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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PkrrrWyFrqhBwgHg5hRQzrJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040149</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140149</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Yoga in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A
               Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Mansueto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues-Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Erenaldo Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Walderi Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvado</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvado, BA -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mansueto Gomes Neto</bold>. Av Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n, Vale
               do Canela. Postal Code 40.110-100, Salvador, BA - Brazil. Email:
                  <email>netofisio@gmail.com</email>; <email>mansueto.neto@ufba.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>433</fpage>
      <lpage>439</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The use of yoga as an effective cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart
               failure (CHF) remains controversial.</p>
        <p>We performed a meta-analysis to examine the effects of yoga on exercise capacity and
               health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with CHF. Methods: We searched
               MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Excerpta Medica database,
               LILACS, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, The Scientific Electronic Library Online,
               and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (from the earliest date available
               to December 2013) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of
               yoga versus exercise and/or of yoga versus control on exercise capacity (peakVO2) and
               quality-of-life (HRQOL) in CHF. Two reviewers selected studies independently.
               Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated,
               and heterogeneity was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> test.</p>
        <p>Two studies met the selection criteria (total: 30 yoga and 29 control patients). The
               results suggested that yoga compared with control had a positive impact on peak
                  VO<sub>2</sub> and HRQOL. Peak VO<sub>2</sub>, WMD (3.87 95% CI: 1.95 to 5.80),
               and global HRQOL standardized mean differences (-12.46 95% CI: -22.49 to -2.43)
               improved in the yoga group compared to the control group.</p>
        <p>Yoga enhances peak VO<sub>2</sub> and HRQOL in patients with CHF and could be
               considered for inclusion in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Larger RCTs are required
               to further investigate the effects of yoga in patients with CHF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Yoga</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Complementary Therapies/utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) can be considered the end stage of heart disease. This
            syndrome is clinically characterized by poor exercise capacity and quality of life. In
            context, exercise training is widely recognized as non-pharmacological intervention to
            improve patient's exercise tolerance and quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the well-known benefits of exercise training in patients with CHF, such as
            improvements in peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) and health-related quality
            of life (HRQOL) and reduced heart failure-related hospitalizations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, there is no consensus regarding which method of exercise is the
            most efficient. On the other hand, cardiac rehabilitation teams employ non-conventional
            methods of exercise training according to patient preference and availability, such as
               hydrotherapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, dance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, and yoga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Yoga is a relaxation and meditation technique based on postures, exercises, and
            breathing techniques that have various medical benefits in the treatment of anxiety<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, breast cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, chronic low back
               pain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A systematic review on yoga in patients with heart diseases was
            recently published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. It clarified many clinical
            aspects of yoga; however, the main outcome measures were mortality, non-fatal cardiac
            events, exercise capacity, HRQOL, and modifiable cardiac risk factors.</p>
      <p>Meta-analyses have never been performed to investigate the outcomes of yoga in patients
            with CHF. It is known that meta-analysis technique minimizes subjectivity by
            standardizing treatment implications of relevant studies into effect sizes, pooling the
            data, and then analyzing it to draw conclusions. The aim of this systematic review was
            to meta-analyze published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the
            effects of yoga in peakVO2 and HRQOL in patients with CHF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility Criteria</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Types of studies</title>
          <p>This meta-analysis included RCTs that examined the impact of any type of yoga in
                  patients with CHF. Studies were considered for inclusion regardless of their
                  publication status, language, or size.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Types of participants</title>
          <p>Trials enrolling patients with systolic or diastolic CHF were included in this
                  meta-analysis. To be eligible, a trial required patients with CHF randomized to at
                  least one group of any type of yoga. The studies that enrolled patients with any
                  kind of respiratory diseases were excluded from this systematic review.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Types of outcome measures</title>
          <p>The main outcomes of interest were peak oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min) measured by
                  gas analysis and HRQOL (measured by any questionnaire).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Search methods for identification of studies</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Electronic searches</title>
          <p>We searched for references on MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, Excerpta Medica database
                  (EMBASE), The Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing
                  and Allied Health, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and Cochrane Central
                  Register of Controlled Trials up to December 2013, without language restrictions.
                  A standard protocol for this search was developed and whenever possible,
                  controlled vocabulary (medical subject heading term for MEDLINE and Cochrane, and
                  Emtree (a life science thesaurus) for EMBASE) were used. Keywords and their
                  synonyms were used to sensitize the search. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
                     1</xref> presents the search strategy for MEDLINE via PubMed.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t01">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Search strategy for MEDLINE via PubMed for yoga and heart failure
                        trials</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1.</td>
                  <td>Randomized controlled trials/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2.</td>
                  <td>Random allocation/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3.</td>
                  <td>Controlled clinical Trials/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4.</td>
                  <td>Control groups/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5.</td>
                  <td>Clinical trials OR clinical trials, phase I OR clinical trials, phase
                              II OR clinical trials, phase III OR clinical trials, phase IV/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6.</td>
                  <td>Clinical trials data monitoring committees/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7.</td>
                  <td>Double-blind method/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8.</td>
                  <td>Single-blind method/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9.</td>
                  <td>Placebos/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10.</td>
                  <td>Placebo effect/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11.</td>
                  <td>Cross-over studies/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12.</td>
                  <td>Multicenter Studies/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13.</td>
                  <td>1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14.</td>
                  <td>Heart failure/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15.</td>
                  <td>Cardiomyopathy, dilated/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16.</td>
                  <td>Heart failure, diastolic/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>17.</td>
                  <td>Heart failure, systolic</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>18.</td>
                  <td>Cardiac output, low/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>19.</td>
                  <td>14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20.</td>
                  <td>Yoga</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>21.</td>
                  <td>Yogic/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>22.</td>
                  <td>Asana/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>23.</td>
                  <td>Pranayama/</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24.</td>
                  <td>20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>25.</td>
                  <td>13 AND 19 AND 24</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>For the identification of RCTs in PubMed/MEDLINE, the optimal sensitive strategy
                  developed by the Cochrane Collaboration was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. To identify the RCTs in EMBASE, a search strategy using similar
                  terms was adopted. In the search strategy, there were four groups of keywords:
                  study design, participants, interventions, and outcome measures. All eligible
                  articles for this meta-analysis had their references analyzed in order to detect
                  other potentially eligible studies. For ongoing studies or when the confirmation
                  of any data or additional information was needed, the authors were contacted by
                  e-mail.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of study eligibility</title>
          <p>The previously described search strategy was used to obtain titles and abstracts
                  of studies that might be relevant for this review. Each abstract identified in the
                  research was independently evaluated by two authors. If at least one of the
                  authors considered one reference eligible, the full text was obtained for complete
                  assessment.</p>
          <p>In a similar fashion, two authors independently evaluated full-text articles for
                  eligibility and filled inclusion and exclusion criteria in a standard form. A
                  standardized data extraction form was used for the inclusion and exclusion
                  criteria. In case of any disagreement, the authors discussed the reasons for their
                  decisions and a final decision was made by consensus.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>Two authors independently extracted data from the published reports using standard
               data extraction forms adapted from the Cochrane Collaboration's<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> model for data extraction, considering 1) aspects of the study
               population, such as the average age and sex; 2) aspects of the intervention performed
               (sample size, type of yoga performed, presence of supervision, frequency, and
               duration of each session); 3) follow-up; 4) loss to follow-up; 5) outcome measures;
               and 6) presented results. Disagreements were resolved by one of the authors. Any
               further information required from the original author was requested by e-mail.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of bias of included studies</title>
        <p>The risk of bias of included studies was assessed independently by two authors using
               the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The following criteria were assessed: random sequence generation,
               allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome
               assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, intention-to-treat
               analysis, and completeness of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of meta-analysis evidence</title>
        <p>The quality of evidence generated by this meta-analysis was classified using the
               PEDro scale. There are several scales for assessing the quality of RCTs. The PEDro
               scale assesses the methodological quality of a study based on important criteria,
               such as concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis, and the adequacy of
               follow-up. These characteristics make the PEDro scale a useful tool for assessing the
               quality of physical therapy and rehabilitation trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Methodological quality was independently assessed by two researchers. Studies were
               scored on the PEDro scale based on the Delphi list , which consisted of 11 items. One
               item on the PEDro scale (eligibility criteria) is related to external validity and is
               generally not used to calculate the method score, leaving a score range of 0 to 10.
               Any disagreements were resolved by a third rater<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical assessment</title>
        <p>Pooled effect estimates were obtained by comparing the least square mean percentage
               change from baseline to study end for each group, and were expressed as the weighted
               mean difference (WMD) between groups. Calculations were performed using a fixed
               effects model. One comparison was made: yoga versus control group. An &#945; value of 0.05
               was considered statistically significant. Statistical heterogeneity of the treatment
               effect among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the inconsistency
                     <italic>I<sup>2</sup></italic> test, in which values above 25% and 50% were
               considered indicative of moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. All analyses were conducted using Review
               Manager version 5.0 (Cochrane Collaboration)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of selected studies</title>
        <p>The initial search led to the identification of 10 abstracts, from which 4 studies
               were considered as potentially relevant and were retrieved for detailed analysis.
               After a complete reading of four articles, two were excluded because although yoga
               was used as a treatment, the sample had patients with other cardiac diseases. Only
               two papers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>met the eligibility criteria. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the PRISMA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> flow
               diagram of studies in this review.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Search and selection of studies for systematic review according
                     PRISMA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0433-40149-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The remaining two articles were fully analyzed and approved by both reviewers and
               data were extracted from each RCT. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>
               individually displays the results of the assessment of the PEDro scale. The studies
               failed to provide sufficient detail for us to assess the potential risk of bias.
               Information regarding the generation and concealment of the random allocation
               sequence was not reported. The two studies presented objective evidence of balance in
               baseline characteristics and stated that they took measures to blind those involved
               in assessments.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study quality on the PEDro scale</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Study</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>1</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>3</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>4</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>5</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>6</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>7</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>8</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>9</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>10</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>11</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td>Pullen et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td>Pullen et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>&#10003;</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <p>1: eligibility criteria and source of participants; 2: random allocation; 3:
                        concealed allocation; 4: baseline comparability; 5: blinded participants; 6:
                        blinded therapists; 7: blind assessors; 8: adequate follow-up; 9:
                        intention-to-treat analysis; 10: between-group comparisons; and 11: point
                        estimates and variability.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <p>*Item 1 does not contribute to the total score.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study characteristics</title>
        <p>The final sample size ranged from 1918 to 4019, and the mean age of participants
               ranged from 51 to 54 years. The two studies included patients of both genders, but
               there was a predominance of males. All studies analyzed in this review included
               out-patients with documented heart failure New York Heart Association class I-III.
               One study included patients with systolic and diastolic CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, and the other just systolic CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Furthermore, one study reported the race of the patients (95%
               were African American)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes of included studies</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>
            </title>
        <p>In both studies, peak VO<sub>2</sub> was assessed by a cardiopulmonary exercise test
               and a treadmill was used for the graded exercise test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>HRQOL</title>
        <p>The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire was used in both studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> presents summary data
               from the two RCTs eligible for this systematic review.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the outcomes, measures, and results of yoga therapy in
                     the trials included in the review</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Study</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Participants</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Measures</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Results</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Aerobic capacity</td>
                <td>HRQOL</td>
                <td>Aerobic capacity</td>
                <td>HRQOL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>1</td>
                <td>Pullen et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></td>
                <td>130 CHF NYHA I, II, and III</td>
                <td>Aerobic capacity HRQOL</td>
                <td>Graded exercise testing</td>
                <td>Minnesota LHFQ</td>
                <td>&#8593; VO2 peak</td>
                <td>&#8593; HRQOL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>2</td>
                <td>Pullen et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></td>
                <td>51 CHF NYHA I, II, and III</td>
                <td>Aerobic capacity HRQOL</td>
                <td>Graded exercise stress test</td>
                <td>Minnesota LHFQ</td>
                <td>&#8593; VO2 peak</td>
                <td>&#8593;HRQOL</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <p>CHF: Chronic Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; MHFLQ:
                        Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; HRQQL: Health-related
                        quality of life.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of intervention programs</title>
        <p>The characteristics of the intervention (yoga) were reported in the studies. The
               duration of the yoga program ranged from 819 to 1018 weeks. Regarding the time of the
               session, there was a variation from 6018 to 7019 min. In the study by Pullen et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, during each session, subjects
               completed the following: a 10-min warm-up phase, a 40-min period of standing or
               seated yoga postures (asana), and finally a 20-min relaxation phase including
               breathing exercises (pranayama), and meditation. A 5-min warm-up phase including
               breathing exercises (pranayama), a 40-min period of standing and/or seated yoga
               postures (asana), and finally, a 15-min relaxation phase were used in the other
                  study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Both studies used hatha yoga
               intervention.</p>
        <p>The frequency of sessions was two times a week in both studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Yoga
               sessions were conducted by a registered yoga teacher (Yoga Alliance) certified by the
               American College of Sports Medicine.</p>
        <p>The analyzed studies reported that both treatment groups (yoga and control) received
               an educational program and a brochure with instructions for following a home walk
               program (standard medical treatment). Both groups were followed by blinded
               researchers from the beginning to the end of the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Peak VO<sub>2</sub>
            </title>
        <p>Both studies assessed peak VO<sub>2</sub> as an outcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The
               meta-analyses showed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) a significant
               improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> of 3.87 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> (95%
               confidence interval (CI): 1.95, 5.80, N = 59) for participants in the yoga group
               compared with controls.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Yoga versus controls: VO<sub>2</sub> Peak. Review Manager (version 5.2; the
                     Cochrane Collaboration, 2013). SD: standard deviation; CI = Confidence
                     intervals</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0433-40149-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of life</title>
        <p>Both studies assessed HRQOL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Significant enhancements were found among
               patients in the yoga group compared to the control group. Due to the difference
               between the instruments used in the measurement of quality of life, we performed a
               meta-analysis with a standardized mean difference. The meta-analyses showed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>) significant improvement in HRQOL of
               -12.46 (95% CI: -22.49, -2.43, n = 59) for participants in the yoga group in
               comparison to controls.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Yoga versus controls: Quality of Life. Review Manager (version 5.2; the
                     Cochrane Collaboration, 2013). SD: standard deviation; CI: Confidence
                     intervals.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0433-40149-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present systematic review, a meta-analysis of two studies demonstrated
            augmentations in peak VO<sub>2</sub> and HRQOL in patients with CHF after yoga sessions
            when compared to controls.</p>
      <p>Yoga is an emerging therapy for the rehabilitation of chronic diseases. However, to
            date, no meta-analysis examined the impact of yoga in patients with CHF. This review is
            important because it analyzes yoga as a potential modality in cardiovascular
            rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>Our meta-analysis showed 22.0% improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> in the yoga group. The
            mean peak VO<sub>2</sub> in the two studies analyzed was 15.85
               mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> at baseline and 19.05 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>
               &#183;min<sup>-1</sup> at the end of the intervention. Specifically, the WMD in peak
               VO<sub>2</sub> peak was 3.97 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup> &#183;min<sup>-1</sup> from baseline to
            post-intervention. The magnitude of change is similar to a previous meta-analysis that
            evaluated the effect of different modalities of exercise in patients with CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another important factor to be described is the extent of the improvement and the peak
               VO<sub>2</sub> of 19.05 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup> &#183;min<sup>-1</sup> achieved after the
            intervention. A minimum peak VO<sub>2</sub> of 15 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup> &#183;min<sup>-1</sup>
            in women and 18 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup> &#183;min<sup>-1</sup> in men aged 85 years has been
            demonstrated to be necessary for full and independent living (e.g., garden activities,
            walking up stairs, etc.)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Thus, yoga patients
            with CHF improve their medical condition, so they can productively carry out everyday
            activities.</p>
      <p>In this study, yoga is shown to be effective in the rehabilitation of patients with CHF.
            Considering peak VO<sub>2</sub>, it is well known that improvements above 10% after a
            cardiovascular rehabilitation program are satisfactory and represents a good prognosis
            in patients with CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>The assessment of the HRQOL is an essential outcome in the rehabilitation process. It is
            recognized that HRQOL is also associated with mental and physical status. Yoga is
            reported to improve important mental endpoints, such as anxiety and depression. In
            addition, yoga has been found to be critical for the enhancement of patients' exercise
            capacity.</p>
      <p>In regards to HRQOL, our meta-analysis showed a 24.1% increase in the yoga group. The
            mean of MLFHQ of both studies analyzed was 37.5 at baseline and 28.45 at the end of the
            intervention, demonstrating an improvement of nine points on the scale. The study by
            Arnold et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> showed that the minimal clinically
            important difference for the MLFHQ is five points. The WMD in the MLFHQ was -12.46 from
            baseline to post-intervention. The magnitude of change is similar to that reported in a
            previous meta-analysis study that included six RCTs about exercise in CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our results are similar to the ones found in previous studies concerning exercise
               training<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. The
            adherence of patients with CHF to exercise training is low; therefore, the investigation
            of new strategies is important in the context of rehabilitation. Despite the best method
            to improve exercise capacity and/or HRQOL, the first point that should be considered is
            patient preference. Taking this into account, the number of subjects that drop out of
            cardiovascular rehabilitation programs could possibly be decreased.</p>
      <p>This review is limited because we did not consider the strict description of the
            criteria used by the authors to diagnose CHF, which can compromise the reliability of
            the results. It is not possible to consistently recommend yoga in patients with CHF. Our
            search strategy only found two RCTs with small samples and low duration of intervention.
            Furthermore, different variables may influence the effects of yoga as a therapy, such as
            personal approach and culture. Despite this, yoga appears to be an interesting means of
            cardiac rehabilitation and deserves further investigation with better-controlled
            RCTs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Considering the available data, our meta-analysis showed that yoga improved peak
               VO<sub>2</sub> and HRQOL in patients with CHF. Yoga should be considered as an
            alternative method of exercise training in patients with CHF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
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          <bold>Study Association</bold>
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        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pr&#225;tica de Yoga em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica: Uma
               Meta-an&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Mansueto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues-Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Erenaldo Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Walderi Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvado</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvado, BA -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mansueto Gomes-Neto</bold>. Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n,
               Vale do Canela. CEP 40110-100, Salvador, BA - Brasil Email:
                  <email>netofisio@gmail.com</email>; <email>mansueto.neto@ufba.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>A efic&#225;cia da pr&#225;tica de yoga na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) permanece controversa.</p>
        <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise foi realizada para verificar os efeitos do Yoga sobre a capacidade
               de exerc&#237;cio e qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS) em pacientes com ICC.
               Material e m&#233;todos: As bases MEDLINE, <italic>Cochrane Controlled Trials
                  Register</italic>, EMBASE, SPORT Scielo, CINAHL (da data mais antiga dispon&#237;vel a
               dezembro de 2013) foram pesquisadas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos
               randomizados (ECRs) que investigaram os efeitos do Yoga (em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo
               praticante de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e/ou grupo controle) sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio
                  (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) e qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS) em pacientes
               com ICC. Dois avaliadores selecionaram os ensaios cl&#237;nicos de forma independente.
               Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias ponderadas (DMPs) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) foram
               calculados, e a heterogeneidade foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do teste I<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos atenderam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, perfazendo um grupo
               amostral com 30 pacientes praticantes de Yoga e 29 pacientes controle. Os resultados
               sugerem que o Yoga teve um impacto positivo sobre o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e QVRS em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. O grupo praticante de Yoga apresentou um aumento no
                  VO<sub>2</sub> pico e na diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada (IC 95% 3,87: 1,95-5,80) e
               aumento na diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada na QVRS (IC 95% -12,46: -22,49 a -2,43) em
               compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica de Yoga aumenta o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e QVRS em pacientes com ICC e poder&#225;
               ser inclu&#237;da em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. ECRs mais abrangentes s&#227;o
               necess&#225;rios para elucidar os efeitos do Yoga em pacientes com ICC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ioga</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapias Complementares/utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exec&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) pode ser considerada o est&#225;gio terminal das
               doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Esta s&#237;ndrome pode levar a limita&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e
               redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Neste contexto, o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233;
               amplamente reconhecido como uma interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica que objetiva melhorar a
               toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios conhecidos do treinamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com ICC, tais
               como a melhora no consumo pico de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico), qualidade de vida
               relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS), e diminui&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre qual m&#233;todo de exerc&#237;cio &#233; o mais eficiente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Por outro lado, as equipes de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
               card&#237;aca adotam m&#233;todos n&#227;o convencionais de treinamento f&#237;sico que podem ser
               utilizados de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia e disponibilidade do paciente, tais como
                  hidroterapia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, dan&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, e yoga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Yoga &#233; um m&#233;todo de relaxamento e medita&#231;&#227;o baseado em posturas, exerc&#237;cios, e
               t&#233;cnicas de respira&#231;&#227;o. Este m&#233;todo parece ser ben&#233;fico em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es, tais
               como ansiedade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, depress&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, c&#226;ncer de mama<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, dores lombares cr&#244;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e
                  hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica
               recente sobre yoga em pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas foi recentemente publicada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Apesar do esclarecimento sobre o tema, os
               principais resultados cl&#237;nicos analisados na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica anterior inclu&#237;ram
               mortalidade, eventos card&#237;acos n&#227;o-fatais, capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, QVRS, e fatores
               de risco card&#237;aco modific&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Nenhuma meta-an&#225;lise foi realizada para investigar os efeitos do yoga em pacientes
               com ICC. Sabe-se que a t&#233;cnica de meta-an&#225;lise minimiza a subjetividade atrav&#233;s da
               padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do tratamento utilizando medidas de tamanho de efeito (TE),
               seguidas do agrupamento e a an&#225;lise dos dados. O objetivo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica,
               utilizando meta-an&#225;lise, foi avaliar os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) que
               investigaram os efeitos da yoga no VO<sub>2</sub> pico e QVRS em pacientes com
               ICC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Tipos de estudos</title>
            <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise incluiu ECRs que avaliaram os efeitos do yoga em pacientes
                     com ICC. Tais estudos foram selecionados independentemente do status de
                     publica&#231;&#227;o, idioma, ou tamanho.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Tipos de participantes</title>
            <p>Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos envolvendo pacientes com ICC sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica foram
                     inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise. Para ser eleg&#237;vel, o ensaio cl&#237;nico deveria ter
                     escolhido ao acaso pelo menos um grupo de pacientes com ICC praticante de
                     qualquer tipo de yoga. Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos que utilizaram pacientes com
                     qualquer tipo de doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria foram exclu&#237;dos desta revis&#227;o
                     sistem&#225;tica.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de resultados cl&#237;nicos</title>
            <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos avaliados foram o consumo pico de oxig&#234;nio
                        (VO<sub>2</sub> pico, medido em mL/kg/min), medido pela an&#225;lise de gases, e
                     QVRS, medido atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rios.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica de ensaios cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Pesquisas em bibliotecas eletr&#244;nicas</title>
            <p>Foram feitas buscas nas bases MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, SciELO,
                        <italic>cumulative index to nursing and allied health</italic> (CINAHL),
                     PEDro, e a Biblioteca Cochrane-se at&#233; Dezembro de 2013, sem restri&#231;&#245;es
                     relacionadas ao idioma. Um protocolo padr&#227;o foi desenvolvido especificamente
                     para esta pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica e vocabul&#225;rios padronizados foram utilizados
                     sempre que poss&#237;vel (termos Mesh nas bases MEDLINE e Cochrane, e EMTREE na base
                     EMBASE). Palavras-chave e seus sin&#244;nimos foram usadas para refinar a pesquisa.
                     A estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa na base MEDLINE via PubMed &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t04">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica na base MEDLINE via PUBMED para
                           os termos "yoga" e "insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca"</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1.</td>
                    <td>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2.</td>
                    <td>Distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3.</td>
                    <td>Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Controlados/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4.</td>
                    <td>Grupos controle/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5.</td>
                    <td>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos/ ou ensaios cl&#237;nicos, fase I/ ou ensaios
                                 cl&#237;nicos, fase II/ ou ensaios cl&#237;nicos, fase III/ ou ensaios
                                 cl&#237;nicos, fase IV/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6.</td>
                    <td>Comit&#234;s de Monitoramento de Resultados de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>7.</td>
                    <td>M&#233;todo duplo-cego/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8.</td>
                    <td>M&#233;todo simples-cego/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>9.</td>
                    <td>Placebos/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10.</td>
                    <td>Efeito placebo/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>11.</td>
                    <td>Estudos transversais/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12.</td>
                    <td>Estudos Multic&#234;ntricos/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>13.</td>
                    <td>1 OU 2 OU 3 OU 4 OU 5 OU 6 OU 7 OU 8 OU 9 OU 10 OU 11 OU 12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>14.</td>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>15.</td>
                    <td>Cardiomiopatia, Dilatada/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>16.</td>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Diast&#243;lica/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>17.</td>
                    <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Sist&#243;lica</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>18.</td>
                    <td>D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco, Baixo/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>19.</td>
                    <td>14 OU 15 OU 16 OU 17 OU 18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>20.</td>
                    <td>Yoga</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>21.</td>
                    <td>Iogue/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>22.</td>
                    <td>Asana/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>23.</td>
                    <td>Pranayama/</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>24.</td>
                    <td>20 OU 21 OU 22 OU 23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>25.</td>
                    <td>13 E 19 E 24</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Para a pesquisa de ECRs no PUBMED/MEDLINE, foi utilizada uma estrat&#233;gia
                     otimizada desenvolvida para a Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane,10 e uma estrat&#233;gia usando
                     termos semelhantes para a base EMBASE. Na estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa, foram
                     utilizados quatro grupos de palavras-chave relacionados ao desenho do estudo,
                     participantes, interven&#231;&#245;es, e determina&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos. As
                     bibliografias de todos os artigos cient&#237;ficos eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o nesta
                     meta-an&#225;lise foram analisadas a fim de identificar outros estudos
                     potencialmente eleg&#237;veis. Para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de artigos cient&#237;ficos n&#227;o
                     indexados, ou quando a confirma&#231;&#227;o de dados ou informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais foi
                     necess&#225;ria, os autores dos artigos foram contatados por e-mail.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e an&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Verifica&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade dos estudos</title>
            <p>Esta estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica foi utilizada para identificar
                     t&#237;tulos e resumos de artigos cient&#237;ficos que poderiam ser relevantes para esta
                     revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Cada resumo encontrado foi avaliado de forma independente
                     por dois avaliadores. Se pelo menos um dos avaliadores considerasse uma
                     refer&#234;ncia eleg&#237;vel, o texto completo era obtido para an&#225;lise completa.</p>
            <p>Al&#233;m disso, os dois autores analisaram independentemente artigos completos para
                     a avalia&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade e padronizaram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o.
                     Um formul&#225;rio de extra&#231;&#227;o de dados padronizado foi utilizado para padronizar os
                     crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Em caso de desacordo, os autores discutiram
                     as raz&#245;es para suas decis&#245;es e uma decis&#227;o final foi tomada por consenso.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dois autores extra&#237;ram independentemente os dados dos artigos cient&#237;ficos
                  selecionados utilizando formul&#225;rios-padr&#227;o de extra&#231;&#227;o de dados adaptados do
                  modelo da Colabora&#231;&#227;o de Cochrane<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> para
                  extra&#231;&#227;o de dados, considerando 1) aspectos da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, como a m&#233;dia de
                  idade e sexo; 2) aspectos da interven&#231;&#227;o realizada (tamanho da amostra, tipo de
                  yoga realizado, presen&#231;a de supervis&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o de cada sess&#227;o); 3)
                  acompanhamento dos pacientes; 4) interrup&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento; 5) medi&#231;&#227;o de
                  resultados cl&#237;nicos; e 6) resultados apresentados. As discord&#226;ncias foram
                  resolvidas por um dos avaliadores. Quaisquer outras informa&#231;&#245;es foram solicitadas
                  aos autores dos artigos por e-mail.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos selecionados</title>
          <p>O risco de vi&#233;s dos artigos inclu&#237;dos na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi avaliado
                  de forma independente por dois avaliadores que usaram o risco de vi&#233;s da
                  Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Os seguintes
                  crit&#233;rios foram avaliados: gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, distribui&#231;&#227;o oculta,
                  restri&#231;&#227;o de acesso dos participantes e dos avaliadores aos resultados cl&#237;nicos,
                  integralidade dos resultados cl&#237;nicos, adequa&#231;&#227;o da descri&#231;&#227;o dos resultados,
                  an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, e adequa&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade da meta-an&#225;lise</title>
          <p>A qualidade da presente meta-an&#225;lise foi classificada usando a escala PEDro.
                  Dentre as v&#225;rias escalas utilizadas para avaliar a qualidade de ECRs, a escala
                  PEDro avalia a qualidade metodol&#243;gica de um estudo com base em v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios
                  importantes, tais como distribui&#231;&#227;o oculta, an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, e
                  adequa&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento. Estas caracter&#237;sticas tornam a escala PEDro uma
                  ferramenta &#250;til para avaliar a qualidade de programas de fisioterapia e
                  tratamentos de reabilita&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica foi avaliada de forma independente por dois avaliadores.
                  Os estudos foram pontuados utilizando a escala PEDro e baseando-se na lista Delphi
                  composta de 11 itens. Um item na escala PEDro (crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade) est&#225;
                  relacionado &#224; validade externa e geralmente n&#227;o &#233; usado no c&#225;lculo da pontua&#231;&#227;o do
                  m&#233;todo, o que permitiu uma faixa de pontua&#231;&#227;o entre 0 a 10. Todas as diverg&#234;ncias
                  foram resolvidas por um terceiro avaliador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As estimativas do efeito combinado foram obtidas comparando-se os m&#237;nimos
                  quadrados da varia&#231;&#227;o percentual m&#233;dia entre as medidas obtidas no in&#237;cio e
                  t&#233;rmino do estudo para cada grupo, e foram expressas como diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dias
                  ponderadas (DMP) entre os grupos. Os c&#225;lculos foram feitos usando um modelo com
                  efeitos fixos. Foi feita uma compara&#231;&#227;o do grupo yoga versus grupo controle. Um
                  valor &#945; de 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica do
                  efeito do tratamento foi avaliada usando o teste Q de Cochrane e teste de
                  inconsist&#234;ncia I2, de modo que valores acima de 25% e 50% foram considerados
                  indicativos de heterogeneidade moderada e alta, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas
                  utilizando o software Review Manager vers&#227;o 5.0 (Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos artigos selecionados</title>
          <p>A pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica inicial levou &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de 10 resumos, a partir dos
                  quais 4 artigos foram considerados potencialmente relevantes e selecionados para
                  uma an&#225;lise detalhada. Depois de uma leitura completa dos 4 artigos, 2 foram
                  exclu&#237;dos porque, apesar de yoga ter sido usada como tratamento, a amostra incluiu
                  pacientes com outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Sendo assim, apenas 2 artigos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxograma dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta
                  revis&#227;o utilizando a metodologia <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
                     Reviews and Meta-analyses</italic> (PRISMA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos para inclus&#227;o na revis&#227;o
                        sistem&#225;tica de acordo com a metodologia PRISMA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0433-40149-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os dois artigos foram analisados e aprovados por ambos os revisores e os dados dos
                  ECRs foram incorporados nesta revis&#227;o. Os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o da escala PEDro
                  s&#227;o apresentados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. Contudo, os
                  estudos n&#227;o forneceram detalhes suficientes para que pud&#233;ssemos avaliar o risco de
                  vi&#233;s. Os detalhes da gera&#231;&#227;o e oculta&#231;&#227;o da sequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria
                  n&#227;o foram registrados. Os dois estudos apresentaram concord&#226;ncia em suas
                  caracter&#237;sticas basais. Os autores dos dois estudos reportaram que tomaram as
                  devidas precau&#231;&#245;es para restringir o acesso dos avaliadores aos resultados do
                  estudo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A qualidade dos estudos na escala PEDro</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>3</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>4</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>5</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>6</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>7</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>8</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>9</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>10</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>11</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td>Pullen e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td>Pullen e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>&#10003;</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t05">
                <p>1: crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e origem dos participantes; 2: distribui&#231;&#227;o
                           aleat&#243;ria; 3: distribui&#231;&#227;o oculta; 4: compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados antes da
                           interven&#231;&#227;o; 5: restri&#231;&#227;o do acesso dos participante aos resultados do
                           estudo; 6: restri&#231;&#227;o do acesso dos terapeutas aos resultados do estudo;
                           7: restri&#231;&#227;o do acesso dos avaliadores aos resultados do estudo; 8:
                           acompanhamento adequado; 9: an&#225;lise da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar; 10:
                           compara&#231;&#245;es entre-grupos; 11: estimativas pontuais e variabilidade.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t05">
                <p>*Item 1 n&#227;o contribuiu para a pontua&#231;&#227;o total.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos Estudos</title>
          <p>A amostra final variou entre 1918 e 4019, e a m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes
                  variou entre 51 e 54 anos. Os dois estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes de ambos os sexos,
                  mas houve predomin&#226;ncia de participantes do sexo masculino. Todos os estudos
                  analisados nesta revis&#227;o exclu&#237;ram pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de classes
                  I a III, conforme normas estabelecidas pelo <italic>New York Heart
                     Association</italic> (NYHA). Um estudo incluiu pacientes com ICC sist&#243;lica e
                     diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e o outro estudo incluiu
                  apenas pacientes com ICC sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.
                  Apenas um estudo relatou a etnia dos pacientes (95% de afro-americanos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados cl&#237;nicos dos estudos selecionados</title>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>VO<sub>2</sub> pico</title>
          <p>Ambos os estudos avaliaram VO<sub>2</sub> pico utilizando um teste
                  ergoespirom&#233;trico e uma esteira para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o
                     progressivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224; Sa&#250;de</title>
          <p>O question&#225;rio <italic>Minnessota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic>
                  (MLHFQ) foi utilizado em ambos os estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta um resumo dos dois ensaios
                  cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos resultados cl&#237;nicos e resultados do yoga nos ensaios
                        cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Participantes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Resultados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medidas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Resultados</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Capacidade aer&#243;bica</td>
                  <td>QVRS</td>
                  <td>Capacidade aer&#243;bica</td>
                  <td>QVRS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td>Pullen e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></td>
                  <td>130 pacientes com ICC NYHA I, II e III</td>
                  <td>Capacidade aer&#243;bica QVRS</td>
                  <td>Teste de esfor&#231;o progressivo</td>
                  <td>MHFLQ</td>
                  <td>&#8593; VO<sub>2</sub> pico</td>
                  <td>&#8593; QVRS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td>Pullen e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></td>
                  <td>51 pacientes com ICC NYHA I, II e III</td>
                  <td>Capacidade aer&#243;bica QVRS</td>
                  <td>Teste de esfor&#231;o progressivo</td>
                  <td>MHFLQ</td>
                  <td>&#8593; VO<sub>2</sub> pico</td>
                  <td>&#8593; QVRS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t06">
                <p>ICC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; NYHA: New York Heart Association;
                           MHFLQ: Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire; QVRS: Qualidade
                           de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos programas de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do programa de yoga foram descritas nestes dois estudos. A
                  dura&#231;&#227;o do programa de Yoga variou entre 819 e 1018 semanas e o tempo de cada
                  sess&#227;o variou entre 6018 e 7019 minutos. No estudo de Pullen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, durante cada sess&#227;o, os participantes
                  completaram as seguintes atividades: um per&#237;odo de aquecimento de 10 minutos, um
                  per&#237;odo de 40 minutos com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de posturas de yoga (asanas) em p&#233; ou
                  sentado, e uma fase de relaxamento de 20 minutos, com exerc&#237;cios de respira&#231;&#227;o
                  (pranayama) e medita&#231;&#227;o. No outro estudo, a pr&#225;tica contemplou uma fase de
                  aquecimento de 5 minutos, com exerc&#237;cios de respira&#231;&#227;o (pranayama), um per&#237;odo de
                  40 minutos com posturas de Yoga (asanas) em p&#233; e/ou sentado, e um per&#237;odo de
                  relaxamento de 15 minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Ambos os
                  estudos utilizaram a pratica de Hatha yoga.</p>
          <p>Em ambos os estudos, as sess&#245;es foram praticadas duas vezes por semana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, e conduzidas por um professor de yoga credenciado na associa&#231;&#227;o
                     <italic>Yoga Alliance</italic> e certificado pelo <italic>American College of
                     Sports Medicine</italic>.</p>
          <p>Em ambos os estudos, os grupos yoga e controle receberam um treinamento e uma
                  brochura com instru&#231;&#245;es para seguir uma programa de atividade f&#237;sica em casa
                  (tratamento m&#233;dico padr&#227;o). Ambos os grupos foram acompanhados por avaliadores que
                  n&#227;o tiveram acesso aos resultados do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>VO<sub>2</sub> pico</title>
          <p>Ambos os estudos avaliaram VO2 pico como resultado cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A
                  meta-an&#225;lise indicou um aumento significativo no VO<sub>2</sub> pico de 3,87
                     mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> (IC 95%: 1,95, 5,80, N = 59) nos grupos de
                  yoga em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura
                     2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Grupos praticantes de yoga versus grupos controle: VO<sub>2</sub> pico.
                        Review Manager, vers&#227;o 5.2 (Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane, 2013).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0433-40149-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>Ambos os estudos avaliaram a QVRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Uma melhora
                  significativa na QVRS foi observada entre os grupos praticantes de yoga quando
                  comparados aos grupos controle. Devido &#224; diferen&#231;a entre os instrumentos
                  utilizados na mensura&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, esta meta-an&#225;lise adotou diferen&#231;as
                  m&#233;dias padronizadas. A meta-an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
                     3</xref>) mostrou um aumento significativo na QVRS de -12,46 (IC 95%: -22,49,
                  -2,43, N=59) para os praticantes de yoga em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Grupos praticantes de yoga versus grupos controle: Medida de Qualidade
                        de Vida. Review Manager, vers&#227;o 5.2 (Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane, 2013).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0433-40149-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, a meta-an&#225;lise de dois estudos indicou um aumento
               significativo no VO<sub>2</sub> pico e QVRS em pacientes com ICC ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de
               yoga, quando comparado aos grupos controle.</p>
        <p>Yoga &#233; uma interven&#231;&#227;o recente que pode ser utilizada na reabilita&#231;&#227;o de pacientes
               com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. No entanto, nenhuma meta-an&#225;lise havia sido realizada
               utilizando pacientes com ICC submetidos &#224; pratica de yoga. Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233;
               importante porque analisa o yoga como uma interven&#231;&#227;o potencial na reabilita&#231;&#227;o
               cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise indicou um aumento de 22,0% no VO<sub>2</sub> pico no grupos
               praticantes de yoga. A m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> pico nos dois estudos analisados foi
               de 15,85 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> antes da interven&#231;&#227;o e de 19,05
                  mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> ao t&#233;rmino da interven&#231;&#227;o. A DMP do
                  VO<sub>2</sub> pico foi de 3,97 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> entre o in&#237;cio
               e o t&#233;rmino da interven&#231;&#227;o. A magnitude da mudan&#231;a &#233; semelhante aos resultados de uma
               meta-an&#225;lise anterior, que avaliou o efeito de diferentes modalidades de exerc&#237;cio em
               pacientes com ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro fator importante &#233; a magnitude do aumento e o VO<sub>2</sub> pico de 19,05
                  mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> obtido ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Foi demonstrado que
               um VO<sub>2</sub> pico m&#237;nimo de 15 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> em mulheres e
               18 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> em homens com idade de 85 anos &#233; necess&#225;rio
               para uma vida completa e independente (e.g., para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades de
               jardinagem e subir e descer escadas)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Assim,
               o yoga pode ajudar pacientes com ICC a ter melhores condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas para a
               realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades di&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>O yoga mostrou-se eficiente na reabilita&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICC, pois sabe-se que um
               aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> pico acima de 10% ap&#243;s um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
               cardiovascular &#233; satisfat&#243;rio e representa um bom progn&#243;stico em pacientes com
                  ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>A QVRS &#233; um resultado cl&#237;nico que deve ser considerado durante o processo de
               reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Sabe-se que QVRS tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada ao estado f&#237;sico e mental do
               paciente. Al&#233;m disso, j&#225; foi mostrado que yoga esta envolvido na melhora de
               dist&#250;rbios mentais importantes, tais como ansiedade e depress&#227;o, e melhora a
               capacidade de exerc&#237;cio dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A presente meta-an&#225;lise indicou um aumento de 24,1% no QVRS nos grupos praticantes de
               yoga. Em ambos os estudos analisados, a m&#233;dia da QVRS utilizando o question&#225;rio
                  <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic> (MLFHQ) foi de
               37,5 antes da interven&#231;&#227;o e de 28,45 ao t&#233;rmino da interven&#231;&#227;o, o que demonstra um
               aumento de 9 pontos na escala. Arnold e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> observaram que a diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima clinicamente importante utilizando o
               MLFHQ &#233; de 5 pontos. A DMP utilizando o MLFHQ foi de -12,46 entre o in&#237;cio e o
               t&#233;rmino da interven&#231;&#227;o. A magnitude da varia&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante ao resultado de uma
               meta-an&#225;lise anterior, que incluiu seis ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados envolvendo
               pacientes com ICC submetidos &#224; atividades fisicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados foram semelhantes aos encontrados em estudos anteriores em
               pacientes submetidos a treinamentos f&#237;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Considerando a baixa ades&#227;o dos pacientes com
               ICC a treinamentos f&#237;sicos, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de novas estrat&#233;gias &#233; importante no
               contexto de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Apesar desta pr&#225;tica ser o melhor m&#233;todo para aumentar a
               capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e/ou QVRS, o primeiro ponto que deve ser considerado &#233; a
               prefer&#234;ncia do paciente. Diante desse cen&#225;rio, reduzir as chances de abandono de
               programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#233; importante.</p>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es pois n&#227;o considerou a descri&#231;&#227;o rigorosa dos
               crit&#233;rios adotados pelos autores destes dois estudos para diagnosticar ICC, o que
               pode comprometer a confiabilidade dos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer
               uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o consistente sobre yoga em pacientes com ICC. Nossa estrat&#233;gia de
               pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica s&#243; encontrou dois ECRs, e tais ensaios utilizaram um pequeno
               tamanho amostral e interven&#231;&#245;es de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, diversas outras
               vari&#225;veis devem influenciar os efeitos do Yoga, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas individuais
               e culturais. Apesar disso, o Yoga parece ser uma importante interven&#231;&#227;o para a
               reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e tal pr&#225;tica merece uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada
               utilizando ECRs mais detalhados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Considerando os dados dispon&#237;veis, a presente meta-an&#225;lise indicou que o yoga aumenta
               o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e QVRS em pacientes com ICC, e deve ser considerado como um
               m&#233;todo alternativo de treinamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com ICC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gomes-Neto M,
                  Rodrigeus-Jr ES, Carvalho VO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigeus-Jr ES, Carvalho VO;
                  An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes-Neto M, Silva-Jr
                  WM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
                  Gomes-Neto M, Silva-Jr WM, Carvalho VO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
