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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8nbhx8z6kBVDzCwfWxrJDLn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140144</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Stress Echocardiography: Prediction of Mortality and Cardiac
               Events in Patients with Exercise Test showing Ischemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno F. de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calasans</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Ricci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim M. Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Pio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Irlaneide da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE;
               - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP; - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Irlaneide da Silva Tavares</bold>. R-15, N 08, Residencial
               Parque dos Coqueiros, In&#225;cio Barbosa. Postal Code 49040-293, Aracaju, SE - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>irlaneide@cardiol.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Araujo ACP, Calasans FR, Pinto IMF,
                  Oliveira JLM; Acquisition of data: Araujo ACP, Santos BFO, Calasans FR, Melo LD,
                  Andrade SM, Tavares IS, Oliveira JLM; Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Araujo ACP, Santos BFO, Calasans FR, Pinto IMF, Oliveira DP, Melo LD, Andrade SM,
                  Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM; Statistical analysis: Araujo ACP, Calasans
                  FR, Oliveira DP, Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM; Writing of the manuscript:
                  Araujo ACP, Santos BFO, Calasans FR, Melo LD, Andrade SM, Tavares IS; Critical
                  revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Calasans FR, Pinto IMF,
                  Oliveira DP, Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>418</fpage>
      <lpage>425</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies have demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of physical
                  stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease. However, the prediction of
                  mortality and major cardiac events in patients with exercise test positive for
                  myocardial ischemia is limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of physical stress echocardiography in the
                  prediction of mortality and major cardiac events in patients with exercise test
                  positive for myocardial ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective cohort in which 866 consecutive patients with exercise
                  test positive for myocardial ischemia, and who underwent physical stress
                  echocardiography were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: with
                  physical stress echocardiography negative (G1) or positive (G2) for myocardial
                  ischemia. The endpoints analyzed were all-cause mortality and major cardiac
                  events, defined as cardiac death and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>G2 comprised 205 patients (23.7%). During the mean 85.6 &#177; 15.0-month follow-up,
                  there were 26 deaths, of which six were cardiac deaths, and 25 non-fatal
                  myocardial infarction cases. The independent predictors of mortality were: age,
                  diabetes mellitus, and positive physical stress echocardiography (hazard ratio:
                  2.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.20 - 6.01; p = 0.016). The independent predictors
                  of major cardiac events were: age, previous coronary artery disease, positive
                  physical stress echocardiography (hazard ratio: 2.75; 95% confidence interval:
                  1.15 - 6.53; p = 0.022) and absence of a 10% increase in ejection fraction.
                  All-cause mortality and the incidence of major cardiac events were significantly
                  higher in G2 (p &lt; 0. 001 and p = 0.001, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Physical stress echocardiography provides additional prognostic information in
                  patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography,Stress/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western
               countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases
            account for more than 30% of deaths<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Since new
            effective therapeutic options are now available, the identification of patients at a
            higher risk for cardiovascular events is mandatory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Although coronary angiography remains the gold-standard for the diagnosis
            of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, non-invasive techniques play a key role
            in the diagnosis and in the indication of invasive procedures.</p>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia and infarction occur as a result of sequential changes known as
            "ischemic cascade". Perfusion abnormalities are followed by metabolic changes, left
            ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, regional contraction deficit,
            electrocardiographic abnormalities and chest pain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The ischemic cascade may be understood as a spectrum throughout which
            different markers of myocardial ischemia may show different sensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Exercise test (ET) is the noninvasive test initially recommended for the diagnosis and
            risk stratification of patients with suspected CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. However, the use of
            ET is limited in several situations such as in the presence of left bundle branch block
            (LBBB) or of ST-segment abnormalities in resting electrocardiogram (ECG)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, thus requiring the association of imaging
            methods to improve the diagnostic accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Physical stress echocardiography (PSE) has high sensitivity and specificity, and is more
            accurate than ECG, ET and resting echocardiography in the detection of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. LV wall motion abnormalities (WMA) detected by PSE occur earlier than
            angina or ST-segment abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.
            Additionally, PSE also has an additional value in the location and quantification of
            myocardial ischemia as well as in the prediction of adverse events in patients with
            established CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of PSE in predicting
            mortality and major cardiac events (MCE) in patients with ET showing ischemia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>A total of 866 consecutive patients referred for PSE in the Laboratory of
               Echocardiography of S&#227;o Lucas Hospital, Aracaju (SE), after their respective
               physicians had detected electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia on ET, were
               included between January 2001 and June 2010. The exclusion criteria were: ET negative
               for myocardial ischemia; presence of LBBB; failure to confirm ischemia by ET
               (repeated as PSE protocol); patient refusal to participate in the study; and failure
               to establish phone contact during the follow-up period.</p>
        <p>The protocol consisted of complete clinical assessment with investigation of previous
               symptoms such as chest pain or shortness of breath, as well as risk factors for CAD,
               followed by ECG and resting echocardiography. Then, the patients underwent physical
               exertion on a treadmill and new echocardiographic images were acquired. Clinical and
               demographic data, as well as the results of the stress tests were recorded in the
               database. The individuals were divided into two groups according to the absence (G1)
               or presence (G2) of myocardial ischemia on PSE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise test</title>
        <p>After a light meal, the patients were examined and advised not to practice any
               excessive physical activity on the day the test was performed. The study was
               performed with the individuals breathing spontaneously in room air, at a constant
               temperature (20 to 24&#186;C). The Bruce protocol was used to perform ET. During the test,
               the individuals were continuously monitored by three-lead ECG, and were encouraged to
               reach their peak physical exertion. ET was considered as positive for myocardial
               ischemia whenever ST-segment elevation or horizontal or downsloping ST-segment
               depression &#8805; 1 mm was detected for at least 60 to 80 ms of J point<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical stress echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic studies were performed using Packard/Phillips Hewlett SONOS 5500
               equipment according to the technical specifications described by Schiller et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Two-dimensional echocardiographic images were
               obtained with the patient in the left lateral position, in the parasternal and apical
               acoustic windows, at rest and immediately after exercise, with simultaneous
               electrocardiographic recording in videocassette or digital video, and assessed by an
               experienced echocardiographer (level III), as recommended by the American Society of
                  Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In cases of doubt, the
               images were analyzed by a second, equally experienced, examiner.</p>
        <p>Wall motion was scored from 1 to 4 (1 if normal, 2 if hypokinesia, 3 if akinesia, and
               4 if dyskinesia), according to a 16-segment model. The wall motion index (WMI) was
               determined at rest and at peak exercise as the sum of segmental scores divided by the
               number of segments visualized. Left ventricular systolic function was quantified,
               based on WMI, as: 1 if normal; 1.1 to 1.6 if mild ventricular dysfunction; 1.61 to 2
               if moderate ventricular dysfunction; and &gt; 2 if severe ventricular
                  dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The difference between
               exercise and resting WMI was named &#916;WMI; it was considered normal when equal to zero,
               and abnormal when different from zero. Any result showing the development of new
               motion abnormalities induced by exercise or worsening of a preexisting contractile
               deficit, that is, every &#916;WMI different from zero was considered as myocardial
               ischemia on PSE; absence of myocardial ischemia was defined as the absence of the
               criteria described above, that is, &#916;WMI equal to zero.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up and endpoints</title>
        <p>Patients were followed-up by means of telephone interviews, contact with the
               assisting physician, or medical record review. All-cause death and MCE were
               considered as study endpoints; MCE were defined as cardiac death and non-fatal acute
               myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were described as percentages and compared between groups using
               the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were described as mean
               and standard deviation (SD), and the differences between groups were analyzed using
               the Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. The cumulative events
               curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank
               test. To evaluate the risk factors for MCE and death, Cox regression was used,
               considering univariate and multivariate analyses. The variables included in the
               multivariate model were those with p &lt; 0.1 in the univariate analysis. Differences
               were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05. The statistical analyses were carried
               out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version
               17.0 (Chicago, IL).</p>
        <p>The study was carried out in compliance with the ethical principles for human
               experimentation and the patients gave written informed consent. The study was
               approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of Federal University of Sergipe (CAAE
               1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
        <p>The population comprised 866 patients with ST-segment abnormalities during ET, and
               who underwent PSE. The patients were divided into two groups, one with 661 (76.3%)
               patients without ischemia on PSE (&#916;WMI = 0) (G1), and the other with 205 (23.7%)
               patients with ischemia (&#916;WMI &#8800; 0) (G2). In G1, the mean age of patients was 55.97 &#177;
               11 years, and 298 (45.1%) were men; in G2, the mean age was 58.96 &#177; 9.83 years, and
               87 (42.4%) were men. G2 patients had significantly higher BMI (p = 0.002), age (p
               &lt; 0.001), and presence of suggestive chest pain (p &lt; 0.001) in relation to G1;
               non-suggestive chest pain was more frequent in G1 (p = 0.004). Additionally, there
               were significantly more patients with hypertension (p = 0.004), diabetes mellitus (p
               = 0.001), dyslipidemia (p = 0.01), and family history of CAD (p = 0.008) in G2. No
               other significant differences were observed between the groups regarding their
               clinical characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with and without myocardial ischemia
                     on physical stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>G1 n = 661 (76.3%)</th>
                <th>G2 n = 205 (23.7%)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">298 (45.1)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (42.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.506</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">55.97 &#177; 10.58</td>
                <td align="center">58.96 &#177; 9.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27.13 &#177; 4.05</td>
                <td align="center">28.14 &#177; 4.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suggestive chest pain, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (3.8)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (26.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-suggestive chest pain, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">391 (59.3)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (48.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (21.2)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (26.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">341 (51.7)</td>
                <td align="center">129 (63.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (11.5)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (20.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">428 (64.8)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (74.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.235</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">361 (54.7)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (65.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous diagnosis of CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (15.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Use of betablocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (18.4)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (23.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Use of calcium antagonist, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (7.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.152</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>G1: Patients without myocardial ischemia; G2: Patients with myocardial
                        ischemia; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Three out of four positive ET did not show ischemia on PSE, i.e., approximately 75%
               of the study patients were better analyzed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements</title>
        <p>G2 showed a significantly lower peak heart rate (HR) (p &lt; 0.001), higher resting
               WMA (p = 0.036), higher exercise WMI and higher &#916;WMI (p &lt; 0.001). In relation to
               the other hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters, there were no significant
               differences between G1 and G2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic and echocardiographic findings In patients without (G1) and
                     with ischemia (G2) on physical stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>G1 n = 661 (76.3%)</th>
                <th>G2 n = 205 (23.7%)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SBP, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting</td>
                <td align="center">127.65 &#177; 13.12</td>
                <td align="center">130.44 &#177; 13.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peak</td>
                <td align="center">187.72 &#177; 20.16</td>
                <td align="center">187.82 &#177; 21.20</td>
                <td align="center">0.950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DBP, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting</td>
                <td align="center">84.10 &#177; 14.31</td>
                <td align="center">83.55 &#177; 12.57</td>
                <td align="center">0.626</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peak</td>
                <td align="center">87.26 &#177; 9.21</td>
                <td align="center">88.02 &#177; 9.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.304</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HR, bpm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting</td>
                <td align="center">77.35 &#177; 13.80</td>
                <td align="center">76.58 &#177; 12.82</td>
                <td align="center">0.478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peak</td>
                <td align="center">157.36 &#177; 18.02</td>
                <td align="center">147.23 &#177; 18.68</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arrhythmia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (22.2)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (28.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WMA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (12.7)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (18.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.165</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>WMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exercise</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.17 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;WMI</td>
                <td align="center">0.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate;
                        WMA: wall motion abnormalities; EF: ejection fraction; WMI: wall motion
                        index; &#916;WMI: difference between resting and exercise wall motion
                        indexes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up and endpoints</title>
        <p>During the mean 85.6 &#177; 15.0-month follow-up, there were 26 all-cause death, of which
               seven in G1 (sudden death, sepsis, stroke, airway obstruction and neoplasia), and 19
               in G2 (kidney failure, sepsis, pancreatitis and neoplasia); additionally, there were
               31 MCE (one cardiac death and five AMI in G1, and five cardiac deaths and 20 AMI in
               G2). As regards overall mortality, in the univariate analysis the significant
               variables were: age &#8805; 60 years (p &lt; 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), resting
               WMA (p = 0.003), positive PSE (p = 0.001) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI; p
               &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>As regards MCE, the significant variables in univariate analysis were: male gender (p
               = 0.044), age &#8805; 60 years (p &lt; 0.001), typical chest pain (p = 0.030), atypical
               chest pain (p = 0.017), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.005), dyslipidemia (p = 0.019),
               previous CAD (p &lt; 0.001), resting WMA (p &lt; 0.001), positive PSE (p &lt; 0.001),
               LV ejection fraction (LVEF; p &lt; 0.001), LVMI (p = 0.006) and &#916;WMI (p = 0.042).
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). In the multivariate analysis,
               the independent predictors of mortality were age &#8805; 60 years, and positive PSE. The
               independent predictors of MCE were age &#8805; 60 years, previous CAD, positive PSE, and
               absence of a 10% increase in EF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tables 4</xref> and
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis of predictors of mortality and major cardiac events
                     (MCE)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th colspan="2">Overall mortality</th>
                <th colspan="2">MCE</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>RR (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
                <th>RR (IC 5%)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 (0.36-1.77)</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
                <td align="center">2.10 (1.02-4.33)</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (&#8805; 60 years)</td>
                <td align="center">8.32 (2.90-24.14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">5.18 (2.23-12.03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suggestive chest pain</td>
                <td align="center">2.01 (0.69-5.85)</td>
                <td align="center">0.200</td>
                <td align="center">2.68 (1.10-6.56)</td>
                <td align="center">0.030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-suggestive chest pain</td>
                <td align="center">0.55 (0.25-1.20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.130</td>
                <td align="center">0.41 (0.20-0.85)</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 (0.02-1.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.053</td>
                <td align="center">1.25 (0.56-2.79)</td>
                <td align="center">0.591</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1.70 (0.75-3.80)</td>
                <td align="center">0.203</td>
                <td align="center">1.79 (0.84-3.81)</td>
                <td align="center">0.129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">4.00 (1.82-8.83)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">2.99 (1.40-6.35)</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0.96 (0.43-2.14)</td>
                <td align="center">0.911</td>
                <td align="center">3.51 (1.23-10.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">1.27 (0.30-5.37)</td>
                <td align="center">0.748</td>
                <td align="center">0.49 (0.07-3.63)</td>
                <td align="center">0.489</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous diagnosis of CAD</td>
                <td align="center">2.16 (0.87-5.39)</td>
                <td align="center">0.098</td>
                <td align="center">7.47 (3.69-15.13)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension (peak exercise)</td>
                <td align="center">0.42 (0.10-1.76)</td>
                <td align="center">0.232</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 (0.25-2.05)</td>
                <td align="center">0.534</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arrhythmia</td>
                <td align="center">2.01 (0.92-4.43)</td>
                <td align="center">0.083</td>
                <td align="center">1.34 (0.62-2.90)</td>
                <td align="center">0.464</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resting WMA</td>
                <td align="center">3.40 (1.52-7.63)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">6.26 (3.09-12.67)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positive PSE</td>
                <td align="center">3.67 (1.66-8.12)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">5.10 (2.39-10.90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10% increase in EF</td>
                <td align="center">0.67 (0.41-1.12)</td>
                <td align="center">0.127</td>
                <td align="center">0.41 (0.27-0.61)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10g/m increase in LVMI</td>
                <td align="center">1.39 (1.17-1.64)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.27 (1.07-1.50)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abnormal &#916;WMI</td>
                <td align="center">1.65 (0.72-3.82)</td>
                <td align="center">0.240</td>
                <td align="center">2.16 (1.03-4.53)</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RR: relative risk; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery
                        disease; WMA: wall motion abnormalities; PSE: physical stress
                        echocardiography; EF: ejection fraction; LVMI: left ventricular mass index;
                        &#916;WMI: Difference between resting and exercise wall motion index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis of predictors of overall mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>RR (95%CI)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age &#8805; 60 years</td>
                <td align="center">6.61 (2.25-19.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">2.37 (1.06-5.31)</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positive PSE</td>
                <td align="center">2.69 (1.20-6.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RR: relative risk; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; PSE: physical stress
                        echocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis of predictors of major cardiac events</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>RR (95%CI)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age &#8805; 60 years</td>
                <td align="center">4.39 (1.77-10.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous CAD</td>
                <td align="center">2.85 (1.27-6.38)</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positive PSE</td>
                <td align="center">2.75 (1.15-6.53)</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF (10% increase)</td>
                <td align="center">0.56 (0.37-0.85)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RR: relative risk; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery
                        disease; PSE: physical stress echocardiography; EF: ejection fraction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>For MCE, there was a significant difference between groups G1 vs. G2, with p = 0.022.
               For overall mortality, there was also a significant difference between groups G1 vs.
               G2, with p = 0.016.</p>
        <p>Mortality and MCE curves are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref>
               and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relative risk for major cardiac events of 5.0 (95% confidence interval:
                     2.37-10.78).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0418-40144-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>All-cause death. Relative risk of death of 3.6 (95% confidence interval:
                     1.65 &#8211; 8.06).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0418-40144-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study has demonstrated that PSE is an independent predictor of death and MCE in
            patients with ET showing ischemia. The independent predictors of mortality after
            multivariate analysis were: age &#8805; 60 years, diabetes mellitus, and positive PSE.
            Predictors of MCE were age &#8805; 60 years and previous CAD. Several studies have
            demonstrated the clinical characteristics described above as well-established risk
            factors for CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and as predictors of adverse events in patients
            with stable or suspected angina or established CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Our results
            corroborate these previous findings.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic findings have the ability to demonstrate pathophysiological changes
            resulting from myocardial ischemia in earlier phases and are, therefore, more sensitive
            than clinical results and ECG changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. In this
            study, we found an important association of suggestive pain in patients with myocardial
            ischemia on PSE and on MCE.</p>
      <p>As regards the echocardiographic findings, a significant presence of resting WMA,
            greater stress WMI and high &#916;WMI were observed in G2. The results associated with
            overall mortality were resting WMA, positive PSE, and high LVMI. Those associated with
            endpoints were resting WMA, positive PSE, low EF, high LVMI and &#916;WMI. After multivariate
            analysis, positive PSE remained as an independent predictor of mortality; and positive
            PSE and low EF, as predictive of MCE. Even patients showing WMA only at rest had an
            increased risk of MCE and death in this study. This finding is also described in a
            recent study with 333 patients in which Schlett et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> observed that the 2-year cumulative probability of MCE increased in
            patients with resting WMA with coronary stenosis (relative risk - RR = 62.4%; log-rank p
            &lt; 0.0001), as well as in those with resting WMA without stenosis (RR = 15%; log-rank
            p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>LVMI was also relevant in patients with myocardial ischemia on PSE and multivariate
            analysis. The risk of MCE was represented by &#916;WMI. Our results are consistent with those
            of a cohort of 5798 patients with known or suspected CAD, which demonstrated that &#916;WMI
            had a significant prognostic value for MCE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.
            &#916;WMI is known to be associated not only with a higher risk of adverse events, but also
            with mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a Spanish cohort of 4004 patients, 16.7% had myocardial ischemia on PSE, and &#916;WMI was
            an independent predictor of mortality and MCE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.
            However, this was not observed in relation to mortality, in our study. This can be
            explained by the adequate use of medical treatment with drugs that decrease
            mortality.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the univariate analysis demonstrated that a positive PSE was associated
            with risk of death and MCE, and remained an independent predictor of both after
            multivariate analysis. Several studies have analyzed the value of PSE as predictive of
            mortality and MCE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. This study corroborates the prognostic
            importance of PSE, already established in the literature.</p>
      <p>The use of tests for prognostic purposes is based on the premise that patients
            identified as having a high risk for adverse events may undergo more invasive
            interventions aimed at changing the natural history of the disease, thus reducing the
            risk of events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Randomized clinical studies have demonstrated that drug
            therapies and coronary revascularization may reduce mortality in certain groups of
               patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Clinical studies using drug
            therapy have shown a reduction in the rates of cardiac death and of fatal and non-fatal
            myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. During the study, we
            observed that a significant proportion of patients with ET positive for myocardial
            ischemia did not show ischemia on PSE. Three in every four patients with positive ET did
            not show ischemia on PSE, i.e., approximately 75% of the study patients were better
            analyzed. Additionally, the 25% with a positive PSE were those who were actually at an
            increased risk of adverse cardiac events, thus confirming the importance of the
            prognostic assessment of PSE.</p>
      <p>The limitation of this study was the failure to compare the results found in the
            population with those of the population with an ET negative for myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>The sample size, follow-up period (approximately 9 years), and the fact that the study
            was carried out in only one study center are considered favorable factors. The most
            important contribution of this study was to show that in every four positive ET, only
            one showed PSE positive for myocardial ischemia, which, in fact, provides a better
            stratification of this population at a low and intermediate risk for CAD, thus
            preventing the unnecessary use of invasive tests.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Physical stress echocardiography allows for a more accurate identification of patients
            at a higher risk of developing adverse cardiac events during the progression of coronary
            artery disease, thus providing important prognostic information for the clinical
            practice.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE;
               - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP; - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Irlaneide da Silva Tavares</bold>. R-15, N 08, Residencial
               Parque dos Coqueiros, In&#225;cio Barbosa. CEP 49040-293, Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>irlaneide@cardiol.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Araujo ACP, Calasans FR, Pinto IMF, Oliveira JLM;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Araujo ACP, Santos BFO, Calasans FR, Melo LD, Andrade SM,
                  Tavares IS, Oliveira JLM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Araujo ACP, Santos
                  BFO, Calasans FR, Pinto IMF, Oliveira DP, Melo LD, Andrade SM, Tavares IS, Sousa
                  ACS, Oliveira JLM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Araujo ACP, Calasans FR, Oliveira DP,
                  Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Araujo ACP, Santos
                  BFO, Calasans FR, Melo LD, Andrade SM, Tavares IS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
                  quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Calasans FR, Pinto IMF, Oliveira DP,
                  Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e o valor progn&#243;stico da
                  ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico na doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, mas a predi&#231;&#227;o
                  de mortalidade e de eventos card&#237;acos maiores, em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico
                  positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; limitada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e de eventos card&#237;acos maiores pela
                  ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo
                  para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva em que foram estudados 866 pacientes
                  consecutivos, com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, submetidos
                  &#224; ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois
                  grupos: ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico negativa (G1) ou positiva (G2) para
                  isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade por qualquer causa e
                  eventos card&#237;acos maiores, definidos como &#243;bito card&#237;aco e infarto agudo do
                  mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O G2 constituiu-se de 205 (23,7%) pacientes. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 85,6 &#177;
                  15,0 meses, ocorreram 26 &#243;bitos, sendo seis por causa card&#237;aca, e 25 casos de
                  infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatais. Os preditores independentes de mortalidade
                  foram idade, diabetes melito e a ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico + (hazard
                  ratio: 2,69; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,20 - 6,01; p = 0,016), com os
                  seguintes eventos card&#237;acos maiores: idade, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via,
                  ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico + (hazard ratio: 2,75; intervalo de confian&#231;a
                  de 95%: 1,15 - 6,53; p = 0,022) e aus&#234;ncia do incremento de 10% na fra&#231;&#227;o de
                  eje&#231;&#227;o. A mortalidade por qualquer causa e os eventos card&#237;acos maiores foram
                  significativamente superiores no G2 (p &lt; 0, 001 e p = 0,001, respectivamente).
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico oferece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas adicionais
                  em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria (DAC) &#233; a causa mais comum de morbimortalidade nos pa&#237;ses
                  ocidentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No Brasil, as doen&#231;as
               cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por mais de 30% das mortes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A disponibilidade de novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas efetivas torna
               mandat&#243;ria a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos
                  cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora a angiografia
               coron&#225;ria permane&#231;a como padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, as t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas t&#234;m papel importante no diagn&#243;stico
               e na indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimento invasivo.</p>
        <p>A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e o infarto ocorrem como resultados de altera&#231;&#245;es sequenciais
               conhecidas como "cascata isqu&#234;mica". Anormalidades na perfus&#227;o s&#227;o seguidas por
               altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), d&#233;fice
               contr&#225;til regional, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e dor precordial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A cascata isqu&#234;mica pode ser entendida como um
               espectro ao longo do qual diferentes marcadores de isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio podem
               apresentar sensibilidade diferente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>O Teste Ergom&#233;trico (TE) &#233; o exame n&#227;o invasivo recomendado inicialmente para o
               diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com suspeita de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. No entanto, o uso do TE &#233; limitado em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es, como na
               presen&#231;a de Bloqueio do Ramo Esquerdo (BRE) ou de altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST no
               Eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,
               apontando para a necessidade de associa&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todos de imagem, visando melhorar a
               acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>A Ecocardiografia com Estresse F&#237;sico (EEF) tem alta sensibilidade e especificidade,
               com melhor precis&#227;o na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC do que o ECG, o TE e o ecocardiograma de
                  repouso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. As Altera&#231;&#245;es da Motilidade da Parede (AMP) do VE, detectadas
               pela EEF, aparecem mais precocemente do que a angina ou altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento
                  ST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a EEF tamb&#233;m apresenta
               valor adicional na localiza&#231;&#227;o e na quantifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e na
               predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos em pacientes portadores de DAC estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e Eventos Card&#237;acos
               Maiores (ECM) pela EEF em pacientes com TE isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 866 pacientes consecutivos encaminhados para a EEF, no Servi&#231;o de
                  Ecocardiografia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, em Aracaju (SE), ap&#243;s seus respectivos
                  m&#233;dicos assistentes detectarem sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica
                  ao TE, entre janeiro de 2001 e junho de 2010. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: TE
                  negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, presen&#231;a de BRE, n&#227;o confirma&#231;&#227;o de isquemia no
                  TE (repetido como protocolo da EEF), recusa em participar do estudo e incapacidade
                  de estabelecer contato telef&#244;nico durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
          <p>O protocolo consistiu em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa com investiga&#231;&#227;o de sintomas
                  anteriores, como dor no peito ou dispneia, assim como fatores de risco para DAC,
                  seguida de um ECG e uma ecocardiografia de repouso. Logo ap&#243;s, realizou-se o
                  esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira rolante e procedeu-se novamente &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos, bem como os resultados dos
                  testes de estresse, foram registados na base de dados. Os indiv&#237;duos foram
                  divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia (G1) e a presen&#231;a (G2) de
                  isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio &#224; EEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram examinados em per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial de refei&#231;&#227;o leve e
                  mantiveram-se afastados de qualquer atividade f&#237;sica excessiva no dia em que o
                  exame foi realizado. A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi conduzida com o indiv&#237;duo em respira&#231;&#227;o
                  espont&#226;nea em ar atmosf&#233;rico, em sala com temperatura constante (20 a 24&#186;C). O
                  protocolo de Bruce foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE. Durante o teste, os
                  indiv&#237;duos foram monitorizados continuamente mediante o ECG de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es,
                  sendo encorajados a alcan&#231;ar seu pico m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. O TE foi
                  considerado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando se constatava
                  supradesnivelamento do segmento ST ou infradesnivelamento horizontal ou
                  descendente &#8805; 1 mm por pelo menos 60 a 80 ms do ponto J10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado com equipamento Packard/Phillips Hewlett SONOS
                  5500, em conformidade com os aspectos t&#233;cnicos descritos por Schiller e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais
                  foram obtidas com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, nas janelas ac&#250;sticas
                  paraesternal e apical, em repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, com registro
                  eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo, gravado em videocassete ou v&#237;deo digital, avaliado
                  por ecocardiografista experiente (n&#237;vel III), como recomendado pela American
                  Society of Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e, em caso de
                  d&#250;vida, foi analisado por um segundo avaliador, de igual experi&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>A movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede foi pontuada de 1 a 4 (1 se normal, 2 se hipocinesia, 3
                  se acinesia e 4 se discinesia), de acordo com um modelo de 16 segmentos. O &#205;ndice
                  de Movimenta&#231;&#227;o da Parede (IEMP) foi determinado em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o
                  como a soma das pontua&#231;&#245;es segmentares, dividida pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos
                  visualizados. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi quantificada com base no
                  IEMP, como: 1 se normal, 1,1 a 1,6 se disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular discreta, 1,61 a 2 se
                  disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada e &gt; 2 se disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A diferen&#231;a entre IEMP no esfor&#231;o e em
                  repouso foi chamada de &#916;IEMP, sendo considerada normal quando igual a zero e
                  anormal quando diferente de zero. Qualquer resultado em que houvesse o
                  desenvolvimento de novas anormalidades de motilidade induzidas por esfor&#231;o ou
                  agravamento do d&#233;fice contr&#225;til preexistente, ou seja, a cada &#916;IEMP diferente
                  zero, foi considerada isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF, e a aus&#234;ncia de isquemia
                  mioc&#225;rdica foi definida como a aus&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios acima referidos, isto &#233;,
                  &#916;IEMP igual a zero.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento e eventos finais</title>
          <p>O acompanhamento do paciente foi realizado por meio de entrevistas por telefone,
                  contato com o m&#233;dico assistente, ou revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios. &#211;bitos por todas as
                  causas e ECM foram considerados como eventos finais do estudo, sendo os ECM
                  definidos como morte card&#237;aca e Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) n&#227;o fatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em percentagens e comparadas entre os
                  grupos pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram
                  reportadas como m&#233;dia e Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP), e as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram
                  realizadas pelo teste t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. As
                  curvas de eventos cumulativos foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e
                  comparadas pelo teste de log-rank. Para avaliar os fatores de risco para ECM e
                  morte, foi utilizada a regress&#227;o de Cox, considerando an&#225;lise univariada e
                  multivariada. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado foram todas aquelas
                  com p &lt; 0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas
                  significativas quando p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas
                  utilizando o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 17.0
                  (Chicago, IL).</p>
          <p>Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram obedecidos, e os
                  pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Informado. O estudo foi aprovado pelo
                  Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (CAAE
                  1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por 866 pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST durante o
                  TE e submetidos &#224; EEF. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo 661
                  (76,3%) sem isquemia ao EEF (&#916;IEMP = 0) e pertencentes ao G1, e 205 (23,7%) com
                  isquemia (&#916;IEMP &#8800; 0) pertencentes ao G2. O G1 teve idade m&#233;dia de 55,97 &#177; 11 anos
                  e 298 (45,1%) homens, e o G2 de 58,96 &#177; 9,83 anos e 87 (42,4%) homens. O G2
                  apresentou, significativamente, maiores IMC (p = 0,002), idade (p &lt; 0,001) e
                  presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica suspeita (p &lt; 0,001) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G1; a dor n&#227;o
                  suspeita esteve mais presente no G1 (p = 0,004). Al&#233;m disso, houve
                  significativamente mais pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial (p = 0,004), diabetes
                  melito (p = 0,001), dislipidemia (p = 0,01) e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (p = 0,008)
                  no G2. N&#227;o foram observadas outras diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas
                  cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes nos grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
                     1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com e sem isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224;
                        ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>G1 n = 661 (76,3%)</th>
                  <th>G2 n = 205 (23,7%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (45,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">55,97 &#177; 10,58</td>
                  <td align="center">58,96 &#177; 9,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27,13 &#177; 4,05</td>
                  <td align="center">28,14 &#177; 4,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica suspeita, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (26,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o suspeita, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">391 (59,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (48,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">341 (51,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (20,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">428 (64,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (7,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,235</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (65,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,150</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de antagonista de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>G1: Pacientes sem isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; G2: pacientes com isquemia
                           mioc&#225;rdica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial
                           coron&#225;ria.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>De cada quatro TE positivos, tr&#234;s n&#227;o apresentaram isquemia &#224; EEF, ou seja, cerca
                  de 75% dos pacientes estudados foram melhor analisados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas hemodin&#226;micas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>O G2 apresentou significativamente menor Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) de pico (p &lt;
                  0,001), maior AMP em repouso (p = 0,036), maior IEMP no esfor&#231;o e maior &#916;IEMP (p
                  &lt; 0,001). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos,
                  n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre G1 e G2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Achados hemodin&#226;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes sem (G1) e com
                        isquemia (G2) na ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>G1 n = 661 (76,3%)</th>
                  <th>G2 n = 205 (23,7%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">127,65 &#177; 13,12</td>
                  <td align="center">130,44 &#177; 13,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico</td>
                  <td align="center">187,72 &#177; 20,16</td>
                  <td align="center">187,82 &#177; 21,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,950</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAD, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">84,10 &#177; 14,31</td>
                  <td align="center">83,55 &#177; 12,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,626</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico</td>
                  <td align="center">87,26 &#177; 9,21</td>
                  <td align="center">88,02 &#177; 9,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,304</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FC, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">77,35 &#177; 13,80</td>
                  <td align="center">76,58 &#177; 12,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico</td>
                  <td align="center">157,36 &#177; 18,02</td>
                  <td align="center">147,23 &#177; 18,68</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (28,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>lEMP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,800</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIEMP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC:
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AMP: altera&#231;&#245;es da mobilidade da parede; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o
                           de eje&#231;&#227;o; IEMP: &#237;ndice de movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede; &#916;IEMP: diferen&#231;a entre
                           o &#237;ndice de movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede de repouso e o de esfor&#231;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento e eventos finais</title>
          <p>Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 85,6 &#177; 15,0 meses, houve 26 mortes por qualquer
                  causa, sendo sete no G1 (morte s&#250;bita, sepse, acidente vascular cerebral,
                  obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas e neoplasias) e 19 no G2 (insufici&#234;ncia renal, sepse,
                  pancreatite e neoplasias) e 31 ECM (sendo uma morte card&#237;aca e cinco IAM no G1, e
                  cinco mortes card&#237;acas e 20 IAM no G2). Quanto a mortalidade geral, na an&#225;lise
                  univariada, as vari&#225;veis significativas foram: idade &#8805; 60 anos (p &lt; 0,001),
                  diabetes melito (p = 0,001), AMP em repouso (p = 0,003), EEF positiva (p = 0,001)
                  e &#205;ndice de Massa Ventricular Esquerda (IMVE; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Quanto aos ECM, as vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise univariada foram: sexo
                  masculino (p = 0,044), idade &#8805; 60 anos (p &lt;0,001), dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica (p =
                  0,030), dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica (p = 0,017), diabetes melito (p = 0,005),
                  dislipidemia (p = 0,019), DAC anterior (p &lt; 0,001), AMP em repouso (p &lt;
                  0,001), EEF positiva (p &lt; 0,001), Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE; p &lt;0,001),
                  IMVE (p = 0,006) e &#916;IEMP (p = 0,042). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela
                     3</xref>). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores independentes de mortalidade
                  foram idade &#8805; 60 anos, diabetes melito e EEF positiva. Os preditores independentes
                  de ECM foram idade &#8805; 60 anos, DAC anterior, EEF positiva e aus&#234;ncia do aumento de
                  10% na FE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada dos preditores de mortalidade e eventos card&#237;acos
                        maiores (ECM)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortalidade geral</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ECM</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>RR (IC 5%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,36-1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                  <td align="center">2,10 (1,02-4,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (&#8805; 60 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,32 (2,90-24,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">5,18 (2,23-12,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica suspeita</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 (0,69-5,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200</td>
                  <td align="center">2,68 (1,10-6,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o suspeita</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0,25-1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,20-0,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 (0,02-1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0,56-2,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,591</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 (0,75-3,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,203</td>
                  <td align="center">1,79 (0,84-3,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00 (1,82-8,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,99 (1,40-6,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,43-2,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,911</td>
                  <td align="center">3,51 (1,23-10,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 (0,30-5,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,07-3,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16 (0,87-5,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098</td>
                  <td align="center">7,47 (3,69-15,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (pico do esfor&#231;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 (0,10-1,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,25-2,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,534</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 (0,92-4,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (0,62-2,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,464</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMP em repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">3,40 (1,52-7,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">6,26 (3,09-12,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EEF positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">3,67 (1,66-8,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">5,10 (2,39-10,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento de 10% na FE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 (0,41-1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,127</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,27-0,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento de 10g/m no IMVE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39 (1,17-1,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 (1,07-1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916;IEMP alterado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 (0,72-3,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16 (1,03-4,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>RR: risco relativo: IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAC: doen&#231;a
                           arterial coron&#225;ria; AMP: altera&#231;&#245;es da mobilidade da parede; EEF:
                           ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IMVE: &#205;ndice
                           de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; &#916;IEMP: Diferen&#231;a entre o &#205;ndice de
                           movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede de repouso e o de esfor&#231;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos preditores de mortalidade total</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>RR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &#8805; 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">6,61 (2,25-19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37 (1,06-5,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EEF positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2,69 (1,20-6,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>RR: risco relativo; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; EEF:
                           ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos preditores de eventos card&#237;acos maiores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>RR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &#8805; 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">4,39 (1,77-10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">2,85 (1,27-6,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EEF positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">2,75 (1,15-6,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (aumento de 10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 (0,37-0,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>RR: risco relativo; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAC: doen&#231;a
                           arterial coron&#225;ria; EEF: ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o
                           de eje&#231;&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para os ECM houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos G1 vs. G2, com p =
                  0,022. Para a mortalidade geral, tamb&#233;m houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre G1 vs.
                  G2, com p = 0,016.</p>
          <p>As curvas de mortalidade e ECM s&#227;o mostradas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref>,
                  respectivamente.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risco relativo para eventos card&#237;acos maiores de 5,0 (Intervalo de
                        confian&#231;a de 95%: 2,37-10,78).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0418-40144-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Morte por todas as causas. Risco relativo de morte de 3,6 (intervalo de
                        confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,65 - 8,06).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0418-40144-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que a EEF &#233; um preditor independente de morte e ECM em
               portador de TE isqu&#234;mico. Os preditores independentes de mortalidade ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise
               multivariada foram: idade &#8805; 60 anos, diabetes melito e EEF positiva. Para ECM, foram
               idade &#8805; 60 anos e DAC pr&#233;via. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas
               acima descritas como fatores de risco bem estabelecidos para DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e como
               preditores de eventos adversos em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, ou suspeita, ou DAC
                  estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Nossos resultados corroboram ainda mais os
               achados anteriores.</p>
        <p>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos t&#234;m a capacidade de demonstrar altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas
               consequentes a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em fases anteriores e s&#227;o, portanto, mais
               sens&#237;veis do que os resultados cl&#237;nicos e as altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Nesta pesquisa, encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o importante da dor
               suspeita, em pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF e ao ECM.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, observaram-se presen&#231;a significativa de AMP em
               repouso, maior IEMP sob estresse e alto &#916;IEMP no G2. Os resultados associados &#224;
               mortalidade geral foram AMP em repouso, EEF positiva e IMVE elevado. Aqueles
               associados a desfechos foram AMP em repouso, EEF positiva, FE baixa, alto IMVE e
               &#916;IEMP. A EEF positiva manteve-se como um preditor independente de mortalidade ap&#243;s a
               an&#225;lise multivariada; e, como preditores de ECM, mantiveram-se a EEF positiva e a
               baixa FE. Mesmo pacientes com AMP apenas em repouso apresentaram risco aumentado de
               ECM e morte neste estudo. Este achado tamb&#233;m &#233; descrito em recente estudo com 333
               pacientes em que Schlett e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> observaram
               que a probabilidade cumulativa de ECM em 2 anos aumentou em pacientes com AMP em
               repouso com estenose coron&#225;ria (Risco Relativo - RR = 62,4%; log-rank p &lt; 0,0001),
               mas tamb&#233;m naqueles com AMP em repouso, sem estenose (RR = 15%; log-rank p &lt;
               0,0001).</p>
        <p>O IMVE foi tamb&#233;m relevante em pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na EEF e an&#225;lise
               univariada. O risco de ECM foi representado pela &#916;IEMP. Estes resultados s&#227;o
               consistentes com os de uma coorte com 5.798 pacientes portadores de DAC conhecida ou
               suspeita, a qual demonstrou que a &#916;IEMP teve valor progn&#243;stico significativo para
                  ECM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Sabe-se que a &#916;IEMP n&#227;o est&#225;
               associada somente a um risco aumentado de eventos adversos, mas tamb&#233;m com a
                  mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em uma coorte espanhola com 4.004 pacientes, 16,7% deles tinham isquemia mioc&#225;rdica
               na EEF e &#916;IEMP foi um preditor independente de mortalidade, bem como de ECM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. O mesmo n&#227;o foi observado, por&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o
               &#224; mortalidade, neste estudo. Este resultado pode ser explicado pelo uso de tratamento
               cl&#237;nico adequado, com medicamentos que diminuem a mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado, na an&#225;lise univariada, que a EEF positiva esteve
               associada com o risco de morte e ECM, permanecendo um indicador independente de ambos
               ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada. V&#225;rios estudos tratam o valor da EEF para predizer a
               mortalidade e ECM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Esta pesquisa refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia
               progn&#243;stica da EEF, j&#225; estabelecida na literatura.</p>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de testes para fins de progn&#243;stico baseia-se na premissa de que os
               pacientes identificados como em risco elevado de eventos adversos podem ser
               submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es mais invasivas destinadas a alterar a hist&#243;ria natural do
               processo da doen&#231;a, reduzindo o risco de eventos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos
               randomizados t&#234;m demonstrado que as terapias com drogas e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
               coron&#225;ria podem reduzir a mortalidade em grupos de pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos com terapia medicamentosa mostraram uma
               redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de morte card&#237;aca, e de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio fatal e n&#227;o fatal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Durante o estudo, observou-se que uma
               propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes com TE positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o
               mostrou isquemia na EEF. De cada quatro TE positivos, tr&#234;s n&#227;o apresentaram isquemia
               na EEF, ou seja, cerca de 75% dos pacientes estudados foram melhor analisados. Al&#233;m
               disso, os 25% que tinham EEF positivo foram os que realmente estavam em risco
               aumentado de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, confirmando a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o
               progn&#243;stica da EEF.</p>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a falta de compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados encontrados na
               popula&#231;&#227;o com os resultados da popula&#231;&#227;o que possui TE negativo para isquemia do
               mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra, o tempo de acompanhamento (cerca de 9 anos) e o fato de que a
               pesquisa foi realizada em apenas um centro de estudo s&#227;o fatores considerados
               favor&#225;veis. A contribui&#231;&#227;o mais importante desta pesquisa &#233; mostrar que a cada quatro
               TE positivo apenas um deles apresentou EEF positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, o que,
               de fato, estratifica melhor essa popula&#231;&#227;o de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio para DAC,
               evitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria de exames invasivos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia com estresse f&#237;sico permite uma identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos
               pacientes com maior risco de desenvolver eventos card&#237;acos adversos durante a
               evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, fornecendo assim informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas
               importantes para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
