<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c4rqKchkJBFxKFQTXGSkZss</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140147</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hemodynamic Effects of Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with
               Venocapillary Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Junya</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da
                  Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Moreira Bento</bold>. Rua Capote Valente, 349, conjunto
               125, Pinheiros, Postal Code: 05409-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>andrembento@uol.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>410</fpage>
      <lpage>417</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The hemodynamic effects of noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure in
                  patients with pulmonary hypertension without left ventricular dysfunction are not
                  clearly established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Analyze the impact of increasing airway pressure with continuous positive airway
                  pressure on hemodynamic parameters and, in particular, on cardiac output in
                  patients with variable degrees of pulmonary hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 38 patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by mitral
                  stenosis without left ventricular dysfunction or other significant valvulopathy.
                  The hemodynamic state of these patients was analyzed in three conditions:
                  baseline, after continuous positive pressure of 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and, finally,
                  after pressure of 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The population was composed of predominantly young and female individuals with
                  significant elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure (mean systolic pressure of 57
                  mmHg). Of all variables analyzed, only the right atrial pressure changed across
                  the analyzed moments (from the baseline condition to the pressure of 14
                     cmH<sub>2</sub>O there was a change from 8 &#177; 4 mmHg to 11 &#177; 3 mmHg,
                  respectively, p = 0.031). Even though there was no variation in mean cardiac
                  output, increased values in pulmonary artery pressure were associated with
                  increased cardiac output. There was no harmful effect or other clinical
                  instability associated with use application of airway pressure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In patients with venocapillary pulmonary hypertension without left ventricular
                  dysfunction, cardiac output response was directly associated with the degree of
                  pulmonary hypertension. The application of noninvasive ventilation did not cause
                  complications directly related to the ventilation systems.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Noninvasive Ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP) is a mode of ventilation commonly
            applied to a large spectrum of clinical situations. Its use has already been described
            both in patients in critical conditions such as acute pulmonary congestion, acute
            respiratory failure in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and during recovery from
            cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries, and in chronic patients with obstructive sleep
            apnea.</p>
      <p>It is known that, in general, application of airway pressure may benefit the hemodynamic
            condition of patients with pulmonary congestion and left ventricular systolic
            dysfunction primarily by increasing cardiac output<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. This effect has been
            attributed mainly to an elevation in intrathoracic pressure and consequent reduction in
            left ventricular afterload, improving the systolic function of this chamber<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The ultimate impact from use of CPAP in the cardiac performance of
            patients with previous systolic dysfunction is of a complex nature and reflects the
            interaction between the compromised heart and the intrathoracic vasculature. In fact,
            this intricate relationship can be even more complex in the presence of venocongestive
            pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p>In contrast, in the presence of pulmonary hypertension, invasive mechanical ventilation
            has been associated with unfavorable hemodynamic effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Therefore, patients with pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary
            venocapillary congestion may be subject to unpredictable hemodynamic effects during
            application of airway pressure.</p>
      <p>Still today, the hemodynamic effects of CPAP in patients without left ventricular
            dysfunction have not been entirely described. Particularly in patients with pulmonary
            hypertension, a subclass of patients often encountered in daily clinical practice, the
            impact of CPAP has been poorly characterized. Even though its use is widely accepted as
            benefical in patients with sleep apnea and some elevation in pulmonary pressure, its
            effects have not yet been completely described in a population with marked pulmonary
               hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study, therefore, is to analyse the impact of increasing airway pressure
            with CPAP on hemodynamic parameters in patients with variable degrees of pulmonary
            hypertension. In particular, the primary aim is to evaluate the effects of CPAP on the
            cardiac output of patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Studied cohort</title>
        <p>This study included a total of 38 patients with pulmonary hypertension (resting
               systolic pulmonary arterial pressure equal to or higher than 30 mmHg) confirmed by
               cardiac catheterization. In order to homogenize the cohort, the analysis included
               only patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by mitral stenosis who were selected
               to undergo balloon catheter mitral valvuloplasty (BCMV). The selection was conducted
               according to medical history, physical examination and echocardiogram with
               two-dimensional color Doppler. This last was conducted in all patients up to 3 months
               before the invasive evaluation. Patients with left ventricular dysfunction, any
               greater than mild valvular heart disease, and left atrial thrombus were excluded. The
               consent term was obtained from all patients and the study was approved by the Ethics
               Committee of our institution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol</title>
        <p>Patients were evaluated in the catheterization laboratory immediately before BCMV.
               Analgesia was only performed with local lidocaine infiltration on the puncture site
               and sedative medications were avoided. Hemodynamic parameters were obtained in the
               supine position on three moments: 1) at baseline, in ambient air; 2) 5 minutes after
               CPAP set at 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; and 3) 5 minutes after CPAP set at 14
               cmH<sub>2</sub>O. Noninvasive ventilation was delivered with a CPAP equipment (Solo
               LX Deluxe, Respironics Inc, USA) and oronasal mask (model Comfortfull, Respironics
               Inc, USA).</p>
        <p>In each of the three conditions, heart rate and rhythm, as well as digital oximetry
               were measured continuously with a multiparameter monitor. Right atrial pressure,
               pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure were measured with a
               7-Fr Swan-Ganz catheter (Edwards Laboratories, Santa Ana, USA), inserted via the
               right femoral vein. Systemic arterial and left ventricular pressures were measured
               with a 5-Fr pigtail catheter inserted via the left femoral artery. All measurements
               were performed at the end of expiration and the pressure transducers were zeroed at
               the level of the mid-axillary line.</p>
        <p>Cardiac output was calculated by thermodilution as a mean of three measurements
               obtained after injection of 10 mL of 5% dextrose solution randomly performed during
               the respiratory cycle. If one of the measurements differed in more than 10% of the
               mean, two other cardiac output measurements were determined and the highest and
               lowest values were discarded for calculation of the mean. Samples of arterial and
               venous blood gases were collected from the aorta and the pulmonary artery,
               respectively. The derived hemodynamic and oxymetric variables were calculated from
               standard formulas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were shown in tables with absolute (n) and relative (%)
               frequencies, whereas quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard
               deviation.</p>
        <p>Quantitative variables, measured on each of the three conditions (baseline, CPAP 7
                  cmH<sub>2</sub>O and CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O), were presented in tables as means
               and standard deviations and were evaluated with analysis of variance with repeated
               measurements. When significant, contrasts of maximum likelihood were conducted to
               discriminate the differences.</p>
        <p>Correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the variation in cardiac output
               with echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters.</p>
        <p>P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>Sample size was calculated using the software G Power 3.1 with the formula for
               calculation of samples of repeated measures. A statistical power of 80%, significance
               level of 5%, and an effect (f) size of 0.25 were estipulated. This way, the minimum
               number of individuals was defined as 33.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Thirty-eight patients with mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension followed as
            outpatients were recruited for this research. The population was composed of individuals
            predominantly young, females and with significant elevation in pulmonary arterial
            pressure, with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 57 mmHg. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> presents the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics
            of the cohort, whereas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> presents
            hemodynamic and blood gases data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and
               <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and echocardiographic features</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">38.9 &#177; 11.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">33 (87%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA class II</td>
              <td align="center">24 (63%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA class III or IV</td>
              <td align="center">14 (37%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chronic atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral valve area, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ejection fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrial diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">48 &#177; 4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic and blood gases data before and after CPAP</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Baseline</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Heart rate, beats/min</td>
              <td>86 &#177; 16</td>
              <td>85 &#177; 16</td>
              <td>83 &#177; 16</td>
              <td>0.686</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic systemic pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>117 &#177; 15</td>
              <td>119 &#177; 14</td>
              <td>120 &#177; 16</td>
              <td>0.710</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic systemic pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>73 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>75 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>76 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>0.542</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic pulmonary pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>57 &#177; 24</td>
              <td>58 &#177; 24</td>
              <td>58 &#177; 24</td>
              <td>0.957</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic pulmonary pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>30 &#177; 14</td>
              <td>31 &#177; 13</td>
              <td>32 &#177; 13</td>
              <td>0.883</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pulmonary capillary pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>27 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>27 &#177; 9</td>
              <td>27 &#177; 9</td>
              <td>0.961</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Right atrial pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td>8 &#177; 4</td>
              <td>9 &#177; 4</td>
              <td>11 &#177; 3</td>
              <td>0.035 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01t02">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Cardiac output, l/min</td>
              <td>4.6 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td>4.6 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td>4.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td>0.877</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Cardiac index, l/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td>2.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td>2.7 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td>2.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td>0.838</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Indexed systolic volume, ml/beat/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td>32.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
              <td>32.4 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td>32.1 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td>0.987</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Arterial oxygen saturation, %</td>
              <td>95.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td>95.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td>96.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td>0.330</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mixed venous oxygen saturation, %</td>
              <td>69.6 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td>69.6 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td>69.2 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td>0.950</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant variation only in the comparison between baseline and CPAP set at
                     14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Variation in cardiac output</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> also shows the stability of the mean
               value of the variables that represent left ventricular systolic capacity, cardiac
               output, cardiac index and systolic volume. Even though the mean cardiac output values
               of the cohort showed no variation across all three conditions, there was a
               significant variation among the patients. It was not possible, therefore, to identify
               the factors that modulated its variation during different moments of the study. The
               interactions between baseline characteristics and the effect of CPAP on the cardiac
               output are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. In the
               analysis of the use of CPAP set at 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, it was not possible to
               identify at baseline variables associated with the variation in cardiac output.
               However, in the analysis of the use of CPAP set at 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, the pressures
               in the pulmonary system and the oxygen saturation were associated with changes in
               cardiac output. The pressures in the pulmonary system were the main determinants of
               the changes in cardiac output, with increase in cardiac output in those with
               increased levels of pulmonary hypertension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graphs
                  1</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>). The arterial oxygen
               saturation of hemoglobin was also associated with changes in cardiac output across
               the studied conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Graph 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between baseline characteristics and effect of CPAP on cardiac
                     output variation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Baseline parameters</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Correlation of Pearson</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Correlation of Pearson</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Mitral valve area, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>-0.257</td>
                <td>0.12</td>
                <td>-0.250</td>
                <td>0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>0.99</td>
                <td>0.300</td>
                <td>0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Left ventricular diastolic diameter, mm</td>
                <td>0.200</td>
                <td>0.22</td>
                <td>0.094</td>
                <td>0.83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Left atrial diameter, mm</td>
                <td>0.074</td>
                <td>0.66</td>
                <td>-0,073</td>
                <td>0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Heart rate, beats/min</td>
                <td>0.920</td>
                <td>0.58</td>
                <td>0.304</td>
                <td>0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Systolic systemic pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td>0.019</td>
                <td>0.91</td>
                <td>0.279</td>
                <td>0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diastolic systemic pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td>0.027</td>
                <td>0.87</td>
                <td>0.192</td>
                <td>0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Systolic pulmonary pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td>0.210</td>
                <td>0.20</td>
                <td>0.516</td>
                <td>0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diastolic pulmonary pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td>0.209</td>
                <td>0.21</td>
                <td>0.509</td>
                <td>0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pulmonary capillary pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td>0.245</td>
                <td>0.14</td>
                <td>0.528</td>
                <td>0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Right atrial pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td>0.115</td>
                <td>0.49</td>
                <td>0.088</td>
                <td>0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Arterial oxygen saturation, %</td>
                <td>-0.244</td>
                <td>0.14</td>
                <td>-0.387</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Mixed venous oxygen saturation, %</td>
                <td>-0.276</td>
                <td>0.09</td>
                <td>-0.310</td>
                <td>0.06</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage change in cardiac output from baseline to CPAP set at 14 cmH2O
                     according to baseline systolic pulmonary pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage change in cardiac output from baseline to CPAP set at 14 cmH2O
                     according to baseline diastolic pulmonary pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage change in cardiac output from baseline to CPAP set at 14 cmH2O
                     according to baseline pulmonary capillary pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentage change in cardiac output from baseline to CPAP set at 14 cmH2O
                     according to baseline arterial oxygen saturation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>There was no association between the variation in cardiac output and the
               nonparametric variables functional class (p = 0.07 for CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and p
               = 0.14 for CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O) and presence of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.77
               for CPAP 7cmH<sub>2</sub>O and p = 0.52 for CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variation in hemodynamic parameters across the conditions</title>
        <p>As for hemodynamic modifications during the different moments of the study, only
               right atrial pressure showed variation. From baseline to CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O,
               there was an increase from 8 &#177; 4 mmHg to 11 &#177; 3 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.031). In
               contrast, compared with baseline, the increase with CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O was not
               significant (p = 0.993). Despite a trend towards an increase, there was no expressive
               variation in values of systemic arterial and pulmonary arterial pressures. Other
               clinically relevant parameters, such as heart rate and oxygen saturation, also did
               not show modifications along the study.</p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that no harmful effect was observed. There was no
               occurrence of clinical instability associated with use of CPAP. In addition, all
               patients, after a brief explanation about the use of CPAP, tolerated its application
               satisfactorily during the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main result of this study was the association of the pressures in the pulmonary
            system as the main determinants of the variation in cardiac output with CPAP use in a
            population of patients with pulmonary hypertension. As expected, the hemodynamic changes
            were more evident with application of higher levels of airway pressure. In the analysis
            during CPAP set at 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, none of the variables correlated with changes in
            cardiac output. Following that, the evaluation during CPAP set at 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O
            showed the importance of the pulmonary hypertension in cardiac output response. Higher
            values of systolic, diastolic and occlusion pulmonary arterial pressures were associated
            with increased cardiac output.</p>
      <p>The association between higher values of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) and
            positive response to use of CPAP has been previously documented by other authors in a
            population with a very distinct hemodynamic profile. Baratz et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, during a study with patients with idiopathic myocardiopathy after
            use of CPAP set at 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, identified two groups of patients. The first
            group, with PAOP equal to or higher than 12 mmHg, responded with an increase of 17% in
            cardiac output. The second group of patients with PAOP below 12 mmHg, presented a
            reduction of 8% in cardiac output. Bradley et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
            confirmed this concept, observing that the use of CPAP set at 5 to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O
            caused an elevation in cardiac output proportional to the level of pressure offered in
            patients with cardiac failure and elevated PAOP. These studies have in common with the
            present study the association between higher PAOP values and positive response to use of
            CPAP. However, only patients with left ventricular dysfunction were included, which was
            a condition excluded in the current study. It is known that the reduction in left
            ventricular afterload imposed by CPAP may be particularly advantageous in the presence
            of systolic dysfunction. In contrast, in patients with pulmonary hypertension and
            respiratory failure, it is known that mechanical ventilation with positive pressure can
            impose negative hemodynamic effects. The increase in pulmonary volume and decrease in
            functional residual capacity can increase the pulmonary vascular resistance and,
            consequently, the right ventricular output impedance, mainly in patients with
            pre-existent right ventricular failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The
            acute effects of noninvasive ventilation in patients with extreme pulmonary hypertension
            are not well described. Even though the use of CPAP has been extensively studied in
            patients with sleep apnea syndrome, this condition is usually associated with a more
            mild pulmonary hypertension than that observed in the current study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In a study
            that included 20 patients without cardiac or pulmonary pathologies, only five of these
            patients fulfilled the criteria of pulmonary hypertension. In this study, the mean
            pulmonary artery pressure of the group was 16.8 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In 40 patients with obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension
            studied by Laks et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, the pulmonary artery
            systolic pressure estimated by ecochardiogram ranged from 20 to 52 mmHg and the mean was
            only 29 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A study with only nine patients
            with respiratory failure due to decompensation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
            were studied with hemodynamic monitoring during application of noninvasive ventilation
            with pressure support and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. There was a significant decrease in cardiac output associated
            with use of PEEP set at 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. However, even though all patients presented
            at least moderate pulmonary hypertension, the mean pulmonary artery pressure was 27
            mmHg, which was much below the value found in our study.</p>
      <p>Up to where an extensive review of the literature allows us to consider, the evaluation
            of the acute hemodynamic effects of noninvasive ventilation in patients with such marked
            pulmonary hypertension had not yet been conducted. Although our sample, composed of
            patients with severe mitral stenosis, may represent a profile of patients with preserved
            left ventricular systolic performance associated with venocapillary pulmonary
            hypertension, it is not possible to determine whether other etiologies of pulmonary
            hypertension without left ventricular dysfunction would respond similarly to use of
            CPAP.</p>
      <p>Another important result of this study was that use of CPAP was safe in the conditions
            applied in the current study, similarly to what has been described by other authors.
            Only right atrial pressure presented a significant variation during application of
            airway pressure. In the conditions evaluated in this study, there were no significant
            variations in relevant clinical parameters, such as heart rate, systemic arterial
            pressure, cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressure and arterial oxygen saturation.
            After the researchers explained the procedures to the patients, including details of
            aspects related to noninvasive ventilation, use of CPAP was well tolerated, even at a
            pressure of 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. There were no cases in which noninvasive ventilation
            had to be removed by request from the patient. It should also be highlighted that there
            was no register of complication related directly to the use of pressurized ventilation
            systems.</p>
      <p>The use of noninvasive ventilation has been shown capable to reduce the need for
            intubation, length of stay and ICU mortality in patients with hypoxemic acute
            respiratory failure. This is due to its effects on the hemodynamic status and pulmonary
            mechanics. With respect to the respiratory system, its application has as main
            physiological benefits the decrease in respiratory work, in addition to an improve in
            oxygenation. As for the clinical applicability of the current study, considering that
            the respiratory benefits of CPAP would be maintained, the small variation in relevant
            hemodynamic parameters favors use of CPAP in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure
            and hemodynamic profile similar to that in this study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of the study was the fact that the patients were clinically
               stable during the study procedures. Usually, the application of noninvasive
               ventilation is indicated in patients with respiratory failure. Therefore, with regard
               to the best scientific methodology, the ideal would be to evaluate the hemodynamic
               conditions of patients with pulmonary congestion before any treatment and during
               noninvasive ventilation. However, this approach was not possible due to a series of
               factors. First, it would be risky to keep a patients with pulmonary congestion
               without adequate treatment while invasive monitoring is provided. Second, the great
               majority of the patients with pulmonary congestion and/or acute pulmonary edema do
               not require invasive monitoring as part of the therapy. Monitoring is related to a
               number of complications that would increase the risk to the patient and would,
               therefore, imply in a questionable ethical judgment. Finally, this strategy would
               limit substantially the number of selectable patients, jeopardizing the viability of
               the study. It is also worth mentioning that even though the study was not performed
               in patients with clinical instability, nothing prevents its value to be extended to
               this situation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In patients with mitral stenosis, venocapillary pulmonary hypertension and without left
            ventricular dysfunction, the cardiac output response to use of CPAP was directly
            associated with the degree of pulmonary hypertension. The application of CPAP did not
            incur in complications directly related to the ventilation systems.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Baratz DM, Westbrook PR, Shah PK, Mohsenifar Z. Effect of nasal
               continuous positive pressure on cardiac output and oxygen delivery in patients with
               congestive heart failure. Chest. 1992;102(5):1397-401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baratz</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westbrook</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohsenifar</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of nasal continuous positive pressure on cardiac
                  output and oxygen delivery in patients with congestive heart
                  failure</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1397</fpage>
          <lpage>1401</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Naughton MT, Rahman MA, Hara K, Floras JS, Bradley TD. Effect of
               continuous positive airway pressure on intrathoracic and left ventricular transmural
               pressures in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation.
               1995;91(6):1725-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naughton</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rahman</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Floras</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on
                  intrathoracic and left ventricular transmural pressures in patients with
                  congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1725</fpage>
          <lpage>1731</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bradley TD, Holloway RM, McLaughlin PR, Ross BL, Walters J, Liu PP.
               Cardiac output response to continuous positive airway pressure in congestive heart
               failure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(2 Pt 1):377-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holloway</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLaughlin</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walters</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac output response to continuous positive airway
                  pressure in congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Rev Respir Dis</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>382</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Buda AJ, Pinsky MR, Ingeis NB, Daughters GJ, Stinson EB, Alderman EL.
               Effect of intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular performance. N Engl J Med.
               1979;301(9):453-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buda</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinsky</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ingeis</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daughters</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stinson</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alderman</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular
                  performance</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1979</year>
          <volume>301</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>453</fpage>
          <lpage>459</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Zamanian RT, Haddad F, Doyle RL, Weinacker AB. Management strategies for
               patients with pulmonary hypertension in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med.
               2007;35(9):2037-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zamanian</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doyle</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weinacker</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Management strategies for patients with pulmonary
                  hypertension in the intensive care unit</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2037</fpage>
          <lpage>2050</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sajkov D, Cowie RJ, Thornton AT, Espinoza HA, McEvoy RD. Pulmonary
               hypertension and hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care
               Med. 1994;149(2 Pt 1):416-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sajkov</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowie</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thornton</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espinoza</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McEvoy</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia in obstructive
                  sleep apnea syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>416</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Arias MA, Garcia-Rio F, Alonso-Fernandez A, Martinez I, Villamor J.
               Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnoea: effects of continuous positive
               airway pressure: a randomized, controlled cross-over study. Eur Heart J.
               2006;27(9):1106-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arias</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Rio</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villamor</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnoea:
                  effects of continuous positive airway pressure: a randomized, controlled
                  cross-over study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1106</fpage>
          <lpage>1113</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Laks L, Lehrhaft B, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. Pulmonary hypertension in
               obstructive sleep apnea. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(4):537-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laks</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehrhaft</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grunstein</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep
                  apnea</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>541</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ambrosino N, Nava S, Torbick A, Riccardi G, Fracchia C, Opasich C, et
               al. Haemodynamic effects of pressure support and PEEP ventilation by nasal route in
               patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax.
               1993;48(5):523-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ambrosino</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nava</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torbick</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riccardi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fracchia</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opasich</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Haemodynamic effects of pressure support and PEEP
                  ventilation by nasal route in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>Thorax</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>528</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Bento AM, Cardoso LF, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio
               RO, Kajita LJ; Acquisition of data: Bento AM, Cardoso LF, Sampaio RO, Kajita LJ;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Bento AM, Cardoso
               LF, Lemos Neto PA; Writing of the manuscript: Bento AM, Cardoso LF; Critical revision
               of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bento AM, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO,
               Lemos Neto PA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Andr&#233; Moreira Bento, from
               Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Hemodin&#226;micos da Ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Invasiva em Pacientes com
               Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Venocapilar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Junya</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da
                  Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Moreira Bento</bold>. Rua Capote Valente, 349, conjunto
               125, Pinheiros, CEP: 05409-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>andrembento@uol.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva em
                  pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o est&#227;o
                  bem estabelecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar o impacto da pressuriza&#231;&#227;o a&#233;rea crescente atrav&#233;s da press&#227;o positiva
                  cont&#237;nua das vias a&#233;reas nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e, principalmente, no d&#233;bito
                  card&#237;aco de pacientes com graus vari&#225;veis de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 38 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar causada por estenose mitral
                  sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou outra valvopatia significativa. O estado
                  hemodin&#226;mico deses pacientes foi estudado em tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es: basal, ap&#243;s uso de
                  press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua de 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e , finalmente, ap&#243;s press&#227;o de 14
                     cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por indiv&#237;duos predominantemente jovens, do sexo feminino
                  e com eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia
                  de 57 mmHg). De todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas, apenas a press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito
                  apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o ao longo dos momentos estudados (da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a de
                  press&#227;o de 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O houve aumento de 8 &#177; 4 mmHg para 11 &#177; 3 mmHg,
                  respectivamente, p = 0,031). Apesar de n&#227;o ter havido varia&#231;&#227;o do valor m&#233;dio do
                  d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, valores mais elevados de press&#245;es na art&#233;ria pulmonar estiveram
                  associados ao aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. N&#227;o houve efeito delet&#233;rio ou qualquer
                  instabilidade cl&#237;nica associada ao uso da pressuriza&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda, a resposta do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco esteve diretamente associada ao grau de
                  hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva n&#227;o acarretou
                  complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas diretamente aos sistemas de ventila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventila&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Invasiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o positiva (CPAP) &#233; um modo de ventila&#231;&#227;o
               habitualmente aplicado a um amplo espectro de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Seu uso j&#225; foi
               descrito tanto para pacientes em condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas, como congest&#227;o pulmonar aguda,
               insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda no portador de doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica e na
               recupera&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias card&#237;acas e n&#227;o card&#237;acas, como em pacientes cr&#244;nicos com
               apneia obstrutiva do sono.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que, de modo geral, a pressuriza&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas &#233; capaz de beneficiar a
               condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica nos pacientes com congest&#227;o pulmonar e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica
               ventricular esquerda, basicamente atrav&#233;s da eleva&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Este efeito tem sido atribu&#237;do principalmente &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o
               intrator&#225;cica e consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, levando a
               uma melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica desta c&#226;mara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O impacto final do
               uso de CPAP na performance card&#237;aca de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pr&#233;via &#233; de
               natureza complexa e reflete a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o cora&#231;&#227;o comprometido e a vasculatura
               intrator&#225;cica. De fato, esta intricada rela&#231;&#227;o pode ser ainda mais complexa quando a
               hipertens&#227;o pulmonar venocongestiva est&#225; presente.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, na presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva
               tem sido associada a efeitos hemodin&#226;micos desfavor&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Desta forma, pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar devida a
               congest&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar podem estar sujeitos a efeitos hemodin&#226;micos
               imprevis&#237;veis quando expostos &#224; pressuriza&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas.</p>
        <p>Ainda hoje, os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da CPAP em pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular
               esquerda n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente descritos. Particularmente nos portadores de
               hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, uma subclasse de pacientes habitualmente encontrados na pr&#225;tica
               cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, o impacto da CPAP tem sido pouco caracterizado. Ainda que seu uso
               seja amplamente aceito como ben&#233;fico em pacientes com apneia do sono e alguma
               eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar, seus efeitos ainda n&#227;o foram completamente descritos em
               uma popula&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar acentuada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo, portanto, &#233; o de analisar o impacto da pressuriza&#231;&#227;o a&#233;rea
               crescente atrav&#233;s da CPAP nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos em pacientes com graus
               vari&#225;veis de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Em particular, o objetivo prim&#225;rio &#233; o de avaliar
               os efeitos da CPAP no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar
               cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>O presente estudo incluiu o total de 38 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar
                  (press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica em repouso igual ou maior que 30 mmHg),
                  confirmada pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco. Para homogeneizar a popula&#231;&#227;o, apenas
                  pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar causada por estenose mitral selecionados para a
                  realiza&#231;&#227;o de valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o (VMCB) foram inclu&#237;dos. A
                  sele&#231;&#227;o foi realizada pela hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, exame f&#237;sico e ecocardiograma com
                  Doppler bidimensional colorido. Este &#250;ltimo foi realizado em todos pacientes at&#233; 3
                  meses antes do estudo invasivo. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes portadores de
                  disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, qualquer outra valvopatia mais severa do que leve
                  e trombo atrial esquerdo. O termo de consentimento foi obtido de todos pacientes e
                  o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica imediatamente antes da
                  realiza&#231;&#227;o da VMCB. A analgesia foi realizada apenas com lidoca&#237;na injetada
                  localmente no local da pun&#231;&#227;o e medicamentos sedativos foram evitados. O estado
                  hemodin&#226;mico foi registrado em dec&#250;bito dorsal em tr&#234;s momentos: 1) condi&#231;&#227;o basal
                  em ar ambiente; 2) 5 minutos ap&#243;s uso de CPAP de 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; e 3) 5
                  minutos ap&#243;s uso de CPAP de 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. A ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva foi
                  realizada com um aparelho de CPAP (Solo LX Deluxe, Respironics Inc, EUA) e de
                  m&#225;scara oronasal (modelo Comfortfull, Respironics Inc, EUA).</p>
          <p>Em cada uma das tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es, a frequ&#234;ncia e o ritmo card&#237;acos, assim como a
                  oximetria digital foram medidos continuadamente por um monitor multiparam&#233;trico. A
                  press&#227;o atrial direita, a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e a press&#227;o de capilar
                  pulmonar foram medidas por um cateter de Swan-Ganz de 7-Fr (Edwards Laboratories,
                  Santa Ana, EUA), inserido pela veia femoral direita. As press&#245;es arteriais
                  sist&#234;micas e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram aferidas por um cateter de pigtail de
                  5-Fr inserido na art&#233;ria femoral esquerda. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas ao
                  final da expira&#231;&#227;o e os transdutores de press&#227;o foram referenciados ao n&#237;vel da
                  linha hemiaxilar.</p>
          <p>O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi calculado por termodilui&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia de 3 medidas
                  obtidas pela inje&#231;&#227;o de 10 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o de dextrose a 5%, realizadas
                  aleatoriamente durante o ciclo respirat&#243;rio. Caso uma das medidas diferisse em
                  mais do que 10% da m&#233;dia, eram realizadas duas outras medidas do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e
                  se desprezava os valores maior e menor para o c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia. Amostras de
                  gasometria arterial e venosa foram coletadas da aorta e da art&#233;ria pulmonar,
                  respectivamente. As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e oxim&#233;tricas derivadas foram
                  calculadas a partir das f&#243;rmulas padronizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em tabelas contendo frequ&#234;ncias
                  absolutas (n) e relativas (%), e as quantitativas com m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas, mensuradas nos tr&#234;s momentos (basal, CPAP 7
                     cmH<sub>2</sub>O e CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O), foram apresentadas em tabelas
                  contendo m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o e foram avaliadas com an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para
                  medidas repetidas. Quando significativas, foram realizados contrastes de m&#225;xima
                  verossimilhan&#231;a para discriminar as diferen&#231;as.</p>
          <p>Foram calculados coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o para avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito
                  card&#237;aco com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e hemodin&#226;micos.</p>
          <p>Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado atrav&#233;s do programa G Power 3.1 utilizando
                  f&#243;rmula para c&#225;lculo de amostra de medidas repetidas. Foram estipulados um poder
                  estat&#237;stico de 80%, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, tamanho do efeito (f) de 0,25.
                  Deste modo, o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de indiv&#237;duos foi definido em 33.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Trinta e oito pacientes acompanhados ambulatorialmente por estenose mitral e
               portadores de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foram recrutados para esta pesquisa. A popula&#231;&#227;o
               foi composta por indiv&#237;duos predominantemente jovens, do sexo feminino e com eleva&#231;&#227;o
               significativa da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, com uma press&#227;o arterial pulmonar
               sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia de 57 mmHg. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>
               apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, enquanto que a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os dados hemodin&#226;micos e
               gasom&#233;tricos da amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 11,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                <td align="center">33 (87%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA classe II</td>
                <td align="center">24 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA classe III ou IV</td>
                <td align="center">14 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea valvar mitral, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventriculo esquerdo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados hemodin&#226;micos e gasom&#233;tricos antes e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de CPAP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, batimentos/min</td>
                <td>86 &#177; 16</td>
                <td>85 &#177; 16</td>
                <td>83 &#177; 16</td>
                <td>0,686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica sist&#234;mica, mmHg</td>
                <td>117 &#177; 15</td>
                <td>119 &#177; 14</td>
                <td>120 &#177; 16</td>
                <td>0,710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica sist&#234;mica, mmHg</td>
                <td>73 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>75 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>76 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>0,542</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                <td>57 &#177; 24</td>
                <td>58 &#177; 24</td>
                <td>58 &#177; 24</td>
                <td>0,957</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                <td>30 &#177; 14</td>
                <td>31 &#177; 13</td>
                <td>32 &#177; 13</td>
                <td>0,883</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                <td>27 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>27 &#177; 9</td>
                <td>27 &#177; 9</td>
                <td>0,961</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, mmHg</td>
                <td>8 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>9 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>11 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>0,035 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01t05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">D&#233;bito card&#237;aco, l/min</td>
                <td>4,6 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td>4,6 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td>4,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td>0,877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice card&#237;aco, l/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>2,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td>2,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td>2,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td>0,838</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico indexado, ml/batimento/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>32,3 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td>32,4 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td>32,1 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td>0,987</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial, %</td>
                <td>95,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td>95,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td>96,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td>0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio venosa mista, %</td>
                <td>69,6 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td>69,6 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td>69,2 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td>0,950</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Varia&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas na compara&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a de CPAP
                        14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</title>
          <p>Nota-se, ainda na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>, a estabilidade
                  do valor m&#233;dio das vari&#225;veis que representam a capacidade sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo
                  esquerdo, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e o volume sist&#243;lico. Apesar de n&#227;o
                  ter havido altera&#231;&#227;o do valor m&#233;dio do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco da amostra ao longo das
                  tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es, houve uma varia&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os pacientes. Com isto, foi
                  poss&#237;vel identificar os fatores que modularam sua varia&#231;&#227;o nos diferentes momentos
                  do estudo. As intera&#231;&#245;es entre as caracter&#237;sticas basais e o efeito do uso da CPAP
                  sobre o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>. Na an&#225;lise do uso de CPAP na press&#227;o de 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O,
                  n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar vari&#225;veis da condi&#231;&#227;o basal associadas com a varia&#231;&#227;o
                  do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. No entanto, na an&#225;lise do uso de CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, as
                  press&#245;es no territ&#243;rio pulmonar e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio se mostraram associadas
                  com a varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. As press&#245;es no territ&#243;rio pulmonar foram as
                  principais determinantes da varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com aumento do d&#233;bito
                  card&#237;aco naqueles com valores mais elevados de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>). A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial de hemoglobina tamb&#233;m esteve
                  associada com a varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ao longo das condi&#231;&#245;es estudadas
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Gr&#225;fico 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas basais e o efeito da CPAP sobre a
                        varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros basais</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea valvar mitral, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td>-0,257</td>
                  <td>0,12</td>
                  <td>-0,250</td>
                  <td>0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, %</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>0,99</td>
                  <td>0,300</td>
                  <td>0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo,
                              mm</td>
                  <td>0,200</td>
                  <td>0,22</td>
                  <td>0,094</td>
                  <td>0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, mm</td>
                  <td>0,074</td>
                  <td>0,66</td>
                  <td>-0,073</td>
                  <td>0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, batimentos/min</td>
                  <td>0,920</td>
                  <td>0,58</td>
                  <td>0,304</td>
                  <td>0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica sist&#234;mica, mmHg</td>
                  <td>0,019</td>
                  <td>0,91</td>
                  <td>0,278</td>
                  <td>0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica sist&#234;mica, mmHg</td>
                  <td>0,027</td>
                  <td>0,87</td>
                  <td>0,192</td>
                  <td>0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                  <td>0,210</td>
                  <td>0,20</td>
                  <td>0,516</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                  <td>0,209</td>
                  <td>0,21</td>
                  <td>0,509</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                  <td>0,245</td>
                  <td>0,14</td>
                  <td>0,528</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito, mmHg</td>
                  <td>0,115</td>
                  <td>0,49</td>
                  <td>0,088</td>
                  <td>0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial, %</td>
                  <td>-0,244</td>
                  <td>0,14</td>
                  <td>-0,387</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio venosa mista, %</td>
                  <td>-0,276</td>
                  <td>0,09</td>
                  <td>-0,310</td>
                  <td>0,06</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a CPAP 14
                        cmH2O, de acordo com a press&#227;o pulmonar sist&#243;lica basal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a CPAP 14
                        cmH2O, de acordo com a press&#227;o pulmonar diast&#243;lica basal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a CPAP 14
                        cmH2O, de acordo com a press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar basal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a CPAP 14
                        cmH2O, de acordo com a satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio basal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0410-40147-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e vari&#225;veis n&#227;o
                  param&#233;tricas como classe funcional (p = 0,07 para CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e p =
                  0,14 para CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O) e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,77 para
                  CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e p = 0,52 para CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos ao longo das condi&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante os diferentes momentos do estudo,
                  apenas a press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito sofreu varia&#231;&#227;o. Da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para a CPAP
                  14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, houve aumento de 8 &#177; 4 mmHg para 11 &#177; 3 mmHg,
                  respectivamente, (p = 0,031). Por outro lado, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a condi&#231;&#227;o basal,
                  a eleva&#231;&#227;o com a CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O n&#227;o foi significativa (p = 0,993). Embora
                  tenha havido uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o expressiva dos valores
                  de press&#245;es arterial sist&#234;mica e pulmonar. Outros par&#226;metros clinicamente
                  relevantes, como a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o
                  sofreram modifica&#231;&#227;o no decorrer do estudo.</p>
          <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que nenhum efeito delet&#233;rio foi observado. N&#227;o houve nenhum
                  caso que tenha cursado com instabilidade cl&#237;nica em decorr&#234;ncia do uso de CPAP.
                  Al&#233;m disto, todos os pacientes, ap&#243;s uma breve explica&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso de CPAP,
                  toleraram de maneira satisfat&#243;ria sua aplica&#231;&#227;o durante o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>principal resultado deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es no territ&#243;rio pulmonar
               como as maiores determinantes da resposta da varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, quando a
               CPAP foi aplicada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Como seria
               esperado, as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas foram mais evidentes com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de maior
               pressuriza&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas. Na an&#225;lise da condi&#231;&#227;o CPAP 7 cmH<sub>2</sub>O,
               nenhuma vari&#225;vel se correlacionou &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A seguir, a
               avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o CPAP 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O revelou a import&#226;ncia da hipertens&#227;o
               pulmonar na resposta do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Valores mais elevados de press&#245;es arterial
               pulmonar sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e de oclus&#227;o estiveram associados ao aumento no d&#233;bito
               card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores mais elevados de press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar
               (POAP) e resposta positiva ao uso de CPAP foi previamente documentada por outros
               autores em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de perfil hemodin&#226;mico bastante distinto. Baratz e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, ao estudarem pacientes portadores
               de miocardiopatia idiop&#225;tica submetidos ao uso de CPAP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O,
               identificaram dois grupos de pacientes. O primeiro grupo, com POAP igual ou maior que
               12 mmHg, respondeu com aumento de 17% no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. O segundo grupo, composto
               por pacientes com POAP abaixo de 12 mmHg, apresentou queda no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco de 8%.
               Bradley e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> confirmaram este conceito
               pela observa&#231;&#227;o de que o uso de CPAP de 5 a 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O causou eleva&#231;&#227;o do
               d&#233;bito card&#237;aco proporcional ao n&#237;vel de press&#227;o oferecido em pacientes com
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e eleva&#231;&#227;o da POAP. Estes trabalhos t&#234;m em comum com o
               presente estudo a associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores mais elevados de POAP e resposta positiva
               ao uso de CPAP. No entanto, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular esquerda, condi&#231;&#227;o exclu&#237;da do presente estudo. Sabe-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o da
               p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda imposta pelo CPAP pode ser particularmente vantajosa
               na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Em contraste, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o
               pulmonar e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, sabe-se que a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com press&#227;o
               positiva pode ter &#8203;&#8203;efeitos hemodin&#226;micos negativos. O aumento do volume pulmonar e
               diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade residual funcional podem aumentar a resist&#234;ncia vascular
               pulmonar e, consequentemente, a imped&#226;ncia de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito,
               principalmente em pacientes com fal&#234;ncia pr&#233;-existente do ventr&#237;culo direito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Os efeitos agudos da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva
               em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar extrema n&#227;o s&#227;o bem descritos. Embora o uso de
               CPAP tenha sido extensivamente estudado em doentes com s&#237;ndrome de apneia do sono,
               esta condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; habitualmente associada a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar mais leve do que a
               observada no presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Em um estudo que incluiu 20 pacientes sem
               patologias card&#237;acas ou pulmonares, apenas cinco destes preencheram crit&#233;rios de
               hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Neste estudo, a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia do grupo foi de
               16,8 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Nos 40 pacientes portadores de
               apneia obstrutiva do sono e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar estudados por Laks e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar
               estimada ao ecocardiograma variou de 20 a 52 mmHg e sua m&#233;dia foi de apenas 29 mmHg.
               Um ensaio com apenas nove pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica
               com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria por descompensa&#231;&#227;o foram estudados atrav&#233;s de
               monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva com press&#227;o
               suporte e press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria positiva (PEEP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Houve queda significativa do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco associada ao uso de PEEP de 5
                  cmH<sub>2</sub>O. Entretanto, embora todos pacientes apresentassem hipertens&#227;o
               pulmonar ao menos moderada, a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar foi de 27 mmHg,
               valor bastante inferior ao do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde extensa revis&#227;o da literatura nos permite considerar, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos
               efeitos hemodin&#226;micos agudos da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva em pacientes com t&#227;o
               acentuada hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ainda n&#227;o havia sido realizada. Embora nossa amostra,
               composta por pacientes portadores de estenose mitral grave, possa representar um
               perfil de pacientes com desempenho sist&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo preservado
               associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar, n&#227;o se pode determinar se outras
               etiologias de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda teriam a mesma
               resposta para o uso da CPAP.</p>
        <p>Outro resultado importante deste estudo foi que o uso de CPAP se mostrou seguro nas
               condi&#231;&#245;es aplicadas no presente estudo, do mesmo modo como descrito por outros
               autores. Apenas a press&#227;o atrial direita apresentou uma varia&#231;&#227;o significativa
               durante a pressuriza&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas. Nas condi&#231;&#245;es estudadas, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o
               significativa de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos relevantes, tais como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,
               press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e satura&#231;&#227;o
               arterial de oxig&#234;nio. Ap&#243;s os pesquisadores explicarem os procedimentos aos
               pacientes, incluindo detalhes dos aspectos relacionados &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, o
               uso de CPAP foi bem tolerado at&#233; mesmo na press&#227;o de 14 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. N&#227;o houve
               casos nos quais tenha sido necess&#225;ria a retirada da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva por
               solicita&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Deve-se ressaltar ainda que n&#227;o houve registro de qualquer
               complica&#231;&#227;o diretamente relacionada ao uso dos sistemas pressurizados de
               ventila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O uso da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva tem se mostrado capaz de diminuir a necessidade de
               entuba&#231;&#227;o, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade na UTI em pacientes com
               insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda hipox&#234;mica. Isto decorre de seus efeitos sobre o
               status hemodin&#226;nico e a mec&#226;nica pulmonar. No que se refere ao sistema respirat&#243;rio,
               sua aplica&#231;&#227;o tem como principais benef&#237;cios fisiol&#243;gicos, al&#233;m da melhora da
               oxigena&#231;&#227;o, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do trabalho respirat&#243;rio. Quanto &#224; aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica do
               presente estudo, se forem levados em considera&#231;&#227;o que os benef&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios da
               CPAP permaneceriam mantidos, a pequena varia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos
               relevantes favorece o uso da CPAP em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria
               hipox&#234;mica e perfil hemodin&#226;mico semelhante ao estudado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo se baseia no fato de os pacientes se encontrarem
                  clinicamente est&#225;veis durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos do estudo.
                  Habitualmente, a aplica&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva est&#225; indicada nos pacientes
                  com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. Portanto, no que se refere &#224; melhor metodologia
                  cient&#237;fica, o ideal seria avaliar as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas dos pacientes com
                  congest&#227;o pulmonar antes de qualquer tratamento e durante o uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
                  invasiva. No entanto, esta abordagem n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel por uma s&#233;rie de fatores.
                  Primeiro, seria arriscado manter um paciente com congest&#227;o pulmonar sem tratamento
                  adequado enquanto se providencia a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva. Segundo, a grande
                  maioria dos pacientes com congest&#227;o pulmonar e/ou edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es n&#227;o
                  necessita de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva como parte do tratamento. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o est&#225;
                  relacionada a uma s&#233;rie de complica&#231;&#245;es que traria maior risco ao paciente e,
                  portanto, implicaria em um julgamento &#233;tico question&#225;vel. Por fim, esta estrat&#233;gia
                  limitaria de modo expressivo o n&#250;mero de pacientes selecion&#225;veis, colocando em
                  risco a viabilidade do estudo. Ainda vale ressaltar que, embora o estudo n&#227;o tenha
                  sido realizado em pacientes com instabilidade cl&#237;nica, nada impede que seu valor
                  possa se estender para essa situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pacientes portadores de estenose mitral, com hipertens&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar e
               sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, a resposta do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ao uso de CPAP
               esteve diretamente associada ao grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de CPAP n&#227;o
               acarretou complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas diretamente aos sistemas de ventila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bento AM, Cardoso LF, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO,
                  Kajita LJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bento AM, Cardoso LF, Sampaio RO, Kajita LJ; An&#225;lise
                  e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bento AM, Cardoso LF, Lemos Neto
                  PA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bento AM, Cardoso LF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
                  quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bento AM, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO,
                  Lemos Neto PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Andr&#233; Moreira Bento pelo Instituto do
                  Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
