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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8yqRLY8jmwKPWQStcNt3W4D</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140124</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Determinants of Functional and Structural Properties of
               Large Arteries in Healthy Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tolezani</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Hong</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
                  Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Val&#233;ria Costa-Hong,</bold> Avenida Dr. Eneias de Carvalho
               Aguiar, Cerqueira Cesar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>hong.valeria@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>426</fpage>
      <lpage>432</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Changes in the properties of large arteries correlate with higher cardiovascular
                  risk. Recent guidelines have included the assessment of those properties to detect
                  subclinical disease. Establishing reference values for the assessment methods as
                  well as determinants of the arterial parameters and their correlations in healthy
                  individuals is important to stratify patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess, in healthy adults, the distribution of the values of pulse wave
                  velocity, diameter, intima-media thickness and relative distensibility of the
                  carotid artery, in addition to assessing the demographic and clinical determinants
                  of those parameters and their correlations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study evaluated 210 individuals (54% women; mean age, 44 &#177; 13 years) with no
                  evidence of cardiovascular disease. The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was
                  measured with a Complior<sup>&#174;</sup> device. The functional and structural
                  properties of the carotid artery were assessed by using radiofrequency ultrasound.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The means of the following parameters were: pulse wave velocity, 8.7 &#177; 1.5 m/s;
                  diameter, 6,707.9 &#177; 861.6 &#956;m; intima-media thickness, 601 &#177; 131 &#956;m; relative
                  distensibility, 5.3 &#177; 2.1%. No significant difference related to sex or ethnicity
                  was observed. On multiple linear logistic regression, the factors independently
                  related to the vascular parameters were: pulse wave velocity, to age (p &lt; 0.01)
                  and triglycerides (p = 0.02); intima-media thickness, to age (p &lt; 0.01);
                  diameter, to creatinine (p = 0.03) and age (p = 0.02); relative distensibility, to
                  age (p &lt; 0.01) and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.02 and p =
                  0.01, respectively). Pulse wave velocity showed a positive correlation with intima
                  media thickness (p &lt; 0.01) and with relative distensibility (p &lt; 0.01),
                  while diameter showed a positive correlation with distensibility (p = 0.03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In healthy individuals, age was the major factor related to aortic stiffness,
                  while age and diastolic blood pressure related to the carotid functional measure.
                  The carotid artery structure was directly related to aortic stiffness, which was
                  inversely related to the carotid artery functional property.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The importance of arterial stiffness to the development of cardiovascular diseases has
            been emphasized in past years. Changes in the functional and structural properties of
            large arteries have been correlated with greater cardiovascular risk in different
               populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, and, although considered to be intrinsic to the vascular aging
               process<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, they are
            influenced by other diseases and risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, such as sex,
            dyslipidemia, diabetes, increased heart rate (HR), smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, arterial hypertension, chronic renal disease and obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>New and accessible methods enable the non-invasive assessment of functional and
            structural properties of large arteries. The European guidelines of arterial
               hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and the VI Brazilian Guidelines
            on Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> include measurements of aortic
            stiffness and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) as methods to assess the
            possible subclinical cardiovascular disease of hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>Aortic stiffness and carotid artery IMT are important parameters for cardiovascular risk
            assessment, being currently used for the detection of subclinical disease, minimizing
            poorer prognoses. To assess arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement is
            gold-standard, because of the method reproducibility and reliability, in addition to its
            association with cardiovascular risk in different populations, independently of the risk
            factors related<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>To establish a reference pattern for the functional and structural assessment methods of
            arterial properties is required so that the measurement of arterial stiffness and other
            arterial properties can express the presence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. In
            addition, the major clinical and demographic determinants of the parameters obtained
            with those methods and their correlations need to be established.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, a reference pattern for those methods and for assessing the major
            determinants of the function and structure of large arteries is yet to be studied, that
            being the purpose of this study.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the following in healthy adults: (1) the distribution of
            aortic PWV values, as well as the diameter, IMT and relative distensibility of the
            carotid artery, to define the reference values for the methods applied; (2) the major
            demographic and clinical determinants of the parameters obtained by using those methods;
            and (3) the correlations between the arterial parameters obtained by using the different
            methods.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study included 210 asymptomatic adults of both sexes (age range, 18 to 80 years),
            with no evidence of current cardiovascular disease after clinical and laboratory
            assessment, and not using any medication. They had participated as control groups in
            research projects duly approved by the Ethics Committee of the S&#227;o Paulo University
            Medical School (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Research projects used as data bank</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Approval protocol number</th>
              <th>Project's name</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2431/04/51</td>
              <td>Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome on the Structural and Functional
                        Properties of Large Arteries</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">721/04</td>
              <td>Influence of the polymorphism of alpha2-1, alpha2-c and beta1 adrenergic
                        receptor genes on the cardiovascular regulation of children of
                        hypertensives</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2403/04/23</td>
              <td>Determinants of arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness in
                        familial hypercholesterolemia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">852/03</td>
              <td>Chest-BR</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For sample calculation, a minimum number of 30 patients per age group was considered,
            based on the power to detect changes in PWV measurements, according to the
            reproducibility and sensitivity of the test observed at our service. The method had
            intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility coefficients of 0.935 and 0.890,
            respectively. That minimum number per age group was calculated by using the JMP
            statistical software. Thus, subdividing the population into seven age groups, from 18 to
            80 years, 210 individuals were obtained. However, because of the difficulty of getting
            individuals older than 70 years with no comorbidity, the same number of individuals
            initially calculated was maintained, distributed according to a population curve,
            predominating ages between 41 and 50 years.</p>
      <p>Written informed consents were provided in the respective projects. The Chest-BR
            project, assessing individuals with no clinical cardiovascular disease, involved 143
            patients. All underwent complete clinical assessment, laboratory tests, cardiopulmonary
            exercise test, and echocardiography, and no change in any of those assessments was
            evidenced.</p>
      <p>The clinical assessment included careful anamnesis for data collection, such as age,
            sex, race and presence or lack of exclusion criteria. Ethnicity was recorded according
            to the individuals' self-reports and classified as white, black, mixed and yellow. To
            make the result presentation clearer, the population studied was divided into white and
            non-white. A Filizola scale, Personal model, was used to measure the weight and height
            of barefoot individuals wearing light clothes. The body mass index (BMI) was determined
            with the following formula: body weight (kg)/height<sup>2</sup> (m<sup>2</sup>).
            Brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively), as well as
            HR, were measured by using the automated Omron HEM 705-CP device, duly validated,
            according to the international protocol of the British Hypertension Society (BHS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and the Association for Advancement of Medical
            Instrumentation (AAMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The device was used on
            the right arm, with the individual sitting and after a 5-minute rest, according to the
            recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Pulse pressure (PP) was determined by using the formula: SBP -
            DBP.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests were performed at the laboratory of the institution after a 12-hour
            fasting period.</p>
      <p>Individuals with any of the following clinical conditions were excluded from the study:
            chronic renal failure (creatinine &gt; 1.4 mg/dL); hepatic failure; systemic arterial
            hypertension [blood pressure (BP) &gt; 140/90 mmHg or patient on anti-hypertensive
            medication]; inflammatory diseases; neoplasias; endocrine disorders; hematologic
            diseases; peripheral vascular diseases; hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol &gt; 240
            mg/dL or patient on lipid-lowering medication); cardiomyopathies; valvular heart
            diseases; congenital diseases; and obesity (BMI &gt; 30).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Methods to assess the arterial parameters</title>
        <p>The PWV is automatically measured by recording simultaneous pulse waves captured by
               external sensors on two known points of the arterial tree (carotid and femoral
               arteries), being calculated as the propagation distance between those two points
               divided by the time necessary to travel between them, provided by the software of the
               device. That measurement was obtained with the Complior<sup>&#174;</sup> device (Gonesse,
               France), already validated and used in several studies at our laboratory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The PWV was assessed on the carotid-femoral arterial segment, and
               represented the measure of the pulse wave propagation along the aorta. To obtain PWV
               of each patient, ten good-quality curves were selected, and the mean calculated. The
               curves were acquired with the individuals placed in the dorsal decubitus
               position.</p>
        <p>The functional and anatomical properties of the right carotid artery were assessed by
               using an ultrasound device consisting of a vessel wall echo-tracking system
               (Wall-Track System, Pie Medical, Maastricht, The Netherlands), that analyses the
               radiofrequency signals, and was developed to measure wall movements of superficial
               large arteries based on location by use of B-mode conventional vascular ultrasound.
               The method has been validated and used in clinical studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. The
               accuracy of that system is 30 &#181;m for measuring the diastolic diameter and lower than
               1 &#181;m for the pulsatile diameter variation (difference between the systolic and
               diastolic diameters). The right common carotid artery was assessed 2 cm bellow the
               carotid bifurcation, and the following measurements were taken: carotid artery IMT
               and diameter; beat-to-beat carotid systolic-diastolic variation; and percentage of
               that systolic-diastolic variation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the distribution of continuous
               variables. The variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), median [25
               - 75 percentiles] or percentage, as appropriate.</p>
        <p>The correlation coefficient (r) between clinical, anthropometric, biochemical data,
               PWV and carotid parameters was obtained by use of the Pearson method for normally
               distributed variables, and the Spearman method for nonparametric distributed
               variables.</p>
        <p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare between variables of different
               groups, the differences being confirmed by using the Tukey-Kramer test.</p>
        <p>Factors independently associated with functional and structural vascular changes were
               assessed by using different linear regression models (uni- and multivariate),
               considering the PWV and carotid arterial parameters (diameter, distensibility or IMT)
               as dependent variables. For multivariate analysis, the following variables were
               considered independent: age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, weight, height, BMI, SBP, DBP,
               PP, glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and
               C-reactive protein. For each model, the estimated parameters, SD, descriptive
               significance level (p) and correlation coefficient (r) were presented.</p>
        <p>The JMP statistical software, version 5.0, was used and p values &lt; 0.05 were
               considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the major clinical, laboratory and
            demographic characteristics of the participants.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, laboratory and demographic characteristics of the participants, n =
                  210</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th>Sample (210)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td>44 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female sex, n (%)</td>
              <td>109 (54)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">White, n (%)</td>
              <td>141 (76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td>25 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>118 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>75 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td>0.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td>191 &#177; 32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
              <td>100 &#177; 32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td>120 &#177; 28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td>39 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Hematocrit, %</td>
              <td>42 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Glycemia, mg/dL</td>
              <td>92 &#177; 7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements of arterial properties</title>
        <p>The following means were obtained: PWV, 8.7 &#177; 1.5 m/s; carotid artery diameter,
               6,707.9 &#177; 861.6 &#181;m; carotid IMT, 601&#177;131 &#181;m; and relative distensibility of the
               carotid artery, 5.3 &#177; 2.1%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation with demographic parameters</title>
        <p>No significant difference in the vascular parameters was observed regarding sex and
               ethnicity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation with age</title>
        <p>Age had a significant and positive correlation with PWV (r = 0.50; p &#8804; 0.01),
               diameter (r = 0.18; p &#8804; 0.01) and carotid artery IMT (r = 0.28; p &#8804; 0.01), and
               negative correlation with relative distensibility of the carotid artery (r = -0.33; p
               &#8804; 0.01).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the distribution of PWV values,
               carotid artery diameter, IMT and relative distensibility according to different age
               group. A progressive increase in PWV, carotid artery diameter and IMT, in addition to
               a decrease in the relative distensibility of the carotid artery according to category
               were observed.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of pulse wave velocity (PWV), and carotid artery diameter,
                     intima-media thickness (IMT) and relative distensibility according to age group
                     in apparently healthy individuals.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Age (years)</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>PWV (m/s)</th>
                <th>Carotid artery diameter (&#181;m)</th>
                <th>Carotid artery IMT (&#181;m)</th>
                <th>Relative distensibility of the carotid artery (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8804; 30</td>
                <td>34</td>
                <td>7.60 &#177; 1.04</td>
                <td>6268 &#177; 974</td>
                <td>514 &#177; 119</td>
                <td>7.53 &#177; 2.96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">31-40</td>
                <td>40</td>
                <td>8.27 &#177;1.28</td>
                <td>6529 &#177; 782</td>
                <td>577 &#177; 147</td>
                <td>5.91 &#177; 2.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">41-50</td>
                <td>65</td>
                <td>8.80 &#177; 1.82</td>
                <td>6741 &#177; 948</td>
                <td>608 &#177; 112</td>
                <td>5.13 &#177; 1.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">51-60</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>9.22 &#177; 1.37</td>
                <td>6903 &#177; 690</td>
                <td>610 &#177; 78</td>
                <td>4.16 &#177; 1.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8805; 61</td>
                <td>29</td>
                <td>9.76 &#177; 1.66</td>
                <td>6795 &#177; 682</td>
                <td>718 &#177; 120</td>
                <td>4.13 &#177; 0.75</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation with anthropometric variables</title>
        <p>The relative distensibility of the carotid artery had a significant and negative
               correlation with BMI (r = -0.21; p = 0.03), while the carotid artery diameter had a
               significant and positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.22; p = 0.002). The PWV showed
               no correlation with the anthropometric parameters in that population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation with blood pressure and heart rate</title>
        <p>The PWV had a significant and positive correlation with SBP (r = 0.24; p &#8804; 0.01), DBP
               (r = 0.26; p &#8804; 0.01) and PP (r = 0.17; p = 0.01), while the carotid artery diameter
               had a significant and positive correlation with SBP (r = 0.17; p = 0.01) and DBP (r =
               0.2; p = 0.004). The relative distensibility of the carotid artery had a significant
               and inverse correlation with SBP (r = -0.19; p = 0.01), DBP (r = -0.32; p &#8804; 0.01) and
               HR (r = -0.18; p = 0.01). The carotid artery IMT had a significant and positive
               correlation with SBP (r = 0.15; p = 0.03), PP (r = 0.18; p = 0.01) and HR (r = 0.16;
               p = 0.03).</p>
        <p>The individuals were classified according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines on
                  Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> aiming at categorizing the
               values of aortic PWV, carotid artery IMT, diameter, and relative distensibility
               according to BP categories not yet considered as arterial hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). By using ANOVA, both PWV and carotid
               artery diameter showed an increase per BP range, while carotid artery distensibility
               was smaller in the borderline BP range.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the values of the functional and structural parameters of
                     large arteries according to blood pressure (BP) classification</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">BP classification</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>PWV (m/s)</th>
                <th>CA diameter (&#181;m)</th>
                <th>Relative distensibility of the CA (%)</th>
                <th>CA IMT (&#181;m)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Optimal: &lt; 120 x 80 mm Hg</td>
                <td>92</td>
                <td>8.39 &#177; 1.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref></td>
                <td>6541 &#177; 769<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref></td>
                <td>5.94 &#177; 2.52<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td>586 &#177; 143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Normal: 120/130 x 80/85 mm Hg</td>
                <td>42</td>
                <td>8.83 &#177; 1.67</td>
                <td>6629 &#177; 895</td>
                <td>5.35&#177;2.60</td>
                <td>614 &#177; 147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Borderline: 130/140 x 85/90 mm Hg</td>
                <td>68</td>
                <td>9.03 &#177; 1.60</td>
                <td>6968 &#177; 900</td>
                <td>5.02 &#177; 2.46</td>
                <td>612 &#177; 144</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05, optimal vs. borderline. CA: carotid artery; PWV: pulse wave
                        velocity; IMT: intima-media thickness.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation of vascular parameters with laboratory variables</title>
        <p>The PWV correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.21; p &lt; 0.01), triglycerides (r = 0.26;
               p &lt; 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.15; p = 0.04), HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.14; p =
               0.04) and glycemia (r = 0.19; p &lt; 0.01). The carotid artery diameter correlated
               with triglycerides (r = 0.25; p &lt; 0.01), hematocrit (r = 0.26; p &lt; 0.01),
               hemoglobin (r = 0.26; p &lt; 0.01), glycemia (r = 0.21; p = 0.03) and creatinine (r =
               0.40; p &lt; 0.01). The relative distensibility of the carotid artery correlated with
               cholesterol (r = -0.27; p &lt; 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (r = -0.18; p = 0.01),
               triglycerides (r = -0.33; p &lt; 0.01) and glycemia (r = -0.21; p &lt; 0.01). The
               carotid artery IMT correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.18; p = 0.01) and triglycerides
               (r = 0.16; p = 0.03).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinant factors of vascular parameters</title>
        <p>On multiple linear logistic regression, the independent determinant factors of the
               vascular parameters, with their respective r values and significance level of the
               model, were as follows: (1) age and triglycerides for PWV (r = 0.52; p &lt; 0.01) and
               relative distensibility of the carotid artery (r = 0.65; p &lt; 0.01); age for IMT (r
               = 0.42; p &#8804; 0.01) and diameter (r = 0.42; p &lt; 0.01); (2) SBP and DBP (r = 0.65; p
               &lt; 0.01) for distensibility of the carotid artery; (3) creatinine (r = 0.42; p &lt;
               0.01) for carotid artery diameter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
               5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between the vascular parameters and their determinants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left"> </th>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>t</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">PWV</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.54</td>
                <td>7.10</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Triglycerides</td>
                <td>0.15</td>
                <td>2.35</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IMT</td>
                <td>0.27</td>
                <td>4.15</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Distensibility</td>
                <td>-0.26</td>
                <td>-3.89</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IMT</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.42</td>
                <td>6.65</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Distensibility</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>-0.55</td>
                <td>-9.22</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">SBP</td>
                <td>0.23</td>
                <td>3.1</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DBP</td>
                <td>-0.27</td>
                <td>-3.53</td>
                <td>0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Triglycerides</td>
                <td>-0.136</td>
                <td>-2.26</td>
                <td>0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diameter</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.19</td>
                <td>2.33</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td>0.2</td>
                <td>2.18</td>
                <td>0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Distensibility</td>
                <td>-0.25</td>
                <td>-3.44</td>
                <td>0.03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>PWV: pulse wave velocity; IMT: intima-media thickness; SBP: systolic blood
                        pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation between the vascular parameters of the population studied</title>
        <p>The results of the multiple linear logistic regression, with the respective r values
               and significance levels, were as follows: PWV (r = 0.41; p &lt; 0.01) correlated with
               carotid artery IMT and distensibility; carotid artery diameter (r = 0.26; p &lt;
               0.01) correlated with distensibility (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
               5</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study showed the distribution of the values of the arterial parameters obtained
            through non-invasive methods in healthy individuals. Regarding the methodology to assess
            carotid artery properties, this is the first study carried out in Brazil in a healthy
            population, because ours is the only Brazilian institution to use that methodology
            already validated in other countries. In addition, the major clinical, anthropometric
            and laboratory variables correlated with the parameters obtained by using that
            methodology could be determined, as well as the relationships between the arterial
            parameters. It is worth noting that the participants had no clinical evidence of
            cardiovascular disease and used no medicaments; thus, reference values could be
            established, especially for the carotid artery assessment by use of radiofrequency.
            Regarding carotid artery parameters, our data comprise a database for the international
            registry of carotid artery IMT values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mean value of carotid-femoral PWV of the 210 individuals with no manifest clinical
            disease, whose mean age was 44 years, was 8.7 m/s, lower than that obtained in normal
            populations of other countries matched for the mean age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Ethnical differences might explain the discrepancies, because the
            Brazilian population is highly mixed ethnically. In Brazil, a study carried out in the
            city of Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo state, as part of the MONICA study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, has shown PWV values associated with ethnicity, being higher
            among Afro-descendants. Our population showed no difference between white and non-white
            individuals, probably due to the lack of individuals with associated pathologies, such
            as found in the MONICA study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> population.
            Afro-descendants more often have arterial hypertension, and, in our study, patients with
            that clinical condition were not assessed; this might justify the lack of ethnical
            difference in our data. The mean PWV in the population of the study from the city of
            Vit&#243;ria was 9.2 m/s, while in ours it was 8.7 m/s.</p>
      <p>The normal values obtained in our study can serve as reference for the implementation of
            PWV as an important tool to detect subclinical or pre-symptomatic lesions of
            target-organs in the routine assessment of patients. Only recently, a study involving 13
            European centers and including data from 1,455 healthy individuals has established
            normal and reference values for PWV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Most
            studies showing PWV as an important marker of cardiovascular risk in different
            populations, as well as the European study establishing normal and reference values for
            PWV, have used the same methodology applied in our study.</p>
      <p>The functional and structural parameters of large arteries for normal and reference
            values can be represented in different ways. From the practical viewpoint, the
            pathophysiological findings that affect those parameters should be considered. Arterial
            stiffness increases with age and BP, which are the major determinants of PWV and carotid
            artery IMT, as shown in several studies and in ours. The normal values in our study were
            stratified by age decades and BP category, not including arterial hypertension. Based on
            the results of each age group and BP category, individuals at higher risk can be
            identified and placed in their respective normality range.</p>
      <p>Although already acknowledged in several populations, the association between aging and
            the vascular properties assessed in this study is important to define the impact of
            aging on those properties in the Brazilian population. For example, in our population,
            the PWV values showed a 1.3-fold increase from the third to the sixth decade of life; in
            the European study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, those values showed a
            1.75-fold increase.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure is another factor that plays a determinant role in the pathophysiology of
            the changes in vascular properties. This study did not assess any hypertensive patient,
            but categorized its participants based on their BP levels into optimal, normal and
            borderline, according to the recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on
               Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. It evidenced that individuals
            with borderline BP levels (between 130/85 mmHg and 140/90 mm Hg) had carotid-femoral PWV
            values significantly higher than those with optimal levels (&lt; 120/80 mmHg).
            Similarly, individuals with borderline BP levels showed lower carotid artery
            distensibility than those with optimal BP levels. In the European reference study, the
            authors have also assessed patients with untreated arterial hypertension and have
            observed a progressive increase in PWV according to BP classification, and that increase
            was significantly higher in patients with stage II and III hypertension than in those of
            the other strata. Because of the large number of individuals assessed, they could be
            divided into age groups and BP categories, in a combined way. Thus, a 1.5-fold increase
            in PWV could be observed in younger individuals with optimal BP levels and in the
            hypertensive elderly. Because of the smaller number of individuals in our study, that
            analysis could not be performed, but the same type of correlation might exist. Although
            the relationship between BP and PWV has been well known for almost one century, both our
            results and those of the European study suggest that the increase in PWV with BP is not
            merely attributable to the BP increase with age, but that the age effect is incremented
            by higher BP.</p>
      <p>The lipid profile, especially triglyceride levels, has been related to both functional
            and structural parameters of large arteries. The role played by lipids in the properties
            of large arteries is still controversial. Based on our previous experience with patients
            with familial hypercholesterolemia, triglyceride levels were important determinants for
            both PWV and carotid artery distensibility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another important and unpublished finding of our study relates to the associations of
            the parameters obtained with the two methodologies for arterial assessment. The PWV
            measure was directly related to carotid artery IMT, showing a close correlation between
            a functional systemic change and a more localized structural change. In addition, an
            inverse and significant correlation was observed between carotid-femoral PWV and the
            relative distensibility of the carotid artery. That association of PWV and IMT had
            already been reported in a study with 564 individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, half of whom were hypertensive, but, after correcting for other risk
            factors, that association disappeared, persisting only that between PWV and the presence
            of atherosclerotic plaques. In our study, the association remained significant even
            after correction for the major cardiovascular risk factors, and the presence of plaques
            was not assessed. In another study including 2,000 Finnish individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, using different methodologies to assess PWV and
            IMT, the former was not significantly correlated with the second in the general
            population, only in older individuals. However, similarly to our study, PWV was
            inversely related to carotid artery distensibility, emphasizing the importance of the
            relationship between aortic stiffness and carotid functional properties. These data are
            important to show that two methods assessing similar functional properties, but in
            different ways, show equivalent results in a healthy population.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Comparing to other population studies, ours had a smaller number of individuals,
               which limited the establishment of criteria of normality. Part of those individuals
               did not undergo complete clinical and laboratory assessment, being excluded from the
               analysis. However, because most individuals underwent complete clinical and
               laboratory assessment for cardiovascular disease, that became a well-selected
               population with no evidence of associated disease; thus, the data originated from
               that population can be used as reference for comparison with populations with
               different pathologies.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In individuals without clinically manifest cardiovascular disease, aorta stiffness
            measured by using PWV increases with age, while the local functional parameters of the
            carotid artery are independently related to age and DBP. In that same population, the
            functional and structural vascular parameters are also associated, so that the carotid
            artery structure assessed by using IMT is directly related to aortic stiffness, while
            the latter is inversely related to the carotid artery functional property.</p>
      <p>Those findings help to understand the factors related to the functional and structural
            measures of large vessels and how they correlate in the absence of manifest
            cardiovascular disease. Establishing those relationships is important for the clinical
            application of the methodology to assess vascular parameters in the presence of clinical
            diseases, contributing to use the method in our population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Tolezani EC, Mansur AJ, Bortolotto LA, Drager
               LF; Acquisition of data: Tolezani EC, Costa-Hong V; Analysis and interpretation of
               the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tolezani
               EC, Costa-Hong V, Bortolotto LA, Drager LF; Statistical analysis: Tolezani EC,
               Costa-Hong V, Bortolotto LA; Writing of the manuscript: Tolezani EC, Bortolotto LA;
               Capture patient: Correia G, Mansur AJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Elaine Cristina Tolezani,
               from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Determinantes das Propriedades Funcionais e Estruturais de
               Grandes Art&#233;rias em Indiv&#237;duos Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tolezani</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Hong</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
                  Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Val&#233;ria Costa-Hong,</bold> Avenida Dr. Eneias de Carvalho
               Aguiar, Cerqueira Cesar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>hong.valeria@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es das propriedades de grandes art&#233;rias s&#227;o correlacionadas a maior risco
                  cardiovascular. Recentes diretrizes incluem a avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas propriedades para
                  detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica. O estabelecimento de valores de refer&#234;ncia dos
                  m&#233;todos para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o e de determinantes dos par&#226;metros arteriais e suas
                  correla&#231;&#245;es em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#233; importante para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos
                  pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar, em adultos saud&#225;veis, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de velocidade de onda de
                  pulso e de di&#226;metro, espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia e distens&#227;o relativa da art&#233;ria
                  car&#243;tida, al&#233;m de avaliar os determinantes demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos desses
                  par&#226;metros e suas correla&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 210 indiv&#237;duos (54% mulheres; idade m&#233;dia, 44 &#177; 13 anos) sem
                  evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A velocidade de onda de pulso car&#243;tida-femoral
                  foi medida com o aparelho Complior<sup>&#174;</sup>. Propriedades funcionais e
                  estruturais da car&#243;tida foram avaliadas por ultrassom de radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As seguintes m&#233;dias foram obtidas: velocidade de onda de pulso, 8,7 &#177; 1,5 m/s;
                  di&#226;metro, 6.707,9 &#177; 861,6 &#181;m; espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, 601 &#177; 131 &#181;m; distens&#227;o
                  relativa, 5,3 &#177; 2,1%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas conforme sexo ou ra&#231;a.
                  Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica linear m&#250;ltipla, os fatores independentemente
                  relacionados aos par&#226;metros vasculares foram: velocidade de onda de pulso, com
                  idade (p &lt; 0,01) e triglic&#233;rides (p = 0,02); espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, com idade
                  (p &lt; 0,01); di&#226;metro, com creatinina (p = 0,03) e idade (p = 0,02); distens&#227;o
                  relativa, com idade (p &lt; 0,01) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (p = 0,02) e
                  diast&#243;lica (p = 0,01). A velocidade de onda de pulso apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o
                  positiva com a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (p &lt; 0,01) e com a distens&#227;o relativa (p
                  &lt; 0,01), e o di&#226;metro, com a distens&#227;o (p = 0,03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o principal fator relacionado &#224; medida da rigidez a&#243;rtica
                  foi a idade, enquanto que a idade e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram relacionadas com a
                  medida funcional da car&#243;tida. A estrutura da car&#243;tida &#233; diretamente relacionada &#224;
                  rigidez a&#243;rtica, que, por sua vez, &#233; inversamente relacionada &#224; capacidade
                  funcional da car&#243;tida.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia da rigidez arterial no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tem
               sido salientada nos &#250;ltimos anos. Altera&#231;&#245;es das propriedades funcionais e
               estruturais de grandes art&#233;rias s&#227;o correlacionadas a maior risco cardiovascular em
               diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e, embora consideradas intr&#237;nsecas ao processo
               de envelhecimento vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, sofrem influ&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as e fatores de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, como sexo, dislipidemia, diabetes, aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC),
                  fumo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a renal
               cr&#244;nica e obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Novos e acess&#237;veis m&#233;todos tornaram poss&#237;vel a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva das
               propriedades funcionais e estruturais de grandes art&#233;rias. As diretrizes europeias de
               hipertens&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e as VI Diretrizes
               Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> incluem medidas
               de rigidez a&#243;rtica e da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (EIM) da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida como m&#233;todos
               para avalia&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;vel doen&#231;a cardiovascular subcl&#237;nica do paciente
               hipertenso.</p>
        <p>A rigidez a&#243;rtica e a EIM da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida s&#227;o importantes par&#226;metros para
               avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, sendo atualmente utilizadas para detec&#231;&#227;o de
               doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica, minimizando progn&#243;sticos mais graves. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez, a
               medida da velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) aparece como padr&#227;o-ouro, por conta da
               reprodutibilidade e da confiabilidade do m&#233;todo, al&#233;m de ter-se demonstrado sua
               associa&#231;&#227;o com risco cardiovascular em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, independentemente de
               fatores de risco relacionados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para que as medidas da rigidez arterial e das demais propriedades arteriais possam
               expressar a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a cardiovascular subcl&#237;nica, &#233; necess&#225;rio estabelecer um
               padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia dos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e da fun&#231;&#227;o arteriais.
               Al&#233;m disso, os principais determinantes cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos par&#226;metros
               obtidos com esses m&#233;todos e suas correla&#231;&#245;es precisam ser estabelecidos.</p>
        <p>Em nosso meio, um padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para esses m&#233;todos e para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos
               principais determinantes da fun&#231;&#227;o e da estrutura das grandes art&#233;rias ainda n&#227;o foi
               estudado, sendo esta a finalidade do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar em adultos saud&#225;veis o seguinte: (1) a
               distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de VOP a&#243;rtica, do di&#226;metro, da EIM e da distens&#227;o relativa
               da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, para definir valores de refer&#234;ncia para os m&#233;todos aplicados;
               (2) os principais determinantes demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos dos par&#226;metros obtidos com
               esses m&#233;todos; e (3) as correla&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros arteriais obtidos pelos
               diferentes m&#233;todos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 210 adultos com idades entre 18 e 80 anos, de ambos os sexos, sem uso
               de medica&#231;&#227;o, assintom&#225;ticos e sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular atual, ap&#243;s
               avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial. Tais indiv&#237;duos haviam participado como grupos
               controle de projetos de pesquisa j&#225; realizados e devidamente autorizados pelo Comit&#234;
               de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lista de projetos de pesquisa utilizados como banco de dados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">N&#250;mero de protocolo de aprova&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Nome do projeto</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2431/04/51</td>
                <td>O Impacto da S&#237;ndrome da Apne&#237;a Obstrutiva do Sono nas Propriedades
                           Estruturais e Funcionais das Grandes Art&#233;rias</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">721/04</td>
                <td>Influ&#234;ncia do polimorfismo dos genes receptores adren&#233;rgicos alfa2-1,
                           alfa2-c e beta1 na regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de fllhos de hipertensos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2403/04/23</td>
                <td>Determinantes da rigidez arterial e da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de
                           car&#243;tida em hipercolesterolemia familiar</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">852/03</td>
                <td>Chest BR</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para c&#225;lculo da amostra, considerou-se um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 30 pacientes por faixa
               et&#225;ria, com base no poder de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es na medida de VOP, conforme
               reprodutibilidade e sensibilidade do exame observadas em nosso servi&#231;o. O m&#233;todo tem
               coeficientes de reprodutibilidade intraobservador e interobservador de 0,935 e 0,890,
               respectivamente. Esse n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de participantes foi calculado pelo programa
               estat&#237;stico JMP. Assim, subdividindo-se a popula&#231;&#227;o em sete faixas de idade, a partir
               dos 18 at&#233; os 80 anos, atingimos 210 indiv&#237;duos. No entanto, pela dificuldade de se
               obterem indiv&#237;duos acima de 70 anos sem comorbidades, mantivemos o mesmo n&#250;mero de
               indiv&#237;duos calculado incialmente, distribu&#237;dos conforme curva populacional, com
               predom&#237;nio entre 41 e 50 anos.</p>
        <p>Os termos de consentimento informado foram assinados nos respectivos projetos.
               Fizeram parte do projeto Chest-BR, que avaliou indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular
               cl&#237;nica, 143 pacientes. Todos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa, exames
               laboratoriais, teste ergoespirom&#233;trico e ecocardiograma, n&#227;o sendo evidenciada
               nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o em qualquer dessas avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica incluiu cuidadosa anamnese para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, como idade,
               sexo, etnia, e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. A etnia foi registrada
               conforme referida pelos pr&#243;prios indiv&#237;duos, que foram classificados em brancos,
               negros, pardos e amarelos. Para melhor apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, a popula&#231;&#227;o
               estudada foi dividida entre brancos e n&#227;o brancos. O peso e a altura foram
               determinados com roupas leves e sem sapatos, utilizando aparelho Filizola, modelo
               Personal. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi determinado utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula:
               peso corporal (kg)/estatura (m)<sup>2</sup>. A determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial
               sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica braquial (PAS e PAD, respectivamente), bem como da FC, foi
               realizada por meio de aparelho autom&#225;tico Omron, modelo HEM 705-CP, devidamente
               validado, conforme protocolo internacional da Sociedade Brit&#226;nica de Hipertens&#227;o
                  (BHS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e da Associa&#231;&#227;o para o Avan&#231;o da
               Instrumenta&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica (AAMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. O aparelho foi
               utilizado no bra&#231;o direito, com o indiv&#237;duo sentado, ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso,
               seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es da VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A press&#227;o de pulso (PP) foi determinada pela f&#243;rmula: PAS -
               PAD.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial foi realizada no laborat&#243;rio da institui&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s 12 horas
               em jejum.</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos que apresentassem qualquer uma das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o
               participaram do estudo: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (creatinina &gt; 1,4 mg/dL);
               insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica [press&#227;o arterial (PA) &gt;
               140/90 mmHg ou em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o]; doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias; neoplasias; dist&#250;rbios
               end&#243;crinos; doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas; doen&#231;as vasculares perif&#233;ricas;
               hipercolesterolemia (colesterol total &gt; 240 mg/dL ou em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o);
               miocardiopatias; valvopatias; doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas; e obesidade (IMC &gt; 30).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros arteriais</title>
          <p>A medida da VOP &#233; obtida automaticamente pelo registro de ondas de pulso
                  simult&#226;neas captadas por sensores externos sobre dois pontos conhecidos da &#225;rvore
                  arterial (car&#243;tida e femoral) e calculada como a dist&#226;ncia entre os dois pontos de
                  medida dividida pelo tempo percorrido entre os mesmos, fornecido pelo
                     <italic>software</italic> do aparelho. O aparelho Complior<sup>&#174;</sup>
                  (Gonesse, Fran&#231;a), j&#225; validado e utilizado em diversos estudos em nosso
                     laborat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, foi empregado para a obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas.
                  A VOP foi avaliada no segmento arterial car&#243;tida-femoral, representando a medida
                  do tr&#226;nsito da onda de pulso pela aorta. Para obter o valor da VOP de cada
                  paciente, foram selecionadas dez curvas, com boa qualidade, sendo, ent&#227;o, a m&#233;dia
                  calculada. As curvas foram adquiridas com o indiv&#237;duo em dec&#250;bito dorsal
                  horizontal.</p>
          <p>As propriedades funcionais e anat&#244;micas da car&#243;tida direita foram avaliadas por um
                  sistema ultrassonogr&#225;fico puls&#225;til do tipo <italic>echotracking</italic>
                  (Wall-Track System, Pie Medical, Maastricht, Holanda), que utiliza an&#225;lise de
                  sinais de radiofrequ&#234;ncia e que foi desenvolvido para medir os movimentos das
                  paredes de grandes art&#233;rias superficiais a partir da localiza&#231;&#227;o pelo modo B da
                  ecografia vascular convencional. O m&#233;todo foi validado e utilizado para estudos
                  cl&#237;nicos na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. A precis&#227;o desse sistema &#233; de 30 &#181;m para
                  medida do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e de menos de 1 &#181;m para a varia&#231;&#227;o puls&#225;til do
                  di&#226;metro (diferen&#231;a entre os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico). Analisou-se a
                  art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum direita 2 cm abaixo da bifurca&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida, tendo-se
                  tomado as seguintes medidas: EIM, di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida, varia&#231;&#227;o sisto-diast&#243;lica
                  da car&#243;tida batimento a batimento e percentual dessa varia&#231;&#227;o
                     sisto-diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar os dados cont&#237;nuos quanto
                  &#224; sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP),
                  mediana [percentis 25 - 75] ou porcentagem, conforme apropriado.</p>
          <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) entre dados cl&#237;nicos, antropom&#233;tricos,
                  bioqu&#237;micos, VOP e par&#226;metros da car&#243;tida foi obtido pelo m&#233;todo de Pearson para
                  as vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e de Spearman para as vari&#225;veis de
                  distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica.</p>
          <p>Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis dos diferentes grupos, foi utilizado o teste
                  de An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), confirmando-se as diferen&#231;as pelo teste
                  Tukey-Kramer.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar os fatores independentemente associados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares
                  funcionais e estruturais, foram utilizados diferentes modelos de regress&#227;o linear
                  (uni- e multivariados), considerando-se como vari&#225;veis dependentes os par&#226;metros
                  da VOP e da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida (di&#226;metro, distens&#227;o ou EIM). Para as an&#225;lises
                  multivariadas, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram consideradas independentes: idade,
                  sexo, etnia, tabagismo, peso, altura, IMC, PAS, PAD, PP, glicemia, colesterol
                  total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglic&#233;rides e prote&#237;na C-reativa. Para
                  cada modelo, apresentaram-se os par&#226;metros estimados, DP, n&#237;vel descritivo de
                  signific&#226;ncia (p) e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r).</p>
          <p>O programa JMP, vers&#227;o 5.0, foi usado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, e os valores de
                  p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e demogr&#225;ficas dos indiv&#237;duos
               encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, n =
                     210</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Amostra (210)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td>44 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td>109 (54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Brancos, n (%)</td>
                <td>141 (76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>25 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td>118 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td>75 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td>0,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td>191 &#177; 32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td>100 &#177; 32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td>120 &#177; 28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td>39 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito, %</td>
                <td>42 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Glicemia, mg/dL</td>
                <td>92 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas das propriedades arteriais</title>
          <p>As seguintes m&#233;dias foram obtidas: VOP, 8,7 &#177; 1,5 m/s; di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida,
                  6.707,9 &#177; 861,6 &#181;m; EIM da car&#243;tida, 601&#177;131 &#181;m; e distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida,
                  5,3 &#177; 2,1%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa dos par&#226;metros vasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e &#224;
                  etnia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade</title>
          <p>Notamos correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva da idade com VOP (r = 0,50; p &#8804; 0,01),
                  di&#226;metro (r = 0,18; p &#8804; 0,01) e EIM da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida (r = 0,28; p &#8804; 0,01), e
                  negativa com a distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida (r = -0,33; p &#8804; 0,01).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o de
                  valores da VOP, di&#226;metro, distens&#227;o relativa e EIM da car&#243;tida de acordo com
                  diferentes faixas et&#225;rias. Notamos um aumento progressivo de VOP, di&#226;metro e EIM
                  da car&#243;tida, al&#233;m de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida por
                  categoria.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP), di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida,
                        espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (EIM) da car&#243;tida e distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida,
                        de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>VOP (m/s)</th>
                  <th>Di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida (&#181;m)</th>
                  <th>EIM (&#181;m)</th>
                  <th>Distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#8804; 30</td>
                  <td>34</td>
                  <td>7,60 &#177; 1,04</td>
                  <td>6268 &#177; 974</td>
                  <td>514 &#177; 119</td>
                  <td>7,53 &#177; 2,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">31-40</td>
                  <td>40</td>
                  <td>8,27 &#177; 1,28</td>
                  <td>6529 &#177; 782</td>
                  <td>577 &#177; 147</td>
                  <td>5,91 &#177; 2,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">41-50</td>
                  <td>65</td>
                  <td>8,80 &#177; 1,82</td>
                  <td>6741 &#177; 948</td>
                  <td>608 &#177; 112</td>
                  <td>5,13 &#177; 1,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">51-60</td>
                  <td>35</td>
                  <td>9,22 &#177; 1,37</td>
                  <td>6903 &#177; 690</td>
                  <td>610 &#177; 78</td>
                  <td>4,16 &#177; 1,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 61</td>
                  <td>29</td>
                  <td>9,76 &#177; 1,66</td>
                  <td>6795 &#177; 682</td>
                  <td>718 &#177; 120</td>
                  <td>4,13 &#177; 0,75</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas</title>
          <p>A distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e negativa
                  com o IMC (r = -0,21; p = 0,03), enquanto o di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida apresentou
                  correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva com o IMC (r = 0,22; p = 0,002). A VOP n&#227;o se
                  correlacionou com os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A VOP correlacionou-se significativa e positivamente com PAS (r = 0,24; p &#8804; 0,01),
                  PAD (r = 0,26; p &#8804; 0,01) e PP (r = 0,17; p = 0,01), e o di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida teve
                  correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva com PAS (r = 0,17; p = 0,01) e PAD (r = 0,2; p
                  = 0,004). A distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida teve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa
                  com PAS (r = -0,19; p = 0,01), PAD (r = -0,32; p &#8804; 0,01) e FC (r = -0,18; p =
                  0,01). Por outro lado, a EIM da car&#243;tida teve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva
                  com PAS (r = 0,15; p = 0,03), PP (r = 0,18; p = 0,01) e FC (r = 0,16; p =
                  0,03).</p>
          <p>Categorizamos os indiv&#237;duos conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o das VI Diretrizes Brasileiras
                  de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> com o intuito de projetar
                  os valores de VOP a&#243;rtica, EIM, di&#226;metro e distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida de
                  acordo com categorias de PA ainda n&#227;o consideradas como hipertens&#227;o arterial
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>). Utilizando o teste ANOVA,
                  pudemos observar que tanto a VOP quanto o di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida apresentaram
                  aumento por faixa de PA, enquanto a distens&#227;o de car&#243;tida foi menor na faixa de
                  press&#227;o lim&#237;trofe.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores dos par&#226;metros funcionais e estruturais das
                        grandes art&#233;rias, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>VOP (m/s)</th>
                  <th>Di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida (&#181;m)</th>
                  <th>Distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida (%)</th>
                  <th>EIM (&#181;m)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#211;tima se &lt; 120 x 80 mmHg</td>
                  <td>92</td>
                  <td>8,39 &#177; 1,62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                  <td>6541 &#177; 769<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                  <td>5,94 &#177; 2,52<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td>586 &#177; 143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Normal se 120/130 x 80/85 mmHg</td>
                  <td>42</td>
                  <td>8,83 &#177; 1,67</td>
                  <td>6629 &#177; 895</td>
                  <td>5,35&#177;2,60</td>
                  <td>614 &#177; 147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Lim&#237;trofe se 130/140 x 85/90 mmHg</td>
                  <td>68</td>
                  <td>9,03 &#177; 1,60</td>
                  <td>6968 &#177; 900</td>
                  <td>5,02 &#177; 2,46</td>
                  <td>612 &#177; 144</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t09">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05, &#243;tima vs. lim&#237;trofe. VOP: velocidade de onda de
                           pulso; EIM: espessura intima-m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros vasculares com vari&#225;veis laboratoriais</title>
          <p>A VOP correlacionou-se com colesterol (r = 0,21; p &lt; 0,01), triglic&#233;rides (r =
                  0,26; p &lt; 0,01), LDL-colesterol (r = 0,15; p = 0,04), HDL-colesterol (r = 0,14;
                  p = 0,04) e glicemia (r = 0,19; p &lt; 0,01). O di&#226;metro correlacionou-se com
                  triglic&#233;rides (r = 0,25; p &lt; 0,01), hemat&#243;crito (r = 0,26; p &lt; 0,01),
                  hemoglobina (r = 0,26; p &lt; 0,01), glicemia (r = 0,21; p = 0,03) e creatinina (r
                  = 0,40; p &lt; 0,01). A distens&#227;o relativa correlacionou-se com colesterol (r =
                  -0,27; p &lt; 0,01), LDL-colesterol (r = -0,18; p = 0,01), triglic&#233;rides (r =
                  -0,33; p &lt; 0,01) e glicemia (r = -0,21; p &lt; 0,01). A EIM correlacionou-se
                  com colesterol (r = 0,18; p = 0,01) e triglic&#233;rides (r = 0,16; p = 0,03).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores determinantes dos par&#226;metros vasculares</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica linear m&#250;ltipla, os fatores determinantes
                  independentes dos par&#226;metros vasculares, com os respectivos valores de r e n&#237;vel
                  de signific&#226;ncia do modelo, foram: (1) idade e triglic&#233;rides para VOP (r = 0,52; p
                  &lt; 0,01) e distens&#227;o relativa da car&#243;tida (r = 0,65; p &lt; 0,01); idade para
                  EIM (r = 0,42; p &#8804; 0,01) e di&#226;metro (r = 0,42; p &lt; 0,01); (2) PAS e PAD (r =
                  0,65; p &lt; 0,01) para distens&#227;o de car&#243;tida; (3) creatinina (r = 0,42; p &lt;
                  0,01) para o di&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros vasculares e seus determinantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>t</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VOP</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,54</td>
                  <td>7,10</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                  <td>0,15</td>
                  <td>2,35</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">EIM</td>
                  <td>0,27</td>
                  <td>4,15</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Distens&#227;o</td>
                  <td>-0,26</td>
                  <td>-3,89</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">EIM</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,42</td>
                  <td>6,65</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Distens&#227;o</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>-0,55</td>
                  <td>-9,22</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAS</td>
                  <td>0,23</td>
                  <td>3,1</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAD</td>
                  <td>-0,27</td>
                  <td>-3,53</td>
                  <td>0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                  <td>-0,136</td>
                  <td>-2,26</td>
                  <td>0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,19</td>
                  <td>2,33</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td>0,2</td>
                  <td>2,18</td>
                  <td>0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Distens&#227;o</td>
                  <td>-0,25</td>
                  <td>-3,44</td>
                  <td>0,03</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; EIM: espessura
                           &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial
                           sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros vasculares obtidos na popula&#231;&#227;o
                  estudada</title>
          <p>Os resultados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica linear m&#250;ltipla, com os respectivos valores
                  de r e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia do modelo, foram: VOP (r = 0,41; p &lt; 0,01)
                  mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com EIM e distens&#227;o; o di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida (r = 0,26; p &lt;
                  0,01) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com a distens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores dos par&#226;metros arteriais obtidos por
               m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; metodologia para as
               propriedades da car&#243;tida, este &#233; o primeiro estudo realizado no Brasil em uma
               popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, visto que somos a &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o brasileira a utilizar essa
               metodologia j&#225; validada em outros pa&#237;ses. Al&#233;m disso, foi poss&#237;vel determinar as
               principais vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e laboratoriais correlacionadas aos
               par&#226;metros obtidos por esses m&#233;todos, e tamb&#233;m as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros
               arteriais. &#201; importante ressaltar que os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma
               evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e nem faziam uso de medicamentos, sendo
               poss&#237;vel estabelecer valores de refer&#234;ncia, sobretudo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria
               car&#243;tida por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Quanto aos par&#226;metros carot&#237;deos, nossos dados comp&#245;em
               uma base de dados para registro internacional de valores de EIM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da VOP car&#243;tida-femoral, o valor m&#233;dio nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de 210
               indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica manifesta, cuja m&#233;dia de idade &#233; de 44 anos, foi de 8,7
               m/s, um valor inferior ao obtido em popula&#231;&#227;o normal em outros pa&#237;ses para m&#233;dia de
               idade semelhante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Provavelmente, diferen&#231;as
               &#233;tnicas podem explicar os valores discrepantes, visto que a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira tem
               um elevado grau de miscigena&#231;&#227;o. No Brasil, estudo realizado com a popula&#231;&#227;o de
               Vit&#243;ria (ES), como parte do estudo MONICA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,
               mostrou valores de VOP associados a etnia, sendo maior em afrodescendentes. Em nossa
               popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre brancos e n&#227;o brancos, talvez pela n&#227;o
               presen&#231;a de indiv&#237;duos com patologias associadas, como observado na popula&#231;&#227;o do
               estudo MONICA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Como os indiv&#237;duos
               afrodescendentes t&#234;m mais hipertens&#227;o arterial e, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o avaliamos
               pacientes com essa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, isso poderia justificar a n&#227;o diferen&#231;a &#233;tnica
               encontrada em nossos dados. A m&#233;dia da VOP na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Vit&#243;ria foi de
               9,2 m/s, enquanto que, na nossa, foi de 8,7 m/s.</p>
        <p>Os valores normais obtidos por nosso estudo podem servir como refer&#234;ncia para a
               implementa&#231;&#227;o da VOP como uma importante ferramenta para detectar les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas
               ou pr&#233;-sintom&#225;ticas de &#243;rg&#227;os alvo na avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina do paciente em nosso meio.
               Apenas recentemente, um estudo envolvendo 13 centros europeus e que incluiu dados de
               1.455 indiv&#237;duos normais mostrou os valores de normalidade de VOP para uma popula&#231;&#227;o
                  europeia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A maioria dos estudos que
               demonstrou ser a VOP um importante marcador de risco cardiovascular em diferentes
               popula&#231;&#245;es, assim como o estudo europeu de valores de normalidade, utilizou a
               metodologia que aplicamos em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o e estrutura das grandes art&#233;rias para valores de refer&#234;ncia
               normais podem ser representados de diferentes formas. Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, a
               forma de apresentar deve levar em conta os achados fisiopatol&#243;gicos que afetam esses
               par&#226;metros. A rigidez arterial aumenta com a idade e a PA, que s&#227;o, portanto, os
               principais determinantes da VOP e da EIM da car&#243;tida, como demonstrado em v&#225;rios
               estudos e tamb&#233;m em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os valores de normalidade em nosso estudo foram
               apresentados por d&#233;cadas de idade e tamb&#233;m conforme a categoria de PA, n&#227;o incluindo
               hipertens&#227;o arterial. Com base nos resultados em cada faixa et&#225;ria e categoria de PA,
               &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar os indiv&#237;duos com maior risco e representar em qual faixa de
               normalidade cada um est&#225; inserido.</p>
        <p>Apesar de reconhecida em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es, a associa&#231;&#227;o do envelhecimento com as
               propriedades vasculares que demonstramos em nosso estudo &#233; importante para definir o
               impacto que o envelhecimento tem sobre tais propriedades na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Por
               exemplo, os valores de VOP aumentaram da terceira para a sexta d&#233;cada de vida cerca
               de 1,3 vez em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o; no estudo europeu<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, os valores aumentaram 1,75 vez.</p>
        <p>Outro fator que participa do mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico das altera&#231;&#245;es das
               propriedades vasculares, sendo um determinante importante das mesmas, &#233; a PA. Em
               nosso estudo, n&#227;o avaliamos pacientes hipertensos, mas foi poss&#237;vel categorizar os
               indiv&#237;duos pelos valores de PA em n&#237;veis &#243;timo, normal e lim&#237;trofe, conforme
               recomendado pelas VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. De forma muito interessante, pudemos observar que os valores
               de VOP car&#243;tida-femoral foram significativamente maiores nos indiv&#237;duos com PA
               lim&#237;trofe (entre 130/85 mmHg e 140/90 mmHg) do que naqueles com n&#237;vel &#243;timo (&lt;
               120/80 mmHg). Na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, a distens&#227;o da car&#243;tida foi menor nos pacientes com
               press&#227;o lim&#237;trofe do que naqueles com press&#227;o &#243;tima. No estudo de refer&#234;ncia europeu,
               os autores avaliaram tamb&#233;m pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o tratada e
               observaram aumento progressivo da VOP de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA, sendo
               significativamente maior nos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gios II e III do que nos
               demais estratos. Como o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos analisados foi grande, foi poss&#237;vel
               subdividir, de forma combinada, as categorias de faixa et&#225;ria e as categorias de PA.
               Assim, verificou-se um aumento de cerca de 1,5 vez da VOP entre os indiv&#237;duos mais
               jovens com press&#227;o &#243;tima e os mais idosos com hipertens&#227;o. Em nosso estudo, devido ao
               menor n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, n&#227;o fizemos a mesma an&#225;lise, mas &#233; poss&#237;vel que haja o
               mesmo tipo de correla&#231;&#227;o. Embora essa rela&#231;&#227;o entre PA e VOP seja bem reconhecida h&#225;
               quase um s&#233;culo, tanto nossos resultados quanto os do estudo europeu sugerem que o
               aumento da VOP com a PA n&#227;o seja simplesmente atribu&#237;vel ao aumento da PA com a
               idade, mas que o efeito da idade &#233; incrementado pela PA mais elevada.</p>
        <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico, sobretudo os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, foi relacionado a ambos os
               par&#226;metros funcionais e estruturais das grandes art&#233;rias. O papel dos l&#237;pides nas
               propriedades das grandes art&#233;rias tem sido motivo de discuss&#227;o, com alguns resultados
               mais controversos. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via com pacientes portadores de
               hipercolesterolemia familiar, os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides foram um determinante
               importante tanto da VOP quanto da distens&#227;o da car&#243;tida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro achado de destaque do nosso estudo e in&#233;dito em nosso meio se refere &#224;s
               associa&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros obtidos com as duas metodologias de avalia&#231;&#227;o arterial.
               Constatamos que a medida da VOP foi diretamente relacionada &#224; EIM da car&#243;tida,
               mostrando &#237;ntima correla&#231;&#227;o entre uma altera&#231;&#227;o funcional sist&#234;mica e altera&#231;&#227;o
               estrutural mais localizada. Tamb&#233;m observamos correla&#231;&#227;o inversa e significativa
               entre a medida da VOP car&#243;tida-femoral e a distens&#227;o relativa da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida.
               Essa associa&#231;&#227;o da VOP com a EIM j&#225; havia sido demonstrada em estudo com 564
                  indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, metade dos quais hipertensa,
               mas, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para outros fatores de risco, a associa&#231;&#227;o desapareceu,
               persistindo apenas a associa&#231;&#227;o da VOP com a presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. Em
               nosso estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o persistiu significativa mesmo ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para os
               principais fatores de risco cardiovascular, e n&#227;o avaliamos a presen&#231;a de placas. Em
               outro estudo, que incluiu 2.000 finlandeses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,
               utilizando metodologias diferentes tanto para a VOP quanto para a EIM, a primeira n&#227;o
               foi correlacionada significativamente &#224; segunda na popula&#231;&#227;o geral - apenas em
               indiv&#237;duos mais idosos. No entanto, assim como em nosso estudo, a VOP foi
               inversamente relacionada &#224; medida da distensibilidade da car&#243;tida, refor&#231;ando a
               import&#226;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a rigidez a&#243;rtica e a capacidade funcional da car&#243;tida.
               Esse dado &#233; importante para mostrar que dois m&#233;todos que avaliam propriedades
               funcionais similares, mas de formas diferentes, mostram resultados equivalentes em
               uma popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Comparado a outros estudos populacionais, o nosso apresentou um n&#250;mero menor de
                  indiv&#237;duos e, consequentemente, houve limita&#231;&#227;o para estabelecer crit&#233;rios de
                  normalidade. Uma parte desses indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o realizou avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e
                  laboratorial completa, sendo exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. No entanto, como a maior parte
                  dos indiv&#237;duos realizou uma investiga&#231;&#227;o completa, tanto cl&#237;nica como
                  laboratorial, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tornou-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o bem
                  selecionada, sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a associada e, assim, os dados podem ser usados
                  como refer&#234;ncia para compara&#231;&#227;o com popula&#231;&#245;es que apresentam patologias
                  diversas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente manifesta, a rigidez da aorta
               medida pela VOP aumenta com o envelhecimento, enquanto que os par&#226;metros funcionais
               locais da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida s&#227;o relacionados independentemente com a idade e com a
               PAD. Nesta mesma popula&#231;&#227;o, os par&#226;metros funcionais e estruturais vasculares tamb&#233;m
               est&#227;o associados, de tal forma que a estrutura da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida mensurada pela EIM
               &#233; diretamente relacionada &#224; rigidez da aorta, enquanto essa &#250;ltima tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o
               inversa &#224; capacidade funcional da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida.</p>
        <p>Esses achados ajudam a entender os fatores relacionados &#224;s medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o e
               estrutura de grandes vasos e como elas se relacionam na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a
               cardiovascular manifesta. Estabelecer essas rela&#231;&#245;es &#233; muito importante para a
               aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da metodologia na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros vasculares na presen&#231;a
               de doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas, e assim trazer subs&#237;dios para a aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo em nossa
               popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tolezani EC, Mansur AJ, Bortolotto LA, Drager LF;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tolezani EC, Costa-Hong V; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tolezani
                  EC, Costa-Hong V, Bortolotto LA, Drager LF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tolezani EC,
                  Costa-Hong V, Bortolotto LA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tolezani EC, Bortolotto LA;
                  Capta&#231;&#227;o de paciente: Correia G, Mansur AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Elaine Cristina Tolezani pela
                  Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
