (BRA), durante o ecocardiograma basal e de acompanhamento. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da medica&#231;&#227;o administrada durante o estudo, com exce&#231;&#227;o da interrup&#231;&#227;o da terapia anticoagulante nos casos de abla&#231;&#227;o bem sucedida em pacientes com baixo risco (CHADS 2 &#8804; 1) para ocorr&#234;ncia de embolia.</p>
          <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) foi realizado dentro de 24 horas antes a abla&#231;&#227;o para eliminar suspeita de trombos em AE. A aprova&#231;&#227;o para este estudo foi obtida junto ao comit&#234; de &#233;tica local, e o termo de consentimento foi obtido junto a todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Um cateter multipolar foi inserido no seio coron&#225;rio atrav&#233;s da veia jugular para registro e estimula&#231;&#227;o. Antes da primeira pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal foram administrados 3.000 UI de heparina via intravenosa, e doses adicionais de heparina foram administradas para manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada &gt; 350 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ap&#243;s o acesso transeptal, um cateter circular para mapeamento foi utilizado para guiar o isolamento das quatro veias pulmonares (VPs). A abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando-se um cateter de 8 mm com ponta n&#227;o-irrigada (35 W, 50&#186;C) ou cateter de 3.5 mm com ponta irrigada (25-30W, 42&#186;C) para conseguir o isolamento do antro das PVs. O objetivo final da abla&#231;&#227;o foi a elimina&#231;&#227;o completa dos potenciais de veia pulmonar. Les&#245;es lineares adicionais foram realizadas em FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, como relatado previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada na regi&#227;o antral de todas as VPs guiada pela presen&#231;a de potenciais de VPs no cateter de mapeamento circular, com o objetivo de obter o isolamento das VPs. Modifica&#231;&#245;es adicionais do substrato do AE foram realizadas a crit&#233;rio do cirurgi&#227;o, em sua maioria em pacientes com FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, e inclu&#237;ram teto, linha istmo mitral, abla&#231;&#227;o do sinus coron&#225;rio e eletrogramas atriais complexos fracionados a crit&#233;rio do cirurgi&#227;o. Em linhas gerais, eletrogramas atriais complexos fracionados foram definidos como eletrogramas cont&#237;nuos ou multicomponentes registrados durante a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. N&#227;o foram feitas tentativas de reinduzir a FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Quando taquicardia do &#225;trio esquerdo foi induzida, a t&#233;cnica de mapeamento   <italic>entrainment</italic> foi utilizada para identificar &#225;reas cr&#237;ticas para o circuito de reentrada. Em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de flutter atrial, foi realizada abla&#231;&#227;o adicional do istmo cavo-tric&#250;spide.</p>
          <p>O ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (EIC) foi utilizado para guiar a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal e abla&#231;&#227;o com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas de ultrassom Sequoia(tm) ou Cypress(tm) (Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., Divis&#227;o de Ultrassom, Mountain View, CA) e um cateter ACUNAV<sup>&#174;</sup> deflet&#237;vel, de 5,5-10 MHz e transdutor   <italic>phased-array</italic> (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.) com Doppler de onda pulsada. Imagens da EIC tamb&#233;m foram utilizadas para evitar abla&#231;&#227;o dentro das VPs ou do ap&#234;ndice do AE. A partir de Janeiro de 2007, os EICs tamb&#233;m passaram a ser usados para guiar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT)</title>
          <p>ETT foi realizado 30 dias antes e 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, utilizando o Sequoia(tm) (Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc.). As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram mensuradas: Di&#226;metro e volume do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e massa do VE, di&#226;metro e volume do AE, ondas E e A do Doppler pulsado transmitral, ondas e' e a' do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral septal e anel mitral lateral, e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. O volume do AE foi medido utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de Simpson, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, posteriormente o volume do AE foi indexado (VAEi) dividindo-se o valor pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (valor de refer&#234;ncia &lt; 29 mL/m<sup>2)</sup>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O Doppler tecidual do anel mitral foi utilizado para estimar a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE por ser menos carga-dependente e sua execu&#231;&#227;o ser mais vi&#225;vel em pacientes com FA. O VAEi e raz&#227;o E/e' puderam ser consistentemente registrados durante o ritmo sinusal ou FA. Noventa e tr&#234;s pacientes (66%) apresentavam FA durante as medidas do ecocardiograma basal. Nestes pacientes, foi feita a m&#233;dia de cinco medidas para o c&#225;lculo de todos os dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o, a terapia anticoagulante foi mantida por ao menos 4 meses, e drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas foram usadas por 3 meses em todos os pacientes. Durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento, ECG foi realizado mensalmente, teste ergom&#233;trico realizado no sexto m&#234;s, ETT realizado no d&#233;cimo-segundo m&#234;s, e o monitoramento por Holter foi realizado no terceiro, sexto, e d&#233;cimo segundo m&#234;s ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. A recorr&#234;ncia foi definida como FA sintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica atrav&#233;s dos registros do ECG, teste ergom&#233;trico ou monitoramento por Holter, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo cego de 3 meses. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos por pelo menos um ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e comparadas com o teste t-Student ou ANOVA. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram relatadas em porcentagem e comparadas com o teste chi-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. O valor de probabilidade &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante. A varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador e intraobservador foi calculada e expressa como percentual. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o SPSS&#174; 16 para Mac.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentar regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo compreendeu 141 pacientes [m&#233;dia de idede de 67 anos &#177; 11 anos, 71 (50,3%) do sexo masculino]. Dezoito (12,8%) pacientes apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica, 102 (72,3%) pacientes apresentavam FA persistente e 21 (14,9%) pacientes apresentavam FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas que falharam foi de 2,1 &#177; 0,7 por paciente. Cento e vinte seis pacientes (89,3%) foram submetidos a um procedimento, nove pacientes (6,4%) foram submetidos a dois procedimentos e seis pacientes (4,3%) foram submetidos a tr&#234;s procedimentos.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por ao menos um ano. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 18&#177;5 meses, 117 (82,9%) pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal, dos quais 70,1% n&#227;o estavam em terapia com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e 12,8% em terapia com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas que tinham falhado previamente a abla&#231;&#227;o. Vinte e quatro pacientes (17,1%) apresentaram ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no seguimento, sendo definido como grupo de insucesso.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Basais</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>. No grupo de insucesso um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional NYHA II (56,4% vs. 75%, p &lt; 0,0001) e em FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (10,2 % vs. 37,5%, p=0,0001) apresentaram, menores valores de VAEi (30,2 mL/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; 10,6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 37,7 mL/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; 14,3 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,023), raz&#227;o E/e' (11,5 &#177; 4.5 vs. 12,7 &#177; 4, p = 0,01) e raz&#227;o E/A (0,9 &#177; 0,3 vs. 1,15 &#177; 0,5, p <italic>&lt;</italic>0,0001) e maior FEVE (68,6% &#177; 4,9% vs. 63,5% &#177; 8,6%, p = 0,01) e velocidade e' (8,1 cm/s &#177; 4,3 cm/s vs. 6,4 cm/s &#177; 1,8 cm/s, p = 0,009) do que pacientes com insucesso. N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o relevante na &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal durante o per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais em pacientes com abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com sucesso e com insucesso</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo com sucesso (n=117)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo com insucesso (n=24)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero, masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (52,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (41,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">CF NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">I 51 (43,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">I 3 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">II 66 (56,4 %)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">II 18 (75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">III 3 (12,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Tipo de FA</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">parox&#237;stica18 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">parox&#237;stica 0</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">persistente 87 (74,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">persistente 15 (6,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o 12 (10,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o 9 (37,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DD</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (52,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAE indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">37,7 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,7 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,8 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">209,4 &#177; 49,8</td>
                  <td align="center">186,2 &#177; 25,2</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>e' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o E/e'</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CF: classe funcional; NYHA: New York Heart Association; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; DM: diabetes mellitus; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; VAE indexado: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; DDVE: diametro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; e&#8217;: onda diast&#243;lica precoce ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral; a&#8217;: onda diast&#243;lica tardia ao Doppler tecidua do anel mitral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho</title>
          <p>Durante o acompanhamento, a abla&#231;&#227;o foi bem sucedida em uma porcentagem maior de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente do que em pacientes com FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (87% vs. 57%, respectivamente, p = 0,001). O isolamento das VPs foi alcan&#231;ado em todos os pacientes desta coorte. Foram realizadas modifica&#231;&#245;es adicionais do substrato do AE frequentemente em pacientes com FA n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica (teto: parox&#237;stica = 3 pacientes vs. n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica = 35 pacientes, p = 0,001; linha istmo mitral: parox&#237;stica=0 pacientes vs. n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica = 54 pacientes, p &lt; 0,001; CFAE: parox&#237;stica = 1 paciente, n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica = 15 pacientes, p &lt; 0,01). O tempo m&#233;dio de execu&#231;&#227;o do procedimento para toda a coorte foi de 265 &#177; 55 min (204 &#177; 51min para FA parox&#237;stica, 277 &#177; 79 min para FA n&#227;o-parox&#237;stica, p = 0,009).</p>
          <p>Entre os pacientes com abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso, houve melhora significativa na classe funcional NYHA em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com FA recorrente (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos par&#226;metros de remodelamento reverso do AE em pacientes com sucesso (VAEi: 30,2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 10,6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> e 22,6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 1,1 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, no grupo de pacientes com sucesso houve melhora da estimativa da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, uma vez que a raz&#227;o E/e' foi significativamente menor ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o (11,5 &#177; 4,5 vs. 7,1 &#177; 3.7, p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). O mesmo n&#227;o foi observado nos pacientes com FA recorrente. Da mesma forma, avaliando apenas o grupo de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o no VAEi (21,8 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 11,9 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 14,1 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 5,5 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001) e na raz&#227;o E/e' (10,3 &#177; 3 vs. 5,0 &#177; 0,5, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de acompanhamento em pacientes com abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com sucesso e com insucesso</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">Grupo com sucesso (n = 117)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">Grupo com insucesso (n = 24)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CF NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAE indexado (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">37,7 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 &#177; 14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa do VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">195,3 &#177; 44,5</td>
                  <td align="center">192,4 &#177; 51,8</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">173,5 &#177; 27,9</td>
                  <td align="center">178,5 &#177; 21,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">66,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>e' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>a' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o E/e'</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; VAE indexado (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">-7,9 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">-1,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; raz&#227;o E/e'</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">-3,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">-1,1 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CF: classe funcional; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VAE indexado: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; DDVE: diametro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo); VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; e&#8217;: onda diast&#243;lica precoce ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral; a&#8217;: onda diast&#243;lica tardia ao Doppler tecidua do anel mitral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplo de remodelamento reverso do &#225;trio esquerdo ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. 1a) Volume indexado do AE antes da abla&#231;&#227;o; 1b) Volume indexado do AE 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0485-40152-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>Avariabilidade intraobservador na velocidade da onda E, velocidade da onda e' e volume do AE foi de, 2,0 %, 3.3% e 2.3%, respectivamente. A variabilidade interobservador na velocidade da onde E, velocidade da onda e' e volume do AE foi de, 3,7%, 3,5% e 4,3%, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo foram relacionadas &#224; estimativa da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE e remodelamento reverso do AE. Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Ecocardiograma Doppler, demonstramos que a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso reduz o volume do AE e melhora a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE estimada atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o E/e'.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Remodelamento reverso do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA</title>
          <p>As sobrecarga de volume e press&#227;o s&#227;o reconhecidamente os principais fatores que levam &#224;s respostas ad aptativas que ocorrem no remodelamento do AE. Essas sobrecargas ocasionam distens&#227;o do AE e VPs, o que gera atividade el&#233;trica r&#225;pida e desorganizada, favorecendo a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. As respostas adaptativas que levam a este fen&#244;meno s&#227;o crescimento dos mi&#243;citos, hipertrofia, necrose, altera&#231;&#245;es do tecido conjuntivo fibrocolagenoso e mudan&#231;as na express&#227;o de canais i&#244;nicos celulares e horm&#244;nios atriais, incluindo o pept&#237;deo atrial natriur&#233;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, na ocorr&#234;ncia de sobrecarga de volume do AE e/ou sobrecarga de press&#227;o do AE, &#233; prov&#225;vel que os mi&#243;citos do AE sofram despolariza&#231;&#227;o, aumentando a vulnerabilidade &#224; FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, a arritmia pode ser mantida por um substrato remodelado, mas a pr&#243;pria FA tamb&#233;m promove remodelamento atrial ("FA gera FA")<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Portanto, conforme sugerido anteriormente, a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal leva &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o reversa do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o bem sucedida, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ou cirurgia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Bekeuma e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>demonstraram que o di&#226;metro do AE reduziu significantemente em pacientes que mantiveram o ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o; e que a recorr&#234;ncia da FA estava associada com di&#226;metros maiores. Verma e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> relataram resultados similares de redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do AE em uma s&#233;rie de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o extensiva do antro das VPs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Recentemente, Machino-Ohtsuka e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> relataram significativa remodela&#231;&#227;o reversa do AE 12 meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso. Achados similares foram evidenciados atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Nossos resultados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com estes estudos porque uma melhora significante no remodelamento reverso do AE foi observada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o com abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso, na qual o VAEi reduziu de 30,2 mL/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; 10,6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> para 22,6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177;1,1 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0,001). Utilizamos a medida do volume do AE, o que pode ser considerado mais acurado do que o di&#226;metro do AE, para avaliar o remodelamento reverso do AE ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. O di&#226;metro do AE &#233; medido em M-mode utilizando uma &#250;nica dimens&#227;o do AE e pode, portanto, subestimar o tamanho do AE. Por outro lado, o volume do AE indexado &#233; medido utilizando-se a regra biplanar de Simpson (plano apical 4 e 2 c&#226;maras), sendo mais fidedigno. Este m&#233;todo foi validado com tomografia computadorizada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
          <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que o remodelamento reverso do AE tamb&#233;m foi observado em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica (21,8 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 11,9 mL/m<sup>2</sup> para 14,1 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; 5,5 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001). Embora nosso grupo tivesse apenas 18 pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, este achado foi consistente. De maneira similar, 49% dos pacientes no estudo de Beukema e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> tinham FA parox&#237;stica e estes pacientes apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do AE de 40,5 &#177; 4.4 para 37,5 &#177; 3.5 mm (p &lt; 0,01). No estudo de Tops e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> 61% dos pacientes tinham FA parox&#237;stica, mas este subgrupo n&#227;o foi comparado com os pacientes que apresentavam FA persistente e FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Estes resultados tamb&#233;m foram observados no estudo de Reant e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, que mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no di&#226;metro longitudinal de 59,7 mm &#177; 7,3 para 53,19 mm &#177; 7,7 mm seis meses ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o no subgrupo de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>O remodelamento do substrato do AE parece desempenhar um papel importante na taxa de sucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, mas o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pelo remodelamento reverso do AE ap&#243;s uma abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso ainda n&#227;o foi elucidado. Nossos resultados sustentam os dados reportados por Reant e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, que sugeriram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode causar FA isolada atrav&#233;s da combina&#231;&#227;o do estiramento e aumento do AE e VPs, que s&#227;o resultantes da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE. Pode-se argumentar que a abla&#231;&#227;o extensiva provoca o encolhimento do &#225;trio esquerdo e que o remodelamento reverso n&#227;o estaria relacionado &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. Entretanto, em nossos grupos, o remodelamento reverso n&#227;o foi observado em pacientes com FA recorrente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; uma causa comum de sobrecarga de volume e/ou press&#227;o, o que leva ao remodelamento do AE, podendo ainda resultar em heterogeneidade estrutural e eletrofisiol&#243;gica, gerando substrato para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Portanto, n&#227;o surpreende que a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal tamb&#233;m pudesse melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o resulta em remodelamento reverso do AE, mas estes estudos n&#227;o observaram um benef&#237;cio claro na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. A aus&#234;ncia de um benef&#237;cio claro pode ser explicada pelo fato de que embora o volume indexado do AE seja um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para avaliar anormalidades na enchimento diast&#243;lico do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, este &#237;ndice &#233; uma medida da fun&#231;&#227;o do AE. Entretanto, Hurrell e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> mostraram que h&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o muito boa entre o volume indexado do AE e medida da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica invasiva do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. O volume indexado do AE tem sido utilizado em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es como uma medida da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Atrav&#233;s da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de outros m&#233;todos para estimar a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, pudemos demonstrar sua melhora ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA.</p>
          <p>Embora a an&#225;lise do Doppler de onda pulsada do fluxo da v&#225;lvula mitral e fluxo da VP seja comumente utilizada, estas medi&#231;&#245;es podem ser influenciadas pela pr&#233;-carga e p&#243;s-carga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Esta limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda mais pronunciada em pacientes com FA decorrentes de mudan&#231;as no enchimento do AE e perda da contra&#231;&#227;o do AE. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, o Doppler Tecidual &#233; o m&#233;todo mais acurado para estimar a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo, pacientes com abla&#231;&#227;o da FA sem sucesso, apresentaram menores valores de e' e maior raz&#227;o E/e' do que pacientes com sucesso, o que sugere uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o de enchimento do VE elevada e o insucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na raz&#227;o E/e' durante o acompanhamento de pacientes com sucesso, sugerindo que a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal tem impacto positivo na press&#227;o de enchimento do VE. Os mesmos achados foram observados em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Poucos estudos tentaram avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FA e padr&#245;es de enchimento diast&#243;lico ventricular. Melek e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Reportaram o efeito da cardiovers&#227;o nos par&#226;metros de Doppler Tecidual em pacientes com FA persistente. Eles n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma melhora significativa na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal com exce&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial, mas o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foi muito curto. Por outro lado, alguns estudos demonstraram que o comprometimento do enchimento diast&#243;lico era um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia tardia ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> e abla&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>.</p>
          <p>Sabe-se que pacientes com pronunciado comprometimento do enchimento ventricular apresentam maior risco para FA. O que n&#227;o est&#225; claro &#233; se a FA pode piorar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Durante FA aguda h&#225; alguns mecanismos que explicam a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, por exemplo, perda de contra&#231;&#227;o do AE, taxa e enchimento irregular do LV e pior sincronicidade AV. Os dados sobre FA de longa dura&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o escassos. Algumas sugest&#245;es sobre os mecanismos foram obtidos nos estudos de Goette e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>, que mostrou em modelos animais e humanos que a FA leva &#224; baixa regula&#231;&#227;o da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial e eleva&#231;&#227;o da dimetilarginina assim&#233;trica, que s&#227;o associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular e fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Eles tamb&#233;m mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de aldosterona ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; muitos dados que comprovem a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso. Reant e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> descobriram que a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica melhorou significativamente 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, com um aumento no pico de velocidade diast&#243;lica lateral inicial de 29% (p &lt; 0,001) na FA parox&#237;stica e 46% (p &lt; 0,05) em pacientes com FA cr&#244;nica. Cha e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>. relataram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA bem sucedida. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi classificada de 1 a 4 de acordo com as diretrizes ASE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>, entretanto todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos estavam em ritmo sinusal no momento em que foram realizados seus ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos. Nosso estudo incluiu um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com FA persistente e persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, de forma que 66% deles n&#227;o estavam em ritmo sinusal durante as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Ainda assim, sugerimos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso e a melhora do enchimento do VE estimado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
          <p>Embora tenhamos demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o do volume indexado do AE e melhora na press&#227;o de enchimento do VE em pacientes com abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso, reconhecemos que essa associa&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser relacionada apenas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. O remodelamento reverso do AE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com sucesso pode ser resultante n&#227;o apenas da restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, como tamb&#233;m pode ser consequ&#234;ncia do melhor sincronismo atrioventricular. Estudos prospectivos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o realizamos acompanhamento ambulatorial pelo per&#237;odo de sete dias, e recorr&#234;ncias assintom&#225;ticas da FA podem n&#227;o ter sido identificadas. Entretanto, os pacientes foram investigados para recorr&#234;ncias assintom&#225;ticas da FA durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento: ECG foi realizado mensalmente, e monitoramento atrav&#233;s de Holter foi efetuado nos terceiro, sexto e d&#233;cimo segundo meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Por fim, este foi um estudo n&#227;o randomizado de bra&#231;o &#250;nico, e algumas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que foram consideradas consequ&#234;ncias da abla&#231;&#227;o podem ter sido influenciadas por outros fatores. Por exemplo, ap&#243;s procedimentos invasivos, alguns pacientes tornam-se mais aderentes ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e exerc&#237;cios, e isso pode ter levado a altera&#231;&#245;es nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas independentemente do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Como esta &#233; a experi&#234;ncia inicial de um &#250;nico servi&#231;o particular, a maioria dos pacientes encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o foi classificada em FA persistente ou FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com o consenso HR de 2007, fazendo com que seja dif&#237;cil comparar este estudo com outros estudos de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA que t&#234;m em sua maioria pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA apresentou resultados melhores em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente do que naqueles com FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Quando o ritmo sinusal foi mantido consistentemente, houve melhora da estimativa da press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo e remodelamento reverso do AE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos, SN; Henz, BD; Zanatta, AR; Barreto, JR; Leite, LR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos, SN; Henz, BD; Zanatta, AR; Barreto, JR; Loureiro, KB; Novakoski, C; Santos, MVN; Giuseppin, FF; Oliveira, EM; Leite, LR. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos, SN; Leite, LR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos, SN; Leite, LR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos, SN; Leite, LR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos, SN; Henz, BD; Leite, LR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
