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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">b855Hsb7DrnXywhbBWh3Dmx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 5/2014 - 41-Year-Old Woman with Rheumatic Disease and Previous
               Mitral Valve Repair with Pulmonary Embolism and Cardiogenic and Septic
               Shock</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo D&#8217;Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombonati</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Bianchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho
               Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e57</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis / serugery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Acinetobacter Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Septic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="16"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 41-year-old female sought medical care due to severe dyspnea. The patient had had acute
         rheumatic disease in childhood. During evolution, she developed mitral stenosis. The
         symptoms became incapacitating and she underwent mitral commissurotomy at 36 years. She
         progressed well for a few years until dyspnea recurred and she was once again submitted to
         surgery, at 41 years, when she underwent mitral valve plasty (03/16/2005).</p>
    <p>After the last surgery, she had dyspnea on great exertion for about three months, when it
         progressed and started to be triggered by middle, and finally by mild exertion, and at
         three days before hospitalization (10/10/2005), it had become present even at rest. The
         patient attributed the recent worsening to current medication discontinuation: captopril 25
         mg, furosemide 80 mg, 0.25 mg digoxin and warfarin 2.5 mg daily.</p>
    <p>Physical examination (10/10/2005) showed the patient was in good general health, dyspneic,
         with a marked increase in jugular venous pressure, pulse rate of 92 bpm, blood pressure of
         100/60 mmHg. Lung examination was normal. Cardiac auscultation showed irregular rhythm
         without additional heart sounds. Systolic murmur +/4+ was diagnosed in the mitral valve
         area. There were no alterations at the abdominal examination, but slight edema of the lower
         limbs.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests (10/10/2005) showed hemoglobin 11.7 g/dL, hematocrit 35%, WBC, 3,900/
            mm<sup>3</sup>, platelets, 12.9000 /mm<sup>3</sup>, creatinine 1.3 mg / dL, urea 31 mg /
         dL, sodium 135 mEq/L, potassium 3.6 mEq/L, INR 1.19 and activated partial thromboplastin
         time (patient / control) 1.09.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (10/10/2005) showed frequency of 90 bpm, atrial fibrillation, low
         voltage QRS complex, undetermined QRS axis in the frontal plane and presence of
         intraventricular stimulus conduction disturbance, of the right branch type and decreased
         left ventricular potential, suggesting right ventricular overload (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure&#160;1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Atrial Fibrillation, low voltage QRS complexes, right bundle branch block, low
               voltage of left QRS complexes, right ventricle hypertrophy</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient was admitted for treatment. She remained in the emergency unit for five days
         and was admitted (on October 15, 2005). She received furosemide 120 mg intravenously, 40 mg
         of enalapril, 0.25 mg of digoxin, 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide and 120 mg of enoxaparin
         daily by subcutaneous route, as well as dobutamine 10 &#181;g/kg.min intravenously.</p>
    <p>At hospitalization she had hypotension, increased edema and creatinine elevation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table&#160;1</xref>). After three days, the patient developed
         anuria, anasarca and finally shock with hypotension with 60 mmHg despite the use of 15
         &#181;g/kg.min of dobutamine.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t01">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Laboratory assessment</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>&#160;</th>
            <th align="center">17 Oct</th>
            <th align="center">20 Oct</th>
            <th align="center">26 Oct</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Urea (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">75</td>
            <td align="center">115</td>
            <td align="center">97</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">3.2</td>
            <td align="center">5.9</td>
            <td align="center">5.8</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">135</td>
            <td align="center">136</td>
            <td align="center">142</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
            <td align="center">3.6</td>
            <td align="center">4.5</td>
            <td align="center">4.3</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Hemoglobin %</td>
            <td align="center">12.2</td>
            <td align="center">11.3</td>
            <td align="center">8</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Hematocrit (g/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">37</td>
            <td align="center">33</td>
            <td align="center">27</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>MCV (&#956;m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">97</td>
            <td align="center">97</td>
            <td align="center">108</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Leukocytes/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
            <td align="center">4.400</td>
            <td align="center">6.200</td>
            <td align="center">13.400</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Neutrophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">67</td>
            <td align="center">74</td>
            <td align="center">82</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Eosinophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">5</td>
            <td align="center">3</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Basophils (%)</td>
            <td align="center">1</td>
            <td align="center">1</td>
            <td align="center">0</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Lymphocytes (%)</td>
            <td align="center">11</td>
            <td align="center">8</td>
            <td align="center">13</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Monocytes (%)</td>
            <td align="center">16</td>
            <td align="center">14</td>
            <td align="center">5</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Platelets/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
            <td align="center">186.000</td>
            <td align="center">17.500</td>
            <td align="center">22.8000</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>PT (INR)</td>
            <td align="center">1.1</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">2.41</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>aPPT (rel)</td>
            <td align="center">1.27</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">Incoagulable</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">12.1</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>AST (IU/L)</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">12</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>ALT (IU/L)</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">12</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>FAALP (N &lt;120 U/L))</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">170</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Gama GT IUL (N &lt;28)</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">55</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Phosphorus (mg/dL)</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">8.4</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>The laboratory tests (10/20/2005) showed creatinine 3.2&#160;mg/dL and then 5.9 mg / dL, Urea 75
         mg / dL and, during evolution, 115 mg / dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table&#160;1</xref>).</p>
    <p>At physical examination (10/20/2005) the patient was in poor general condition, with blood
         pressure of 80/50 mmHg, heart rate 90 bpm, crackles in both lungs, arrhythmic heart sounds
         (atrial fibrillation), systolic murmur + / 4 + in the mitral area, ascites and edema ++++ /
         4+.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (20/10/2005) showed atrial fibrillation, heart rate of 100 bpm, low
         QRS voltage, intraventricular conduction disturbance of the right bundle branch block type
         stimulus, decreased left ventricular strength (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
            2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Atrial Fibrillation, low voltage QRS complexes, right bundle branch block, low
               voltage of left QRS complexes in horizontal plane, right ventricle
               hypertrophy.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The echocardiogram (on October 21) showed normal left ventricle, dilated and hypokinetic
         right ventricle, mitral valve calcification, commissural fusion, moderate stenosis and
         moderate tricuspid regurgitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table&#160;2</xref>).
         Transesophageal echocardiogram (on October 21) showed pulmonary artery dilation with a
         large thrombus image (10&#160;&#215;&#160;5.0 cm) extending to its left branch and the presence of
         autocontrast in the left atrium.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t02">
      <label>Table 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Echocardiograms</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>&#160;</th>
            <th align="center">Oct 21</th>
            <th align="center">Oct 25</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Interventricular septum (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">10</td>
            <td align="center">10</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Posterior wall (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">9</td>
            <td align="center">9</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Left Ventricle</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            <td align="center">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Diastole (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">52</td>
            <td align="center">52</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Systole (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">35</td>
            <td align="center">37</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>EF (%)</td>
            <td align="center">60</td>
            <td align="center">55</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>LV Mass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">150</td>
            <td align="center">120</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>LV segmental motility</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
            <td align="center">Diffuse hypokinesis, worse in septal and anterior segments</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Aorta (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">29</td>
            <td align="center">25</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Left atrium (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">60</td>
            <td align="center">56</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Right Ventricle (mm)</td>
            <td align="center">23</td>
            <td align="center">37</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Segmental Motility</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate diffuse hypokinesis</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate diffuse hypokinesis</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Right atrium</td>
            <td align="center">Normal</td>
            <td align="center">Increased</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Mitral valve</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate stenosis</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate stenosis</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
            <td align="center">1.4</td>
            <td align="center">1.4</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Tricuspid valve</td>
            <td align="center">Moderate insufficiency</td>
            <td align="center">Marked insufficiency</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was made and 100 mg of r-TPA was administered
         intravenously in two hours. The patient went into shock, which required vasoactive drugs.
         Intravenous norepinephrine was administered, associated with ceftriaxone and metronidazole,
         as well as vancomycin for empiric treatment of the systemic infection. Mechanical
         ventilation was initiated with tracheal intubation for ventilatory support.</p>
    <p>Pulmonary arteriography (on October 24) showed pulmonary artery pressures of 30/15/22
         (systolic/diastolic/mean) mmHg. No images suggestive of pulmonary thromboembolism were
         identified.</p>
    <p>The patient had an abundant epistaxis episode, which required transfusion of fresh
         plasma.</p>
    <p>CT scan of the skull (on October 24) showed a hypoattenuating nodular area in the caudate
         nucleus head to the left, with no other alterations.</p>
    <p>Blood cultures (10/25/2005) showed the presence of <italic>A. baumannii</italic> (sensitive
         only to imipenem). Hemodialysis (on October 26) was not tolerated by the patient, due to
         hypotension, and could not be performed.</p>
    <p>The patient developed shock and died (10/26/2005).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This is 41-year-old patient with a history of rheumatic disease who developed mitral
            stenosis and underwent mitral commissurotomy at age 36 due to the presence of
            incapacitating symptoms. In our country, the combination of mitral stenosis with
            rheumatic disease is quite common <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. About 25% of
            all patients with rheumatic disease have isolated mitral stenosis; 40% have double
            mitral dysfunction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The mean time interval
            between the initial acute onset and the appearance of symptoms can vary from a few to
            more than 20 years.</p>
      <p>The presence of symptoms of heart failure (classes III and IV of the New York Heart
            Association), together with echocardiographic data that confirm significant anatomic
            lesion, is crucial for intervention indication: balloon valvuloplasty or surgery
            (commissurotomy or valve replacement). Whenever possible, there is an attempt to correct
            the valve defect, keeping the patient&#8217;s valve system, postponing prosthesis
            implantation. In this case, commissurotomy was performed, which maintained the patient
            well for approximately five years, when she started to present symptoms again, when
            mitral valve repair was performed. This evolution in the rheumatic patient can occur due
            to repeated episodes of valvulitis, hence the need to maintain secondary prophylaxis
            with benzathine penicillin in patients with cardiac involvement, preferably throughout
            life or up to the fifth decade, when it is not possible <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>After the last surgical intervention, the patient remained asymptomatic for a short
            time, with dyspnea recurrence that developed into striking symptoms in about three
            months. The deterioration was attributed to drug discontinuation which, in our country,
            is a common cause of heart failure decompensation, regardless of the etiology.</p>
      <p>On admission, the patient had respiratory distress with clean lungs, irregular heartbeat
            without incidental heart sounds, minor systolic murmur in the mitral area and mild
            lower-limb edema. These findings point to a syndromic diagnosis of right heart failure.
            The normal pulmonary symptomatology and the absence of additional heart sounds do not
            indicate left ventricular dysfunction the cause of decompensation. The irregular rhythm
            suggests uns atrial rhythm, which may be atrial fibrillation, a common association with
            mitral valve disease together with large atriums.</p>
      <p>The patient&#8217;s initial laboratory tests did not exhibit significant alterations. The
            electrocardiogram (ECG) confirmed the presence of atrial fibrillation and alterations
            compatible with right ventricular overload, corroborating the aforementioned physical
            examination. Moreover, it showed low voltage complexes. The so-called dielectric effect
            is defined by the presence of QRS complexes with an amplitude &lt; 0.5 mV in the frontal
            plane leads and &lt;&#160;1&#160;mV in the precordial plane. The etiology is varied, including
            extracardiac factors (obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypothyroidism),
            pericardial diseases (pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis) and intrinsic
            myocardial diseases (rheumatic myocarditis, restrictive cardiac syndromes,
            arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia).</p>
      <p>The patient&#8217;s initial treatment was directed to heart failure due to systolic
            dysfunction, consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics,
            digitalis and full heparinization due to atrial fibrillation, considering the risk for
            thromboembolic events. After hospitalization, the patient developed low cardiac output
            syndrome with hypotension, convergent blood pressure and worsening of renal function,
            despite the use of inotropic agents (dobutamine). Moreover, there was worsening of the
            congestive symptoms, with worsening of edema and crackles in both lung. Given this
            clinical picture, the differential diagnosis includes diseases that present with
            predominantly right heart failure, leading to shock.</p>
      <p>The most likely hypothesis is pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). In the case of PTE, it
            would be possible to explain the clinical, electrocardiographic and evolution
            alterations (&#8220;shock with clean lungs&#8221;). It should be noted that the patient had risk
            factors for PTE, with heart failure, atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease,
            plus the fact that this disease is responsible for approximately 15% of decompensated
            heart failure.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography was crucial for the patient&#8217;s diagnosis. The valvular dysfunction with
            an area of 1.4 cm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> would hardly justify the
            patient&#8217;s clinical picture alone, or her evolution, considering the undertaken measures.
            The clear signs of right ventricular dysfunction, with evidence of large thrombus in the
            pulmonary artery, corroborate the clinical picture, pointing to the diagnosis of PTE.
            The pulmonary hypertension in this case can be a consequence of mitral valve disease as
            well as the PTE.</p>
      <p>The differential diagnosis for the image of a large thrombus located in the pulmonary
            artery is the pulmonary artery sarcoma, or metastatic squamous cell tumor. Of these, the
            most frequent diagnostic error of pulmonary embolism is the pulmonary artery sarcoma. It
            is a rare tumor of the cardiovascular system, originated from the dorsal area of the
            pulmonary artery trunk or the right or left pulmonary arteries. Due to the insidious
            growth and the rarity of presentation, it is often inappropriately treated as PTE <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. However, this possibility becomes unlikely in
            this clinical case, due to failure in identifying the lesion on the pulmonary
            arteriography.</p>
      <p>Another differential diagnosis, when evaluating the presence of atrial fibrillation with
            thromboembolic phenomena associated with the dielectric effect on ECG, is cardiac
            amyloidosis. However, it has low clinical suspicion when one analyzes the history of the
            disease, as well as the echocardiographic results and subsequent clinical course.</p>
      <p>The use of thrombolytic therapy has consensual indication in this case, considering the
            clinical signs of thromboembolic event. It is classified as massive PTE when there is
            hemodynamic instability. The therapy rationale is the thrombus dissolution, decreasing
            the right ventricular overload and the pulmonary artery pressure levels. There are
            reports in the literature on the acute resolution of large thrombi, decreasing the
            mechanical obstruction of the right ventricle <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.
            However, the migration of thrombus fragments distally can impair the success of
            thrombolysis and the expected outcome in relation to clinical evolution might not be
            attained. In fact, although indicated, there is no evidence of reduction in mortality
            with the use of thrombolytic agents in cases of massive PTE <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The patient&#8217;s unfavorable evolution, although the arteriography did not disclose a
            thrombus in the pulmonary artery system, leads us to reflect on what else contributed to
            the poor outcome. Here we face some relevant points.</p>
      <p>The first is the fact that the patient developed coagulopathy followed by evident
            bleeding. The normal coagulation at admission leads us to a diagnosis of acquired
            coagulopathy. The thrombolysis carried out in the PTE treatment certainly played a role
            in the etiology of the coagulation disorder. Moreover, as we will see below, the patient
            developed bacterial infection and there may have been disseminated intravascular
            coagulation secondary to sepsis. There are no reports of other documented bleeding, in
            addition to epistaxis, but the sharp decrease in hemoglobin levels associated with the
            incoagulable activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) suggests active bleeding.
            Thus, hemorrhagic shock together with the clinical picture is among the possibilities
            and it might be related, in addition to the epistaxis, to the vascular access
            complication.</p>
      <p>The second point is related to infection confirmed by blood cultures positive for
               <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii.</italic> A mixed shock (cardiogenic and septic)
            justifies the patient&#8217;s poor prognosis and her refractoriness to the measures that were
            undertaken. In recent years, there has been an increase in the resistance of
               <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> to broad-spectrum antibiotics. This has
            coincided with the increased incidence of sepsis by this agent <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Risk factors associated with sepsis by
               <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> are: prior use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, use of
            urinary catheters, mechanical ventilation and previous surgery. The mortality in these
            cases is around 38%.</p>
      <p>The main factors of poor prognosis related to sepsis by <italic>Acinetobacter</italic>
            are the use of inadequate antibiotics and mechanical ventilation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. This patient had both factors.</p>
      <p>The third point that draws attention to this case is the worsening of left ventricular
            function, as demonstrated in the patient&#8217;s last echocardiogram. Some possibilities can
            be suggested: myocardial depression in sepsis, rheumatic myocarditis and coronary
            thromboembolism. Rheumatic myocarditis results from an immune cellular process and
            therefore may occur without humoral manifestations, such as arthritis and chorea. It is
            usually associated with valvulitis and has a transitory character. It can be observed,
            in this case, that there is rheumatic disease activity, considering the early
            post-valvuloplasty dysfunction. Interleukin-4 appears to play a critical role in
            modulating local immune response due to its anti-inflammatory properties <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Myocardial depression in sepsis can be found in approximately 40% of septic patients due
            to several factors, including reduction of coronary flow, myocardial edema, direct
            action of cytokines (IL-1, TNF-alpha) and of nitric oxide, leading to reduced levels of
            intracellular calcium <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Both myocarditis and
            myocardial depression in sepsis usually involve the myocardium as a whole, not focusing
            on specific territories. There are cases, however, when these conditions may mimic
            myocardial infarction. This patient had diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis, but more
            pronounced in the anterior and septal regions.</p>
      <p>Based on this information, one can consider myocardial ischemia as a possible diagnosis.
            Coronary lesions, even non&#8209;obstructive ones, may lead to myocardial ischemia due to
            hypoperfusion secondary to shock, sometimes culminating in myocardial infarction
            (currently classified as myocardial infarction type 2) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Another possibility is coronary embolism as a result of systemic
            thromboembolic phenomenon secondary to atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>In fact, there have been reports of this kind in the literature, involving both the
            right coronary artery as well as the anterior descending artery. It is noteworthy that,
            despite evidence of spontaneous contrast in the left atrium, the presence of thrombus in
            the left atrium was not demonstrated. However, this fact does not exclude the
            hypothesis. Another possibility is coronary embolism resulting from paradoxical
            embolism. The present of patent foramen ovale is frequent, being estimated at about
            15-20% of normal individuals. Thrombus in the venous system, right-left shunt, increased
            pressure in the right system and systemic embolism are conditions that make the
            diagnosis likely <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The patient had at least
            three such conditions. The fact that the echocardiogram did not identify the presence of
            patent foramen ovale can be a result of low sensitivity to identify this condition.
            However, this patient had already undergone two heart surgeries with valve manipulation,
            making this diagnosis unlikely.</p>
      <p>As a last point, we have kidney failure, which progressed during patient evolution, with
            hemodialysis being indicated. This clinical picture can be easily explained by the mixed
            shock. However, one cannot rule out a possible thromboembolic etiology.</p>
      <p>The patient died due to refractory shock, not tolerating dialysis. Considering what was
            discussed, we suppose that the patient did not adequately carry out the secondary
            prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, since the evolution of post-valvuloplasty. She had
            decompensated heart failure, related to medication discontinuation and pulmonary
            thromboembolism. She had an episode of massive PTE during hospitalization, which,
            despite adequate therapy, developed unfavorably. This evolution is due to sepsis by
               <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> and myocardial dysfunction, which may be related to
            sepsis and / or possibly acute myocardial infarction by coronary thromboembolism (Dr.
            Eduardo Gomes Lima, Dr. Ricardo D&#8217;Oliveira Vieira, Dr. Paula Bombonati).</p>
      <p>Diagnostic hypothesis: Chronic rheumatic mitral valve disease, post-valvuloplasty mitral
            dysfunction, pulmonary thromboembolism and mixed shock (cardiogenic, septic) <bold>(Dr.
               Eduardo Gomes Lima, Dr. Ricardo D&#8217;Oliveira Vieira, Dr. Paula Bombonati)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 630 g (normal weight for women is between 250-300 g), with mild
            hypertrophy and moderate left atrium dilation, with marked thickening of the endocardium
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Seen from the atrial side, the
            mitral valve had the &#8220;fish mouth&#8221; aspect with reduced opening, commissural fusion and
            severe thickening of the cusps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). There
            was also mild multifocal calcification and evidence of previous valve surgery as shown
            by the presence of surgical stitches in almost the entire valve circumference, largely
            included in the valve tissue and surroundings (signs consistent with prior valvuloplasty
            - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). From the ventricular side, the valve
            apparatus showed marked deformity and shortening, represented by cords exhibiting severe
            thickening, fusion and retraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photograph of the opened left atrium (LA), showing mild hypertrophy and
                  moderate dilation. Note the endocardial thickening characterized by its whitish
                  color (asterisk). The mitral valve (Mi), with double lesion, shows commissural
                  fusion, characteristic of rheumatic disease, and the posteromedial one is evident
                  in the photo. Note also the &#8220;fish mouth&#8221; opening, without adequate cusp
                  coaptation. The arrows indicate the points of the previous valve surgery (valve
                  repair).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photograph of the open heart through the left ventricular outflow tract
                  (LVOT). Note the thickened anterior cusp of the mitral valve (Mi), with intense
                  fusion and cord retraction, quite characteristic of rheumatic disease. At the top,
                  the aortic valve shows mild thickening and retraction of the semilunar, exposing
                  the aorta below the aortic bar (white arrows). Two whitish areas in the septum and
                  LV tip (asterisk) correspond to septal infarction and endocardial fibrosis,
                  respectively.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>At handling and maneuvering with water flow, valve mobility and cusp coaptation were
            significantly impaired, suggesting double valve lesion with stenosis greater than
            regurgitation as functional alterations. In the aortic valve, the semilunar showed
            diffuse thickening and mild collapse, indicating valve insufficiency. The left ventricle
            was moderately dilated and hypertrophied, showing an area of fibrous scar in the median
            septum and endocardial tip (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure&#160;4</xref>). The
            sections showed septal wall thinning with transmural replacement of heart muscle by
            fibrotic scarring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>), affecting
            approximately 10% of the left ventricular muscle mass. On the right chamber side, there
            was marked atrial dilation and in the ventricle, mild hypertrophy and moderate dilation
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photograph of the open heart cut transversally at the median height of the
                  interventricular septum (between the dotted lines in red). Note, in A, the
                  thinning of the wall (between arrows) with substitution by off-white fibrous
                  tissue. B. Histology of the septum: there is little remain of the septal
                  myocardium (Myo), which was largely replaced by fibrous scar tissue (asterisk),
                  characterizing the healed transmural septal infarction. (Hematoxylin and eosin;
                  2.5 x magnification.)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Photograph of the open heart through the right ventricle (RV) inflow tract.
                  Note in A, dilation of the cavities of the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle
                  (RV), the latter also showing hypertrophy. The tricuspid valve (Tri) shows
                  intrinsic insufficiency (by focal thickening and shortening of the cusp and cords)
                  and also by secondary annulus dilatation. B. Detail of the tricuspid valve where
                  the arrows indicate the alterations described.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The tricuspid valve suggested intense insufficiency, secondary to mild thickening of the
            cusps with discrete fusion and retraction of the cords, as well as annulus dilation
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure&#160;6</xref>). Macroscopic and microscopic
            examination revealed no obstructive coronary lesions, but only mild intimal thickening
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). The central pulmonary arteries and
            trunk showed no macroscopic alterations.</p>
      <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histology of the major epicardial coronary arteries: right coronary (RC2),
                  circumflex branch (CX2) and anterior descending branch (AD2) of the left coronary
                  in the second centimeters, and posterior descending branch (PD1) of the right
                  coronary artery, the first centimeter. Note the mild intimal thickening (between
                  the arrows), resulting in a reduction of approximately 12.5% of the arterial
                  lumen, similar to the other segments. (Hematoxylin and eosin; 2.5x
                  magnification.)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Upon examination of the other organs, we detected alterations of chronic passive
            congestion in the lungs (already showing passive pulmonary hypertension) and liver, as
            morphological substrate of overall congestive heart failure associated with valvular
            heart disease. The right lung showed extensive lobar area with hardening and hemorrhage,
            macroscopically indicating a heart attack or &#8220;red-gray hepatization&#8221;, with lobar
            pneumonia being subsequently characterized through histology. This infectious picture
            was also associated with the presence of acute pyelonephritis, represented by multiple
            cylinders of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in renal pyramids, which also infiltrated the
            interstitium. The spleen was enlarged (250 g, normal weight is approximately 150 g) at
            the expense of the red pulp, showing an acute splenitis pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref>). Morphological changes related to shock, such as acute
            renal tubular necrosis, hepatic centrilobular necrosis and cerebral edema with
            herniation of the cerebellar tonsils were also observed and thus, septic shock was
            considered as the immediate cause of death. <bold>(Dr. Jussara Bianchi
            Castelli)</bold></p>
      <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histology of infectious alterations and secondary to septic shock observed in
                  major organs. A. Lobar pneumonia characterized by dense alveolar filling with
                  neutrophilic infiltration (asterisk). B. Detail of A at higher magnifications:
                  Note the cellular composition, exclusively neutrophilic (asterisk) and the
                  interalveolar septum (arrow). C. Acute pyelonephritis: kidney showing tubules
                  filled with neutrophilic infiltration (arrow). D. Spleen showing acute splenitis
                  with increased red pulp (asterisk). E. Liver with recent necrosis of zone 3
                  (arrow) observed in large areas. F. Rim, in another region, showing acute tubular
                  necrosis: see more intense red color of the tubular lining cells (arrow).
                  (Hematoxylin and eosin; magnification 2.5x, 40x, 20x, 10x, 5x and 40x,
                  respectively.)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Anatomopathological diagnoses: Chronic rheumatic mitral-aortic-tricuspid valve disease;
            valvular heart disease with overall congestive heart failure; healed transmural septal
            myocardial infarction; lobar pneumonia; acute pyelonephritis; septic shock. <bold>(Dr.
               Jussara Bianchi Castelli)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>This case shows typical aspects of valvular heart disease by chronic rheumatic heart
            disease, due to the age and macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the heart. What seems
            unusual is the presence of myocardial infarction associated with rheumatic disease.</p>
      <p>In chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease, imposing a situation of increased
            myocardial work and therefore, greater oxygen consumption, it is unlikely that
            significant coronary disease would remain asymptomatic. In this case, the coronary
            artery lesions were very mild, with only fibrous intimal thickening without plaque or
            occlusive lesions or lesions recognized as being a risk for rupture and thrombosis.
            Therefore, it was considered unlikely that the detected healed infarction was related to
            atherosclerotic arterial disease and such events. In fact, the prevalence of chronic
            arterial disease is low among patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease and this is
            not a protective effect. This is associated with clinical and demographic differences
            and risk factors of these diseases, which has been shown in several studies, some
            discussed below.</p>
      <p>A Brazilian study showed that the prevalence of coronary artery disease was lower among
            patients with rheumatic heart disease (4%) and high among patients with valvular heart
            disease of non-rheumatic etiology (33%) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In
            another study of 77 necropsies of patients who died after surgery for valve dysfunction
            treatment in rheumatic disease, a rate of 13% of significant coronary artery disease was
            observed and that was more common after the age of 40, also in those patients with
            isolated aortic or mitral-aortic lesions, rather than with isolated mitral valve lesion
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, for these reasons, the cause suggested for the occurrence of myocardial
            infarction was a previous perioperative event. Epidemiological data record myocardial
            infarction as a complication of cardiac surgery in less than 1% (34 cases in 11,210) and
            point to a statistically significant association with mitral, aortic or double valve
            procedure. Only 33.3% of the 34 cases studied showed coronaries free of obstruction at
            the necropsy <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apart from the handling and the trauma of the heart, in addition to surgical technical
            difficulties, for these cases without significant coronary disease, some other
            etiopathological mechanisms are considered as a cause of perioperative infarctions in
            cardiac surgery for valve replacement, such as coronary embolization (personal
            communication: e.g., we observed once, in a necropsy, calcium emboli to the coronaries
            in a case of mitral valve replacement that presented with severe dystrophic
            calcification), coronary gas embolism, coronary vasospasm, topic hypothermia or
            inappropriate cardioplegia, among others. The prognosis of perioperative myocardial
            infarction is not necessarily bad, but its occurrence should warrant appropriate
            measures and prevention in surgical valve replacement <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. <bold>(Dr. Jussara
               Bianchi Castelli)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
            (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
               (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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            </name>
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              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Rom&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5 / 2014 - Mulher de 41 Anos, Portadora de Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica e
               Plastia Valvar Mitral Pr&#233;via com Tromboembolismo Pulmonar e Choque Misto Cardiog&#234;nico
               e S&#233;ptico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo D&#8217;Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombonati</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Bianchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>. Av. Dr. En&#233;as de
               Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
               - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose Mitral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Acinetobacter;</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque S&#233;ptico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mulher de 41 anos de idade procurou atendimento m&#233;dico em raz&#227;o de dispneia intensa. A
            paciente sofreu doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica aguda na inf&#226;ncia. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o apresentou estenose
            mitral. Os sintomas tornaram-se incapacitantes e ela foi submetida a comissurotomia
            mitral aos 36 anos de idade. Evoluiu bem por alguns anos at&#233; que houve retorno da
            dispneia e foi novamente operada, aos 41 anos de idade, quando foi submetida &#224; pl&#225;stica
            da valva mitral (16/3/2005).</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, apresentava dispneia aos esfor&#231;os maiores por cerca
            de tr&#234;s meses, quando houve progress&#227;o e passou a ser desencadeada por m&#233;dios e
            finalmente por m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, e a tr&#234;s dias da interna&#231;&#227;o (10/10/2005), passou a
            estar presente mesmo no repouso. A paciente atribuiu a piora recente &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o dos
            medicamentos em uso: captopril 25 mg, furosemida 80&#160;mg, digoxina 0,25 mg e varfarina 2,5
            mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (10/10/2005) revelou paciente em regular estado geral, dispneica, com
            aumento acentuado da press&#227;o venosa jugular, frequ&#234;ncia de pulso de 92 bpm, press&#227;o
            arterial de 100/60 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar foi normal. A semiologia card&#237;aca revelou
            ritmo irregular, sem bulhas acess&#243;rias. Foi diagnosticado sopro sist&#243;lico +/4+ em &#225;rea
            mitral. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es no exame do abdome, mas discreto edema de membros
            inferiores.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (10/10/2005) revelaram 11,7 g/dl de hemoglobina, 35% de
            hemat&#243;crito, 3.900 leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, 12.9000 plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup>,
            creatinina 1,3 mg/dl, ureia 31&#160;mg/dl, s&#243;dio 135 mEq/l, pot&#225;ssio 3,6 mEq/l, INR 1,19 e
            tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (rel. paciente/controle) 1,09.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (10/10/2005) revelou frequ&#234;ncia de 90&#160;bpm, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixa
            voltagem dos complexos QRS, eixo de QRS indeterminado no plano frontal e presen&#231;a de
            dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo, do tipo ramo direito, diminui&#231;&#227;o de
            potenciais de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sugerindo sobrecarga ventricular direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS, bloqueio de ramo
                  direito com diminui&#231;&#227;o de potenciais esquerdos, sugestivo de sobrecarga
                  ventricular direita.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente foi internada para tratamento. Permaneceu na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia por cinco
            dias e foi internada (em 15 de outubro de 2005). Foram administrados: furosemida 120 mg
            por via intravenosa, 40 mg de enalapril, 0,25 mg de digoxina, 50 mg de hidroclorotiazida
            e 120 mg de enoxaparina por via subcut&#226;nea diariamente, al&#233;m de dobutamina 10 &#181;g/kg.min
            por via intravenosa.</p>
      <p>Na interna&#231;&#227;o ocorreu hipotens&#227;o arterial, aumento do edema e eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina
               (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>). Depois de tr&#234;s dias, a paciente
            evoluiu com an&#250;ria, anasarca e, finalmente, choque com press&#227;o arterial pin&#231;ada em 60
            mmHg, apesar do uso de 15 &#181;g/kg.min de dobutamina.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">17 de outubro</th>
              <th align="center">20 de outubro</th>
              <th align="center">26 de outubro</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">115</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">3,2</td>
              <td align="center">5,9</td>
              <td align="center">5,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">3,6</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">4,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobina %</td>
              <td align="center">12,2</td>
              <td align="center">11,3</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemat&#243;crito (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VCM (&#956;m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">97</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.400</td>
              <td align="center">6.200</td>
              <td align="center">13.400</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Neutr&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eosin&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bas&#243;filos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Linf&#243;citos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mon&#243;citos (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">186.000</td>
              <td align="center">17.500</td>
              <td align="center">22.8000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TP (INR)</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">2,41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TTPRA (rel)</td>
              <td align="center">1,27</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">Incoagul&#225;vel</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">12,1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AST (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FA (N &lt; 120 U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">170</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gama GT (N &lt; 28)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>F&#243;sforo (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">8,4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os exames de laborat&#243;rio (20/10/2005) revelaram creatinina 3,2 mg/dL e depois 5,9 mg/dL,
            ureia 75 m g/dL e, na evolu&#231;&#227;o, 115 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela
               1</xref>).</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (20/10/2005) revelou paciente em mau estado geral, com press&#227;o arterial
            de 80/50 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 90 bpm, estertores crepitantes em bases
            pulmonares, bulhas arr&#237;tmicas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial), sopro sist&#243;lico +/4+ em foco mitral,
            ascite e edema ++++/4+.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (20/10/2005) revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
            de 100 bpm, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do
            est&#237;mulo tipo bloqueio de ramo direito, diminui&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;as do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS, bloqueio de ramo
                  direito com diminui&#231;&#227;o de potenciais esquerdos, sugestivo de sobrecarga
                  ventricular direita.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (em 21 de outubro) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal, ventr&#237;culo
            direito dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico, valva mitral com calcifica&#231;&#227;o, fus&#227;o comissural,
            estenose moderada e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). O ecocardigrama transesof&#225;gico (em 21 de outubro) revelou
            dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar com imagem de trombo de grandes dimens&#245;es (10 &#215;
            5,0 cm) estendendo-se para o seu ramo esquerdo e presen&#231;a de autocontraste em aur&#237;cula
            esquerda.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiogramas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">21 de outubro</th>
              <th align="center">25 de outubro</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Parede posterior (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Di&#225;stole (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#237;stole (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Massa VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mobilidade segmentar VE</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Hipocinesia difusa, pior septal e anterior</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aorta (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#192;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventr&#237;culo direito (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mobilidade segmentar</td>
              <td align="center">Hipocinesia difusa moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Hipocinesia difusa moderada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#193;trio direito</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Valva mitral</td>
              <td align="center">Estenose moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Estenose moderada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#193;rea valvar (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Valva tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia acentuada</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar e administrados 100 mg de r-TPA por
            via intravenosa em duas horas. A paciente continuou em choque, com necessidade de drogas
            vasoativas. Foi administrada noradrenalina intravenosa, associada com ceftriaxona e
            metronidazol, e depois vancomicina para tratamento emp&#237;rico de infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Foi
            institu&#237;da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte ventilat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>A arteriografia pulmonar (em 24 de outubro) revelou press&#245;es de art&#233;ria pulmonar
            30/15/22 (sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica/m&#233;dia) mmHg. N&#227;o foram identificadas imagens sugestivas
            de tromboembolismo pulmonar. </p>
      <p>A paciente apresentou epistaxe abundante, necessitando de transfus&#227;o de plasma fresco. </p>
      <p>A tomografia de cr&#226;nio (em 24 de outubro) revelou zona nodular hipoatenuante na cabe&#231;a
            do n&#250;cleo caudado &#224; esquerda, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>As hemoculturas (25/10/2005) revelaram <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic>
            (sens&#237;vel somente ao imipinem). A hemodi&#225;lise (em 26 de outubro) n&#227;o foi tolerada pela
            paciente, em raz&#227;o de hipotens&#227;o arterial, e n&#227;o p&#244;de ser realizada. </p>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu em choque e faleceu (26/10/2005).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de paciente de 41 anos de idade com antecedente de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica que
               evoluiu com estenose mitral, sendo submetida a comissurotomia mitral aos 36 anos
               devido &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas incapacitantes. Em nosso meio, a associa&#231;&#227;o de estenose
               mitral com doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica &#233; bastante comum <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
               . Cerca de 25% de todos os pacientes com doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica t&#234;m estenose mitral
               isolada; em 40% h&#225; dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O
               tempo m&#233;dio de intervalo entre o surto agudo inicial e o surgimento de sintomas pode
               variar de poucos anos a mais de 20. </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (classes&#160;III e IV da New York Heart
               Association), juntamente com dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que confirmem les&#227;o anat&#244;mica
               significativa, &#233; decisiva na indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o: valvoplastia por cateter-bal&#227;o
               ou cirurgia (comissurotomia ou substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar). Sempre que poss&#237;vel, h&#225; a
               tentativa de corrigir o defeito valvar mantendo o aparelho valvar do paciente,
               postergando o implante de pr&#243;tese. No caso em quest&#227;o foi realizada comissurotomia,
               que deixou a paciente bem por cerca de cinco anos, quando voltou a ficar sintom&#225;tica,
               sendo decidida a plastia valvar mitral. Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o no paciente reum&#225;tico pode se
               dar por repetidos surtos de valvulite, da&#237; a necessidade de manter profilaxia
               secund&#225;ria com penicilina benzatina em pacientes com acometimento card&#237;aco, de
               prefer&#234;ncia por toda a vida ou at&#233; a quinta d&#233;cada quando isso n&#227;o for poss&#237;vel <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a paciente permaneceu pouco tempo assintom&#225;tica,
               com recorr&#234;ncia da dispneia e evoluindo para sintomas marcantes em cerca de tr&#234;s
               meses. A piora foi atribu&#237;da &#224; suspens&#227;o de medicamentos, que, em nosso meio, &#233; causa
               comum de descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, independentemente da etiologia em
               quest&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Na admiss&#227;o, a paciente apresentava desconforto respirat&#243;rio com pulm&#227;o limpo, ritmo
               card&#237;aco irregular sem bulhas acess&#243;rias, sopro sist&#243;lico mitral de pequena monta e
               discreto edema de membros inferiores. Os achados em quest&#227;o nos dirigem a um
               diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. A semiologia pulmonar
               normal e a aus&#234;ncia de bulhas acess&#243;rias n&#227;o apontam para disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo como causa da descompensa&#231;&#227;o. O&#160;ritmo irregular sugere ritmo de &#225;trio
               inst&#225;vel, podendo ser fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, associa&#231;&#227;o comum com doen&#231;as de v&#225;lvula
               mitral que cursam com grandes &#225;trios.</p>
        <p>Os exames laboratoriais iniciais da paciente n&#227;o exibiam altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. O
               eletrocardiograma (ECG) confirmou a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e altera&#231;&#245;es
               compat&#237;veis com sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo direito, corroborando o exame f&#237;sico
               mencionado. Al&#233;m disso, evidenciava complexos de baixa voltagem. O chamado efeito
               diel&#233;trico &#233; definido pela presen&#231;a de complexos QRS com amplitude menor que 0,5&#160;mV
               nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal e menor que 1 mV no plano precordial. A etiologia &#233;
               variada, contemplando fatores extracard&#237;acos (obesidade, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva
               cr&#244;nica, hipotireoidismo), pericardiopatias (derrame peric&#225;rdico, pericardite
               constritiva) e doen&#231;as intr&#237;nsecas do mioc&#225;rdio (miocardite reum&#225;tica, s&#237;ndromes
               restritivas card&#237;acas, displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito). </p>
        <p>O tratamento inicial da paciente foi direcionado &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por
               disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, consistindo em inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o (IECA),
               diur&#233;ticos, digital e hepariniza&#231;&#227;o plena devido &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pelo risco de
               fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos. A paciente evoluiu, ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, para s&#237;ndrome de
               baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com hipotens&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial convergente e piora de fun&#231;&#227;o
               renal, a despeito do uso de inotr&#243;picos (dobutamina). Al&#233;m disso, houve piora dos
               sintomas congestivos, com piora do edema e crepita&#231;&#245;es em bases pulmonares. Diante
               desse quadro, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial paira sobre condi&#231;&#245;es que cursam com
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita, levando a choque. A hip&#243;tese mais
               prov&#225;vel &#233; tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). No caso de TEP, seria poss&#237;vel explicar as
               altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e evolutivas (&#8220;choque com pulm&#227;o limpo&#8221;).
               Lembre-se que a paciente possu&#237;a fatores de risco para TEP, com insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e valvopatia, al&#233;m de essa doen&#231;a ser respons&#225;vel por
               aproximadamente 15% das descompensa&#231;&#245;es com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma foi decisivo para o diagn&#243;stico da paciente. A difun&#231;&#227;o valvar com
               &#225;rea de 1,4 cm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> dificilmente justificaria,
               isoladamente, a cl&#237;nica da paciente, tampouco a evolu&#231;&#227;o da mesma, considerando as
               medidas empreendidas. Os sinais claros de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, com
               evid&#234;ncia de trombo de grandes dimens&#245;es em art&#233;ria pulmonar, corroboram a cl&#237;nica,
               apontando para o diagn&#243;stico de TEP. A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em quest&#227;o pode ser
               consequ&#234;ncia tanto da valvopatia mitral quanto do TEP.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial para a imagem de trombo de grandes dimens&#245;es, localizado na
               art&#233;ria pulmonar, &#233; o sarcoma de art&#233;ria pulmonar ou o tumor metast&#225;tico de c&#233;lulas
               escamosas. Destes, o erro diagn&#243;stico mais frequente de embolia pulmonar &#233; o sarcoma
               de art&#233;ria pulmonar. Trata-se de raro tumor do sistema cardiovascular, originado da
               &#225;rea dorsal do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar ou das art&#233;rias pulmonares direita ou
               esquerda. Devido ao crescimento insidioso e &#224; raridade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o,
               frequentemente &#233; tratado inadequadamente como TEP <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. No entanto, isso se torna pouco prov&#225;vel, nesse caso cl&#237;nico, pela n&#227;o
               identifica&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o na arteriografia pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Outro diagn&#243;stico diferencial, ao se avaliar a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com
               fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos associados ao efeito diel&#233;trico no ECG, &#233; a amiloidose
               card&#237;aca. No&#160;entanto, apresenta baixa suspeita cl&#237;nica ao se analisar a hist&#243;ria da
               doen&#231;a, assim como resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e posterior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>O emprego da terapia trombol&#237;tica tem indica&#231;&#227;o consensual no caso em quest&#227;o,
               considerando a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do evento tromboemb&#243;lico. Classifica-se como TEP
               maci&#231;o quando h&#225; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. O racional da terap&#234;utica &#233; a dissolu&#231;&#227;o
               do trombo, reduzindo a sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito, bem como os n&#237;veis
               press&#243;ricos na art&#233;ria pulmonar. H&#225; relatos na literatura de resolu&#231;&#227;o aguda de
               trombos de grande magnitude reduzindo a obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ao ventr&#237;culo direito
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Por&#233;m, a migra&#231;&#227;o de fragmentos do
               trombo distalmente pode comprometer o sucesso da tromb&#243;lise, podendo n&#227;o haver o
               resultado esperado no tocante &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. De fato, apesar de indicada, n&#227;o h&#225;
               evid&#234;ncia na literatura de redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade com o uso de trombol&#237;ticos em casos
               de TEP maci&#231;o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel da paciente, a despeito de a arteriografia n&#227;o mais revelar
               trombo no sistema arterial pulmonar, nos leva a refletir sobre o que mais contribuiu
               para a m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o. Aqui nos deparamos com alguns pontos relevantes.</p>
        <p>O primeiro &#233; o fato de a paciente ter evolu&#237;do com coagulopatia seguida de
               sangramento evidente. O coagulograma de admiss&#227;o normal nos leva ao diagn&#243;stico de
               coagulopatia adquirida. A tromb&#243;lise empreendida no tratamento do TEP certamente teve
               o seu papel na etiologia do dist&#250;rbio de coagula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, como veremos em
               seguida, a paciente evoluiu para infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana, podendo ter havido coagula&#231;&#227;o
               intravascular disseminada secund&#225;ria &#224; sepse. N&#227;o h&#225; relato de outros sangramentos
               documentados, al&#233;m da epistaxe, por&#233;m a queda acentuada dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina
               associada ao tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) incoagul&#225;vel sugere
               sangramento ativo. Logo, um choque hemorr&#225;gico superajuntado ao quadro figura entre
               as possibilidades, podendo estar relacionado, al&#233;m da epistaxe, &#224; complica&#231;&#227;o de
               acesso vascular.</p>
        <p>O segundo ponto &#233; referente ao quadro infeccioso confirmado por hemoculturas
               positivas para <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> . Um choque misto
               (cardiog&#234;nico e s&#233;ptico) justificaria a m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o da paciente e a refratariedade da
               mesma &#224;s medidas j&#225; empreendidas. Nos &#250;ltimos anos houve aumento na resist&#234;ncia do
                  <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> a antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro. Isso
               tem coincidido com o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de quadros s&#233;pticos por esse agente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Os fatores de risco associados &#224; sepse por
                  <italic>Acinetobacer</italic> s&#227;o: uso pr&#233;vio de antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro,
               uso de sonda vesical, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e cirurgia pr&#233;via. A mortalidade nesses
               casos gira em torno de 38%. Os principais fatores de mau progn&#243;stico relacionados &#224;
               sepse por <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> s&#227;o o uso de antibi&#243;ticos inadequados e a
               ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A&#160;paciente em quest&#227;o
               apresentava ambos os fatores.</p>
        <p>O terceiro ponto que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao caso &#233; a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular esquerda, evidenciada no &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma da paciente. Algumas
               possibilidades podem ser aventadas: depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da sepse, miocardite
               reum&#225;tica, tromboembolia de coron&#225;ria. A&#160;miocardite reum&#225;tica resulta de processo
               imune celular, podendo, portanto, ocorrer sem as manifesta&#231;&#245;es humorais, como artrite
               e coreia. Cursa, geralmente, associada a valvulite e tem car&#225;ter transit&#243;rio.
               Observa-se, no caso em quest&#227;o, que h&#225; atividade da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, visto a
               precocidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-valvoplastia. A interleucina 4 parece ter papel
               fundamental na modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta imune local, devido a suas propriedades
               anti-inflamat&#243;rias <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica
               da sepse pode ser encontrada em cerca de 40% dos pacientes s&#233;pticos, devendo-se a
               v&#225;rios fatores, incluindo redu&#231;&#227;o de fluxo coron&#225;rio, edema mioc&#225;rdico, a&#231;&#227;o direta
               de citocinas (IL-1, TNF alfa) e do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de
               c&#225;lcio intracelular <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tanto a miocardite
               quanto a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da sepse costumam envolver o mioc&#225;rdio como um todo,
               n&#227;o privilegiando territ&#243;rios espec&#237;ficos. H&#225; casos, por&#233;m, em que essas condi&#231;&#245;es
               podem simular infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A paciente em quest&#227;o apresentava hipocinesia de
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo difusa, por&#233;m mais acentuada em regi&#227;o anterior e septal.</p>
        <p>Partindo dessa informa&#231;&#227;o, podemos pensar em isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como o diagn&#243;stico
               poss&#237;vel. Les&#245;es coron&#225;rias, mesmo n&#227;o obstrutivas, podem levar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica
               devido &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o secund&#225;ria ao choque, &#224;s vezes culminando em infarto do
               mioc&#225;rdio (classificado, atualmente, como infarto do tipo 2) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Outra possibilidade &#233; a embolia de coron&#225;ria como resultado de
               um fen&#244;meno tromboemb&#243;lico sist&#234;mico, secund&#225;rio &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. De fato, h&#225;
               relatos desse tipo na literatura, envolvendo tanto a coron&#225;ria direita quanto a
               descendente anterior. Vale ressaltar que, apesar da evid&#234;ncia de contraste espont&#226;neo
               no &#225;trio esquerdo, n&#227;o foi evidenciada a presen&#231;a de trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo. No
               entanto, esse fato n&#227;o exclui a hip&#243;tese. Outra possibilidade &#233; a embolia de
               coron&#225;ria como resultado de embolia paradoxal. A presen&#231;a de forma oval patente &#233;
               frequente, sendo estimada em cerca de 15-20% dos indiv&#237;duos normais. Trombo no
               sistema venoso, <italic>shunt</italic> direita-esquerda, aumento de press&#245;es no
               sistema direito e embolia sist&#234;mica s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es que tornam o diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A paciente possu&#237;a pelo menos tr&#234;s
               dessas condi&#231;&#245;es. O fato de o ecocardiograma n&#227;o ter identificado a presen&#231;a de forma
               oval patente pode ser resultado da baixa sensibilidade do mesmo na identifica&#231;&#227;o
               dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, essa paciente j&#225; se submetera a duas cirurgias card&#237;acas
               com manipula&#231;&#227;o valvar, tornando esse diagn&#243;stico improv&#225;vel. </p>
        <p>Como &#250;ltimo ponto temos a insufici&#234;ncia renal, que progrediu durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o da
               paciente, chegando a ser indicada hemodi&#225;lise. Esse quadro pode ser explicado
               facilmente pelo choque misto. Entretanto, n&#227;o podemos descartar uma poss&#237;vel
               etiologia tromboemb&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>A paciente evoluiu para &#243;bito devido a choque refrat&#225;rio, n&#227;o tolerando terapia
               dial&#237;tica. Considerando o que foi discutido, suponho que a paciente n&#227;o fizesse
               profilaxia secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica de forma adequada, visto a evolu&#231;&#227;o da
               p&#243;s-valvoplastia. Apresentou descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, relacionada
               com suspens&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o e por tromboembolismo pulmonar. Apresentou epis&#243;dio de TEP
               maci&#231;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, que, apesar de terapia adequada, evoluiu
               desfavoravelmente. Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o deve-se &#224; sepse por <italic>Acinetobacter </italic>
               e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, podendo estar relacionada &#224; sepse e/ou, possivelmente, ao
               infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio por tromboembolismo de coron&#225;ria. (Dr. Eduardo Gomes Lima,
               Dr. Ricardo D&#8217;Oliveira Vieira, Dra. Paula Bombonati)</p>
        <p>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica: Valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral
               p&#243;s-valvoplastia, tromboembolia pulmonar e choque misto (cardiog&#234;nico, s&#233;ptico).
                  <bold>(Dr. Eduardo Gomes Lima, Dr. Ricardo D&#8217;Oliveira Vieira, Dra. Paula
                  Bombonati)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesava 630 g (o normal para mulher &#233; entre 250-300 g), apresentava
               hipertrofia leve e dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada do &#225;trio esquerdo, com intenso espessamento do
               endoc&#225;rdio atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>). Vista pela face
               atrial, a valva mitral exibia aspecto em &#8220;boca de peixe&#8221;, com abertura reduzida,
               fus&#227;o de comissuras e intenso espessamento das c&#250;spides (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>). Havia, ainda, discreta calcifica&#231;&#227;o multifocal e
               evid&#234;ncias de cirurgia valvar pregressa pela presen&#231;a de pontos cir&#250;rgicos em quase
               toda a circunfer&#234;ncia valvar, em boa parte inclu&#237;dos no tecido valvar e adjac&#234;ncias
               (sinais compat&#237;veis com valvoplastia pr&#233;via - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura
                  3</xref>). Pela face ventricular, o aparelho valvar apresentava acentuada
               deformidade e encurtamento, representados por cordas com intenso espessamento,
               fusionamento e retra&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>). &#192;
               manipula&#231;&#227;o e manobras com fluxo de &#225;gua, a mobilidade valvar e a coapta&#231;&#227;o das
               c&#250;spides apresentavam&#8209;se bastante prejudicadas, sugerindo dupla les&#227;o valvar, com
               estenose maior que insufici&#234;ncia como altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais presentes. Na&#160;valva
               a&#243;rtica, as semilunares exibiam espessamento difuso e leve desabamento, indicando
               insufici&#234;ncia valvar. O&#160;ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era hipertr&#243;fico e dilatado, em grau
               moderado, notando-se &#225;rea de cicatriz fibrosa no septo mediano e endoc&#225;rdio da ponta
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>). Os cortes evidenciaram
               afinamento da parede septal com substitui&#231;&#227;o transmural do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco por
               fibrose cicatricial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>), comprometendo
               cerca de 10% da massa muscular ventricular esquerda. Do lado das c&#226;maras direitas,
               havia intensa dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial e, no ventr&#237;culo, hipertrofia leve e dilata&#231;&#227;o
               moderada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>). A valva tric&#250;spide sugeria
               intensa insufici&#234;ncia, secund&#225;ria a espessamento leve das c&#250;spides com discreta fus&#227;o
               e retra&#231;&#227;o das cordas, bem como por dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>). O exame macrosc&#243;pico e microsc&#243;pico das coron&#225;rias n&#227;o
               evidenciou les&#245;es obstrutivas, mas apenas discreto espessamento intimal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura&#160;7</xref>). O tronco e as art&#233;rias pulmonares
               centrais n&#227;o mostravam altera&#231;&#245;es macrosc&#243;picas. </p>
        <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Foto do &#225;trio esquerdo aberto (AE), que mostra hipertrofia leve e dilata&#231;&#227;o
                     moderada. Note o espessamento do endoc&#225;rdio caracterizado pela sua colora&#231;&#227;o
                     esbranqui&#231;ada (asterisco). A valva mitral (Mi), com dupla les&#227;o, tem fus&#227;o de
                     comissuras, caracter&#237;stica da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, sendo a posteromedial bem
                     evidente na foto. Note, ainda, a abertura em fenda ou &#8220;boca de peixe&#8221;, sem
                     coapta&#231;&#227;o adequada das c&#250;spides. As setas indicam os pontos da cirurgia valvar
                     pregressa (plastia valvar).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Foto do cora&#231;&#227;o aberto pela via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Note
                     a c&#250;spide anterior da valva mitral (Mi) espessada, com intensa fus&#227;o e retra&#231;&#227;o
                     de cordas, bastante caracter&#237;stica da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica. No topo, a valva
                     a&#243;rtica tem leve espessamento e retra&#231;&#227;o das semilunares, expondo a aorta
                     abaixo da barra a&#243;rtica (setas brancas). Duas &#225;reas esbranqui&#231;adas, no septo e
                     ponta do VE (asterisco), correspondiam ao infarto septal e fibrose endoc&#225;rdica,
                     respectivamente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f13" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Foto do cora&#231;&#227;o aberto e cortado transversalmente na altura mediana do
                     septo interventricular (entre as linhas pontilhadas em vermelho). Note, em A, o
                     afinamento da parede (entre as setas), com substitui&#231;&#227;o por tecido fibroso
                     esbranqui&#231;ado. B. Histologia do septo: h&#225; escasso remanescente do mioc&#225;rdio
                     septal (Mio), que foi em grande parte substitu&#237;do por tecido fibroso
                     cicatricial (asterisco), caracterizando o infarto septal transmural
                     cicatrizado. (Hematoxilina e eosina; lente objetiva de 2,5&#215;.)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f14" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Foto do cora&#231;&#227;o aberto pela via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).
                     Note, em A, a dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades do &#225;trio direito (AD) e VD, este &#250;ltimo
                     tamb&#233;m com hipertrofia. A valva tric&#250;spide (Tri) apresenta insufici&#234;ncia
                     intr&#237;nseca (pelo espessamento e encurtamento focal da c&#250;spide e cordas) e
                     tamb&#233;m por dilata&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do anel. B. Detalhe da valva tric&#250;spide onde as
                     setas apontam as altera&#231;&#245;es descritas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f15" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histologia das principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas: coron&#225;ria
                     direita (CD2), ramo circunflexo (CX2) e ramo descendente anterior (DA2) da
                     coron&#225;ria esquerda, nos segundos cent&#237;metros, e ramo descendente posterior
                     (DP1) da coron&#225;ria direita, no primeiro cent&#237;metro. Note o espessamento intimal
                     leve (entre as setas), resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 12,5% da luz arterial,
                     semelhante aos demais segmentos. (Hematoxilina e eosina; lente objetiva de
                     2,5&#215;.)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>No exame dos demais &#243;rg&#227;os, foram constatadas altera&#231;&#245;es de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica
               nos pulm&#245;es (j&#225; com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva) e f&#237;gado, como substrato
               morfol&#243;gico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva global associada &#224; cardiopatia
               valvular. O pulm&#227;o direito apresentava extensa &#225;rea lobar com endurecimento e
               hemorragia, indicando macroscopicamente um infarto ou &#8220;hepatiza&#231;&#227;o vermelha para
               cinzenta&#8221;, sendo posteriormente caracterizada pneumonia lobar pela histologia. A esse
               quadro infeccioso associou-se tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de pielonefrite aguda, representada
               por m&#250;ltiplos cilindros de polimorfonucleares neutr&#243;filos em pir&#226;mides renais, que
               infiltravam tamb&#233;m o interst&#237;cio. O ba&#231;o estava aumentado (250&#160;g; o peso normal &#233;
               cerca de 150&#160;g) &#224; custa da polpa vermelha, com padr&#227;o de esplenite aguda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura&#160;8</xref>). Foram constatadas, ainda, altera&#231;&#245;es
               morfol&#243;gicas relacionadas a choque, como: necrose tubular aguda renal, necrose
               centrolobular hep&#225;tica e edema cerebral com hernia&#231;&#227;o de am&#237;gdalas cerebelares, sendo
               ent&#227;o considerado choque s&#233;ptico como causa imediata do &#243;bito. <bold>(Dra. Jussara
                  Bianchi Castelli)</bold></p>
        <fig id="f16" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histologia das altera&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e secund&#225;rias ao choque s&#233;ptico
                     observadas nos principais &#243;rg&#227;os. A. Pneumonia lobar caracterizada por denso
                     preenchimento alveolar com exsudato neutrof&#237;lico (asterisco). B. Detalhe em
                     maior aumento de A: note a composi&#231;&#227;o celular exclusivamente neutrof&#237;lica
                     (asterisco) e o septo interalveolar (seta). C. Pielonefrite aguda: rim
                     apresentando t&#250;bulos preenchidos por exsudato neutrof&#237;lico (seta). D. Ba&#231;o
                     apresentando esplenite aguda, com aumento da polpa vermelha (asterisco). E.
                     F&#237;gado com necrose recente da zona 3 (seta), observada em extensas &#225;reas. F.
                     Rim, em outra regi&#227;o, mostrando necrose tubular aguda: veja a colora&#231;&#227;o de
                     vermelho mais intenso nas c&#233;lulas de revestimento tubular (seta). (Hematoxilina
                     e eosina; lentes objetivas de 2,5&#215;, 40, 20&#215;, 10&#215;, 5&#215; e 40&#215;,
                     respectivamente.)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0e57-40180-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos: Valvopatia mitroaortotricusp&#237;dea reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica;
               cardiopatia valvular com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva global; infarto do
               mioc&#225;rdio transmural septal cicatrizado; pneumonia lobar; pielonefrite aguda; choque
               s&#233;ptico. <bold>(Dra. Jussara Bianchi Castelli)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>O presente caso mostra aspectos t&#237;picos de cardiopatia valvar por doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica
               cr&#244;nica card&#237;aca, pela idade e aspectos macrosc&#243;picos e microsc&#243;picos do cora&#231;&#227;o. O
               que parece ser pouco usual &#233; a presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio associado a doen&#231;a
               reum&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Na cardiopatia valvar cr&#244;nica reum&#225;tica, impondo um regime de maior trabalho
               mioc&#225;rdico, e portanto maior consumo de oxig&#234;nio, &#233; pouco prov&#225;vel que uma doen&#231;a
               coronariana significativa permanecesse assintom&#225;tica. No&#160;presente caso, as les&#245;es das
               art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias eram bastante discretas, com apenas espessamento fibroso intimal,
               sem les&#245;es em placa, oclusivas ou de risco reconhecido para ruptura e trombose.
               Portanto, considerou&#8209;se pouco prov&#225;vel que o infarto cicatrizado detectado estivesse
               relacionado a doen&#231;a arterial ateroscler&#243;tica e a tais eventos. De fato, a
               preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial cr&#244;nica &#233; baixa entre os pacientes com cardiopatia
               valvar reum&#225;tica e n&#227;o se trata de haver um efeito protetor. Isso est&#225; ligado &#224;s
               diferen&#231;as clinicodemogr&#225;ficas e fatores de risco dessas doen&#231;as, o que &#233; mostrado em
               v&#225;rios estudos, alguns comentados a seguir. </p>
        <p>Um estudo brasileiro mostra que a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi
               baixa entre os pacientes com cardiopatia reum&#225;tica (4%) e alta entre os pacientes com
               cardiopatia valvar de etiologia n&#227;o reum&#225;tica (33%) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Em outro estudo, de 77 necr&#243;psias de pacientes que faleceram ap&#243;s
               cirurgia para tratamento de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar por doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, observou-se 13% de
               doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa e que ela foi mais comum ap&#243;s os 40 anos de
               idade, tamb&#233;m naqueles pacientes com les&#227;o a&#243;rtica isolada ou mitroa&#243;rtica, do que
               com les&#227;o mitral isolada <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, pelas raz&#245;es expostas, a causa aventada para a ocorr&#234;ncia do infarto
               constatado foi um evento perioperat&#243;rio pregresso. Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos registram o
               infarto do mioc&#225;rdio como complica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca em menos de 1% (34 casos
               em 11.210) e apontam associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com o procedimento valvar mitral, a&#243;rtico
               ou duplo. Apenas 33,3% desses 34 casos estudados apresentaram-se com coron&#225;rias sem
               obstru&#231;&#227;o ao exame necrosc&#243;pico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. &#192; parte a
               manipula&#231;&#227;o e o trauma do cora&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de dificuldades t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, para
               esses casos sem coronariopatia significativa alguns outros mecanismos etiopatol&#243;gicos
               s&#227;o aventados como causa dos infartos perioperat&#243;rios em cirurgia card&#237;aca para troca
               valvar, como: emboliza&#231;&#227;o coronariana (comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal: por exemplo, observamos
               certa vez, em necr&#243;psia, emboliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio para coron&#225;ria em um caso de troca
               valvar mitral que apresentava intensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o distr&#243;fica), emboliza&#231;&#227;o gasosa
               coronariana, vasoespasmo coronariano, hipotermia t&#243;pica ou cardioplegia inapropriada,
               entre outros. O&#160;progn&#243;stico do infarto perioperat&#243;rio n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente ruim, mas
               sua ocorr&#234;ncia deve ser atentada para medidas e preven&#231;&#227;o adequadas em cirurgia de
               troca valvar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. <bold>(Dra. Jussara Bianchi
               Castelli)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
                  (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
                  (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
