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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Lb3JjYy6TFHj8BwrStVGMkr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Late Outcome of a Randomized Study on Oral Magnesium for Premature Complexes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falco</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina N&#225;dja M. Lima De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR/SP); S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Core Vita</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Core Vita, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristina N&#225;dja Muniz Lima De Falco,</bold> Rua Cesar Henrique Costa, 76, Santa Cruz. Postal Code 13.806-401, Mogi-Mirim, SP - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>cnmfalco@cardiol.br</email>; <email>cristinanadjadefalco@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Scanavacca M; Acquisition of data: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Sacilotto L; Analysis and interpretation of the data: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Sacilotto L, Pisani C; Statistical analysis: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Pisani C; Obtaining financing: De Falco CNML; Writing of the manuscript: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Scanavacca M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Sacilotto L, Lara S, Ramires JAF, Sosa E, Wu TC, Hachul D, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>468</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ventricular and supraventricular premature complexes (PC) are frequent and usually symptomatic. According to a previous study, magnesium pidolate (MgP) administration to symptomatic patients can improve the PC density and symptoms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the late follow-up of that clinical intervention in patients treated with MgP or placebo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In the first phase of the study, 90 symptomatic and consecutive patients with PC were randomized (double-blind) to receive either MgP or placebo for 30 days. Monthly follow-up visits were conducted for 15 months to assess symptoms and control electrolytes. 24-hour Holter was performed twice, regardless of symptoms, or whenever symptoms were present. In the second phase of the study, relapsing patients, who had received MgP or placebo (crossing-over) in the first phase, were treated with MgP according to the same protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 45 patients initially treated with MgP, 17 (37.8%) relapsed during the 15-month follow-up, and the relapse time varied. Relapsing patients treated again had a statistically significant reduction in the PC density of 138.25/hour (p &lt; 0.001). The crossing-over patients reduced it by 247/hour (p &lt; 0.001). Patients who did not relapse, had a low PC frequency (3 PC/hour). Retreated patients had a 76.5% improvement in symptom, and crossing-over patients, 71.4%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Some patients on MgP had relapse of symptoms and PC, indicating that MgP is neither a definitive nor a curative treatment for late follow-up. However, improvement in the PC frequency and symptoms was observed in the second phase of treatment, similar to the response in the first phase of treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Premature Complexes</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnesium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The incidence of premature ventricular complexe (PVC) and premature supraventricular complexe (PsVC) increases with age, their prevalence being estimated at as much as 50% of the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The long-term prognosis is benign, but, when symptomatic, such premature complexe (PC) can be uncomfortable or even disabling. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures for their clinical control have been suggested. However, under certain conditions, the results are limited or the risk-benefit relationship is arguable.</p>
      <p>Magnesium (Mg) is an alkaline earth metal that participates in several metabolic processes, such as reactions in ATP generation. It is the second intracellular cation and the fourth cation of the human body<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. That metal plays a significant role in maintaining proper cardiac rhythm, because of its action on the Na/K- ATPase pump<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and its interaction with calcium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Approximately half of the body Mg is within soft tissue cells, while the other half is within bone tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Less than 1% of Mg is found in the blood, and approximately 0.3%, in the serum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Thus, total body Mg has a weak correlation with its serum levels, which can be normal in the presence of low intracellular values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The Mg intake has decreased in the past century<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, probably due to the increased consumption of processed foods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, which can be a risk factor for Mg deficiency. That deficiency can be associated with cardiovascular disease, such as cardiac arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In selected patients, based on a simple treatment strategy, antiarrhythmics drugs, which can be harmful or poorly tolerated under certain circumstances, can be avoided. Recently, we have shown that Mg pidolate (MgP), after a 30-day continuous supplementation, can decrease ectopic beats and improve related symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Based on those initial findings, we assessed the outcome of this cohort of patients in the late follow-up.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at: 1) assessing the late clinical outcome of patients initially treated with placebo and/or MgP; 2) assessing whether patients with arrhythmia relapse in a 15-month follow-up, when treated for the second time, have the same response of the first treatment; and 3) assessing the response of patients to MgP after initially receiving placebo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study's methodology has been previously described when assessing the 30-day results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In the first state of the treatment, ninety consecutive symptomatic patients were randomized (double-blind) to receive either 3.0 g/day of MgP, the equivalent of 260 mg of the Mg element, or placebo, for 30 days. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography, and had normal kidney function (Cockcroft-Gault formula) and structurally normal heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>The serum levels of Mg, sodium, calcium and potassium were measured before and on the 15<sup>th</sup> and 30<sup>th</sup> day after randomization. The follow-up visits were monthly conducted to assess symptoms by using a specific questionnaire. As previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, the questionnaire was elaborated with the following questions: 1- failures or "leaps", like a 'somersault' in the chest; 2- cough with palpitations; 3- dizziness; 4- dyspnea; 5- sweating and/or chest pain. According to the frequency of symptoms, points were attributed, which resulted in a score, and a two-point drop was considered a criterion of improvement. In addition, a categorical classification was conducted by asking the patients whether the symptoms improved, the answers being merely "yes" or "no" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In the long-term follow-up, all patients underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring twice, independently of symptoms, to assess the PC frequency. In addition, Holter monitoring (3 channels) was performed whenever symptoms appeared (before and 30 days of use of MgP).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>This figure shows the score system to assess improvement of symptoms before and after the drugs in both groups (placebo and magnesium pidolate).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0468-40171-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>In the second phase of the study, the patients with symptom relapse, of both the treatment and placebo groups ("crossing over"), received MgP for 30 more days, according to the same protocol.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The densities of PC in both phases of treatment (pre- and post-intervention) were measured by using mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>The PC densities were compared between times of treatment and between treatments by using repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A correlation matrix of symmetrical components was calculated between asssessments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Multiple comparisons by using Bonferroni adjustment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> were performed between the treatment times, and contrast was created to assess whether the improvement in the first treatment (pre-post 1<sup>st</sup> treatment) differed from that in the second treatment (pre-post 2<sup>nd</sup> treatment).</p>
        <p>The improvement in symptoms was described at each treatment phase in both groups of patients, and McNemar tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> were performed to assess whether there was difference in the improvement percentages in each treatment. The results were illustrated by using graphs of mean profiles with the respective standard errors. The 5% significance level was adopted for all tests. The SPSS software, version 20.0, was used for statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The 90 patients participating in the first phase of treatment were followed up for 15 months. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the outcome of the first intervention. Of the 45 patients initially randomized to receive MgP, 41 (91.1%) were asymptomatic after the first month assessment, and four relapsed. In subsequent months, more 13 patients relapsed, adding to a total of 17 relapses (37.8%). All patients were treated again. The relapse time varied during the 15-month follow-up, and no statistically significant relapse concentration in a certain time was observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Outcome of the first intervention with Magnesium pidolate (MgP) versus placebo (shown as median)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th rowspan="2">Group</th>
              <th colspan="2">1st treatment (N = 90)</th>
              <th rowspan="2">Improvement (%)</th>
              <th rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>pre</th>
              <th>post 30 days</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>PVC/day</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">Placebo (N = 45)</td>
              <td align="center">2634 (194 - 24534)</td>
              <td align="center">4211 (42 - 22526)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (-831.7 - 78.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">MgP (N = 45)</td>
              <td align="center">1883 (2 - 38804)</td>
              <td align="center">165 (0 - 6677)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (-1250 - 100)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>PsVC/day</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">Placebo (N = 45)</td>
              <td align="center">176 (0 - 15965)</td>
              <td align="center">785 (1 - 19861)</td>
              <td align="center">-5 (-2840 - 75)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">MgP (N = 45)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (0 - 20019)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (0 - 15548)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (-3025 - 100)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>PC-Density/hour</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">Placebo (N = 45)</td>
              <td align="center">158 (12.1 - 1022.3)</td>
              <td align="center">199 (24.8 - 938.6)</td>
              <td align="center">-3 (-794.7 - 19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">MgP (N = 45)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (21.1 - 1616)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (0 - 647.8)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (-7.7 - 100)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Mann-Whitney test results, PC: premature complexe; PVC: premature ventricular complexes; PsVC: premature supraventricular complexes.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Frequency of premature complexes</title>
        <p>The relapsing patients (17 in the MgP group) who were retreated had a mean reduction in the PC density of 138.25/hour in both treatments (p &lt; 0.001). No mean difference was observed in the PC density improvement between the successful initial treatment and that after relapse (p = 0.159), that is, patients using MgP repeated the response of the first treatment: significant improvement in symptoms and in PC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of the multiple comparisons of extrasystole density of the groups of treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Group</th>
                <th>Comparison</th>
                <th>Mean difference</th>
                <th>Standard error</th>
                <th>t value</th>
                <th>gl</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">
                  <bold>Crossing</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Placebo pre vs post</td>
                <td align="center">-22.46</td>
                <td align="center">37.74</td>
                <td align="center">-0.59</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MgP pre vs post</td>
                <td align="center">224.55</td>
                <td align="center">37.74</td>
                <td align="center">5.95</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Placebo vs MgP pre</td>
                <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                <td align="center">37.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Placebo vs MgP post</td>
                <td align="center">246.99</td>
                <td align="center">37.74</td>
                <td align="center">6.54</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(pre-post) Placebo vs MgP</td>
                <td align="center">247.00</td>
                <td align="center">53.38</td>
                <td align="center">4.63</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Relapse</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Pre vs Post</td>
                <td align="center">138.25</td>
                <td align="center">24.11</td>
                <td align="center">5.73</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(pre-post) 1st Treat vs 2nd Treat</td>
                <td align="center">-66.86</td>
                <td align="center">46.72</td>
                <td align="center">-1.43</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">0.159</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>vs: versus; result of Bonferroni multiple comparisons.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean profiles of extrasystole density in each treatment of relapsing patients.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0468-40171-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The median value of PVC/day after the first treatment was 3, and was 1872 on Holter monitoring after relapse. After the new intervention, this frequency decreased to 280 (p &lt; 0.001). Regarding PsVC, the median after the first treatment was 14 PsVC/day, 15 on Holter monitoring after relapse, increasing to 38 after treatment (p &lt; 0.102) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). The density of PC/hour after the first treatment was 10.3, increasing to 126.1 on relapse, and decreasing to 50.2 after the new treatment (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles in each group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th colspan="2">1st treatment</th>
                <th colspan="2">Follow-up</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>pre</th>
                <th>post 30 days</th>
                <th>pre (follow-up)</th>
                <th>post (follow-up)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>No relapse</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">PVC/day</td>
                <td align="center">2034 (0 - 38804)</td>
                <td align="center">264 (0 - 6677)</td>
                <td align="center">7.3 (0 - 710)</td>
                <td align="center">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PsVC/day</td>
                <td align="center">29.5 (0 - 19386)</td>
                <td align="center">18.5 (0 - 15548)</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 (0 - 973)</td>
                <td align="center">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PC/hour</td>
                <td align="center">119.9 (34.9 - 1616)</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 (0 - 647.8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0 - 40.5)</td>
                <td align="center">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Relapse (N = 17)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">PVC/day</td>
                <td align="center">1386 (0 - 6497)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0 - 1616)</td>
                <td align="center">1872 (0 - 8040)</td>
                <td align="center">280 (0 - 3980)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PsVC/day</td>
                <td align="center">78 (0 - 20019)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (0 - 13104)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (0 - 12020)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (0 - 7008)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PC/hour</td>
                <td align="center">132 (21.1 - 839.7)</td>
                <td align="center">10.3 (0 - 546)</td>
                <td align="center">126.1 (33.4 - 511.3)</td>
                <td align="center">50.2 (1 - 292)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Crossing (N = 21)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">PVC/day</td>
                <td align="center">3030 (0 - 22502)</td>
                <td align="center">3002 (0 - 21429)</td>
                <td align="center">2508 (0 - 22505)</td>
                <td align="center">689 (0 - 18812)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PsVC/day</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0 - 15965)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0 - 19861)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0 - 15965)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 10900)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PC/hour</td>
                <td align="center">264.8 (32.5-938.2)</td>
                <td align="center">299.3(34.6-899.6)</td>
                <td align="center">264.8 (32.5 - 938.3)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (0 - 784)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Not applicable, PC: premature complexe; PVC: premature ventricular complexes; PsVC: premature supraventricular complexes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of densities of extrasystoles per hour in each group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Group/Treatment</th>
                <th>Time</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>SD</th>
                <th>Median</th>
                <th>Minimum</th>
                <th>Maximum</th>
                <th>N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Placebo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">339.82</td>
                <td align="center">263.67</td>
                <td align="center">264.75</td>
                <td align="center">32.50</td>
                <td align="center">938.20</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Post</td>
                <td align="center">362.28</td>
                <td align="center">275.71</td>
                <td align="center">299.25</td>
                <td align="center">34.58</td>
                <td align="center">899.60</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>MgP (crossing)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">339.83</td>
                <td align="center">263.69</td>
                <td align="center">264.75</td>
                <td align="center">32.50</td>
                <td align="center">938.33</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Post</td>
                <td align="center">115.29</td>
                <td align="center">183.47</td>
                <td align="center">48.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">784.00</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>1st treatment</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">238.07</td>
                <td align="center">245.03</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">21.08</td>
                <td align="center">839.67</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Post</td>
                <td align="center">66.39</td>
                <td align="center">137.26</td>
                <td align="center">10.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.00</td>
                <td align="center">546.00</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Treatment after relapse</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Pre</td>
                <td align="center">178.28</td>
                <td align="center">126.75</td>
                <td align="center">126.08</td>
                <td align="center">33.42</td>
                <td align="center">511.25</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Post</td>
                <td align="center">73.46</td>
                <td align="center">78.15</td>
                <td align="center">50.21</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">292.00</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SD: standard deviation; MgP: magnesium pidolate</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Only three patients relapsed twice, being retreated, and two of them responded similarly, with improvement in symptoms and in PC frequency. Only one patient relapsed three times, and had a good response after the retreatments. The patients who did not relapse had a low PC frequency on Holter monitoring, with a median of 3 PC/hour (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Of the 45 patients treated with placebo in the first phase, 6 (13.3%) improved their symptoms and 39 (86.7%) remained symptomatic. Of those 39, 21 agreed to receive MgP and were selected for crossing-over. Patients who did not agree to receive MgP were excluded from the analysis. The crossing-over patients had a statistically significant mean reduction in the PC density when using MgP (p &lt; 0.001), while, when on placebo, no change in density was observed (p &gt; 0.999). The mean improvement in PC density was 247/hour, greater in the treatment with MgP than in the first treatment with placebo (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean profiles of density of extrasystoles in each treatment in patients of the placebo group undergoing crossing-over.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0468-40171-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The median of PVC decreased from 2508/day to 689/day (p &lt; 0.001), and that of PsVC, from 4/day to 1/day (p &lt; 0.015) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). The density of PC/hour was 264.8 in the pre-treatment phase, dropping to 48 after the use of MgP (crossing-over) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
        <p>On Holter monitoring, PVC were more frequent, originating mainly (71%) from the outflow tract of the ventricles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Symptoms</title>
        <p>In relapsing patients, the improvement in symptoms of both treatments was statistically the same (p = 0.125) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). All 17 relapsing patients improved their symptoms in the first treatment, while 76.5% improved their symptoms in the relapse treatment. Similar response was obtained in the score of symptoms and in the categorical response of symptom improvement ('yes' or 'no').</p>
        <p>The patients using placebo in the initial treatment and MgP in the second one (crossing-over) had a statistically greater improvement in symptoms with the second treatment (14.3% <italic>versus</italic> 71.4%, respectively; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Improvement in symptoms of each group of patients for each treatment, and results of the marginal association test</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Group</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Improvement in symptoms</th>
                <th colspan="2">1st treatment</th>
                <th colspan="2">2nd treatment</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Crossing</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">85.7</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">28.6</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">14.3</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">71.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>21</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>21</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Relapse</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">23.5</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">76.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>17</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>17</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>McNemar test results</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No significant changes in the measurements of serum Mg, potassium and calcium were observed during the study. No side effects were observed in the long-term follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The follow-up results show that the improvement in symptoms by using MgP was maintained (76.5%) in the relapsing group as compared with the initial treatment. The group using placebo initially (crossing-over) had a 71.4% improvement in symptoms with MgP   <italic>versus</italic> a 14.3% improvement with placebo.</p>
      <p>The use of MgP was effective in reducing PC. However, because that is mainly a symptomatic treatment and because the mechanism of PC is multifactorial, symptoms and PC relapsed in approximately 38% of the cases, indicating that MgP is neither a definitive nor a curative treatment in late follow-up. However, the patients who could use MgP again improved their frequency of PC and mainly their symptoms, the latter being this study's major objective, because the group treated had a structurally normal heart.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the patients initially treated with placebo also improved significantly their symptoms and frequency of PC after using MgP. This confirms that Mg administration is really better than placebo use.</p>
      <p>The Mg reduces irregular heartbeats, and Mg deficiency should always be considered a potential factor for cardiac arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. One hypothesis of the pathophysiological mechanisms relates to the fact that low Mg levels lead to an increase in intracellular calcium and sodium, and to a decrease in intracellular potassium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Those changes in ionic loads cause membrane potential flotations, destabilizing atrial and ventricular myocardium, causing arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The Framingham study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> has shown that low Mg levels are associated with the development of atrial fibrillation in individuals with no cardiovascular disease. Patients at intensive care units should undergo intravenous replacement of Mg for arrhythmias not responding to conventional drugs, such as   <italic>torsades de pointes</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, and arrhythmias caused by digitalis intoxication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Similarly to hypomagnesemia, digitalis inhibits the Na/K ATPase pump, increasing intracellular calcium and the contraction power of cardiomyocytes, PC being one of the most common arrhythmias in digitalis intoxication. The Mg deficiency caused by diuretic treatment in heart failure is associated with a higher incidence of arrhythmias, such as ventricular ectopy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. High concentrations of catecholamines can lead to the exit of intracellular Mg to the extracellular compartment, resulting in Mg reduction in the tissues, causing arrhythmias, especially in cardiac surgeries and in congestive heart failure patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to Kleivay and Milne<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, the recommended daily Mg intake is 320 mg/day. Higher daily doses might be required by patients on diuretics, more prone to Mg level reduction, and, thus, with a higher potential and more susceptible to the development of ES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Martynov and Akatova<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> have followed up, for 15 years, 31 patients with mitral valve prolapse, who, during that time, regularly used Mg preparations for three months, twice a year. A reduction in the following parameters were observed: mean and maximum heart rate; number of tachycardia episodes; QT interval duration; and incidence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and PC. In addition, improvements in quality of life and in &#8203;&#8203;sympathetic tone were observed.</p>
      <p>More recently, Del Gobbo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have assessed obese adults with type 2 diabetes, and have shown that low serum Mg levels were associated with a high prevalence of PVC.</p>
      <p>Our previous study, assessing 60 individuals with PVC and PsVC, has shown an improvement in the frequency of arrhythmia and mainly in symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Our current results indicate a significant improvement in PVC of the outflow tract. Right ventricular outflow tract is the most common origin of PVC in patients without structural heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. That site might have remnant cells of the neural crest and of adrenergic modulation. The Mg reduction in those cells might be related to sympathetic modulation, more evident in the ventricles.</p>
      <p>All those studies have shown that Mg intake can be a practical alternative to treat some arrhythmias. Considering its low cost, its efficacy and safety, the increase in daily Mg intake should be considered for symptomatic patients with PC and a structurally normal heart.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Intracellular Mg was not measured, but the measurement of serum Mg levels has shown that supplementation to be safe and effective. The specific score for symptoms has not been validated, because it does not exist in the literature. However, a categorical assessment ('yes' or 'no') has also been performed, showing a good correlation between the reduction in PC frequency and improvement in symptoms. In addition, this study was not aimed at preventing life-threatening arrhythmias. These data should not be used to justify the treatment of patients for that purpose, especially those with heart diseases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Some patients on MgP had relapse of symptoms and PC, indicating that MgP is neither a definitive nor a curative treatment in late follow-up. However, improvement in the PC frequency and symptoms was observed in the second phase of treatment, after relapse, being similar to the response in the first phase of treatment. Treatment with MgP, even after the first phase with placebo, improved the symptoms and PC density of the population studied (structurally normal heart).</p>
      <p>The increase in daily Mg intake should be considered for patients with PC and structurally normal heart.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article results from the continuation of the doctoral dissertation by Cristina N&#225;dja M. Lima De Falco, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank Prof. Dr. Dalmo Moreira and Prof. Dr. Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira for their precious suggestions in the first phase of this project, Prof. Dr. Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto and Prof. Dr. Alfredo J. Mansur for all the encouragement, and Rog&#233;rio Ruscitto Prado for his support in the statistical analysis.</p>
    </ack>
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          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Low serum magnesium concentrations are associated with a high prevalence of premature ventricular complexes in obese adults with type 2 diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Diabetol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>Darrieux FC, Scanavacca MI, Hachul DT, Melo SL, D'&#193;villa AB, Grupi CJ, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions originating in the right ventricular outflow tract. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(3):265-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Darrieux</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hachul</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'&#193;villa AB</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grupi</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions originating in the right ventricular outflow tract</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>272</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Tardia de Estudo Randomizado com Uso de Magn&#233;sio Via Oral em Extrass&#237;stoles Sintom&#225;ticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falco</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina N&#225;dja M. Lima De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR/SP); S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Core Vita</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica Core Vita, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristina N&#225;dja Muniz Lima De Falco,</bold> Rua Cesar Henrique Costa, 76, Santa Cruz. Cep 13.806-401, Mogi-Mirim, SP - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>cnmfalco@cardiol.br</email>; <email>cristinanadjadefalco@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Grupi C, Scanavacca M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Sacilotto L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Grupi C, Sacilotto L, Pisani CF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Pisani CF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: De Falco CNML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Scanavacca M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCC, Grupi C, Sacilotto L, Lara S, Ramires JAF, Sosa E, Wu TC, Hachul D, Scanavacca M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Extrass&#237;stoles (ES) ventriculares e supraventriculares s&#227;o frequentes e muitas vezes sintom&#225;ticas. Segundo estudo pr&#233;vio, a administra&#231;&#227;o de pidolato de magn&#233;sio (PMg) a pacientes sintom&#225;ticos pode resultar na melhora da densidade das ES e dos sintomas relacionados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os resultados dessa interven&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial no seguimento tardio de pacientes recebendo PMg ou placebo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Noventa pacientes com ES, sintom&#225;ticos e consecutivos foram randomizados (duplo-cego) para receber PMg ou placebo por 30 dias. Visitas mensais de seguimento (15 meses) foram realizadas para avaliar a sintomatologia e controlar eletr&#243;litos. O Holter de 24 horas foi realizado sempre que sintom&#225;ticos, ou duas vezes, independentemente dos sintomas. Na segunda fase do estudo, os pacientes cujos sintomas recidivassem, seja do grupo PMg ou placebo (<italic>crossing over</italic>), receberam PMg seguindo-se o mesmo protocolo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 45 pacientes que receberam inicialmente o PMg, 17 (37,8%) apresentaram recidiva dos sintomas em tempo vari&#225;vel nos 15 meses. Os pacientes com recidiva e tratados uma segunda vez apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante na densidade de ES de 138,25/hora (p &lt; 0,001). Os pacientes de   <italic>crossing</italic> reduziram em 247/hora (p &lt; 0,001). Nos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram recidiva, a frequ&#234;ncia de ES foi baixa (3 ES/hora). A melhora dos sintomas foi de 76,5% nos retratados e de 71,4% nos de   <italic>crossing.</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Houve recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas e das ES em alguns pacientes que usaram PMg, deixando claro n&#227;o ser essa uma forma de tratamento definitivo ou curativo no seguimento tardio. Contudo, houve tamb&#233;m melhora na frequ&#234;ncia de ES e de sintomas em uma segunda etapa de tratamento, semelhante &#224; resposta na primeira etapa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Complexos Ventriculares Prematuros</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Magn&#233;sio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de extrass&#237;stoles (ES) ventriculares e supraventriculares (ESV e ESSV, respectivamente) aumenta com a idade, sendo sua preval&#234;ncia estimada em at&#233; 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O progn&#243;stico &#233; benigno em longo prazo, mas, quando sintom&#225;ticas, essas ES podem ser inc&#244;modas ou mesmo incapacitantes. Uma s&#233;rie de medidas farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas tem sido sugerida para seu controle cl&#237;nico. Entretanto, em algumas condi&#231;&#245;es, os resultados s&#227;o limitados ou a rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio, discut&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>O magn&#233;sio (Mg) &#233; um metal alcalino-terroso que participa de v&#225;rios processos metab&#243;licos, incluindo rea&#231;&#245;es de gera&#231;&#227;o de ATP. &#201; o segundo c&#225;tion do meio intracelular e o quarto do corpo humano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. &#201; importante para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco adequado por sua a&#231;&#227;o sobre a bomba Na/K- ATPase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e sua intera&#231;&#227;o com o c&#225;lcio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Cerca de metade do Mg corporal est&#225; presente dentro das c&#233;lulas dos tecidos moles, estando a outra metade no tecido &#243;sseo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Menos de 1% do Mg &#233; encontrado no sangue e cerca de 0,3% no soro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Portanto, o Mg corporal total tem fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos, que podem ser normais na presen&#231;a de baixos valores intracelulares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o de Mg tem declinado nos &#250;ltimos cem anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, provavelmente pelo aumento do consumo de alimentos processados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, que pode ser um fator de risco para a defici&#234;ncia de Mg. Essa defici&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, incluindo arritmias card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Em pacientes selecionados, a partir de uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento simples, podem-se evitar f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos, prejudiciais ou mal tolerados em algumas circunst&#226;ncias. Recentemente, demonstramos que pidolato de Mg (PMg), ap&#243;s um tratamento cont&#237;nuo de suplementa&#231;&#227;o por 30 dias, pode reduzir batimentos ect&#243;picos e melhorar os sintomas relacionados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A partir desses achados iniciais, procuramos avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o desta coorte de pacientes no seguimento tardio.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia dos pacientes tratados inicialmente com placebo e/ou PMg; 2) avaliar se os pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia em 15 meses de seguimento, ao serem tratados pela segunda vez, apresentam a mesma resposta avaliada no primeiro tratamento; e 3) avaliar a resposta dos pacientes ao PMg depois de um primeiro tratamento com placebo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas do estudo foram descritas previamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em 30 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Na primeira fase do tratamento, 90 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos consecutivos foram randomizados (duplo-cego) para receber, por 30 dias, uma dose de 3,0 g/dia de PMg, o equivalente a 260 mg do elemento Mg, ou placebo. Todos foram avaliados por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, n&#227;o apresentaram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e sua fun&#231;&#227;o renal tamb&#233;m era normal (f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Mg, s&#243;dio, c&#225;lcio e pot&#225;ssio foram medidos antes, no 15&#176; e no 30&#176; dia ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o. As visitas de seguimento foram realizadas mensalmente para avaliar a sintomatologia por um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico. Conforme descrito em estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, foi elaborado um question&#225;rio com as seguintes quest&#245;es: 1- Falhas ou "trancos" no t&#243;rax; 2- Tosse com palpita&#231;&#245;es; 3- Tontura; 4- Dispneia; 5- Sudorese e/ou dor no peito. De acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia desses sintomas, realizou-se pontua&#231;&#227;o que resultou em um escore, sendo considerado crit&#233;rio de melhora a queda de dois pontos. Al&#233;m disso, foi feita uma classifica&#231;&#227;o categ&#243;rica com questionamento aos pacientes a fim de saber se houve melhora dos sintomas, sendo as respostas apenas "sim" ou "n&#227;o" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes, no seguimento em longo prazo, foram submetidos a dois exames de Holter de 24 horas (3 canais), independentemente dos sintomas, para avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia de ES. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes sempre que apresentaram sintomas e foram tratados novamente, tamb&#233;m fizeram Holter antes e ap&#243;s 30 dias do uso de PMg.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sintomas avaliados - sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o antes e depois das drogas em ambos os grupos (placebo e pidolato de magn&#233;sio).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0468-40171-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na segunda fase do estudo, os pacientes que apresentassem recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas, seja do grupo tratamento, seja do grupo placebo ("<italic>crossing over</italic>"), receberam PMg por mais 30 dias, segundo o mesmo protocolo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram descritas as densidades nas duas etapas de tratamento (pr&#233; e p&#243;s) dos pacientes por meio do uso de medidas-resumo (m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>As densidades foram comparadas entre momentos dos tratamentos e entre os tratamentos com uso de an&#225;lises de vari&#226;ncias (ANOVA) com dois fatores com medidas repetidas em ambos os fatores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Calculou-se a matriz de correla&#231;&#245;es de componente sim&#233;trico entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> entre os momentos do tratamento e criado o contraste para verificar se a melhora no primeiro tratamento (pr&#233;-p&#243;s 1&#186; tratamento) foi diferente da melhora no 2&#186; tratamento (pr&#233;-p&#243;s 2&#186; tratamento).</p>
          <p>A melhora dos sintomas foi descrita a cada etapa de tratamento nos dois grupos de pacientes e foi realizado teste de McNemar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19  </xref>para avaliar se houve diferen&#231;a nos percentuais de melhora em cada tratamento. Os resultados foram ilustrados usando-se gr&#225;ficos de perfis m&#233;dios com os respectivos erros-padr&#227;o, tendo-se adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para os testes. O programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0, foi usado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os 90 pacientes que participaram do primeiro protocolo foram acompanhados por 15 meses. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a evolu&#231;&#227;o na primeira interven&#231;&#227;o. Dos 45 pacientes que foram randomizados inicialmente para receber o PMg, 41 (91,1%) ficaram assintom&#225;ticos ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o do primeiro m&#234;s, e quatro apresentaram recidiva. Houve recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas em mais 13 pacientes nos meses subsequentes. No total, 17 pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia (37,8%), tendo sido todos novamente tratados. O tempo de recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas variou durante o seguimento de 15 meses, n&#227;o havendo qualquer concentra&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia estatisticamente significativa em determinado tempo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados da evolu&#231;&#227;o na primeira interven&#231;&#227;o com PMg versus placebo (apresentados em mediana)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Grupo</th>
                <th colspan="2">1&#186; tratamento (N = 90)</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Melhora (%)</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>pr&#233;</th>
                <th>p&#243;s 30 dias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ESV/dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Placebo (N = 45)</td>
                <td align="center">2634 (194 - 24534)</td>
                <td align="center">4211 (42 - 22526)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (-831,7 - 78,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PMg (N = 45)</td>
                <td align="center">1883 (2 - 38804)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (0 - 6677)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (-1250 - 100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ESSV/dia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Placebo (N = 45)</td>
                <td align="center">176 (0 - 15965)</td>
                <td align="center">785 (1 - 19861)</td>
                <td align="center">-5 (-2840 - 75)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PMg (N = 45)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (0 - 20019)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (0 - 15548)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (-3025 - 100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ES-Densidade/hora</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Placebo (N = 45)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (12,1 - 1022,3)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (24,8 - 938,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-3 (-794,7 - 19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PMg (N = 45)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (21,1 - 1616)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (0 - 647,8)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (-7,7 - 100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Resultado do teste de Mann-Whitney, ES: extrass&#237;stoles; ESV: extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares; ESSV: extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares.  </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia das Extrass&#237;stoles</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que recidivaram (17 do grupo PMg) e foram tratados novamente apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia na densidade de ES de 138,25/hora em ambos os tratamentos (p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia na melhora da densidade entre os tratamentos inicial com sucesso e o recorrente (p = 0,159), ou seja, os que usaram PMg repetiram a resposta do primeiro tratamento: melhora significativa dos sintomas e das ES (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultado das compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas da densidade de extrass&#237;stoles para os grupos de tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th>Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Valor t</th>
                  <th>gl</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Crossing</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo pr&#233; <italic>vs  </italic>p&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">-22,46</td>
                  <td align="center">37,74</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PMg pr&#233; <italic>vs p&#243;s</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">224,55</td>
                  <td align="center">37,74</td>
                  <td align="center">5,95</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Placebo <italic>vs PMg pr&#233;</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">37,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Placebo <italic>vs  </italic>PMg p&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">246,99</td>
                  <td align="center">37,74</td>
                  <td align="center">6,54</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">(pr&#233;-p&#243;s) Placebo <italic>vs  </italic>PMg</td>
                  <td align="center">247,00</td>
                  <td align="center">53,38</td>
                  <td align="center">4,63</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Recorr&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233; <italic>vs  </italic>P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">138,25</td>
                  <td align="center">24,11</td>
                  <td align="center">5,73</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">(pr&#233;-p&#243;s) 1&#186; Trat <italic>vs  </italic>2&#186; Trat</td>
                  <td align="center">-66,86</td>
                  <td align="center">46,72</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,43</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>vs: versus; resultado das compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perfis m&#233;dios da densidade de extrass&#237;stoles em cada tratamento nos pacientes recorrentes. RC: recorr&#234;ncia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0468-40171-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>A mediana de ESV/dia ap&#243;s o primeiro tratamento foi de 3, sendo de 1872 no Holter de recidiva dos sintomas. Ap&#243;s nova interven&#231;&#227;o, caiu para 280 (p &lt; 0,001). Quanto &#224; ESSV, a mediana ap&#243;s o primeiro tratamento foi de 14 ESSV/dia, sendo de 15 no Holter de recidiva, tendo aumentado para 38 ap&#243;s o tratamento (p &lt; 0,102) (Tabela 3). A densidade de ES por hora, ap&#243;s o primeiro tratamento, foi de 10,3, subindo para 126,1 na recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas e, ap&#243;s o novo tratamento, reduziu para 50,2 (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabelas 3</xref> e   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e supraventriculares em cada grupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">1&#186; tratamento</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Seguimento</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>p&#243;s 30 dias</th>
                  <th>pr&#233; no seguimento</th>
                  <th>p&#243;s no seguimento</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>N&#227;o Recidiva</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">ESV/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">2034 (0 - 38804)</td>
                  <td align="center">264 (0 - 6677)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 (0 - 710)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ESSV/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">29,5 (0 - 19386)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5 (0 - 15548)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 (0 - 973)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ES/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">119,9 (34,9 - 1616)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 (0 - 647,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0 - 40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Recidiva (N = 17)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">ESV/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1386 (0 - 6497)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0 - 1616)</td>
                  <td align="center">1872 (0 - 8040)</td>
                  <td align="center">280 (0 - 3980)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ESSV/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (0 - 20019)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0 - 13104)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0 - 12020)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (0 - 7008)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ES/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (21,1 - 839,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3 (0 - 546)</td>
                  <td align="center">126,1 (33,4 - 511,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,2 (1 - 292)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold><italic>Crossing  </italic>(N = 21)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">ESV/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">3030 (0 - 22502)</td>
                  <td align="center">3002 (0 - 21429)</td>
                  <td align="center">2508 (0 - 22505)</td>
                  <td align="center">689 (0 - 18812)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ESSV/dia</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0 - 15965)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0 - 19861)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0 - 15965)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0 - 10900)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ES/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">264,8 (32,5-938,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">299,3(34,6-899,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">264,8 (32,5 - 938,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (0 - 784)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>N&#227;o aplic&#225;vel, ES: extrass&#237;stoles; ESV: extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares; ESSV: extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das densidades de extrass&#237;stoles por hora em cada grupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo/Tratamento</th>
                  <th>Momento</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>Mediana</th>
                  <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>M&#225;ximo</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Placebo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">339,82</td>
                  <td align="center">263,67</td>
                  <td align="center">264,75</td>
                  <td align="center">32,50</td>
                  <td align="center">938,20</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">362,28</td>
                  <td align="center">275,71</td>
                  <td align="center">299,25</td>
                  <td align="center">34,58</td>
                  <td align="center">899,60</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>PMg (crossing)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">339,83</td>
                  <td align="center">263,69</td>
                  <td align="center">264,75</td>
                  <td align="center">32,50</td>
                  <td align="center">938,33</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">115,29</td>
                  <td align="center">183,47</td>
                  <td align="center">48,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">784,00</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>1&#186; tratamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">238,07</td>
                  <td align="center">245,03</td>
                  <td align="center">132</td>
                  <td align="center">21,08</td>
                  <td align="center">839,67</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">66,39</td>
                  <td align="center">137,26</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">546,00</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Tratamento ap&#243;s RC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center">178,28</td>
                  <td align="center">126,75</td>
                  <td align="center">126,08</td>
                  <td align="center">33,42</td>
                  <td align="center">511,25</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">73,46</td>
                  <td align="center">78,15</td>
                  <td align="center">50,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">292,00</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; PMg: pidolato de magn&#233;sio; RC: recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Apenas tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia duas vezes, foram novamente tratados, tendo dois deles respondido de maneira semelhante, com melhora de sintomas e da frequ&#234;ncia das ES. Um &#250;nico paciente recorreu tr&#234;s vezes, tendo tamb&#233;m apresentado boa resposta ap&#243;s os retratamentos. Os pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram recidiva dos sintomas apresentaram uma frequ&#234;ncia baixa de ES no Holter, com uma mediana de 3 ES/hora (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>Dos 45 pacientes tratados com placebo na primeira etapa, 6 (13,3%) apresentaram melhora dos sintomas e 39 (86,7%) permaneceram sintom&#225;ticos. Desses, 21 concordaram e foram selecionados para o <italic>crossing over</italic> (usar o PMg). Os pacientes que n&#227;o concordaram em receber PMg foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. O tratamento com PMg determinou redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia estatisticamente significativa na densidade de ES (p &lt; 0,001), enquanto que durante o uso do placebo n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o na densidade (p &gt; 0,999). A melhora na densidade das ES foi em m&#233;dia 247/hora superior no tratamento com PMg em compara&#231;&#227;o com o primeiro tratamento com placebo (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref> e   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perfis m&#233;dios da densidade de extrass&#237;stoles em cada tratamento nos pacientes do grupo placebo que fizeram crossing over. PMg: pidolato de magn&#233;sio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0468-40171-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da mediana de ESV de 2508/dia para 689/dia (p &lt; 0,001) e de ESSV de 4/dia para 1/dia (p &lt; 0,015) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08"/>Tabela 3). A densidade de ES/hora foi de 264,8 no pr&#233;-tratamento, tendo diminu&#237;do para 48 ap&#243;s o uso de PMg (<italic>crossing</italic>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Nos exames de Holter, as ESV foram mais frequentes e originaram-se predominantemente (71%) na via de sa&#237;da dos ventr&#237;culos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sintomas</title>
          <p>Nos pacientes que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia, a melhora dos sintomas nos dois tratamentos foi estatisticamente a mesma (p = 0,125) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Todos os 17 pacientes que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia tiveram melhora dos sintomas no primeiro tratamento e 76,5%, no tratamento de recorr&#234;ncia. Houve resposta semelhante tanto no escore de sintomas como na resposta categ&#243;rica de melhora dos sintomas ('sim' ou 'n&#227;o').</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da melhora dos sintomas em cada tratamento em cada grupo de pacientes e resultado do teste de associa&#231;&#227;o marginal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Melhora dos sintomas</th>
                  <th colspan="2">1&#186; tratamento</th>
                  <th colspan="2">2&#186; tratamnto</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Crossing</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">85,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">71,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>21</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>21</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Recorr&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">76,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>17</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>17</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Resultado do teste McNemar</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os pacientes que utilizaram placebo no tratamento inicial e PMg no segundo tratamento (<italic>crossing</italic>) apresentaram melhora dos sintomas estatisticamente maior no segundo tratamento (14,3% <italic>versus</italic> 71,4%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nas dosagens de Mg, pot&#225;ssio e c&#225;lcio s&#233;ricos durante todo o estudo. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram rea&#231;&#245;es colaterais no seguimento em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste seguimento demonstram que a melhora dos sintomas com o uso de PMg foi mantida (76,5%) no grupo da recidiva, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento inicial. O grupo que usou placebo na primeira etapa (<italic>crossing</italic>) apresentou melhora de 71,4% com o uso de PMg <italic>versus</italic> 14,3% com o placebo.</p>
        <p>O uso de PMg mostrou-se eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o das ES. No entanto, por ser um tratamento principalmente sintom&#225;tico e tendo as ES um mecanismo de origem multifatorial, houve recidiva dos sintomas e das ES em cerca de 38% dos casos, deixando claro que essa n&#227;o &#233; uma forma de tratamento definitivo nem curativo no seguimento tardio. Contudo, os pacientes que puderam usar de novo o PMg apresentaram uma melhora na frequ&#234;ncia das ES e principalmente nos sintomas, tendo sido essa &#250;ltima o nosso objetivo principal, j&#225; que o grupo tratado tinha cora&#231;&#227;o normal do ponto de vista estrutural.</p>
        <p>A outra observa&#231;&#227;o interessante &#233; que o grupo tratado inicialmente com placebo tamb&#233;m apresentou melhora significativa dos sintomas e da frequ&#234;ncia de ES ap&#243;s usar o PMg. Isso confirma que a administra&#231;&#227;o do Mg &#233; realmente superior ao uso de placebo.</p>
        <p>O Mg reduz os batimentos card&#237;acos irregulares, devendo a defici&#234;ncia de Mg ser sempre considerada como um fator potencial para arritmias card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Uma das hip&#243;teses dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos refere-se ao fato de que baixos n&#237;veis de Mg levam ao aumento de c&#225;lcio e s&#243;dio intracelulares e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio intracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Essas mudan&#231;as de cargas i&#244;nicas provocam flutua&#231;&#245;es do potencial de membrana, instabilizando o mioc&#225;rdio atrial e ventricular, causando arritmias.</p>
        <p>O estudo de Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23  </xref>demonstrou, recentemente, que os baixos n&#237;veis de Mg est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Os pacientes em unidades de cuidados intensivos, o Mg (intravenoso) &#233; usado quando as arritmias n&#227;o respondem aos medicamentos convencionais, tais como em <italic>torsades de pointes</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, e tamb&#233;m nas arritmias provocadas por intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. O digital, de forma semelhante &#224; hipomagnesemia, inibe a bomba de Na/K ATPase, aumentando o c&#225;lcio intracelular e a for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos, sendo as ES uma das arritmias mais comuns na intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica. A defici&#234;ncia de Mg causada pela terapia diur&#233;tica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; associada a maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias, entre elas a ectopia ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. As concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de catecolaminas podem levar &#224; sa&#237;da do Mg intracelular para o compartimento extracelular, resultando na redu&#231;&#227;o de Mg dos tecidos, provocando arritmias, especialmente em cirurgias card&#237;acas e pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com Kleivay e Milne<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria recomendada de Mg &#233; de 320 mg/dia. Maiores doses di&#225;rias podem ser necess&#225;rias para pacientes em tratamento com diur&#233;ticos, mais propensos &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de Mg e, portanto, com maior potencial e susceptibilidade para o desenvolvimento de ES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Martynov e Akatova<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> seguiram, por 15 anos, 31 pacientes com prolapso da valva mitral, que durante o acompanhamento usaram regularmente prepara&#231;&#245;es de Mg por tr&#234;s meses, duas vezes por ano. Foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia e m&#225;xima, do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia, da dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT, da incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular e de ES. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma melhora na qualidade de vida e no t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico.</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, Del Gobbo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>avaliaram adultos obesos com diabetes tipo 2 e demonstraram que os baixos n&#237;veis de Mg no soro estavam associados a uma alta preval&#234;ncia de ESV.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo anterior avaliou 60 indiv&#237;duos com ESV e ESSV, tendo demonstrado uma melhora na frequ&#234;ncia da arritmia e principalmente nos sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. De modo interessante, os nossos resultados atuais indicam uma melhora significativa nas ESV de via de sa&#237;da. A via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; a origem mais comum das ESV em pacientes sem cardiopatia estrutural<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Nesse local, provavelmente existem c&#233;lulas remanescentes da crista neural e de modula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do Mg nessas c&#233;lulas pode estar relacionada com a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, que &#233; mais evidente nos ventr&#237;culos.</p>
        <p>Todos esses estudos indicam que a ingest&#227;o de Mg pode ser uma alternativa pr&#225;tica para o tratamento de algumas arritmias. Devido ao baixo custo, &#224; efic&#225;cia e &#224; seguran&#231;a, o aumento na ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de Mg deve ser considerado em pacientes com ES, sintom&#225;ticos e com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O Mg intracelular n&#227;o foi medido, mas as dosagens s&#233;ricas de Mg t&#234;m mostrado que essa suplementa&#231;&#227;o foi segura e eficaz. A pontua&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de sintomas n&#227;o foi validada, pois ela n&#227;o existe na literatura. No entanto, um resultado categ&#243;rico ('sim' ou 'n&#227;o') tamb&#233;m foi feito, com uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de ES e a melhora dos sintomas. Al&#233;m disso, o objetivo deste estudo n&#227;o foi evitar arritmias que levem a risco de vida. Esses dados n&#227;o devem ser usados como justificativa para o tratamento de pacientes com esse objetivo, em especial aqueles com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Houve recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas e das ES em alguns pacientes que usaram PMg, o que deixa claro que essa n&#227;o &#233; uma forma de tratamento definitivo ou curativo no seguimento tardio. Contudo, houve melhora na frequ&#234;ncia de ES e sintomas em uma segunda etapa do tratamento, ap&#243;s a recorr&#234;ncia, semelhante &#224; resposta ao primeiro tratamento. O uso de PMg, mesmo ap&#243;s um primeiro tratamento com placebo, acarreta melhora nos sintomas e na densidade de ES na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal).</p>
        <p>O aumento na ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de Mg deve ser considerado em pacientes com ES e cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; a continua&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa da tese de Cristina N&#225;dja M. Lima De Falco pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos aos colaboradores externos: Prof. Dr. Dalmo Moreira e Prof. Dr. Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira pelas preciosas sugest&#245;es na primeira etapa deste projeto e aos Profs. Drs. Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto e Alfredo J. Mansur por todo o incentivo. Tamb&#233;m agradecemos ao Rog&#233;rio Ruscitto Prado pelo apoio e aten&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
