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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">96HPgKnybfhNLk3vVZxgzLR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial Septal Defect in Adults: Does Repair Always Mean Cure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">The Heart Institute</institution>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ant&#244;nio Augusto Lopes</bold>. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, Postal Code 05403&#8209;000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>aablopes@usp.br</email>,   <email>roselipolo@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>446</fpage>
      <lpage>448</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical Procedures Minimally Invasive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, accounting for ~35% of all congenital heart defects. Late presentation is due to the insidious development of right ventricular remodeling, with enlargement of right cardiac chambers. Patients may seek medical attention with symptoms related to right or global myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmias or thromboembolic events. Until recently, pulmonary vasculopathy was assumed to be a rare complication in ASD patients. However, with progressive knowledge and interest in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), numbers are changing. Of 1877 adults with congenital heart disease followed up for five years in the European Union, 896 had ASD, with PAH prevalences of 12% and 34% for repaired and unrepaired defects respectively. Fifteen patients had the full picture of the Eisenmenger syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
    <p>The fortunate side of the scenario is that the widespread use of echocardiography has allowed a big number of patients to be diagnosed early. Furthermore, transcatheter closure of secundum defects offers a less invasive alternative of repair to patients who fulfill anatomical and size criteria, and may be an appropriate therapeutic option for subjects with paradoxical embolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Also minimally invasive video-assisted surgical techniques have allowed successful closure of the communications, and represent a new and promising therapeutic approach to patients with ASD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The dark side of the story is: with late presentation, treatments may allow patients to become free from the communications, but not from advanced right ventricular remodeling and failure, severe arrhythmias and pulmonary vasculopathy.</p>
    <p>In terms of pulmonary vascular abnormalities, a question remains: do all ASD patients successfully subjected to repair become cured?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. There are many important points to be considered here. First, although the risk of developing severe PAH is relatively low for patients with ASD in general (&lt; 10%), it is higher for those with <italic>sinus venosus</italic> defects (~14%). Second, there is growing evidence that outcomes for patients with late postoperative PAH after repair of congenital cardiac septal defects are considerably worse when compared to those with moderate to severe pulmonary vasculopathy, who are left unoperated. Third, although there has been enthusiasm with the so called &#8220;new drugs&#8221; for PAH management, there has not been evidence that combined medical therapy and surgery are beneficial in patients with congenital heart disease. Actually, the literature on this subject is limited to case reports and small case series, and data on long-term observations have not been provided. Based on these difficulties, a specific taskforce in the 5<sup>th</sup> World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension of the World Health Organization (Nice, France, 2013) came up with the conclusion that currently there is no evidence of benefit with the so called &#8221;treat-and-repair&#8221; strategy in the management of patients with congenital heart disease and PAH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
    <p>On the basis of these assumptions, we would like to propose that adults with ASD who are candidates to repair (surgical or percutaneous) should be carefully evaluated. Although noninvasive diagnostic evaluation suffice in most instances, subjects suspected of having elevated pulmonary vascular resistance must be considered for more sophisticated diagnostic procedures, which include cardiac catheterization. Those presenting with a <italic>sinus venosus</italic> defect, importantly dilated central pulmonary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), with peripheral oxygen saturation of &lt; 93% on exertion (in the absence of respiratory disorders) or echocardiographic findings suggestive of unusual pulmonary hemodynamics may be considered as &#8220;at risk&#8221; for postoperative complications and limited outcomes.  </p>
    <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Enlarged heart (mainly right cardiac chambers) with proeminent pulmonary artery and markedly dilated hilar vessels in an adult female with atrial septal defect. All these abnormalities may be seen in advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, extended diagnostic evaluation is needed.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0446-40201-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>We therefore propose a short list of steps and indices that may be of help for decision making in adults with ASD who are potential candidates for repair. Importantly, this is no guideline. Also, we do not expect all clinicians to follow exactly the steps presented in the list. We just propose that these indices are taken into consideration, especially for &#8220;at risk&#8221; patients. Parameters listed in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> should be looked on as characteristics of an ideal candidate for ASD closure. So, we generally take them into account to decide how close or how distant patients are from the ideal condition. The general idea is that while closing an ASD, we must be quite sure that the communication will no longer be required for keeping the patient in stable conditions. That is, ASD closure in adults is associated with a &#8220;bidirectional concern&#8221;. A communication may be necessary not only in patients who are at risk for right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension or right ventricular restrictive physiology (&#8220;right-to-left concern&#8221;), but also to prevent an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure (and pulmonary edema) in subjects with relevant left heart disease (&#8220;left-to-right concern&#8221;).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t01">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Ideal parameters for safely assigning ASD patients to repair</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>1.</td>
            <td>Size of the defect: non-restrictive if &gt;10 mm in adults</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>2.</td>
            <td>Anatomy: secundum type is less frequently associated with PAH</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>3.</td>
            <td>Normal oxygen saturation at rest and on exertion</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>4.</td>
            <td>Left-to-right shunting on echocardiographic analysis</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>5.</td>
            <td>Increased pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs, echocardiography)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>&#160;&#160;</td>
            <td>&#8226; Ideally, Qp/Qs &#8805; 3.0 in large non-restrictive defects</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>&#160;</td>
            <td>&#8226; Attention to patients with large defects and "not so elevated" Qp/Qs ratios (e.g. &#8804; 2.0)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>6.</td>
            <td>Increased velocity-time integral of flow measured on pulmonary veins (echocardiography, ideally &gt;24 cm)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>7.</td>
            <td>Pulmonary artery systolic pressure not above 70 mmHg (cardiac catheterization)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>8.</td>
            <td>Systolic-to-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio of &gt;2:1 (catheterization). Pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure is low in uncomplicated ASD</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>9.</td>
            <td>Pulmonary vascular resistance index of &lt; 6 Wood units&#8226;m<sup>2</sup>(ideally, &lt;4 Wood units&#8226;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>Normal pulmonary wedge pressure and left ventricular and diastolic pressure. Absence of significant mitral valve disease and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>11.</td>
            <td>Absence of a right ventricular restrictive physiology</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>Absence of advanced myocardial deterioration, severe arrhythmias or relevant comorbidities as additional risk factors</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>In conclusion, most adults with ASD are now safely treated using available techniques of surgical or percutaneous repair, and become free of complications over the long-term. However, a sophisticated diagnostic armamentarium is available, and should be used to identify a small fraction of patients who are considered as &#8220;at risk&#8221; for postoperative complications, particularly the persistence of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and PAH. There is general agreement that ASD closure in this small population may be hazardous, with poor long-term outcomes. Individualized diagnostic evaluation and case-by-case discussion is still the best policy.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial em Adultos: A Corre&#231;&#227;o Sempre Cura?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HCFM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#244;nio Augusto Lopes</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>aablopes@usp.br</email>, <email>roselipolo@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Minimamente Invasivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) &#233; a anomalia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita mais prevalente em adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, representando cerca de 35% de todos os defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia deve-se ao insidioso desenvolvimento do remodelamento ventricular direito, com aumento das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas. Os pacientes podem buscar cuidados m&#233;dicos apresentando sintomas relacionados a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica direita ou global, arritmias ou eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. At&#233; recentemente, a vasculopatia pulmonar era considerada uma rara complica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com CIA. No entanto, com o conhecimento e o interesse crescentes no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP), os n&#250;meros est&#227;o mudando. De 1877 adultos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita acompanhados por cinco anos na Uni&#227;o Europeia, 896 tinham o diagn&#243;stico de CIA, com preval&#234;ncias de HAP de 12% e 34% para defeitos corrigidos e n&#227;o corrigidos, respectivamente. Quadro completo de s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger foi observado em 15 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>O aspecto positivo &#233; que a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do uso da ecocardiografia permitiu o diagn&#243;stico precoce de um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, o fechamento percut&#226;neo dos defeitos tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> &#233; uma alternativa menos invasiva de corre&#231;&#227;o para pacientes que preencham os crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos e de tamanho, podendo ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica apropriada para aqueles com embolia paradoxal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Ainda, as t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas minimamente invasivas e com aux&#237;lio de v&#237;deo permitem o bem-sucedido fechamento das comunica&#231;&#245;es, representando uma nova e promissora abordagem terap&#234;utica para o tratamento da CIA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O aspecto negativo &#233; que, com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, os tratamentos podem livrar os pacientes das comunica&#231;&#245;es, mas n&#227;o resolvem o remodelamento e a fal&#234;ncia ventricular direita avan&#231;ados, as arritmias graves e a vasculopatia pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Em termos de anormalidades vasculares pulmonares, permanece a quest&#227;o: uma bem-sucedida corre&#231;&#227;o cura todos os pacientes com CIA?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. H&#225; muitos pontos importantes a serem considerados. Primeiro, embora o risco de desenvolvimento de HAP grave seja relativamente baixo para pacientes com CIA em geral (&lt;10%), &#233; maior para aqueles com defeitos do tipo &#8216;seio venoso&#8217; (~14%). Segundo, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia crescente de que os desfechos para pacientes com HAP no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos septais cong&#234;nitos s&#227;o consideravelmente piores se comparados &#224;queles de pacientes com vasculopatia pulmonar moderada a grave n&#227;o operados. Terceiro, a despeito do entusiasmo com os &#8220;novos medicamentos&#8221; para HAP, n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio da combina&#231;&#227;o de terapias medicamentosa e cir&#250;rgica para pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. A literatura sobre o assunto limita-se a relatos de casos e pequenas s&#233;ries, n&#227;o havendo informa&#231;&#227;o sobre observa&#231;&#245;es de longo prazo. Com base nessas dificuldades, uma for&#231;a tarefa espec&#237;fica reunida no 5&#186; Simp&#243;sio Mundial de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (Nice, Fran&#231;a, 2013) concluiu n&#227;o haver, at&#233; o momento, evid&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia &#8220;tratar&#8209;e&#8209;corrigir&#8221; para pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e HAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Com base nessas suposi&#231;&#245;es, gostar&#237;amos de propor a cuidadosa avalia&#231;&#227;o de adultos com CIA candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea). Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o invasiva seja suficiente na maioria dos casos, quando h&#225; suspeita de eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos mais sofisticados, como cateterismo card&#237;aco, devem ser considerados. Indiv&#237;duos com defeitos do tipo &#8216;seio venoso&#8217;, art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais significativamente dilatadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio &lt; 93% ao esfor&#231;o (na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios) ou achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos de hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar n&#227;o usual podem ser considerados &#8220;de risco&#8221; para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e desfechos limitados.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aumento do cora&#231;&#227;o, principalmente das c&#226;maras direitas, com art&#233;ria pulmonar proeminente e vasos hilares marcadamente dilatados em uma adulta com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial. Todas essas anormalidades podem ser vistas na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar avan&#231;ada. Logo, extensa avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica faz-se necess&#225;ria.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-06-0446-40201-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Assim, propomos uma curta lista de passos e &#237;ndices que podem ajudar o processo de decis&#227;o em adultos com CIA, potenciais candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante lembrar que n&#227;o se trata de diretriz e que t&#227;o pouco esperamos que todos os cl&#237;nicos sigam exatamente os passos apresentados nessa lista. Apenas propomos que os &#237;ndices sejam considerados, em especial para os pacientes &#8220;de risco&#8221;. Os par&#226;metros listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> devem ser vistos como caracter&#237;sticas de um candidato ideal ao fechamento de CIA. Em geral, tais par&#226;metros nos ajudam a decidir qual a real situa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o ideal. A ideia geral &#233; que, ao fechar uma CIA, precisamos ter certeza de que a comunica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ser&#225; mais necess&#225;ria para manter o paciente est&#225;vel. Ou seja, o fechamento da CIA em adultos est&#225; associada a &#8220;preocupa&#231;&#227;o bidirecional&#8221;. A comunica&#231;&#227;o pode ser necess&#225;ria n&#227;o apenas em pacientes com risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita devida a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou fisiologia restritiva ventricular direita (&#8220;preocupa&#231;&#227;o direita-esquerda&#8221;), mas tamb&#233;m para prevenir um aumento na press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (e edema pulmonar) em indiv&#237;duos com importante cardiopatia esquerda (&#8220;preocupa&#231;&#227;o esquerda-direita&#8221;).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ideais para encaminhamento de pacientes com CIA para corre&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>1.</td>
              <td>Tamanho do defeito: n&#227;o restritivo, se &gt;10 mm em adultos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2.</td>
              <td>Anatomia: tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> associa-se com menor frequ&#234;ncia a HAP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3.</td>
              <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio normal em repouso e aos esfor&#231;os</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4.</td>
              <td><italic>Shunting</italic> esquerda-direita na an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5.</td>
              <td>Eleva&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o de fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar/sist&#234;mico (Qp/Qs, ecocardiografia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; Ideal: Qp/Qs &#8805; 3,0 em defeitos grandes n&#227;o restritivos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; Aten&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com defeitos grandes e rela&#231;&#245;es Qp/Qs "n&#227;o t&#227;o elevadas" (&#8804; 2,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6.</td>
              <td>Eleva&#231;&#227;o da integral velocidade-tempo do fluxo medido nas veias pulmonares (ecocardiografia, idealmente &gt;24 cm)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7.</td>
              <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar inferior a 70 mmHg (cateterismo card&#237;aco)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8.</td>
              <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica-diast&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt;2:1 (cateterismo). A press&#227;o diast&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; baixa em CIA n&#227;o complicada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9.</td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar &lt;6 unidades Wood&#8226;m<sup>2</sup>(ideal: &lt;4 unidades Wood&#8226;m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10.</td>
              <td>Press&#227;o pulmonar encunhada e press&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normais. Aus&#234;ncia de significativa valvopatia mitral e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11.</td>
              <td>Aus&#234;ncia de fisiologia restritiva ventricular direita</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>12.</td>
              <td>Aus&#234;ncia de deteriora&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica avan&#231;ada, arritmias graves ou relevantes comorbidades como fatores de risco adicionais.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Concluindo, a maioria dos adultos com CIA &#233; atualmente tratada de maneira segura, usando-se t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea dispon&#237;veis, n&#227;o apresentando complica&#231;&#245;es de longo prazo. No entanto, um arsenal diagn&#243;stico sofisticado acha-se dispon&#237;vel e deve ser usado para identificar uma diminuta fra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes considerados &#8220;de risco&#8221; para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, em particular a persist&#234;ncia de elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e HAP. H&#225; consenso de que o fechamento de CIA nessa pequena popula&#231;&#227;o possa ser arriscado, com desfechos de longo prazo ruins. A avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica individualizada e a discuss&#227;o caso a caso ainda s&#227;o a melhor pol&#237;tica.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
