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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TgYyfmK6h6xqttd4gQyJPTw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140162</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Value of the Qrs-T Angle in Predicting the Induction of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zampa</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Bizetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo AR</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Brand&#227;o</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Charles Rios</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Seichii</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Hugo Bizetto Zampa,</bold> R. Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Coelho, 435 Apto 24B, Vila Mariana. Postal Code 04011-061. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>hugobizettozampa@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>hugobizettozampa@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zampa HB, Moreira DAR, Armaganijan LV; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Zampa HB, Ferreira Filho CAB, Souza CR, Menezes CC, Hirata HS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Zampa HB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Moreira DAR, Armaganijan LV.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>460</fpage>
      <lpage>467</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The QRS-T angle correlates with prognosis in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease, reflected by an increase in mortality proportional to an increase in the difference between the axes of the QRS complex and T wave in the frontal plane. The value of this correlation in patients with Chagas heart disease is currently unknown.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Determine the correlation of the QRS-T angle and the risk of induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation (VT / VF) during electrophysiological study (EPS) in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Case-control study at a tertiary center. Patients without induction of VT / VF on EPS were used as controls. The QRS-T angle was categorized as normal (0-105&#186;), borderline (105-135&#186;) or abnormal (135-180&#186;). Differences between groups for continuous variables were analyzed with the t test or Mann-Whitney test, and for categorical variables with Fisher's exact test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 116 patients undergoing EPS, 37.9% were excluded due to incomplete information / inactive records or due to the impossibility to correctly calculate the QRS-T angle (presence of left bundle branch block and atrial fibrillation). Of 72 patients included in the study, 31 induced VT / VF on EPS. Of these, the QRS-T angle was normal in 41.9%, borderline in 12.9% and abnormal in 45.2%. Among patients without induction of VT / VF on EPS, the QRS-T angle was normal in 63.4%, borderline in 14.6% and abnormal in 17.1% (p = 0.04). When compared with patients with normal QRS-T angle, those with abnormal angle had a fourfold higher risk of inducing ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation on EPS [odds ratio (OR) 4; confidence interval (CI) 1.298-12.325; p = 0.028]. After adjustment for other variables such as age, ejection fraction (EF) and QRS size, there was a trend for the abnormal QRS-T angle to identify patients with increased risk of inducing VT / VF during EPS (OR 3.95; CI 0.99-15.82; p = 0.052). The EF also emerged as a predictor of induction of VT / VF: for each point increase in EF, there was a 4% reduction in the rate of sustained ventricular arrhythmia on EPS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Changes in the QRS-T angle and decreases in EF were associated with an increased risk of induction of VT / VF on EPS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Case-Control Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease is a prevalent public health problem in Brazil and Latin America. The disease has been gaining importance in developing countries due to intense migration of individuals from places historically considered to be reservoirs of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It is caused by the parasite <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> transmitted vectorially through the bite of triatomine insects, from mother to fetus, orally or through transfusion of contaminated blood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The physiopathology of the disease involves inflammation, tissue destruction and fibrosis of cardiac cells leading to dysautonomia, microcirculatory changes and damage to the muscle heart and to the intramural nervous system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The disease occurs in indeterminate, non-cardiac or cardiac forms. The cardiac form is further subdivided into with or without ventricular dysfunction. Even with normal ejection fraction, patients with Chagas heart disease may progress with several cardiac conduction disorders and severe ventricular arrhythmias which emerge as important prognostic predictors.</p>
      <p>Tachyarrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) and heart failure are the most common cardiovascular causes of mortality in patients with Chagas disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Tachyarrhythmias may be preceded by typical symptoms or even progress to sudden death without premonitory signs, which may also affect individuals with structurally normal hearts. Considering the prevalence of Chagas disease and the increase in life expectancy, risk stratification for sudden death and tachyarrhythmias is of extreme importance in public health.</p>
      <p>The QRS-T angle is an electrocardiographic variable that determines the directions of depolarization and repolarization of the heart in the frontal plane. In normal conditions, these processes have the same spatial orientation but in opposite directions. Differences between both indicate electrical cardiac abnormalities that signal structural myocardial changes affecting depolarization or regional changes in repolarization sequence. Studies show that a simple tool - the electrocardiogram - offers information for risk stratification based on analysis of the QRS-T angle. However, no studies have evaluated the importance of this variable and its association with induction of malignant ventricular arrhythmias during programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with Chagas heart disease.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to determine whether the QRS-T angle obtained in the frontal plane during a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram is associated with increased risk of induction of ventricular arrhythmia during electrophysiologic study (EPS) in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study planning</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective study that included patients with Chagas disease who underwent EPS at <italic>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</italic> within the past three years. Patients were divided into two groups according to induction or not of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or ventricular flutter) in response to the protocol of ventricular stimulation during the EPS. Collected information included demographic data (age, gender, history of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, stroke, syncope, use of concomitant medications), electrocardiographic data (rhythm, presence of atrioventricular and intraventricular block, QRS interval and QRS-T angle); echocardiographic data (ejection fraction, right ventricular dysfunction, presence of thrombi or aneurysms) and results of 24-hour Holter monitoring (quantification of ventricular extrasystoles, nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardias). These data were obtained from medical records, registered in forms specifically designed for the study and then correlated with EPS findings. Patients were not followed up and the data were collected from records, tests and chart notes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cohort of patients</title>
        <p>The study included all patients with at least two positive serological tests for Chagas disease who underwent EPS over the previous three years. Information collected about the cohort included medical history and use of medications. Patients with blood pressure &#8805; 140 / 90 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> or using antihypertensive drugs were labeled hypertensive. Serum fasting glucose levels above 126 mg/dL on two occasions or use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin was determined as diabetes mellitus. The analysis excluded individuals with cardiomyopathy of other etiologies (coronary artery disease, hypertension, or others), atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block and those with rhythm determined by a pacemaker. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease was determined by coronary angiography showing at least 70% of stenosis on the affected artery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of events</title>
        <p>Sustained ventricular tachycardia was defined as the occurrence of tachycardia arising from the ventricle with a heart rate above 100 bpm and duration above 30 seconds or associated with clinical or hemodynamic instability. A rapid, disordered, and ineffective ventricular activity characterized the diagnosis of ventricular fibrillation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiogram</title>
        <p>The QRS complex and T wave axes on the frontal plane were calculated based on an analysis of the (12-lead) resting electrocardiogram recorded at 25 mm / sec and with amplitude of 10 mm / mV. In both situations, the axis was located on the lead with highest QRS complex and T wave amplitudes. The difference between the angles of the QRS complex and T wave was calculated as the absolute difference between the angles, with values between 0&#186; and 180&#186;. These measurements were determined by two independent reviewers. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer was prompted. The QRS-T angle was categorized in three groups: normal (0-105&#186;), borderline (105-135&#186;) and abnormal (135-180&#186;).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Holter monitoring</title>
        <p>24-hour Holter monitoring offered information about the occurrence of ventricular extrasystole and ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular extrasystole was defined as the occurrence of an isolated or coupled beat arising in the ventricle. The occurrence of at least three consecutive ventricular beats with a rate above 100 bpm was defined as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and, when lasting more than 30 seconds, as sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>EPS</title>
        <p>All patients underwent EPS according to the standard routine protocol adopted at the institution. The protocol consists of programmed ventricular stimulation with two basic cycles (600 and 500 ms), with up to three extrastimuli at the apex and outflow tract of the right ventricle, in addition to rapid stimulation (up to 250 ms) of the same sites. The first extrastimulus, coupled with the last QRS of the burst pacing and 50 ms faster than the ventricular refractory period, is applied during late diastole. The coupling interval is shortened every 10 ms until the refractory period is reached. The second and third extrastimuli, which are similar to the first, are then introduced in sequence. In the event of ventricular tachycardia, cardioversion to sinus rhythm was performed with rapid ventricular stimulation or, in case of hemodynamic collapse, electrical cardioversion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiogram</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessments included measurement of left atrial diameter, left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters, left ventricular ejection fraction and, when present, determination of diastolic dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, and left ventricular thrombus or aneurysm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation, and as interquartile range when appropriate. Categorical variables were presented as relative and absolute frequencies. Differences between groups regarding the induction or not of ventricular arrhythmias were analyzed with the t test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, and with Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Logistic regression models were applied to identify potential factors influencing the groups in combination. Backward stepwise regression was applied to select the variables, with an alpha-to-remove of 5%. P values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Retrieved data were analyzed with the softwares Microsoft Excel and R for Windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between January and July 2013, a total of 116 charts of patients with Chagas disease who underwent EPS were selected. Of these, 44 (37.9%) were excluded due to the following reasons: 18 (15.5%) for incomplete data, 6 (5.2%) for inactive records and 19 (16.4%) in which the calculation of the QRS-T angle was impractical. Of the reasons that precluded the calculation of the QRS-T angle were the occurrence of left bundle branch block in 16 (13.8%) and atrial fibrillation in 3 (2.6%). The final analysis, therefore, included 72 patients.</p>
      <p>Mean age was 59.3 &#177; 10.6 years and 35 patients (48.6%) were males. Mean ejection fraction was 49.8 &#177; 16.1% and more than half of the cohort had functional class I. Right bundle branch block and left anterior superior divisional block were observed in 41 (56.9%) and 47 (65.3%) patients, respectively. Almost 80% of the patients used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin II receptor blockers, 54.2% used amiodarone and 47.2% used beta-blockers. The QRS-T angle was normal in 39 patients (54.2%), abnormal in 21 (29.2%) and borderline in 10 (13.9%).</p>
      <p>Clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and Holter findings of the 72 patients included in the analysis are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and Holter findings of 72 patients with Chagas disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th>N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age in years (mean &#177; standard deviation)</td>
              <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 10.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">35 (48.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">27 (37.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">43 (59.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stroke or TIA</td>
              <td align="center">7 (9.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">55 (76.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">10 (13.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Implantable cardioverter</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Functional class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>I</td>
              <td align="center">37 (51.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>II</td>
              <td align="center">30 (41.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>III</td>
              <td align="center">5 (6.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IV</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Concomitant medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">34 (47.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">39 (54.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACE inhibitors/ABRs</td>
              <td align="center">57 (79.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">18 (25.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statins</td>
              <td align="center">21 (29.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">30 (41.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Oral anticoagulant</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Spironolactone</td>
              <td align="center">19 (26.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Electrocardiographic features</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>First degree ABV</td>
              <td align="center">22 (30.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Right bundle branch block</td>
              <td align="center">41 (56.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left anterior superior hemiblock</td>
              <td align="center">47 (65.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QRS &lt; 120 ms</td>
              <td align="center">24 (33.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QRS &gt; 120 ms</td>
              <td align="center">48 (66.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal QRS-T angle</td>
              <td align="center">39 (54.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abnormal QRS-T angle</td>
              <td align="center">21 (29.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Borderline QRS-T angle</td>
              <td align="center">10 (13.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Echocardiographic characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ejection fraction (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 16.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diastolic dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">42 (58.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Intracardiac thrombus</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular aneurysm</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Holter findings</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-10 ventricular extrasystoles / hour</td>
              <td align="center">12 (16.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11-30 ventricular extrasystoles / hour</td>
              <td align="center">10 (13.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 31 ventricular extrasystoles / hour</td>
              <td align="center">43 (59.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">37 (51.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>TIA: transitory ischemic attack; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ABRs: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ABV: atrioventricular block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There were no differences in baseline characteristics between groups, except for age. These findings are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Clinical characteristics</th>
              <th colspan="3">Ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation induction</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>No 41 (56.4%)</th>
              <th>Yes 31 (43.1%)</th>
              <th>p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">61.98</td>
              <td align="center">55.77</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">16 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">16 (39)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (35.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">24 (58.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous stroke / TIA</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">30 (73.2)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (80.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (12.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>TIA: transitory ischemic attack.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Statins and aspirin were the most commonly prescribed medications in the group without induction of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Even though beta-blockers and spironolactone were used more often in the group with induction of arrhythmias, this difference did not reach statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between groups regarding use of concomitant medications</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Concomitant medications</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>No 41 (56.4%)</th>
              <th>Yes 31 (43.1%)</th>
              <th>P value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">15 (36.6)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">22 (53.7)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (54.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACE inhibitors/ABRs</td>
              <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (77.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">10 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statins</td>
              <td align="center">16 (39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">22 (53.7)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (25.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>OA</td>
              <td align="center">2(4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Spironolactone</td>
              <td align="center">8 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (35.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme: ABRs: angiotensin II receptor blockers: OA: oral anticoagulant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A QRS complex duration greater than 120 ms was observed more frequently in patients without induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Among patients with induction of ventricular arrhythmias on EPS, the QRS-T angle was normal in 13 (41.9%), borderline in 4 (12.9%) and abnormal in 14 (45.2%). In the group of patients without induction of ventricular arrhythmias, the QRS-T angle was normal in 26 (63.4%), borderline in 6 (14.6%) and abnormal in 7 (17.1%, p = 0.04). The frequency of ventricular extrasystoles on 24-hour Holter was higher in individuals without induction of ventricular arrhythmias on EPS (70.3% versus 60.7%), however, this finding showed no statistical significance (p = 0.71).</p>
      <p>Mean left ventricular ejection fraction in the group with induction of ventricular arrhythmia was 42.6%, compared with 55.1% in the group without induction of ventricular arrhythmias (p = 003, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of electrocardiographic findings between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Electrocardiographic findings</th>
              <th colspan="3">Induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>No 41 (56.4%)</th>
              <th>Yes 31 (43.1%)</th>
              <th>P value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">First degree AVB</td>
              <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Right bundle branch block</td>
              <td align="center">25 (61.0)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (51.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Left anterior superior hemiblock</td>
              <td align="center">29 (70.7)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (58.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">QRS &lt; 120 ms</td>
              <td align="center">16 (39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (25.8)</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"> 0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">QRS &lt; 120 ms</td>
              <td align="center">25 (61.0)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (74.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>
                <bold>QRS-T angle</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (41.9)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center"> 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Borderline</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (12.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">7 (17.1)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (45.2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>ABV: atrioventricular block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of echocardiographic and Holter findings between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">Findings of echocardiogram and Holter</th>
              <th colspan="3">Induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>No 41 (56.4%)</th>
              <th>Yes 31 (43.1%)</th>
              <th>p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (51.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Right ventricular dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular thrombus</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> Left ventricular aneurysm</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">3 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">55.12</td>
              <td align="center">42.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0-10 ventricular extrasystoles / hour</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (19.4)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center"> 0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11-30 ventricular extrasystoles / hour</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 31 ventricular extrasystoles / hour</td>
              <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (54.8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows findings from a patient with abnormal QRS-T angle who induced sustained ventricular tachycardia on EPS.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Left, electrocardiogram showing abnormal QRS-T angle (S&#194;QRS= -70&#186;; S&#194;T = +100&#186;; QRS-T 170&#186; angle). Right, sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia induced during electrophysiological study of the same patient.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0460-40162-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>On logistic regression analysis, ejection fraction emerged as a strong predictor of induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation in this cohort. For each point increase in the ejection fraction there was a reduction of approximately 4% on the induction rate of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation on EPS. Compared with patients with normal QRS-T angle, those with abnormal angle had a fourfold increased risk of inducing ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation during EPS [odds ratio (OR) 4; confidence interval (CI) 1.298-12.325; p=0.028]. After adjustment for other variables such as age, ejection fraction and QRS size, there was a trend in the abnormal QRS-T angle to identify patients with increased risk of induction of VT / VF during EPS (OR 3.95; CI 0.99-15.82; p = 0.052, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis in patients who induced ventricular tachyarrhythmia during EPS</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">Induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation Ventricular</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>OR</th>
              <th>p value</th>
              <th>CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Age &gt; 65 years</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 - 0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Ejection fraction &lt; 35%</td>
              <td align="center">4.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 - 19.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Beta-blocker use</td>
              <td align="center">1.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 - 4.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">QRS &lt; 120 ms</td>
              <td align="center">1.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.37 - 4.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>
                <bold>QRS-T angle</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Borderline</td>
              <td align="center">1.23</td>
              <td align="center">0 80</td>
              <td align="center">0.24 - 6.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Abnormal</td>
              <td align="center">3.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 - 15.82</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study show that patients with Chagas heart disease with abnormal QRS-T angle in the frontal plane tend to have a higher risk of inducing ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation during programmed ventricular stimulation on the EPS. This finding shows that an electrocardiographic variable may help clinicians establish a prognosis for future arrhythmic events in this population.</p>
      <p>Abnormalities in ventricular repolarization are associated with increased susceptibility to complex arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Rassi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> demonstrated that an abnormal ECG associated with symptoms of heart failure - functional class III or IV - determine a high mortality risk in patients with Chagas disease. This finding allows guidance of specific therapies directed to this subgroup of patients. In addition to that, the analysis of the amplitude and duration, as well as the spatial and frontal axes of the QRS-T angle have also been described in several clinical studies as strong and independent predictors of mortality in elderly patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, HIV patients receiving antiretroviral drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, patients with coronary artery disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and conditions such as acute coronary syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, post-acute myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and nonischemic cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have highlighted the importance of the QRS-T angle as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with Chagas disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. However, until now, there had been no reports of the association between the value of the QRS-T angle on the induction of malignant arrhythmias in this population, which would reflect an increased possibility of high risk arrhythmic events in this population. In this study, the direct comparison between abnormal and normal QRS-T angles showed that the first was associated with a fourfold increased risk of induction of ventricular arrhythmia during EPS, highlighting the importance of this simple electrocardiographic variable in risk stratification of a population with such severe cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>The ideal method of calculating the QRS-T angle is a matter of discussion. The angle may be determined by spatial calculation or by a simple difference between the angles of the QRS complex and the T wave in the frontal plane. However, the spatial calculation requires the Frank leads (X, Y, Z), which are not always available in conventional electrocardiographs, making this calculation less practical. In contrast, the determination of the difference between the angles in the frontal plane (the technique adopted in this study) is more practical, and of easy reach and interpretation in clinical practice. Zhang et al. demonstrated that the determination of the QRS-T angle in the frontal plane shows good correlation with the findings obtained on spatial determination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. However, Brown and Schlegel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , when comparing the mean spatial QRS-T angle with frontal plane QRS-T angles determined by conventional electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram of 370 patients with cardiac disease confirmed by imaging tests (coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or ventricular systolic dysfunction) and 210 apparently normal individuals, identified a statistically significant difference favoring a stronger prognostic power for the spatial method. The authors interpreted this result as decisive to suggest that the frontal plane QRS-T angle should not be used to replace the spatial QRS-T angle. In contrast, a recent study by Aro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> assessing the QRS-T angle in the frontal plane demonstrated that 2% of a population of 10,957 individuals had a difference &gt; 100 degrees and a higher rate of sudden death from arrhythmic causes and total mortality when compared with those with normal QRS-T angle. These along with Zhang's data support the adoption of the simple difference between the axes of the QRS complex and T wave in the frontal plane as equally useful in determining the risk of induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation in patients with Chagas disease undergoing EPS.</p>
      <p>The presence of fibrotic areas or tissues with low capacity to conduct electricity may modify the process of cardiac depolarization and repolarization, representing therefore an area with a reentrant circuit. Abnormalities in activation and recovery of electrical activity, obtained by differences between the angles of the QRS complex and the T wave in the frontal plane may suggest the presence of this circuit and were, therefore, probably associated with a an increased probability of induction of ventricular tachycardia in this population of patients with Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>Lastly, it should be emphasized that a left ventricular systolic dysfunction was associated with increased induction of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in the studied population. These results corroborate evidence published recently by our group and reflect the prognostic value of arrhythmogenic circuits secondary to fibrotic areas intermixed with normal conduction tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The limitations of this study include its observational retrospective nature, the small sample size and the collection of data from charts. The protocol of ventricular stimulation was similar for all patients, since it follows a methodology proposed by the group which has been routinely adopted for several years.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Changes in the QRS-T angle and ventricular dysfunction were associated with induction of severe ventricular arrhythmias - ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation - during EPS in the cohort. The presence of ventricular extrasystoles or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia during 24-hour Holter monitoring, as well as clinical factors such as male gender and history of syncope, did not emerge as predictive factors for induction of such outcome.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor do &#194;ngulo Qrs-T na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Indu&#231;&#227;o de Taquiarritmias Ventriculares em Pacientes Chag&#225;sicos</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Zampa</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Bizetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo AR</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Brand&#227;o</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Charles Rios</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Camila Caldas</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Luciana Vidal</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hugo Bizetto Zampa,</bold> R. Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Coelho, 435 Apto 24B, Vila Mariana. CEP 04011-061. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>hugobizettozampa@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>hugobizettozampa@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zampa HB, Moreira DAR, Armaganijan LV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zampa HB, Ferreira Filho CAB, Souza CR, Menezes CC, Hirata HS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Zampa HB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Moreira DAR, Armaganijan LV.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O &#226;ngulo QRS-T mostra correla&#231;&#227;o com progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a coronariana, traduzido por um aumento na mortalidade proporcional ao aumento na diferen&#231;a entre os eixos do complexo QRS e da onda T no plano frontal. At&#233; hoje, nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o a este respeito foi obtida em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar o &#226;ngulo QRS-T com a indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TV / FV) em chag&#225;sicos durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo caso-controle em centro terci&#225;rio. Pacientes sem indu&#231;&#227;o de TV / FV ao EEF foram utilizados como controles. O &#226;ngulo QRS-T foi categorizado como normal (0-105&#186;), lim&#237;trofe (105-135&#186;) e anormal (135-180&#186;). As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas pelo teste t ou teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e teste exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De 116 pacientes submetidos ao EEF, 37,9% foram exclu&#237;dos por estarem com dados incompletos / prontu&#225;rios inativos ou pela impossibilidade de se calcular corretamente o &#226;ngulo QRS-T (presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial). De 72 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 31 induziram TV / FV ao EEF. Destes, o &#226;ngulo QRS-T se encontrava normal em 41,9%, lim&#237;trofe em 12,9% e anormal em 45,2%. No grupo de pacientes sem indu&#231;&#227;o de TV / FV, o &#226;ngulo QRS-T se encontrava normal em 63,4%, lim&#237;trofe em 14,6% e anormal em 17,1% (p = 0,04). Quando comparados aos pacientes com &#226;ngulo QRS-T normal, o risco de indu&#231;&#227;o de TV / FV nos pacientes com &#226;ngulo anormal foi quatro vezes maior [odds ratio (OR) 4; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 1,298-12,325; p = 0,028). Ap&#243;s ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis como idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e tamanho do QRS, houve tend&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo QRS-T anormal em identificar pacientes com maior risco de indu&#231;&#227;o de TV / FV (OR 3,95; IC 0,99-15,82; p = 0,052). A FE tamb&#233;m se evidenciou como preditora de indu&#231;&#227;o de TV / FV: um ponto de aumento na FE reduziu em 4% a taxa de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular sustentada ao EEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo QRS-T e redu&#231;&#227;o na FE estiveram associadas a um aumento no risco de indu&#231;&#227;o de TV / FV ao EEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Casos e Controles</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; um problema prevalente de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil e na Am&#233;rica Latina. A doen&#231;a tem ganhado import&#226;ncia em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos em virtude da intensa migra&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de localidades historicamente consideradas como reservat&#243;rios da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. &#201; causada pelo parasito <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> transmitido por via vetorial atrav&#233;s de picada de insetos triatom&#237;neos, por transmiss&#227;o gestante-feto, por via oral ou atrav&#233;s de transfus&#227;o de sangue contaminado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a de Chagas h&#225; inflama&#231;&#227;o, destrui&#231;&#227;o tissular e fibrose das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas causando disautonomia, altera&#231;&#245;es microcirculat&#243;rias e danos &#224; musculatura card&#237;aca e ao sistema nervoso intramural<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A doen&#231;a se apresenta nas formas indeterminada, n&#227;o card&#237;aca e card&#237;aca, esta &#250;ltima ainda subdividida em formas com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Mesmo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, os pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica podem evoluir com diversos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e arritmias ventriculares graves que se mostram importantes preditores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade do portador de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica tem como causas cardiovasculares mais comuns as taquiarritmias (taquicardia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventriculares) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. As taquiarritmias podem ser precedidas por sintomas t&#237;picos ou evoluir com morte s&#250;bita sem sinais premonit&#243;rios, o que pode acometer tamb&#233;m indiv&#237;duos com cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais. Considerando a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a e o aumento da expectativa de vida de seus portadores, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para morte s&#250;bita e taquiarritmias &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>O &#226;ngulo QRS-T &#233; uma vari&#225;vel eletrocardiogr&#225;fica que determina as dire&#231;&#245;es de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o no eixo frontal. Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, tais processos apresentam a mesma orienta&#231;&#227;o espacial, embora em sentidos opostos. Diferen&#231;as entre ambos indicam anormalidades el&#233;tricas card&#237;acas que sinalizam altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais mioc&#225;rdicas que afetam a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ou altera&#231;&#245;es regionais na sequ&#234;ncia de repolariza&#231;&#227;o. Estudos demonstram que uma ferramenta simples - o eletrocardiograma - fornece dados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco baseada na an&#225;lise do &#226;ngulo QRS-T. Nenhum estudo, entretanto, avaliou a import&#226;ncia desta vari&#225;vel e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares malignas durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o &#226;ngulo QRS-T obtido no plano frontal durante o eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es est&#225; associado com risco maior de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Planejamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas submetidos nos &#250;ltimos 3 anos a EEF no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos com base na indu&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares malignas (taquicardia ventricular sustentada, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou flutter ventricular) durante o protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular do EEF. O grupo de pacientes sem indu&#231;&#227;o de tais arritmias foi utilizado como controle. As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas inclu&#237;ram dados demogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo, antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral, s&#237;ncope, medicamentos concomitantes), eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ritmo, presen&#231;a de bloqueio atrioventricular e intraventricular, intervalo QRS e &#226;ngulo QRS-T), ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, presen&#231;a de trombos ou aneurismas) e de Holter de 24 horas (quantifica&#231;&#227;o de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e sustentada). Estas informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de prontu&#225;rios, registradas em formul&#225;rios projetados especialmente para o estudo e correlacionadas com os achados do EEF. N&#227;o houve seguimento cl&#237;nico e a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de registros, exames e anota&#231;&#245;es em prontu&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu todos os pacientes com pelo menos duas sorologias positivas para doen&#231;a de Chagas e submetidos a EEF nos &#250;ltimos 3 anos. Dados obtidos da amostra inclu&#237;ram antecedentes m&#233;dicos e uso de medicamentos. Pacientes com press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140 / 90 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> ou em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foram classificados como hipertensos. O encontro de glicemia de jejum acima de 126 mg / dL em duas ocasi&#245;es, ou uso de hipoglicemiantes orais ou insulina foi estabelecido como diabetes mellitus. Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os indiv&#237;duos com cardiomiopatia de outras etiologias (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o, ou outras), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e portadores de marcapasso com ritmo determinado pelo pr&#243;prio marcapasso. O diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi definido pela presen&#231;a &#224; angiocoronarianografia de estenose m&#237;nima de 70% no vaso acometido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de eventos</title>
          <p>Taquicardia ventricular sustentada foi definida como a presen&#231;a de taquicardia originada no ventr&#237;culo com frequ&#234;ncia superior a 100 bpm e dura&#231;&#227;o acima de 30 segundos ou associada a instabilidade cl&#237;nica ou hemodin&#226;mica. Uma atividade ventricular r&#225;pida, desordenada e ineficaz caracterizou a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
          <p>O eixo do complexo QRS e das ondas T no plano frontal foi calculado com base na an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma de repouso (12 deriva&#231;&#245;es) gravado a 25 mm / s e com 10 mm / mV de amplitude. Em ambos os casos, o eixo estava localizado na deriva&#231;&#227;o que apresentava complexos QRS e ondas T de maior amplitude. A diferen&#231;a entre os &#226;ngulos do complexo QRS e da onda T foi calculada pela diferen&#231;a absoluta entre os &#226;ngulos, com valores resultantes entre 0&#186; e 180&#186;. Tais determina&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas por dois revisores independentes. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, um terceiro revisor foi requisitado. O &#226;ngulo QRS-T foi dividido em tr&#234;s grupos: normal (0-105&#186;), lim&#237;trofe (105-135&#186;) e anormal (135-180&#186;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo Holter</title>
          <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas pelo sistema Holter ofereceu informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e taquicardia ventricular. Extrass&#237;stole ventricular foi definida como a ocorr&#234;ncia de batimentos isolados ou acoplados originados no ventr&#237;culo. A presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s batimentos ventriculares consecutivos com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 100 bpm foi definida como taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e, quando a dura&#231;&#227;o era maior do que 30 segundos, como taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>EEF</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao EEF de acordo com o protocolo padr&#227;o utilizado de rotina na institui&#231;&#227;o. O protocolo consiste na estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada com uso de dois ciclos b&#225;sicos (600 e 500 ms) com at&#233; tr&#234;s extra-est&#237;mulos no &#225;pice e na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, al&#233;m de estimula&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida (at&#233; 250 ms) nos mesmos s&#237;tios. O primeiro extra-est&#237;mulo, acoplado com o &#250;ltimo QRS do "trem" de pulsos e 50 ms mais r&#225;pido que o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular, &#233; introduzido na di&#225;stole tardia. O acoplamento &#233; reduzido a cada 10 ms at&#233; que o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular seja atingido. O segundo e terceiro extra-est&#237;mulos s&#227;o introduzidos na sequ&#234;ncia de maneira semelhante ao primeiro extra-est&#237;mulo. Em caso de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular, procede-se &#224; revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal por meio de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular r&#225;pida ou, no caso de colapso hemodin&#226;mico, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inclu&#237;ram medidas do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e determina&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, trombo ou aneurisma em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e intervalos interquartis quando apropriado. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias relativa e absoluta. Diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares foram analisadas pelo teste t ou Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para verificar quais fatores influenciaram conjuntamente os grupos, modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados. A sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo <italic>Backward  </italic>com alfa de sa&#237;da de 5%. Valores de p inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Os dados foram analisados pelos programas <italic>Microsoft Excel</italic> e <italic>R for Windows.</italic> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre janeiro e julho de 2013, foram selecionados 116 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes chag&#225;sicos submetidos a EEF. Destes, 44 (37,9%) foram exclu&#237;dos pelos seguintes motivos: 18 (15,5%) por dados incompletos, 6 (5,2%) por prontu&#225;rios inativos e 19 (16,4%) por impossibilidade de se calcular corretamente o &#226;ngulo QRS-T. Dentre os motivos que impossibilitaram o c&#225;lculo do &#226;ngulo QRS-T est&#227;o a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo em 16 (13,8%) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 3 (2,6%). A an&#225;lise final, portanto, incluiu 72 pacientes.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 59,3 &#177; 10,6 anos e 35 pacientes (48,6%) eram do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi 49,8 &#177; 16,1% e mais da metade dos pacientes (51,4%) apresentava classe funcional I. Bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo foram observados em 41 (56,9%) e 47 (65,3%) pacientes, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes utilizavam inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina / bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II, 54,2% faziam uso de amiodarona e 47,2% recebiam betabloqueadores. O &#226;ngulo QRS-T estava normal em 39 pacientes (54,2%), anormal em 21 (29,2%) e lim&#237;trofe em 10 (13,9%).</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e os achados de Holter dos 72 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e achados de Holter de 72 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade em anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 10,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">35 (48,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">27 (37,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">43 (59,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC OU AIT</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">55 (76,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">10 (13,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">2(2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcapasso</td>
                <td align="center">2(2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe funcional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">37 (51,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">30 (41,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">5(6,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es concomitantes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">34 (47,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">39 (54,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">57 (79,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">18 (25,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">21 (29,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">30 (41,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante oral</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">19 (26,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BAV de primeiro grau</td>
                <td align="center">22 (30,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio de ramo direito</td>
                <td align="center">41 (56,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">47 (65,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS &lt; 120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">24 (33,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QRS &gt; 120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">48 (66,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#194;ngulo QRS-T normal</td>
                <td align="center">39 (54,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#194;ngulo QRS-T anormal</td>
                <td align="center">21 (29,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#194;ngulo QRS-T lim&#237;trofe</td>
                <td align="center">10 (13,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 16,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">42 (58,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombo intracard&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">3(4,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Achados de Holter</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-10 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares / hora</td>
                <td align="center">12 (16,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11-30 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares / hora</td>
                <td align="center">10 (13,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt;31 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares / hora</td>
                <td align="center">43 (59,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                <td align="center">37 (51,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; lECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais, exceto quanto &#224; idade. Estes achados est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
                <th colspan="3">Indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o 41 (56,4%)</th>
                <th>Sim 31 (43,1%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">61,98</td>
                <td align="center">55,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (35,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">24 (58,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC/AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">30 (73,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (80,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Estatinas e AAS foram as medica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente prescritas no grupo sem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares malignas. Apesar do maior uso de betabloqueadores e espironolactona no grupo com indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias, esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es concomitantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Medicamentos concomitantes</th>
                <th colspan="3">Indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o 41 (56,4%)</th>
                <th>Sim 31 (43,1%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">15 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">22 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA / BRA</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (77,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">22 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACO</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (35,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; ACO: anticoagulante oral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Complexos QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o inferior a 120 ms foram observados mais frequentemente nos pacientes sem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares sustentadas. Dentre os pacientes nos quais houve indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares no EEF, o &#226;ngulo QRS-T encontrava-se normal em 13 (41,9%), lim&#237;trofe em 4 (12,9%) e anormal em 14 (45,2%). No grupo de pacientes sem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular, o &#226;ngulo QRS-T estava normal em 26 (63,4%), lim&#237;trofe em 6 (14,6%) e anormal em 7 (17,1%; p = 0,04). J&#225; a frequ&#234;ncia de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares ao Holter de 24 horas foi maior nos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o induziram arritmias complexas no EEF (70,3% vs. 60,7%), por&#233;m, este achado n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,71).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o valor m&#233;dio no grupo com indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular foi de 42,6% comparado a 55,1% no grupo sem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias (p = 0,003; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left">Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</th>
                <th colspan="3">Indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o 41 (56,4%)</th>
                <th>Sim 31 (43,1%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> BAV de primeiro grau</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Bloqueio de ramo direito</td>
                <td align="center">25 (61,0)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">29 (70,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> QRS &lt; 120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden"> 0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> QRS &gt; 120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">25 (61,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#194;ngulo QRS-T</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (41,9)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center"> 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Lim&#237;trofe</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Anormal</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (45,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de Holter de 24h entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Achados de ecocardiograma e Holter</th>
                <th colspan="3">Indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o 41 (56,4%)</th>
                <th>Sim 31 (43,1%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombo de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td>Aneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">55,12</td>
                <td align="center">42,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-10 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares/hora</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (19,4)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center"> 0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11-30 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares / hora</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt;31 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares / hora</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (54,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra os achados de um paciente com &#226;ngulo QRS-T anormal que induziu taquicardia ventricular sustentada durante o EEF.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#192; esquerda, eletrocardiograma demonstrando &#226;ngulo QRS-T anormal (S&#194;QRS= -70&#186;; S&#194;T = +100&#186;; QRS-T &#226;ngulo de 170&#186;). &#192; direita, taquicardia ventricular sustentada monom&#243;rfica induzida no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico do mesmo paciente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0460-40162-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o se mostrou um forte preditor de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular nesta amostra. A cada ponto de aumento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o em cerca de 4% na taxa de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao EEF. Quando comparado a pacientes com &#226;ngulo QRS-T normal, o risco de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi quatro vezes maior em pacientes com &#226;ngulo anormal [odds ratio (OR) 4; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 1,298-12,325; p = 0,028). Ap&#243;s ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis como idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e tamanho do QRS, houve uma tend&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo QRS-T anormal em identificar pacientes com maior risco de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (OR 3,95; IC 0,99-15,82; p=0,052;   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada em pacientes com indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ventriculares ao EEF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">Indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>Intervalo de confian&#231;a</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Idade &gt; 65anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 - 0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 35%</td>
                <td align="center">4,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 - 19,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Uso de betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 - 4,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> QRS &gt; 120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 - 4,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#194;ngulo QRS-T</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Lim&#237;trofe</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 - 6,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Anormal</td>
                <td align="center">3,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 - 15,82</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostram que cardiopatas chag&#225;sicos que apresentam &#226;ngulo QRS-T anormal no plano frontal tendem a apresentar maior risco de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada ao EEF. Este achado indica que uma vari&#225;vel eletrocardiogr&#225;fica pode auxiliar o m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico a estabelecer o progn&#243;stico de eventos arr&#237;tmicos futuros nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que as anormalidades na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular se associam a uma maior suscetibilidade a arritmias complexas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Rassi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> demonstraram que o ECG alterado em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; sintomatologia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - classe funcional III ou IV - confere ao paciente chag&#225;sico alto risco de mortalidade. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o possibilita a orienta&#231;&#227;o de terapias espec&#237;ficas direcionadas a este subgrupo de pacientes. Al&#233;m disto, diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos mostram que a an&#225;lise da amplitude, dura&#231;&#227;o e eixos espacial e frontal do &#226;ngulo QRS-T tamb&#233;m s&#227;o preditores fortes e independentes de mortalidade em pacientes idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, em portadores de HIV em tratamento antirretroviral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e em situa&#231;&#245;es como a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, no p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e na cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios descreveram a import&#226;ncia do &#226;ngulo QRS-T como preditor independente de mortalidade em pacientes chag&#225;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o havia at&#233; agora relatos em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o valor do &#226;ngulo QRS-T e indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares malignas, o que refletiria uma maior probabilidade de eventos arr&#237;tmicos de alto risco nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Neste estudo, a compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre o &#226;ngulo QRS-T anormal e normal mostrou que o primeiro esteve associado a um risco quatro vezes maior de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares, assinalando a import&#226;ncia desta vari&#225;vel eletrocardiogr&#225;fica simples na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de uma popula&#231;&#227;o portadora desta grave cardiopatia.</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo ideal para determina&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo QRS-T &#233; motivo de discuss&#227;o. O c&#225;lculo do &#226;ngulo pode ser obtido atrav&#233;s de determina&#231;&#227;o espacial ou atrav&#233;s da simples diferen&#231;a entre os &#226;ngulos do complexo QRS e da onda T no plano frontal. No primeiro caso, as deriva&#231;&#245;es de Frank (X, Y, Z) s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para o c&#225;lculo. Por&#233;m, estas deriva&#231;&#245;es nem sempre s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nos eletrocardi&#243;grafos convencionais. Este fato torna a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta vari&#225;vel menos pr&#225;tica. J&#225; a simples determina&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a entre os &#226;ngulos no plano frontal, como empregada neste estudo, &#233; mais pr&#225;tica, e de f&#225;cil alcance e interpreta&#231;&#227;o, portanto mais &#250;til na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Zhang e cols. demonstraram que a determina&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo QRS-T no plano frontal apresenta boa correla&#231;&#227;o com os achados obtidos pela determina&#231;&#227;o espacial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Entretanto, Brown e Schlegel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, ap&#243;s comparar a m&#233;dia do &#226;ngulo espacial QRS-T com &#226;ngulos planares frontais de QRS-T por meio de eletrocardiograma convencional e vetocardiograma em 370 pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca comprovada por exames de imagem (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular) e de 210 indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis, identificaram uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa a favor de maior poder diagn&#243;stico atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo espacial. Os autores tomaram este resultado como decisivo para sugerir o n&#227;o uso do &#226;ngulo QRS-T no plano frontal como substituto do &#226;ngulo espacial QRS-T. Por outro lado, um estudo recente publicado por Aro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> utilizando a determina&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo QRS-T no plano frontal demonstrou que 2% de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 10.957 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam diferen&#231;a &gt;100&#186; e maior taxa de mortalidade s&#250;bita de causa arr&#237;tmica e de mortalidade total em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com o &#226;ngulo QRS-T normal. Estes dados e tamb&#233;m os de Zhang e cols. d&#227;o sustenta&#231;&#227;o &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da simples diferen&#231;a entre os eixos do complexo QRS e da onda T no plano frontal como igualmente &#250;til na determina&#231;&#227;o de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular / fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com doen&#231;a de chagas submetidos ao EEF.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de &#225;reas fibr&#243;ticas ou de tecidos com baixa capacidade de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica pode alterar o processo card&#237;aco de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o, formando uma regi&#227;o na qual h&#225; um circuito reentrante. Anormalidades na ativa&#231;&#227;o e na recupera&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, obtidas por meio da diferen&#231;a entre os &#226;ngulos dos complexos QRS e ondas T no plano frontal, podem sugerir a presen&#231;a deste circuito. Foi provavelmente por esta raz&#227;o que estas anormalidades estiveram associadas &#224; maior probabilidade de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos.</p>
        <p>Por fim, deve-se ressaltar que a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda esteve associada a uma frequ&#234;ncia maior de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares malignas na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Estes resultados corroboram dados recentemente publicados por nosso grupo e refletem a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica de circuitos arritmog&#234;nicos secund&#225;rios a &#225;reas de fibrose entremeadas com tecido de condu&#231;&#227;o normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem sua natureza observacional retrospectiva, o n&#250;mero amostral pequeno e a coleta de dados apenas a partir de prontu&#225;rios. O protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi semelhante em todos os pacientes avaliados, visto que segue uma metodologia proposta pelo servi&#231;o que vem sendo aplicada rotineiramente h&#225; v&#225;rios anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo QRS-T e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular estiveram associadas &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares graves - taquicardia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventriculares - ao EEF na amostra estudada. A presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares ou taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada em monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Holter de 24 horas, assim como fatores cl&#237;nicos como sexo masculino e hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope, n&#227;o se mostraram preditores para indu&#231;&#227;o de tal desfecho.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
