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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SwfTNkgFrJZ5zS5cVhVFvwS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140127</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Multiple Benefits of Rehabilitation in a Patient with Heart and Renal
               Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroga</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Jos&#233; Pinho</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luis Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor) Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio
               S&#237;rio S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCOR-FMUSP) S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Alberto Cordeiro Hossri</bold>. Rua
               Afonso De Freitas, Para&#237;so. Postal Code 040.06-052, S&#227;o Paulo, RJ &#8211; Brazil. Email:
                  <email>carloshossri@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>cahossri@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho
                  VO, Carvalho CRR, Albuquerque ALP; Acquisition of data: Hossri CAC; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data: Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho CRR,
                  Albuquerque ALP; Statistical analysis: Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho
                  VO, Albuquerque ALP; Writing of the manuscript: Hossri CAC, Carvalho VO,
                  Albuquerque ALP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
                  Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho VO, Carvalho CRR, Albuquerque ALP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e68</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency / rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure is associated with high mortality and significantly reduced exercise
            capacity in many cases, despite medical treatment. Patients may present also renal
            failure, one of the most important comorbidities, which contributes even more to a poor
            prognosis, especially in patients who are already attending dialysis sessions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Reduction of renal function occurs in
            approximately 25% of patients with chronic heart failure, regardless the severity of
            left ventricular dysfunction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Exercise training is formally recommended as a safe non-pharmacological intervention in
            stable heart failure <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Nevertheless, many patients in severe stage are
            extremely symptomatic and consider themselves as incapable to attend an exerce training
            program. The association of heart failure and renal failure in use of continuous
            ambulatory peritoneal dialysis makes this attendance even more complicated. The
            physicians also are insecure and resistant to recommend cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
            for a patient with such important impairment.</p>
      <p>This case report aims at describing the clinical and physiological effects of an
            exercising program in a severe heart failure patient with renal failure in peritoneal
            dialysis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Patient is a 54-year-old male, with heart failure secondary to idiopathic etiology, NYHA
            functional class III-IV for 8 years with implantable defibrillator and cardiac
            resynchronization in the last 2 years. The electrocardiogram before the defibrillator
            showed left bundle branch block. He also had suffered from chronic renal failure for the
            last 6 years, in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for the last 3 years
            undergoing 21 sessions/week. He was referred to our hospital for exercise training
            because his pharmacological therapy has already been optimized 2 years before:
            (Furosemide 40&#160;mg/d, Spironolactone 25&#160;mg/d, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker 80&#160;mg/d and
            &#946;-blockers Carvedilol 50&#160;mg/d) and he persisted being extremely limited in his daily
            activities.</p>
      <p>Before and after rehabilitation, were assessed: left ventricular ejection fraction
            (LVEF, Simpsom&#8217;s method), maximal and submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET),
            quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire) and urea/creatinine levels in the blood. The
            maximal CPET, with incremental protocol on treadmill, was used not only to obtain the
            exercise capacity but also to define the threshold of exercise training during the
            rehabilitation. Still in the maximal CPET, it was evaluated the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope
            during incremental phase and the drop of the heart rate in the first minute of recovery
            phase, which was used to investigate the autonomic system <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The submaximal CPET at 80% of maximal exercise capacity was applied to measure the
            endurance tolerance and the changes in different systems (cardiovascular, ventilatory
            and peripheral muscles) pre and post intervention. In order to evaluate the efficiency
            of oxidative metabolism in the peripheral muscles after exercise program, we used the
            time constant of oxygen consumption to achieve the steady state of 63% peak
               VO<sub>2</sub> (kinetics analysis) in both endurance tests <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Exercise rehabilitation sessions (45 min, 4 times/week for 8&#160;weeks) were always
            supervised. Aerobic exercises (20-30&#160;min) were performed in treadmill and cycle
            ergometer at anaerobic threshold achieved in maximal CPT (VO<sub>2</sub> = 4.7
               ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup>, 42% of VO<sub>2</sub>max), and resistance
            exercises for upper and lower limbs at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction, 3 series of
            10&#160;repetitions with 1 min of rest for each series <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. As this patient has a
            severe heart failure, the maximal voluntary contraction was estimated using 12 to 15
            voluntary repetitions reaching moderate degree of fatigue (11 to 13 on the original Borg
            perceived exertion scale), which represents approximately 30&#160;to 40% of one repetition
            maximum (1-RM) for the upper limbs and 40 to 50% to the lower limbs being performed
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>The patient was monitored by a multichannel telemetry system during all exercises to
            verify possible arrhythmias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>After 2 months of rehabilitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>), the
            patient showed an important improvement in maximal exercise performance (distance and
            peak VO<sub>2</sub>), ventilatory efficiency (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope),
            increase of the systolic blood pressure delta, and higher LVEF. The renal function also
            improved substantially, decreasing the dialysis sessions from 21 to 4 per week. The
            patient became less symptomatic (NYHA II), the quality of life was substantially
            benefited in all domains of SF-36 and he returned to his job (office work).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exercise, metabolic and hemodynamic variables obtained during maximal
                  incremental test before and after cardiopulmonary rehabilitation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Before</th>
              <th align="center">After</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Incremental test</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Time (min)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Distance (m)</td>
              <td align="center">330</td>
              <td align="center">660</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min)</td>
              <td align="center">10.2</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> Slope</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RER at peak</td>
              <td align="center">1.37</td>
              <td align="center">1.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VO<sub>2</sub> AT (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">4.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peak O<sub>2</sub> Pulse (ml.kg.<sup>-1</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>/bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peak Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">123</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart Rate Recovery 1<sup>st</sup>min (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Delta Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Clinical and functional responses</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA functional class</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Urea (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">188</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">3.88</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dialysis per week</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Physical Component (SF-36)</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mental Component (SF-36)</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">85</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; AT: anaerobic threshold; NYHA: New York
                     Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction. RER: respiratory
                     exchange ratio; O<sub>2</sub>: pulse oxygen pulse</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The enhancement on exercise tolerance and symptoms is likely a consequence of the
            benefits over the body systems, taking into account mainly the cardiovascular, skeletal
            muscle, ventilatory and renal. In this case, exercise training resulted in an augment on
            cardiac performance reflected even at rest by the higher LVEF. The reduction of minute
            ventilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1b</xref>, lower VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
            slope), an index of greater ventilatory efficiency, is also a benefit of greater cardiac
            output since the anaerobic threshold was achieved later post rehabilitation, attenuating
            the ventilatory response.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Constant load tests (80% of the maximum incremental test) before and after
                  cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. VCO<sub>2</sub>: CO<sub>2</sub> production, VE:
                  minute ventilation, VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption, VE/VO<sub>2</sub>:
                  ventilatory equivalent for O<sub>2</sub>, &#964; = oxygen kinetics.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e68-40127-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Other afferent stimulus to the respiratory center is the CO<sub>2</sub> produced in the
            skeletal muscles. Considering the endurance tests, after intervention, the patient was
            able to tolerate much more exercise with a significant lower CO<sub>2</sub> production
            from the peripheral muscles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1a</xref>). This
            phenomenon reflects a better metabolic efficiency after training. It is already known
            the aerobic rehabilitation has relevant implications on muscle metabolism, mainly due to
            higher capillarization (higher oxygen output), increase of mitochondrial density and
            higher proportion of oxidative fibers <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The analysis of oxygen
            kinetics shows the behavior of muscle oxidative metabolism to exercise, with severe
            patients presenting a delay in this variable. The current case demonstrates an
            improvement on O<sub>2</sub> kinetics, with a shorter time to achieve the steady state
            after rehabilitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1d</xref>). Thus, in this
            case there was a clear gain in the peripheral muscles, considering that their energetic
            metabolism became more efficient after rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>Not only was the lower ventilation relevant for this patient, but also the pattern of
            breathing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1b</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1c</xref>). Before the rehabilitation, in the incremental cardiopulmonary
            test there was a marked pattern of periodic ventilation during the phase of increment
            and also in the recovery. After the program, the periodic ventilation was not abolished
            but decreased significantly in the increment and recovery phases of cardiopulmonary
            test. Although the mechanisms of periodic breathing have not been fully elucidated yet,
            it is present exactly in patients with severe heart failure and, of note, has prognostic
            implications <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The improvement found in this patient was certainly related to
            the improved cardiac function post rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>Finally, there was a benefit also in the renal failuresince the frequency of dialysis
            sessions decreased from 21 to 4/week. This represents an interesting effect of
            cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and is probably related to better balance in the
            autonomic system, likely more related to renin&#8209;angiotensin system. Previous studies have
            described a lower activity of sympathetic drive after exercise program, which is in
            agreement with the faster recovery of heart rate after incremental test, suggesting
            lower sympathetic activation post rehabilitation in this patient <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In addition, the reduction in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
            system is also a result of exercise program, leading to a higher blood flow into renal
            arteries and, in this way, a better filtration <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>In short, this case demonstrates that even in patients with significant limitation of
            functional capacity, the possibility of multi-disciplinary intervention programmes such
            as the RCPM described should be considered.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>M&#250;ltiplos Benef&#237;cios da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o em Paciente com Insufici&#234;ncias
               Card&#237;aca e Renal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hossri</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroga</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Jos&#233; Pinho</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luis Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor) Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio
               S&#237;rio S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCOR-FMUSP) S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Alberto Cordeiro Hossri</bold>. Rua
               Afonso de Freitas, Para&#237;so. CEP 04006-052, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>carloshossri@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>cahossri@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho VO,
                  Carvalho CRR, Albuquerque ALP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Hossri CAC; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho CRR, Albuquerque
                  ALP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Hossri CAC, Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho VO, Albuquerque
                  ALP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Hossri CAC, Carvalho VO, Albuquerque ALP; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hossri CAC,
                  Queiroga J&#250;nior FP, Carvalho VO, Carvalho CRR, Albuquerque ALP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal / reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; associada &#224; elevada mortalidade e &#224; capacidade de
               exerc&#237;cio significativamente reduzida em muitos casos, apesar do tratamento m&#233;dico.
               Os pacientes podem apresentar, tamb&#233;m, insufici&#234;ncia renal, uma das comorbidades mais
               importantes, o que contribui ainda mais para um mau progn&#243;stico, especialmente em
               pacientes que j&#225; est&#227;o realizando sess&#245;es de di&#225;lise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal ocorre em aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes
               com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, independentemente da gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular esquerda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; formalmente recomendado como uma interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica
               segura em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. No entanto, muitos
               pacientes em est&#225;gio grave s&#227;o extremamente sintom&#225;ticos e se consideram incapazes de
               participar de um programa de treinamento de exerc&#237;cio. A associa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca com a insufici&#234;ncia renal, em uso de Di&#225;lise Peritoneal Ambulatorial
               Cont&#237;nua (CAPD, sigla do ingl&#234;s Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis), torna tal
               atendimento ainda mais complicado. Os m&#233;dicos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o inseguros e resistentes ao
               recomendar reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar para um paciente com muitas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Este relato de caso teve por objetivo descrever os efeitos cl&#237;nicos e fisiol&#243;gicos de
               um programa de exerc&#237;cio em um paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave e
               insufici&#234;ncia renal em di&#225;lise peritoneal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente com 54 anos, do sexo masculino, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de origem
               idiop&#225;tica h&#225; 8 anos e em classe funcional III-IV da New York Heart Association
               (NYHA). Evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia renal h&#225; 6 anos e iniciou sess&#245;es de di&#225;lise
               peritoneal nos &#250;ltimos 3 anos ( realizando 21 sess&#245;es de CAPD por semana). H&#225; 2 anos
               fora submetido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador (CDI) com ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca
               devido &#224;s freq&#252;entes descompensa&#231;&#245;es. Embora sua terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica tivesse
               sido otimizada (furosemida 40 mg/dia, espironolactona 25 mg/dia, bloqueador do
               receptor da angiotensina 80 mg/dia e Carvedilol 50mg/dia) o paciente persistia
               extremamente limitado em suas atividades di&#225;rias. Assim, fora encaminhado para o
               nosso servi&#231;o intra&#8209;hospitalar de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica (RCPM)
               supervisionada, a fim de tentar promover ganho de capacidade f&#237;sica e maior
               estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Antes e ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o, foram avaliados: Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo
               (FEVE), pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson; Teste Cardiopulmonar (TCP) de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo e
               subm&#225;ximo de carga constante (&#8220;Endurance&#8221;); Qualidade de Vida (question&#225;rio Short
               Form (36) Health Survey &#8211; SF-36); n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ur&#233;ia/ creatinina e pept&#237;deo
               natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP).</p>
        <p>O TCP m&#225;ximo, com protocolo incremental em esteira, foi utilizado n&#227;o s&#243; para obter a
               capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, mas tamb&#233;m para definir o limiar de treinamento f&#237;sico
               durante a reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Ainda durante o TCP m&#225;ximo foi avaliada a inclina&#231;&#227;o da
               ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto / produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VE/VCO2) durante a fase incremental e
               a queda da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto da fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, que foi
               utilizada para investigar o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>O TCP subm&#225;ximo ou de &#8220;Endurance&#8221; foi realizado a 80% da carga m&#225;xima do teste
               incremental m&#225;ximo avaliou a toler&#226;ncia limite ao esfor&#231;o (TLim) e as mudan&#231;as em
               diferentes sistemas org&#226;nicos (cardiovascular, ventilat&#243;rio e muscular perif&#233;rico)
               antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o da reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Para avaliar a efici&#234;ncia do metabolismo
               oxidativo perif&#233;rico ap&#243;s o treinamento f&#237;sico, usamos a constante de tempo de
               consumo de oxig&#234;nio (equivalente a 63% do VO2 m&#225;x atingido no teste subm&#225;ximo de
               carga constante), atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise cin&#233;tica (software Sigmaplot 10.0).</p>
        <p>As sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 45 minutos, quatro vezes por
               semana, durante oito semanas, foram supervisionadas. Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, com
               dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 a 30 minutos, foram realizados em esteira e bicicleta ergom&#233;trica no
               limiar anaer&#243;bio alcan&#231;ado em TCP m&#225;ximo (VO<sub>2</sub> = 4,7 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>
                  .min<sup>-1</sup>, 42% do VO<sub>2</sub>max); os exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia para os
               membros superiores e inferiores foram realizados com 40% da contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria
               m&#225;xima, tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es, com um minuto de descanso para cada s&#233;rie
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Como esse paciente apresentava insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, a
               contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima foi estimada utilizando 12&#160;a&#160;15&#160;repeti&#231;&#245;es volunt&#225;rias
               atingindo grau moderado de fadiga (11 a 13 na <italic>Escala</italic> de Percep&#231;&#227;o
               Subjetiva de Esfor&#231;o de <italic>Borg</italic>), o que representa cerca de 30&#160;a 40% de
               uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1-RM) para os membros superiores e de 40 a 50% para os membros
               inferiores <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para verificar poss&#237;veis arritmias, o paciente foi monitorado por um sistema de
               telemetria multicanal durante todos os exerc&#237;cios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s dois meses de reabilita&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>), o
               paciente apresentou melhora importante no desempenho m&#225;ximo de exerc&#237;cio (dist&#226;ncia e
               pico de VO<sub>2</sub>), efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (inclina&#231;&#227;o
                  V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>), aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica delta e
               maior FEVE. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal tamb&#233;m melhorou substancialmente, diminuindo as sess&#245;es de
               di&#225;lise de 21 para 4 por semana. O paciente tornou-se menos sintom&#225;tico ( <italic>New
                  York Heart Association</italic> &#8211; NYHA II). A Qualidade de Vida foi
               substancialmente beneficiada em todos os dom&#237;nios do SF&#8209;36 e ele regressou para seu
               trabalho (trabalho em escrit&#243;rio).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exerc&#237;cio, vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas obtidas durante o teste
                     incremental m&#225;ximo antes e ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Antes</th>
                <th align="center">Depois</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Teste incremental</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia (metros)</td>
                <td align="center">330</td>
                <td align="center">660</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2 pico</sub> (mL.kg.<sup>-1</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inclina&#231;&#227;o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RTR no pico</td>
                <td align="center">1,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2 LA</sub> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico pulso O<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg.<sup>-1</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>/bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Queda da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 1&#176;min de recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Delta da PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Respostas cl&#237;nicas e funcionais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional III-II NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,88</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#225;lise por semana</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#250;mario do dom&#237;nio f&#237;sico (SF-36)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sum&#225;rio do dom&#237;nio mental (SF-36)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto/
                        produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>; RTR: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; LA: limiar
                        anaer&#243;bico; PA: press&#227;o arterial; NYHA: New York Heart Association; FEVE:
                        fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SF-36: Short Form (36):
                        question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida relacionado &#224; sa&#250;de .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O aumento na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas s&#227;o prov&#225;veis
               conseq&#252;&#234;ncias dos benef&#237;cios sobre os sistemas org&#226;nicos, levando em conta,
               principalmente, o cardiovascular, m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tico, respirat&#243;rio e renal. Nesse
               caso, o treinamento f&#237;sico resultou em incremento do desempenho card&#237;aco, refletido
               mesmo em repouso pela FEVE superior. A redu&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o
               ventila&#231;&#227;o&#8209;minuto / produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> frente ao esfor&#231;o
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura&#160;1B</xref>), indica maior efici&#234;ncia
               ventilat&#243;ria. Tal efeito &#233; resultante da melhor performance na integra&#231;&#227;o entre os
               sistemas cardiovascular e respirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Testes subm&#225;ximos de carga constante (80% do teste incremental m&#225;ximo),
                     antes e ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. A) VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s
                     carb&#244;nico versus o tempo; B) Comportamento da ventila&#231;&#227;o; C) Equivalente
                     ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio; D) Cin&#233;tica do V&#8217;O<sub>2</sub>: cin&#233;tica do consumo
                     de oxig&#234;nio; &#964; = (tau)constante de tempo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e68-40127-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Outro est&#237;mulo aferente para o centro respirat&#243;rio &#233; o CO<sub>2</sub> produzido nos
               m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos. Considerando-se os testes de resist&#234;ncia, ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o,
               o paciente foi capaz de tolerar maior quantidade de exerc&#237;cio com uma produ&#231;&#227;o de
                  CO<sub>2</sub> significativamente menor dos m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). Esse fen&#244;meno reflete uma melhor
               efici&#234;ncia metab&#243;lica ap&#243;s o treinamento. J&#225; se sabe que a reabilita&#231;&#227;o
               cardiovascular apresenta implica&#231;&#245;es relevantes sobre o metabolismo muscular,
               principalmente devido &#224; maior capilariza&#231;&#227;o (maior oferta de oxig&#234;nio) e ao aumento
               da densidade mitocondrial pela maior propor&#231;&#227;o de fibras oxidativas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A an&#225;lise da cin&#233;tica de oxig&#234;nio mostra o comportamento do metabolismo
               oxidativo do m&#250;sculo no exerc&#237;cio, apresentando os pacientes graves um atraso nessa
               vari&#225;vel. O presente caso demonstrou uma melhoria na cin&#233;tica de O <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, sendo o estado est&#225;vel alcan&#231;ado num per&#237;odo
               de tempo mais curto, ap&#243;s reabilita&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura&#160;1D</xref>). Assim, no presente caso, houve um ganho evidente nos m&#250;sculos
               perif&#233;ricos, enquanto que seu metabolismo energ&#233;tico se tornou mais eficiente depois
               da reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o s&#243; a ventila&#231;&#227;o inferior foi relevante para este paciente, mas tamb&#233;m o padr&#227;o de
               respirat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1C</xref>). Antes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o, no TCP incremental, havia um padr&#227;o
               n&#237;tido de ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante a fase de incremento e tamb&#233;m recupera&#231;&#227;o.
               Ap&#243;s o programa, a ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica n&#227;o foi abolida, mas diminuiu
               significativamente. Embora os mecanismos da respira&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica n&#227;o estejam
               totalmente elucidados, est&#227;o presente exatamente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca grave e se deve destacar que apresentam implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Os benef&#237;cios adquiridos por este paciente estiveram certamente
               associados &#224; melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do valor do BNP) ap&#243;s
               a RCPM.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, houve benef&#237;cio tamb&#233;m na insufici&#234;ncia renal, j&#225; que a frequ&#234;ncia de
               sess&#245;es de di&#225;lise diminuiu de 21 para quatro vezes por semana. Isso representou um
               efeito interessante de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e esteve, provavelmente,
               relacionada com um melhor equil&#237;brio no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo &#8722; mais ainda com o
               sistema renina-angiotensina. Estudos anteriores j&#225; haviam descrito uma menor
               atividade simp&#225;tica ap&#243;s o programa de exerc&#237;cios, o que est&#225; de acordo com a
               recupera&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s teste incremental, sugerindo
               menor ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o neste paciente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o do sistema
               renina-angiotensina-aldosterona &#233; tamb&#233;m um resultado do programa de exerc&#237;cio, o que
               leva a um maior fluxo de sangue nas art&#233;rias renais e, dessa forma, a uma melhor
               filtra&#231;&#227;o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em suma, esse caso demonstra que mesmo em pacientes com significativa limita&#231;&#227;o da
               capacidade funcional, deve ser considerada a possibilidade da interven&#231;&#227;o
               multidisciplinar de programas como o descrito de RCPM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
