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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Kks5jnkkx57fVK5Xn4BCCdr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140156</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Dyslipidemia According to the Nutritional Status in a Representative Sample of S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Riccioppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontanelli</surname>
            <given-names>Mariane de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchioni</surname>
            <given-names>Dirce Maria Lobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fisberg</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Mara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Regina Mara Fisberg,</bold> Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, Postal Code: 01246-904, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>rfisberg@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>476</fpage>
      <lpage>484</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Overweight is one of the major public health problems in Brazil; it is associated with dyslipidemia, which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the lipid profile of residents of the municipality of S&#227;o Paulo, state of S&#227;o Paulo, according to the nutritional status.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Data from the population-based cross-sectional study ISA-Capital 2008 on a sample of residents of S&#227;o Paulo were used. Participants were categorized into groups according to body mass index and age range. The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol were measured. The association between lipid profile, nutricional status, and waist circumference was investigated. The data were processed using the survey mode of the Stata 11.0 software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia in the population was 59.74%, with low HDL-cholesterol dyslipidemia being the most common type. Not overweight individuals had higher mean levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol when compared with the overweight group. The rate of inadequacy of these variables was higher in the overweight individuals, regardless of the age group, to the exception of LDL-cholesterol in the adults and elderly. A higher prevalence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia was observed in individuals with higher waist circumference among the adults and the total population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The results indicate an association between dyslipidemia and overweight in the population of the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The most prevalent dyslipidemia in this population was low HDL-cholesterol.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Statistical Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Nutritional Status</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>473100/2009-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/15831-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/24743-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>503128/2010-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, CNPq - n&#186;473100/2009-6 e FAPESP - n&#186; 2009/15831-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Overweight and obesity, characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body, represent a growing epidemiological problem worldwide and a great challenge to public health in several countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In Brazil, the prevalence of overweight [body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 25 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>] in men and women aged 20-59 years, increased from 18.5% to 50.1% and from 28.7% to 48.0%, respectively, between 1975 and 2009. In addition, the prevalence of obesity (BMI &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in the adult population has increased from 2.8% to 12.4% in men and from 8.0% to 16.9% in women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This increase is a cause for concern because overweight is a risk factor for various health disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and causes a significant increase in direct and indirect costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have indicated a relationship between excessive body fat and risk for diseases that increase morbidity and mortality, including cardiovascular diseases, which are among the main leading causes of death worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Another consequence of overweight is dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, which is defined by the presence of at least one alteration in the lipid profile: increased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG) and/or decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). The increase in the number of these alterations is positively correlated with the development of atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease closely related to elevated serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and leads to thickening of the medial and intimal layers of arterial walls and reduced arterial elasticity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The epidemiological evaluation of the lipid profile is an important tool for the promotion of health policies aimed at preventing and reducing cardiovascular risk factors in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Considering the major effects of obesity on health, the objective of the present study was to assess the lipid profile of adolescents, adults, and elderly in the municipality of S&#227;o Paulo, state of S&#227;o Paulo, according to the nutritional status.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Data from the cross-sectional study population ISA-Capital 2008 on a representative sample of residents of S&#227;o Paulo were used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In this study, 2,691 adolescents (aged 12&#8722;19 years), adults (aged 20&#8722;59 years), and elderly (aged &#8805; 60 years) of both sexes were interviewed. Blood biochemistry was performed in 748 residents (158 adolescents, 302 adults, and 288 elderly). Of them, 29 residents were excluded because of incomplete socioeconomic, anthropometric, and biochemical data; and eventually, 719 (157 adolescents, 299 adults, and 263 elderly) were analyzed. The loss of sampling data from ISA-Capital 2008 occurred randomly in all the strata evaluated, without any bias regarding sex, age, income, and level of schooling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In addition, weight was recalculated for the sample with biochemical data to ensure that the results were representative of the population of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>Data were collected by means of home visits between September 2008 and March 2009 using structured questionnaires containing pre-coded questions that were administered by trained interviewers. The items included <italic>per capita</italic> family income, classified as up to one minimum salary (MS) and more than one MS, according to the value in effect in 2008 (R$ 415.00), and the years of schooling of the family head, categorized as &#8804; 9 years and &#8805; 10 years.</p>
      <p>Anthropometric and biochemical data were obtained during home visits by qualified nurses. Weight, height<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, and waist circumference (WC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> were measured, and biological samples were collected<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. For blood collection, the individuals were instructed to fast for 12 hours before and to abstain from alcohol for 3 days before the test as well as to avoid physical activity or effort on the day of the test. The nutritional status was assessed according to the cut-off BMI [BMI = weight (kg)/[height (m)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>] values proposed by the World health Organization (WHO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> for adolescents and adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, and by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> for the elderly. The nutritional status was analyzed as per the following categories: not overweight, including individuals with low and normal weight; and overweight, including overweight and obese individuals. The cut-off point used for WC was 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>The biochemical variables TC, HDL-c, LDL-c, and serum TG were measured using the enzyme-colorimetric method. The values for non-HDL cholesterol were obtained by subtracting HDL-c from TC values. For sample categorization, cut-off points for inadequacy were used, according to the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The lipid profile of adolescents was considered inadequate when serum HDL-c level &lt;45 mg/dL, LDL-c level &#8805; 130 mg/dL, TC level &#8805;170 mg/dL, and TG level &#8805; 130 mg/dL. For the adults and elderly, the cut-off points for inadequacy were the following: HDL-c levels &#8804;40 mg/dL in men and &#8804; 50 mg/dL in women, LDL-c levels &#8805; 160 mg/dL, TC levels &#8805; 200 mg/dL, and TG levels &#8805; 150 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>The Wald test was used to compare the mean levels of the lipid variables according to the nutritional status of the population under study. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of dyslipidemia among overweight and not overweight individuals and among those with adequate and inadequate WC. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard error, and the qualitative variables as numbers and percentages. The analyses were performed using the <italic>survey</italic> mode in the Stata statistical software, version 11.0, to ensure that the obtained results would be representative of the total population of the municipality of S&#227;o Paulo. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>The participants signed an informed consent form. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (OF.COEP 056/13) e financiado pela Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), processo 503128/2010-4, e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp), processos 2009/15831-0 e 2012/24743-0.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the profile of the population under study, according to sex, socioeconomic status (<italic>per capita</italic> family income and level of schooling of the family head), and anthropometric factors (BMI and WC) according to the age group. Approximately half of the study population (49.81%) had normal weight and 46.01% were overweight. Furthermore, 84.04% of the adolescents had an adequate nutritional status, whereas 37.28% elderly were obese. With regard to central obesity, 48.33% of the total population had an inadequate WC, which was higher among the elderly (74.68%). The presence of any type of dyslipidemia was observed in 59.74% of the study population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Profile of the study population; S&#227;o Paulo, state of S&#227;o Paulo, 2008, according to the age group<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Adolescents</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Adults</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Elderly</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">50.1</td>
              <td align="center">41.4-58.8</td>
              <td align="center">48.2</td>
              <td align="center">42.0-54.4</td>
              <td align="center">39.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">33.5-46.0</td>
              <td align="center">47.1</td>
              <td align="center">42.7-51.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">49.9</td>
              <td align="center">41.2-58.6</td>
              <td align="center">51.8</td>
              <td align="center">45.6-58.0</td>
              <td align="center">60.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">54.0-66.5</td>
              <td align="center">52.9</td>
              <td align="center">48.5-57.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold><italic>Per capita</italic> family income<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8804;1 MS</td>
              <td align="center">60.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">51.3-69.0</td>
              <td align="center">37.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">29.5-46.5</td>
              <td align="center">37.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30.0-46.4</td>
              <td align="center">40.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">34.0-47.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt;1 MS</td>
              <td align="center">39.5&#8225;</td>
              <td align="center">31.0-48.7</td>
              <td align="center">62.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">53.6-70.5</td>
              <td align="center">62.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">53.7-70.0</td>
              <td align="center">59.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">52.8-66.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Level of schooling of the family head</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8804; 9 years</td>
              <td align="center">41.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">33.8-48.9</td>
              <td align="center">43.4</td>
              <td align="center">33.1-54.3</td>
              <td align="center">64.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">55.4-72.3</td>
              <td align="center">46.3</td>
              <td align="center">38.4-54.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805;10 years</td>
              <td align="center">58.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">51.1-66.2</td>
              <td align="center">56.6</td>
              <td align="center">45.7-66.9</td>
              <td align="center">35.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">27.8-44.6</td>
              <td align="center">53.7</td>
              <td align="center">45.5-61.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Low weight</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.1-6.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0-4.7</td>
              <td align="center">15.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.3-19.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.9-6.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eutrophy</td>
              <td align="center">84.0</td>
              <td align="center">76.6-89.5</td>
              <td align="center">46.8</td>
              <td align="center">41.1-52.6</td>
              <td align="center">36.6</td>
              <td align="center">30.9-42.7</td>
              <td align="center">49.8</td>
              <td align="center">45.6-54.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">11.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.7-17.5</td>
              <td align="center">31.1</td>
              <td align="center">25.6-37.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.2-16.6</td>
              <td align="center">25.6</td>
              <td align="center">21.2-30.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.0-6.0</td>
              <td align="center">20.0</td>
              <td align="center">15.1-25.9</td>
              <td align="center">37.3</td>
              <td align="center">32.5-42.3</td>
              <td align="center">20.5</td>
              <td align="center">16.9-24.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Waist circumference</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adequate</td>
              <td>80.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>70.7-86.8</td>
              <td>52.4</td>
              <td>46.2-58.6</td>
              <td>25.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>20.1-31.4</td>
              <td>51.7</td>
              <td>47.1-56.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inadequate</td>
              <td>20.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>13.2-29.3</td>
              <td>47.6</td>
              <td>41.4-53.8</td>
              <td>74.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>68.6-79.9</td>
              <td>48.3</td>
              <td>43.8-52.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Absence</td>
              <td align="center">44.3</td>
              <td align="center">35.6-53.3</td>
              <td align="center">39.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">33.5-46.2</td>
              <td align="center">39.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">32.9-46.9</td>
              <td align="center">40.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">35.8-44.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Presence</td>
              <td align="center">55.7</td>
              <td align="center">46.7-64.4</td>
              <td align="center">60.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">53.8-66.5</td>
              <td align="center">60.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">53.1-67.1</td>
              <td align="center">59.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">55.2-64.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">9.7-15.6</td>
              <td align="center">72.4</td>
              <td align="center">68.2-76.2</td>
              <td align="center">15.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.5-18.7</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Weighted values according to sampling design;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>MS was R$ 415.00 at the time of the study;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>significant difference (95% CI) between the categories of the dichotomous variables, by age group. The results are expressed as percentages and 95% CI. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; MS: minimum salary; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean levels of the biochemical variables HDL-c, LDL-c, CT, TG, and non-HDL cholesterol were measured according to the nutritional status (overweight and not overweight) in the total population and according to age group to take into account the physiological differences between the age groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean, standard error, and p value of the levels of lipid variables in the residents of S&#227;o Paulo, state of S&#227;o Paulo, in 2008, according to nutritional status</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Not overweight</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Overweight</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SE</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SE</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SE</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Total population</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">194</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">184</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">164</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non-HDL</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">148</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Adolescents</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.105</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC</td>
              <td align="center">137</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">145</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">0.281</td>
              <td align="center">138</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">105</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non- HDL</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
              <td align="center">91</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Adults</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">115</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.171</td>
              <td align="center">112</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC</td>
              <td align="center">181</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">192</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
              <td align="center">187</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">167</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non- HDL</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">148</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Elderly</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">129</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.338</td>
              <td align="center">126</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC</td>
              <td align="center">202</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">210</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.232</td>
              <td align="center">206</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">121</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">162</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">141</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non-HDL</td>
              <td align="center">148</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">161</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
              <td align="center">154</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein; SE: standard error; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When data of the total population were analyzed continuously, a positive correlation was observed between the lipid variables LDL-c, TC, TG, non-HDL cholesterol and BMI; however, the correlation was not significant for HDL-c (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the lipid variables LDL-c, TC, TG, non-HDL cholesterol and WC (Figure 2).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scatter plots of the correlation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (A), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (B), total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (D), non-HDL cholesterol (E) and body mass index (BMI) in the total population. S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0476-40156-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scatter plots of the correlation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (A), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (B), total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (D), non-HDL cholesterol (E) and waist circumference (WC) in the total population. S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0476-40156-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows a higher prevalence of inadequacy of the recommended lipid profile parameters in overweight individuals. A higher percentage of dyslipidemia was observed in overweight adults and elderly in all categories, but this difference was not significant for LDL-c (isolated hypercholesterolemia) in both age groups. The adolescent group was not assessed separately because of the low prevalence of dyslipidemia (1.02%) but was included in the calculation of the total population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia In overweight and not overweight Individuals, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Adults</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Elderly</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Total population<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Lipid variables</th>
              <th align="center">Not EW</th>
              <th align="center">EW</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Not EW</th>
              <th align="center">EW</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Not EW</th>
              <th align="center">EW</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Low HDL</td>
              <td align="center">54 (31.8)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (47.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">28 (20.1)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (41.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">148 (33.4)</td>
              <td align="center">143 (46.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">291 (39.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated hypercholesterolemia</td>
              <td align="center">11 (6.8)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (9.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">26 (19.2)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (22.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
              <td align="center">38 (7.4)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (11.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
              <td align="center">82 (9.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated hypertriglyceridemia</td>
              <td align="center">17 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (45.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">38 (26.0)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (46.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">60 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">128 (44.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">188 (26.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mixed hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">5(3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">11 (6.9)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (18.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">17 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (11.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">52 (7.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Any dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">77 (47.0)</td>
              <td align="center">112 (73.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">73 (51.4)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (69.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">220 (48.4)</td>
              <td align="center">214 (73.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">434 (59.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Total population includes adolescents, adults, and elderly; EW: overweight; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>, shows the prevalence of dyslipidemia according to the adequacy of WC in the total population and by age group. A higher prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia was observed in individuals with inadequate WC, and was statistically significant for low HDL-c among the adults and elderly, for isolated hypertriglyceridemia in adults and the total population, and for any type of dyslipidemia in adults and the total population. The adolescent category was not assessed separately because of the low prevalence of dyslipidemia (1.02%) but was included in the calculation of the total population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to the adequacy of the waist circumference (WC) by age group, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Adults</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Elderly</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">WC adequacy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></th>
              <th align="center">WC inadequacy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8225;</xref></th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">WC adequacy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></th>
              <th align="center">WC Inadequacy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8225;</xref></th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">WC adequacy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></th>
              <th align="center">WC inadequacy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">&#8225;</xref></th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Lipid variables</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Low HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">58 (33.6)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (46.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">13 (19.0)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (34.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">135 (35.8)</td>
              <td align="center">156 (43.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.121</td>
              <td align="center">291 (39.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated hypercholesterolemia</td>
              <td align="center">12 (7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">14 (19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (21.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
              <td align="center">27(7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
              <td align="center">82 (9.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated hypertriglyceridemia</td>
              <td align="center">28 (19.3)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">18 (27.1)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (39.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">51 (17.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 (37.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">188 (26.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mixed hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">9(7.2)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (6.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">7 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">17 (6.0)</td>
              <td align="center">35(8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.368</td>
              <td align="center">52 (7.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Any dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">84 (51.2)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (70.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">35 (48.8)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (64.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">187 (51.6)</td>
              <td align="center">247 (68.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">434 (59.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Total population included adolescents, adults, and elderly;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>adequate WC: &#8804; 102 cm in men and &#8804; 88 cm in women;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>inadequate WC: &gt; 102 cm in men and &gt; 88 cm in women.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of the present study indicate an association between overweight and dyslipidemia in a sample population in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The most prevalent dyslipidemia in the study population was low HDL-c.</p>
      <p>Several studies in Brazil have reported that overweight and obesity are associated with dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In the present study, considering the total population, the mean lipid levels were within those recommended by the V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, with the exception of TG in overweight individuals and for HDL-c, when considering the cut-off point for women. Previous studies have demonstrated that, although overweight individuals can have higher levels of TC than normal-weight individuals, the main dyslipidemia associated with the accumulation of adipose tissue is characterized by elevated TG and decreased HDL-c levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>The number of deaths by cardiovascular disease has increased in Brazil mainly because of elevated BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). A study conducted with adolescents in Campina Grande (PB) showed an association between BMI and TC and its LDL fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Santos et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and Liberato et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> reported a negative correlation between HDL-c and BMI.</p>
      <p>Another condition associated with dyslipidemia is abdominal obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. The results of the present study are in line with those of Rezende et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and Alvarez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, who demonstrated an association between WC and cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>International studies indicate that dyslipidemia is a global problem. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that 12.9% of North American adults have elevated TC levels (&#8805; 240 mg/dL) and 17.4% of these adults have low HDL-c levels (&lt; 40 mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. In a population-based study conducted in Shanghai, China, with 14,385 adults of both sexes, 36.5% of the population had dyslipidemia, 3.8% had mixed hyperlipidemia, 24.9% had isolated hypertriglyceridemia, 3.2% had isolated hypercholesterolemia, and 4.7% had low HDL-c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Dyslipidemia was associated with BMI, WC, age, and gender, as observed in the present study.</p>
      <p>In the present study, 59.74% of the population of S&#227;o Paulo (overweight and not overweight) had dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Of these individuals, 39.58% had low HDL-c levels, 9.39% had elevated LDL-c levels (isolated hypercholesterolemia), 26.82% had elevated TG levels (isolated hypertriglyceridemia), and 7.13% had mixed hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, this population was characterized considering the increased LDL-c and TG levels, and mixed hyperlipidemia was defined as TG levels &#8805; 400 mg/dL and TC levels &#8805; 200 mg/dL. Another population-based cross-sectional study conducted in S&#227;o Paulo in 2001-2002 demonstrated that the total prevalence of dyslipidemia, adjusted for age, in the age group 15-59 years was 8.1% for TC (&#8805; 240 mg/dL), 27.1% for HDL-c (&lt; 40 mg/dL), and 14.4% for TG (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. A study that evaluated a population sample from Rio de Janeiro showed that the prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia was 24.2%, with 18.3% for low HDL-c (&lt; 40 mg/dL), 3.5% for elevated LDL-c (&#8805; 160 mg/dL), 4.2% for isolated hypercholesterolemia (&#8805; 240 mg/dL), and 17.1% for isolated hypertriglyceridemia (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The prevalence in these studies was lower than that found in the present study; however, those authors did not analyze the correlation between these variables and the nutritional status of the population. The prevalence differences between the present study and other studies may be explained by the cut-off points used to determine dyslipidemia, which were higher for TC, TG, and HDL-c in women because the authors of those studies followed the recommendations in force at the time. In the present study, the updated criteria proposed in the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> were used, and took into account the differences between age groups for adults and elderly as well as gender. In addition, this result may be due to lifestyle changes that have occurred in recent years. The current dietary pattern, the so-called "Western diet," which is high in fats, cholesterol, refined sugar, and low in fiber<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, and a sedentary lifestyle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> are factors that contribute to the increased prevalence of dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>According to the results of the present study, low HDL-c was the major contributor to dyslipidemia in this population. Diet and lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, decreased intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, exercise, and smoking cessation have a significant impact on HDL-c levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. With regard to cardiovascular risk, the primary therapeutic goal in cases of dyslipidemia is LDL-c because the prevalence of this type of dyslipidemia was low in the total population (9.39%), whereas that of low HDL-c was 39.58%.</p>
      <p>Although smoking is established to be a major health problem, its global use remains high. Brazil is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world and the largest exporter of leaf tobacco; however, it has managed to resist this trend<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. The prevalence of tobacco use in the population aged &#8805;18 years in S&#227;o Paulo is 21.5% and 23.8% among men. No significant difference in the smoking prevalence between 2008 (21.5%) and 2003 (21.2%) in the general population of both genders was observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>An epidemiological study conducted in S&#227;o Paulo showed that only one third of the population performs any type of physical activity, which indicates a high prevalence of sedentarism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. A formative analysis of the local environmental factors associated with overweight in adults residing in S&#227;o Paulo showed an inverse correlation between the prevalence of overweight and the density of parks and public sport facilities. Most parks are concentrated in the central and richest area of the city, which exhibits the lowest obesity rate and higher physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. This scenario is a cause of concern because physical activity is a decisive factor for the increase in HDL-c levels.</p>
      <p>A limitation of the present study was the fact that the individuals using medications to control dyslipidemia or other drugs that could interfere with the lipid profile were not excluded. However, these individuals represented only 7.13% of the sample group.</p>
      <p>It is essential to investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and obesity in the population with the aim of promoting preventive and curative measures for cardiovascular diseases. Because S&#227;o Paulo is the most populous city in the Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, the results of this study are an important analysis instrument for the creation or remodeling of public health programs to improve the health of the population in all age groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Obesity and its consequences have major negative effects on the health of the Brazilian population. The results of the present study indicate an association between dyslipidemia and overweight in the residents of S&#227;o Paulo. In addition, the most prevalent dyslipidemia in this population was low HDL-c.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Garcez MR, Pereira JL, Fontanelli MM, Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM; Statistical analysis: Pereira JL, Fontanelli MM; Obtaining financing: Fisberg RM; Writing of the manuscript: Garcez MR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira JL, Fontanelli MM, Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, CNPq - n&#186;473100/2009-6 e FAPESP - n&#186; 2009/15831-0.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We are grateful to S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), processes 2009/15831-0 and 2012/24743-0, and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), process 503128/2010-4, for funding the research. We also thank the Grupo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Consumo for the support during the development of the study and for providing data from the ISA-Capital study.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Dislipidemia Segundo Estado Nutricional em Amostra Representativa de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Riccioppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontanelli</surname>
            <given-names>Mariane de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchioni</surname>
            <given-names>Dirce Maria Lobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fisberg</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Mara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Regina Mara Fisberg,</bold> Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, CEP: 01246-904, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rfisberg@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O excesso de peso configura um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil e est&#225; relacionado &#224; dislipidemia, importante fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o perfil lip&#237;dico de residentes do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo (SP) segundo o estado nutricional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados dados provenientes do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA-Capital 2008, referentes &#224; amostra de residentes do munic&#237;pio. Os indiv&#237;duos foram categorizados em grupos, segundo o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e a faixa et&#225;ria. Foram avaliados n&#237;veis de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol n&#227;o HDL. Investigou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil lip&#237;dico e o estado nutricional e circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura. Os dados foram processados no modo <italic>survey</italic> do programa Stata 11.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de qualquer tipo de dislipidemia na popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 59,74%, sendo o HDL-colesterol baixo a dislipidemia mais prevalente. Indiv&#237;duos sem excesso de peso apresentaram maior concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de HDL-colesterol e menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-colesterol, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e colesterol n&#227;o HDL, quando comparados ao grupo com excesso de peso. A propor&#231;&#227;o de inadequa&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis foi maior nos indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, independentemente da faixa et&#225;ria, exceto para o LDL-colesterol de adultos e idosos. Foi observada maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrigliceridemia isolada em indiv&#237;duos com maior circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura entre os adultos e na popula&#231;&#227;o total.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados encontrados confirmaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia e excesso de peso na popula&#231;&#227;o da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Constatou-se que a dislipidemia mais prevalente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; o HDL-colesterol baixo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Dislipidemias/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estado Nutricional</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>473100/2009-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/15831-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2012/24743-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>503128/2010-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, CNPq - n&#186; 473100/2009-6 e FAPESP - n&#186; 2009/15831-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O sobrepeso e a obesidade, caracterizados pelo ac&#250;mulo excessivo de tecido adiposo corp&#243;reo, s&#227;o problemas crescentes no cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico mundial e representam um grande desafio para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de diversos pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No Brasil, entre 1975 e 2009, o sobrepeso, caracterizado por &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> em homens e mulheres entre 20 e 59 anos, aumentou, respectivamente, de 18,5 para 50,1% e de 28,7 para 48%, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, aumentou de 2,8 para 12,4% nos homens e de 8,0 para 16,9% nas mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse crescimento &#233; preocupante, pois o Excesso de Peso (EP) &#233; fator de risco para diversos agravos &#224; sa&#250;de dos indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, al&#233;m de gerar aumento significativo nos gastos diretos e indiretos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos demonstram que h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de gordura corporal e o risco de doen&#231;as, que s&#227;o importantes causas de morbimortalidade, inclusive doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, que est&#227;o entre as principais respons&#225;veis por mortes no Brasil e no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Outra consequ&#234;ncia relacionada ao EP &#233; a dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, definida pela presen&#231;a de, no m&#237;nimo, uma altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico: elevada concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LDL-c), Triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e/ou reduzida de Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade (HDL-c).</p>
        <p>O aumento do n&#250;mero dessas altera&#231;&#245;es apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica que est&#225; intimamente ligada &#224; elevada concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de Colesterol Total (CT), e &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo espessamento da parede da camada m&#233;dia e &#237;ntima das art&#233;rias, e tamb&#233;m pela elasticidade arterial reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica do perfil lip&#237;dico &#233; uma ferramenta importante para a promo&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de que visam prevenir e reduzir fatores de risco cardiovascular da popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Tendo em vista os grandes problemas que a obesidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias representam &#224; sa&#250;de, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil lip&#237;dico, segundo o estado nutricional de adolescentes, adultos e idosos da popula&#231;&#227;o do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo (SP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados dados provenientes do estudo transversal de base populacional Inqu&#233;rito de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo (ISA-Capital 2008), referentes &#224; amostra representativa de residentes do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O projeto entrevistou, no total, 2.691 adolescentes (12 a 19 anos), adultos (20 a 59 anos) e idosos (60 anos ou mais) de ambos os sexos. Destes, 748 tiveram sangue coletado para an&#225;lise de dados bioqu&#237;micos (158 adolescentes, 302 adultos e 288 idosos). Desse total de indiv&#237;duos, 719 apresentaram todas as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para as an&#225;lises propostas (dados socioecon&#244;micos, antropom&#233;tricos e bioqu&#237;micos), sendo 157 adolescentes, 299 adultos e 263 idosos. Verificou-se que a perda da amostra original do ISA-Capital 2008 ocorreu de forma aleat&#243;ria em todos os estratos considerados para a amostragem, sem vi&#233;s por perdas diferenciais, quanto a sexo, idade, renda e escolaridade da popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o peso amostral foi recalculado para a amostra com dados bioqu&#237;micos, a fim de que os resultados permanecessem representativos da popula&#231;&#227;o paulistana.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados por meio de visitas domiciliares no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2008 a mar&#231;o de 2009, utilizando question&#225;rios estruturados, contendo perguntas pr&#233;-codificadas, aplicados por entrevistadores treinados. Dentre v&#225;rios itens, avaliou-se a renda familiar <italic>per capita</italic>, classificada em at&#233; um Sal&#225;rio M&#237;nimo (SM) e mais de um SM, de acordo com o valor vigente no ano de 2008 (R$ 415,00), e a escolaridade do chefe de fam&#237;lia, categorizada em at&#233; 9 anos de estudo e 10 anos ou mais.</p>
        <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos e bioqu&#237;micos dos indiv&#237;duos foram obtidos durante visita domiciliar realizada por um t&#233;cnico de Enfermagem capacitado, de acordo com os procedimentos de aferi&#231;&#227;o de peso, estatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e Circunfer&#234;ncia de Cintura (CC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e coleta de amostras biol&#243;gicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Para a coleta de sangue, os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a estar em jejum de 12 horas, n&#227;o ter consumido bebidas alco&#243;licas nos 3 dias anteriores ao exame e n&#227;o ter realizado atividade ou esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos no dia do exame. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional de acordo com os pontos de corte do IMC (IMC = peso (kg)/altura (m)<sup>2</sup>, propostos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> para adolescentes, pela OMS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>para os adultos e pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Panamericana da Sa&#250;de (OPAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> para os idosos. Para as an&#225;lises, o estado nutricional foi subdivido nas categorias: sem EP, na qual foram agrupados indiv&#237;duos com baixo peso e eutrofia; e com EP, que incluiu indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade. O ponto de corte de CC utilizado foi de 102 cm para homens e de 88 cm para mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas (CT, HDL-c, LDL-c e TG s&#233;ricos) foram determinadas mediante m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;trico. Os valores de colesterol n&#227;o HDL foram obtidos por meio da subtra&#231;&#227;o do HDL-c dos valores de CT. Para a categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos, foram utilizados pontos de corte de inadequa&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com a V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Os adolescentes foram classificados com perfil lip&#237;dico inadequado quando apresentavam os seguintes n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL-c: &lt; 45 mg/dL; LDL-c: &#8805; 130 mg/dL; CT: &#8805; 170 mg/dL e TG: &#8805; 130 mg/dL. Para adultos e idosos, os pontos de corte de inadequa&#231;&#227;o foram: HDL-c: homens &#8804; 40 mg/dL, mulheres &#8804;50 mg/dL; LDL-c: &#8805; 160 mg/dL; CT: &#8805; 200 mg/dL e TG: &#8805; 150 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos valores m&#233;dios das concentra&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas, segundo o estado nutricional da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, foi realizado o teste de compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias de Wald. Utilizou-se o teste qui quadrado de Pearson para compara&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias entre indiv&#237;duos sem e com EP, e entre indiv&#237;duos com CC adequada e inadequada. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas por m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o, enquanto as qualitativas foram expressas por n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos e seu percentual. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas por meio de comandos <italic>survey</italic>no programa estat&#237;stico Stata, vers&#227;o 11.0, a fim de que os resultados obtidos fossem representativos da popula&#231;&#227;o total do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo. Foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>Os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (OF.COEP 056/13) e financiado pela Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), processo 503128/2010-4, e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp), processos 2009/15831-0 e 2012/24743-0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 1</xref> apresenta a descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, de acordo com sexo, fatores socioecon&#244;micos (renda familiar <italic>per capita</italic> e escolaridade do chefe de fam&#237;lia) e antropom&#233;tricos (IMC e CC), segundo faixa et&#225;ria. A maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o era eutr&#243;fica (49,81%), por&#233;m 46,01% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam EP. Enquanto 84,04% dos adolescentes apresentavam estado nutricional adequado, os idosos apresentaram alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (37,28%). Quanto &#224; obesidade central, 48,33% da popula&#231;&#227;o total apresentou a medida da CC inadequada, sendo esse percentual bem maior entre os idosos (74,68%). A presen&#231;a de algum tipo de dislipidemia foi verificada em 59,74% da popula&#231;&#227;o do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo segundo faixa et&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Adolescentes</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Adultos</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Idosos</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">50,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,4-58,8</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">42,0-54,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">33,5-46,0</td>
                <td align="center">47,1</td>
                <td align="center">42,7-51,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">49,9</td>
                <td align="center">41,2-58,6</td>
                <td align="center">51,8</td>
                <td align="center">45,6-58,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">54,0-66,5</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
                <td align="center">48,5-57,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renda familiar <italic>per capita</italic><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; 1 SM</td>
                <td align="center">60,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">51,3-69,0</td>
                <td align="center">37,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">29,5-46,5</td>
                <td align="center">37,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30,0-46,4</td>
                <td align="center">40,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">34,0-47,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mais de 1 SM</td>
                <td align="center">39,5&#8225;</td>
                <td align="center">31,0-48,7</td>
                <td align="center">62,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">53,6-70,5</td>
                <td align="center">62,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">53,7-70,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">52,8-66,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Level of schooling of the family head</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; 9 anos</td>
                <td align="center">41,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">33,8-48,9</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">33,1-54,3</td>
                <td align="center">64,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">55,4-72,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">38,4-54,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">58,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">51,1-66,2</td>
                <td align="center">56,6</td>
                <td align="center">45,7-66,9</td>
                <td align="center">35,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">27,8-44,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,5-61,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,1-6,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0-4,7</td>
                <td align="center">15,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,3-19,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,9-6,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">84,0</td>
                <td align="center">76,6-89,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,8</td>
                <td align="center">41,1-52,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,9-42,7</td>
                <td align="center">49,8</td>
                <td align="center">45,6-54,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,7-17,5</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">25,6-37,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,2-16,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
                <td align="center">21,2-30,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,0-6,0</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">15,1-25,9</td>
                <td align="center">37,3</td>
                <td align="center">32,5-42,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">16,9-24,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequado</td>
                <td>80,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>70,7-86,8</td>
                <td>52,4</td>
                <td>46,2-58,6</td>
                <td>25,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>20,1-31,4</td>
                <td>51,7</td>
                <td>47,1-56,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inadequado</td>
                <td>20,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>13,2-29,3</td>
                <td>47,6</td>
                <td>41,4-53,8</td>
                <td>74,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>68,6-79,9</td>
                <td>48,3</td>
                <td>43,8-52,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aus&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">44,3</td>
                <td align="center">35,6-53,3</td>
                <td align="center">39,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">33,5-46,2</td>
                <td align="center">39,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">32,9-46,9</td>
                <td align="center">40,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">35,8-44,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">55,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,7-64,4</td>
                <td align="center">60,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">53,8-66,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">53,1-67,1</td>
                <td align="center">59,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">55,2-64,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,7-15,6</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
                <td align="center">68,2-76,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,5-18,7</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores ponderados conforme desenho amostral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>SM correspondia a R$ 415,00 na &#233;poca do estudo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a significante segundo IC95%, entre as categorias das vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, por faixa et&#225;ria. Resultados expressos por porcentagem e IC95%. IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; SM: sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foram avaliados os valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas (HDL-c, LDL-c, CT, TG e colesterol n&#227;o HDL) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional (sem e com EP), da popula&#231;&#227;o total e segundo faixa et&#225;ria, para uma melhor descri&#231;&#227;o conforme as diferen&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas de cada idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de m&#233;dia, erro padr&#227;o e valor de p das concentra&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas na popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo, segundo estado nutricional, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Sem EP</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Com EP</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">194</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-HDL</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Adolescentes</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT</td>
                <td align="center">137</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o- HDL</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Adultos</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT</td>
                <td align="center">181</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">167</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o- HDL</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idosos</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">126</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT</td>
                <td align="center">202</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">210</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
                <td align="center">206</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">121</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">162</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o-HDL</td>
                <td align="center">148</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>EP: excesso de peso; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando os dados da popula&#231;&#227;o total foram analisados de maneira cont&#237;nua, foi poss&#237;vel observar uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre as vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas LDL-c, CT, TG e colesterol n&#227;o HDL e o IMC, sendo que a correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa apenas para o HDL-c (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). A mesma rela&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre as vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas LDL-c, CT, TG e colesterol n&#227;o HDL e CC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) (A), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) (B), colesterol total (C), triglicer&#237;deo (D) e colesterol n&#227;o HDL (E) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal na popula&#231;&#227;o total. S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0476-40156-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) (A), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) (B), colesterol total (C), triglicer&#237;deo (D) e colesterol n&#227;o HDL (E) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura na popula&#231;&#227;o total. S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0476-40156-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">tabela 3</xref>, observa-se maior preval&#234;ncia de inadequa&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros recomendados para o perfil lip&#237;dico nos indiv&#237;duos com EP na popula&#231;&#227;o total. Houve maior propor&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemias em adultos e idosos, com EP em todas as categorias, n&#227;o sendo significativa apenas para LDL-c (hipercolesterolemia isolada) em ambas as faixas et&#225;rias. A categoria de adolescentes n&#227;o foi avaliada separadamente, devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias (1,02%) nessa parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, foi inclu&#237;da no c&#225;lculo da popula&#231;&#227;o total.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias em indiv&#237;duos sem e com excesso de peso, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Adultos</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Idosos</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas</th>
                <th align="center">Sem EP</th>
                <th align="center">Com EP</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Sem EP</th>
                <th align="center">Com EP</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Sem EP</th>
                <th align="center">Com EP</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL baixo</td>
                <td align="center">54 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (47,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">28 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">148 (33,4)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (46,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">291 (39,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipercolesterolemia isolada</td>
                <td align="center">11 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">26 (19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">38 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">82 (9,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrigliceridemia isolada</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (45,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">38 (26,0)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (46,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">60 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (44,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">188 (26,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia mista</td>
                <td align="center">5(3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">11 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (18,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">17 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">52 (7,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qualquer dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">77 (47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">73 (51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (69,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">220 (48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (73,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">434 (59,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o total inclui adolescentes, adultos e idosos; EP: excesso de peso; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">tabela 4</xref>, analisou-se a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, segundo a adequa&#231;&#227;o da medida da CC na popula&#231;&#227;o total e por faixa et&#225;ria. Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de algum tipo de dislipidemia em indiv&#237;duos com CC inadequada, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para o HDL-c baixo em adultos e idosos, hipertrigliceridemia isolada em adultos e na popula&#231;&#227;o total e para qualquer tipo de dislipidemia, tanto para a popula&#231;&#227;o total, como para adultos. Novamente, a categoria de adolescentes n&#227;o foi avaliada separadamente, devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias (1,02%) nessa parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, foi inclu&#237;da no c&#225;lculo da popula&#231;&#227;o total.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia segundo adequa&#231;&#227;o da medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) por faixa et&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), 2008</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Adultos  </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Idosos</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">CC adequada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></th>
                <th align="center">CC inadequada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">CC adequada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></th>
                <th align="center">CC inadequada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">CC adequada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></th>
                <th align="center">CC inadequada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis de p lip&#237;dicas</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c baixo</td>
                <td align="center">58 (33,6)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (46,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">13 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (34,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">135 (35,8)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (43,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
                <td align="center">291 (39,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipercolesterolemia isolada</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">14 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">27(7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
                <td align="center">82 (9,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrigliceridemia isolada</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">18 (27,1)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (39,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">51 (17,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 (37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">188 (26,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia mista</td>
                <td align="center">9(7,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">17 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">35(8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,368</td>
                <td align="center">52 (7,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qualquer dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">84 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (70,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">35 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (64,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">187 (51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (68,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">434 (59,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o total inclui adolescentes, adultos e idosos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>CC adequada para homens &#8804;102 cm e para mulheres &#8804; 88 cm;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>CC inadequada para homens &gt; 102 cm e para mulheres &gt; 88 cm.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo confirmaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EP e dislipidemia na popula&#231;&#227;o da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Constatou-se que a dislipidemia mais prevalente na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo foi o HDL-c baixo.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos no Brasil reportaram que a condi&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso e obesidade se relaciona &#224;s dislipidemias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. No presente estudo, ao se considerar a popula&#231;&#227;o total, as m&#233;dias das concentra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas est&#227;o de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es da V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, exceto para TG em indiv&#237;duos com EP e para HDL-c, quando o ponto de corte para mulheres &#233; levado em considera&#231;&#227;o. Estudos demonstram que, embora indiv&#237;duos com EP possam apresentar n&#237;veis de CT mais elevados do que os eutr&#243;ficos, a principal dislipidemia associada ao ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo &#233; caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos TG e diminui&#231;&#227;o do HDL-c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o nas mortes por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil e esse panorama se relaciona, principalmente, ao IMC elevado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, afirma&#231;&#227;o ilustrada pela figura 1. Estudo realizado com adolescentes em Campina Grande (PB) observou associa&#231;&#227;o do IMC com CT e sua fra&#231;&#227;o LDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Santos e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e Liberato e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> verificaram correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre HDL-c e IMC.</p>
        <p>Outra condi&#231;&#227;o associada com as dislipidemias foi a obesidade abdominal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Resultados do presente estudo est&#227;o de acordo com os estudos de Rezende e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e Alvarez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, que demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o da medida da CC com fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Estudos internacionais apontam a dislipidemia como um problema global. Dados do   <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES) mostram que 12,9% dos adultos norte-americanos apresentam CT elevado (&#8805; 240 mg/dL) e 17,4% HDL-c baixo (&lt; 40 mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Em estudo de base populacional com 14.385 adultos de ambos os sexos em Shangai, na China, 36,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou dislipidemia, com preval&#234;ncias de hiperlipidemia mista, hipertrigliceridemia isolada, hipercolesterolemia isolada e HDL-c baixo de 3,8%, 24,9%, 3,2% e 4,7% respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Assim como o presente estudo, observou-se que a dislipidemia est&#225; associada ao IMC e &#224; CC, bem como &#224; idade e ao g&#234;nero.</p>
        <p>Verificou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de qualquer tipo de dislipidemia na popula&#231;&#227;o total paulistana (indiv&#237;duos com e sem EP) foi de 59,74% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>), sendo que 39,58% apresentavam HDL-c baixo, 9,39% LDL-c elevado (hipercolesterolemia isolada), 26,82% TG elevados (hipertrigliceridemia isolada) e 7,13% hiperlipidemia mista. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi caracterizada por valores aumentados de LDL-c e TG, sendo que, nos casos em que os valores de TG foram &#8805; 400 mg/dL, considerou-se hiperlipidemia mista quando o CT &#8805; 200 mg/dL. Outro estudo transversal de base populacional na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo realizado em 2001-2002 demonstrou que as preval&#234;ncias totais de dislipidemias, ajustadas por idade, na faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 59 anos, foram de 8,1% para CT (&#8805; 240 mg/dL), 27,1% para HDL-c (&lt; 40 mg/dL) e 14,4% para TG (&#8805; 200 mg/dL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Estudo que avaliou a popula&#231;&#227;o do Rio de Janeiro constatou preval&#234;ncia de qualquer tipo de dislipidemias de 24,2%, sendo as preval&#234;ncias encontradas para HDL-c baixo (&lt; 40 mg/dL) de 18,3%, LDL-c elevado (&#8805; 160 mg/dL) de 3,5%, hipercolesterolemia isolada (&#8805; 240 mg/dL) de 4,2% e hipertrigliceridemia isolada (&#8805; 200 mg/dL) de 17,1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Os estudos citados apresentaram preval&#234;ncias menores do que as encontradas neste trabalho, por&#233;m em nenhum deles foi feita a rela&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis com o estado nutricional da popula&#231;&#227;o. A diferen&#231;a de preval&#234;ncias entre este e os demais estudos pode ser justificada pelos pontos de corte utilizados para determina&#231;&#227;o das dislipidemias, menos rigorosos para CT, TG e HDL-c para mulheres nesses estudos, que seguiam as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da &#233;poca em que foram realizados. No presente trabalho, foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios mais atuais, propostos na V Diretriz Brasileira e Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, que levam em considera&#231;&#227;o as diferen&#231;as de cada faixa et&#225;ria e, no caso dos adultos e idosos, o sexo. Al&#233;m disso, esse resultado pode tamb&#233;m ser reflexo de uma mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida nos &#250;ltimos anos. O padr&#227;o diet&#233;tico atual, denominado "dieta ocidental", com alto consumo de gorduras totais, colesterol, a&#231;&#250;car refinado e baixo teor de fibra alimentar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, e o estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> s&#227;o exemplos de fatores que podem contribuir para o aumento das dislipidemias.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os resultados apresentados, constata-se que a concentra&#231;&#227;o do HDL-c responde por grande parte da preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia observada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Mudan&#231;as alimentares e no estilo de vida, como a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e da ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos saturados e trans, a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, apresentam importante impacto nos n&#237;veis de HDL-c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco cardiovascular, a meta terap&#234;utica prim&#225;ria, nos casos de dislipidemia, &#233; direcionada &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, sendo que essa dislipidemia apresentou preval&#234;ncia de apenas 9,39% da popula&#231;&#227;o total, enquanto a de HDL-c baixo foi de 39,58%.</p>
        <p>Embora a ci&#234;ncia demonstre os graves preju&#237;zos decorrentes do uso do tabaco, seu uso permanece aumentando globalmente. Mesmo sendo o segundo maior produtor mundial de tabaco e o maior exportador de tabaco em folhas, o Brasil tem conseguido resistir a essa tend&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia do uso do tabaco na popula&#231;&#227;o de 18 anos e mais da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, em 2008, foi 21,5%, sendo maior entre os homens (23,8%). N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo em 2008 (21,5%) em compara&#231;&#227;o a 2003 (21,2%), tanto para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral quanto para os sexos masculino e feminino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico realizado na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo revelou que apenas um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o realiza algum tipo de atividade f&#237;sica, revelando alta preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. An&#225;lise ecol&#243;gica formativa de fatores ambientais locais, associados com o sobrepeso em adultos moradores de S&#227;o Paulo, observou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a preval&#234;ncia de EP e a densidade de parques e instala&#231;&#245;es desportivas p&#250;blicas. A maior concentra&#231;&#227;o dos parques est&#225; na &#225;rea central e mais rica da cidade, que apresenta a menor taxa de obesidade e preval&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Esse cen&#225;rio torna-se preocupante, j&#225; que a atividade f&#237;sica constitui fator decisivo para aumento dos n&#237;veis de HDL-c.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi a n&#227;o exclus&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos que afirmaram fazer uso de medicamentos para controle de dislipidemia ou outras drogas que pudessem interferir no perfil lip&#237;dico, para determina&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. Entretanto, a preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos que afirmaram fazer uso de medicamentos para controle da dislipidemia foi de apenas 7,13%.</p>
        <p>&#201; essencial investigar a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias e da obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o, a fim de subsidiar medidas preventivas e curativas das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Por S&#227;o Paulo ser a capital mais populosa do pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o uma importante ferramenta de an&#225;lise para a cria&#231;&#227;o ou remodela&#231;&#227;o dos programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a fim de melhorar a sa&#250;de dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, em todas as faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabe-se do grande problema que &#233; a obesidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias para a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo confirmaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dislipidemia e o excesso de peso na popula&#231;&#227;o da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, sendo que a dislipidemia mais prevalente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; o HDL-c baixo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Garcez MR, Pereira JL, Fontanelli MM, Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira JL, Fontanelli MM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fisberg RM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Garcez MR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira JL, Fontanelli MM, Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, CNPq - n&#186; 473100/2009-6 e FAPESP - n&#186; 2009/15831-0.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), processos 2009/15831-0 e 2012/24743-0, e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), processo 503128/2010-4, pelo financiamento da pesquisa; e ao Grupo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Consumo (GAC), pelo apoio durante o desenvolvimento do projeto e pelos dados fornecidos do projeto ISA-Capital.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
