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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tHWrZybGNPvxNHz5RjnY3hy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040161</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140161</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Intensive Physiotherapy on Cognitive Function after Coronary
               Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Elder dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magario</surname>
            <given-names>Rosmeiri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conforti</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arena</surname>
            <given-names>Ross</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo;
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">USP - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP;
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Santos, Santos, SP;
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UNB - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, DF -
               Brazil;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Virginia Commonwealth University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Richmond</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">VA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA -
               EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Elder dos Santos Cavalcante</bold>. Av. Francisco Glic&#233;rio
               121, 63, Gonzaga - Postal Code 11065-402, Santos, SP - Brazil. Email:
                  <email>drelder@hotmail.com</email>; <email>dreldercavalcante@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cavalcante ES, Conforti CA, Carvalho ACC,
                  Buffolo E, Luna Filho B; Acquisition of data: Cavalcante ES, Magario R; Analysis
                  and interpretation of the data: Cavalcante ES, Magario R, Luna Filho B;
                  Statistical analysis: Luna Filho B; Writing of the manuscript: Cavalcante ES,
                  Cipriano J&#250;nior G, Arena R, Luna Filho B; Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Cavalcante ES, Conforti CA, Cipriano J&#250;nior G, Carvalho ACC,
                  Buffolo E, Luna Filho B.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>391</fpage>
      <lpage>397</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a standard surgical option for patients
                  with diffuse and significant arterial plaque. This procedure, however, is not free
                  of postoperative complications, especially pulmonary and cognitive disorders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed at comparing the impact of two different physiotherapy treatment
                  approaches on pulmonary and cognitive function of patients undergoing CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Neuropsychological and pulmonary function tests were applied, prior to and
                  following CABG, to 39 patients randomized into two groups as follows: Group 1
                  (control) - 20 patients underwent one physiotherapy session daily; and Group 2
                  (intensive physiotherapy) - 19 patients underwent three physiotherapy sessions
                  daily during the recovery phase at the hospital. Non-paired and paired Student t
                  tests were used to compare continuous variables. Variables without normal
                  distribution were compared between groups by using Mann-Whitney test, and, within
                  the same group at different times, by using Wilcoxon test. The chi-square test
                  assessed differences of categorical variables. Statistical tests with a p value &#8804;
                  0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Changes in pulmonary function were not significantly different between the groups.
                  However, while Group 2 patients showed no decline in their neurocognitive
                  function, Group 1 patients showed a decline in their cognitive functions (P &#8804;
                  0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Those results highlight the importance of physiotherapy after CABG and support the
                  implementation of multiple sessions per day, providing patients with better
                  psychosocial conditions and less morbidity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization / rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Therapy Speciality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is effective to treat advanced coronary artery
            disease (CAD), improving quality of life and prognosis of patients with that
               condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although CABG is the standard surgical option for CAD, the potential for postoperative
            complications may interfere with patient recovery. The most frequently complications
            are: pulmonary and/or cognitive function decline; infections; cardiac arrhythmias; acute
            myocardial infarction; and acute renal failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.
            Undoubtedly, pulmonary complications are the most frequent findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The decrease
            in total lung capacity (TLC) and subdivisions [vital capacity (VC), functional residual
            capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV] following CABG
            may trigger complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. This decrease results from the monotonous pattern
            of shallow breaths without periodic maximal insufflations due to respiratory drive
            depression caused by both anesthesia and the surgical technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Other causes of morbidity in the postoperative period of CABG include neurological
            complications, which affect up to 75% of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. These complications are divided into three levels: 1) cognitive changes
            (incidence ranging from 33% to 83%); 2) postoperative delirium (incidence ranging from
            10% to 30%); and 3) stroke (incidence ranging from 1% to 6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Affective and
            cognitive changes, described as changes in intellectual and behavioral functions, have
            been defined as comprising the inability to perform arithmetic functions, large mood
            swings, and explosive temper. Unfortunately, these cognitive changes have not received
            considerable attention, but are part of the patients' complains as follows: "I am not
            the same after surgery" or "I don't have the same disposition"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms of neurocognitive changes are still a matter of debate. Possible
            hypotheses include cerebral hypoperfusion, cerebral macro- and microembolism, and
            secondary encephalic damage due to systemic inflammatory response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.
            Investigations exploring potential interventions to maintain normal cognitive function
            are important, mainly when considering the negative impact of its moderate or minor loss
            on the patient's quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although physiotherapy is considered to improve post-CABG functional mobility, its
            ability to prevent pulmonary and/or neurocognitive complications has not been
            sufficiently investigated. In addition, the frequency of the physiotherapy treatment
            approaches can differ, and there is no consensus on its ideal protocol. This study
            assessed the impact of two different physiotherapy protocols on pulmonary and
            neurocognitive functions of patients recently submitted to CABG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective study with patients randomized into two subgroups of different
            physiotherapy treatment approaches, by use of a list made from a table of random
            numbers. Control patients (Group 1) underwent physiotherapy only once a day in the
            morning. The intensive physiotherapy group (Group 2) underwent the same treatment three
            times a day: morning, afternoon and early evening. This study was performed at S&#227;o Paulo
            Hospital, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, and at Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia of the city of
            Santos, both in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. Approval of the local ethics committee
            was obtained prior to study initiation, and all patients signed a written informed
            consent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Participants were recruited by the cardiac surgery team. The inclusion criterion was
               to undergo CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The exclusion criteria were as
               follows: emergency surgical indication for CABG; age &gt; 74 years; left ventricular
               ejection fraction &lt; 30%; and cognitive deficits preventing the performance of
               neurocognitive tests.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Postoperative Clinical Evaluation</title>
        <p>Postoperative complications were assessed via search in the patients' medical records
               by the same medical team and meeting standardized diagnostic criteria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary Function Evaluation</title>
        <p>Pulmonary expiratory volumes and respiratory muscle strength were assessed during the
               preoperative period, and on the third and sixth postoperative days. The last
               evaluation was on the day of hospital discharge. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and
               forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) were determined with a
               spirometer (Microquark, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Maximal inspiratory and expiratory
               pressures (MaxIP and MaxEP, respectively), which are indicators of respiratory muscle
               strength, were assessed with a manovacuometer (Gerar<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP,
               Brazil). All procedures abided by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory
               Society Statement on respiratory muscle testing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The pulmonary function results were interpreted by the first author
               (ESC), who was blind to group assignment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cognitive Function Evaluation</title>
        <p>The cognitive assessment, carried out in all patients, consisted of a battery of four
               tests applied by a certified psychologist (RM) in the pre- (one day before surgery)
               and postoperative (on the day of hospital discharge) periods. The tests included: the
               Digit Span Subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
               <sup>,</sup>
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; the Benton Revised Visual Retention
                  Test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>; the Trail Making Test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; and the Digit Symbol Subtest of the Wechsler
               Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Those tests focused on different cognitive aptitudes. Selective attention, ability
               for alternating sequence, mental flexibility, and visual skill to search were
               assessed by using the Trail Making Test. Short-term memory, visual skill and
               attention were assessed by using the Digit Span Test. Recent memory and verbal
               immediate recall were assessed by using the Digit Symbol Test, and visual motor
               coordination speed, by using the Coding Test. Finally, visual memory, visual
               discernment and visual motor skill were assessed by using the Benton Visual Test. All
               these tests are acknowledged by the American Society of Neuropsychiatry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Patients were instructed about the tests before taking them to ensure their
                  understanding<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
               <sup>,</sup>
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The psychologist interpreted the cognitive
               tests blindly to group assignment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physiotherapy Protocol</title>
        <p>On the first and second postoperative days, the patients remained at the
               Postoperative Intensive Care Unit under the care of the cardiovascular surgery
               physiotherapy team and following a specific postoperative protocol. The physiotherapy
               protocol of this study was applied by co-authors ESC and CAC during length of stay in
               cardiac ward on the third postoperative day. This day was chosen to avoid
               interference with the medical staff of the intensive care unit.</p>
        <p>The breathing exercises consisted of the following trainings with four sets of ten
               repetitions: diaphragmatic breathing pattern; and ventilatory pattern inspiration in
               2 times associated with elevation of the arms. This protocol is based on respiratory
               kinesiotherapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Analysis</title>
        <p>Variables were expressed as means, proportions, standard deviation and frequency,
               according to their nature. Continuous variables with normal distribution were
               compared intragroup (same group at different times) and intergroup (Group 1 versus
               Group 2) by using paired and non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> tests,
               respectively. Chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. For variables
               without normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison between
               different groups, and Wilcoxon test for intragroup analysis at different times.</p>
        <p>Assuming a 5% alpha error and a 20% beta error, a sample of at least 18 patients in
               each group was estimated to be necessary to detect a 30% difference between the
               physiotherapy protocols evaluated. Statistical tests with p value &#8804; 0.05 were
               considered significant. The SPSS for Windows, version 11, was used for statistical
               analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample consisted of 39 patients with mean age of 61.95 &#177; 8.5 years, and 17 (43.6%)
            males and 22 (56.4%) females. Regarding their educational level, 24 patients (61.5%) had
            only elementary education, 12 (30.8%) had high-school education, and three (7.7%),
            higher education. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic
            characteristics and surgical variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and surgical data of the patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Group 1</th>
              <th>Group 2</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>N</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">60.75 (&#177; 7.43)</td>
              <td align="center">63.21 (&#177; 9.57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gender Male</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total coronary grafts</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One coronary graft</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Two coronary grafts</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Three coronary grafts</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total surgical time (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">321.25 (&#177; 45.66)</td>
              <td align="center">361.00 (&#177; 72.64)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anoxia time (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">53.30 (&#177; 19.61)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (&#177; 14.17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Perfusion time (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">89.90 (&#177; 28.12)</td>
              <td align="center">98.21 (&#177; 21.51)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Intergroup analysis by using Student t test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Postoperative Clinical Assessment</title>
        <p>Postoperative complications were found in 59% of the patients, and consisted of
               atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumonia, pericardial effusion, and acute atrial
               fibrillation. Atelectasis was the major postoperative complication, present in 25% of
               Group 1 patients and 42% of Group 2 patients, followed by pleural effusion in 10% and
               15%, respectively, but without statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pulmonary Function</title>
        <p>Both groups showed a respiratory rate (RR) increase from the preoperative period to
               the third postoperative day. Similar behavior was observed between the third
               postoperative day and hospital discharge, with a decrease in RR, which returned to
               baseline values. Both FVC and FEV<sub>1 </sub>decreased in Groups 1 and 2 from the
               preoperative to the postoperative periods. As expected, until discharge, there was a
               gradual return of those variables to baseline values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Respiratory variables (mean &#177; SD) in the preoperative period (Pre) and on
                     the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> postoperative (PO) days</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Respiratory variables</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Group 1</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Group 2</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Pre</th>
                <th>3<sup>rd</sup> PO</th>
                <th>6<sup>th</sup> PO</th>
                <th>Pre</th>
                <th>3<sup>rd</sup> PO</th>
                <th>6<sup>th</sup> PO</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RR</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 (2.28)</td>
                <td align="center">17.25 (1.97)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">14.75 (2.07)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">14.21 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">17.84 (3.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">14.89 (2.26)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FVC</td>
                <td align="center">319.80 (119.68)</td>
                <td align="center">161.20 (83.26)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">216.65 (109.20)</td>
                <td align="center">299.47 (96.87)</td>
                <td align="center">163.74 (74.17)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">226.32 (67.06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEV<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center">2.45 (0.82)</td>
                <td align="center">1.25 (0.58)</td>
                <td align="center">1.71 (0.79)</td>
                <td align="center">2.44 (0.88)</td>
                <td align="center">1.31 (0.57)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1.79 (0.51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MaxIP</td>
                <td align="center">-100.50 (25.13)</td>
                <td align="center">-55.75 (19.62)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-84 (25.68)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-98.42 (&#177;26.51)</td>
                <td align="center">-53.16 (17.97)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-81.05 (21.45)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MaxEP</td>
                <td align="center">108.75 (4.05)</td>
                <td align="center">78.75 (26.30)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">85.60 (48.79)</td>
                <td align="center">108.95 (22.89)</td>
                <td align="center">76.58 (18.19)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">99.11 (18.11)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RR: respiratory rate per minute; FVC: forced vital capacity;
                        FEV<sub>1</sub>; forced expiratory volume in the 1<sup>st</sup> second;
                        MaxIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; MaxEP: maximal expiratory pressure.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding respiratory muscle strength, from the preoperative period to the third
               postoperative day, MaxIP and MaxEP decreased in both groups. An increase in MaxIP and
               MaxEP was observed before hospital discharge in both groups and with statistical
               significance in all periods (p &lt; 0.05). However, MaxEP showed statistical
               difference only between the preoperative period and the third postoperative day
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Comparing Group 1 and Group 2, no respiratory variable showed statistical
               difference.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cognitive Function</title>
        <p>Several tests expressing different neurocognitive functions were performed to detect
               postoperative changes as already reported in the literature.</p>
        <p>Regarding the neurocognitive function analysis focusing on selective attention and
               ability for alternating sequence, assessed by using part A of the Trail Making Test,
               both groups showed increasing scores between the preoperative period and hospital
               discharge, but without statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). However, part B of the same test showed a different behavior:
               Group 1 had a decrease in its initial score, while Group 2 had an increase during
               that same period. Comparing Group 1 and Group 2, the difference was statistically
               significant (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Neurocognitive variables (mean &#177; SD) in the preoperative period (Pre) and
                     on the 6<sup>th</sup> postoperative (PO) day</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Cognitive variables</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Group 1</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Group 2</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Pre</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>6<sup>th</sup>PO</th>
                <th>Pre</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>6<sup>th</sup>PO</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Trail A</td>
                <td align="center">39.5 (27.81)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">41.25 (29.77)</td>
                <td align="center">19,47 (21.91)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">21.58 (17.08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trail B<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">24.5 (19.05)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">20.5 (17.84)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (12.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">19.47 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digit Test<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">45.5 (30.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 (28.23)</td>
                <td align="center">30.89 (22.73)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">32.05 (23.64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coding Test<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31.2 (32.16)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">17.95 (23.85)</td>
                <td align="center">5.95 (8.13)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">4.63 (4.96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Benton Start</td>
                <td align="center">21.6 (20.89)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">18.40 (19.24)</td>
                <td align="center">23.47 (20.78)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">18.84 (21.50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Benton End</td>
                <td align="center">13.65 (17.23)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">11.25 (13.76)</td>
                <td align="center">33.63 (27.85)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">30.16 (30.24)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Statistically significant for comparison between Group 1 and Group 2 (p &lt;
                        0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution of the neurocognitive functions - Trail B Test, Digit Test and
                     Coding Test - during the preoperative period (Pre) and on the 6<sup>th</sup>
                     postoperative (PO) day. The results are expressed as mean &#177; SD. The comparison
                     between groups was performed by using Mann-Whitney Test (* p &lt;
                     0.01).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0391-40161-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The Digit Symbol Test detected a decrease in score of Group 1 between the
               preoperative period and hospital discharge. Differently, Group 2 showed an increase
               in score, but without statistical significance. By the same token, when we compared
               Group 1 and Group 2, the difference was statistically significant. Regarding the
               Coding Test, both Group 1 and Group 2 showed a decreasing score, which was lower in
               Group 2. The statistical analysis between the groups was significant in both Digit
               Symbol and Coding tests (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        <p>Similar findings were observed with Benton Visual Test, with groups showing a
               decrease in score between the preoperative period and hospital discharge. The results
               of Benton End Test were also statistically significant when comparing Group 1 and
               Group 2 (p &lt;0.01). From the viewpoint of the cognitive tests applied, Group 2
               performed better (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution of the neurocognitive functions - Benton Test Start and Benton
                     Test End - during the preoperative period (Pre) and on hospital discharge
                        (6<sup>th</sup> day). The results are expressed as mean &#177; SD. The comparison
                     between groups was performed by using Mann-Whitney Test (* p &lt;
                     0.01).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0391-40161-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The postoperative period immediately following CABG is a critical time when a number of
            complications may influence patient recovery. However, patient care during early
            recovery does not only focus on complication and morbidity prevention, but is also aimed
            at improving the patient's functional recovery.</p>
      <p>In this study, CABG with CPB showed morbidity related to abnormalities of the
            respiratory and neurocognitive functions. The oxygenation and artificial circulation
            employed in that type of surgery, in addition to the procedure itself (sternotomy), are
            likely culprits for those changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In this
            sample of patients, the motor and sensory stimulation delivered by physiotherapy
            sessions three times a day improved the cognitive functions despite lack of additional
            effect on the pulmonary functions.</p>
      <p>Of the risk factors involved in neurocognitive dysfunction in the perioperative period,
            three specifically stand out: age, educational level, and previous diseases.
            Particularly important risk factors in the intraoperative period are as follows: embolus
            formation; CPB time; air bubbles originating from the oxygenator; blood pressure level;
            and the temperature elevation that may occur in the postoperative period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mean CPB time of 95.05 minutes found in this study was not a risk factor for
            complication per se. In medical literature, there is concern about time longer than 100
               minutes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In accordance with other studies, we found a significant
            decrease in lung volume, lung capacities and respiratory muscle strength (FVC,
               FEV<sub>1</sub>, MaxIP and MaxEP) during the postoperative period (third
            postoperative day)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In both groups, all
            respiratory variables (FVC, FEV<sub>1</sub>, MaxIP and MaxEP) decreased, but without
            statistical significance. These changes are due to an increase in the peak pressure of
            airways and a decrease in lung compliance, indicating an elevation in respiratory system
            resistance, which can be influenced by CPB, surgical incision, diaphragmatic
            dysfunction, pain and immobilization in bed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Most factors described emphasize the importance
            of physiotherapy in this population. Less pain, better chest mobility and alveolar
            ventilation are known to minimize the likelihood of postoperative complications, thus
            leading to less morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. It is also
            well-known that breathing exercises may attenuate the decline of respiratory variables
            in the postoperative period of thoracic surgeries. Our findings indicate that one daily
            physiotherapy session was sufficient to produce the desired pulmonary improvements
            during the acute postoperative phase. Surprisingly, the group performing more
            physiotherapy exercises had a significantly better restoration of neurocognitive
            functions. Therefore, the increase in the frequency of physiotherapy sessions may reduce
            postoperative morbidity related to neurocognitive dysfunction, which usually lasts days
            and even months after heart surgery, impairing memory, concentration, language,
            understanding, learning, speed of response and visual motor integration. It is worth
            noting that such negative effects have been linked to the quality of life of patients
            undergoing CABG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. We hypothesized that the
            increase in physiotherapy frequency may result in a greater stimulation of the
            sensory/motor system, providing a greater activation of afferent nerves to the
            neurocognitive system and influencing a better patient outcome.</p>
      <p>The major exclusion criterion for this study was age older than 74 years. Neurocognitive
            function decline in the postoperative period (reported as up to 9%) is much more common
            and expected above that age. The cohort assessed in this study had a mean age of 60
            years, which has been related to a smaller effect on neurocognitive functions in the
            postoperative period. When age was related to cognitive function, only the Digit Span
            test, which assesses visual motor coordination speed, found different scores,
            represented by a smaller one in Group 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, some results of cognitive impairment in patients undergoing CABG with CPB
            differed from those reported in the medical literature. Most of the neurocognitive tests
            performed showed increased or slightly decreased scores between the preoperative period
            and hospital discharge in Group 2, which underwent much more intense and frequent
            physiotherapy sessions.</p>
      <p>Evaluation of selective attention and ability for alternating sequence, assessed by
            using Trail Making Test, part A, in both groups showed a slight score increase between
            the preoperative period and hospital discharge. However, in part B of the same test,
            Group 2, unlike Group 1, increased its score between the preoperative period and
            hospital discharge, suggesting that greater stimuli improved cognitive function. Similar
            behavior occurred when the short-term memory and verbal immediate recall were evaluated
            by using Digit Symbol Test: Group 1 showed a score decrease, while Group 2 showed a
            score increase. When the speed of visual motor coordination and visual memory (Coding
            and Benton Visual Tests) were analyzed, a decline in both groups was observed, being
            bigger in Group 1 (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p>The medical literature has reported that mild neurocognitive abnormalities may occur
            following cardiac surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Surprisingly, some
            tests showed an increase in the scores of the group treated with physiotherapy three
            times a day. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the influence of
            physiotherapy on cognitive function. In our clinical practice, we have observed that
            patients undergoing cardiac surgery evolve better in relation to both pulmonary
            physiology and neurocognitive function when treated with more frequent physiotherapy
            sessions, highlighting the dynamic interaction between body and mind. This led us to
            plan this project in an attempt to verify whether this effect would actually occur.</p>
      <p>Sample size is the most important study limitation. But even with a not very large
            number of patients and relatively simple physiotherapy protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, our results confirm the hypothesis that patients undergoing more
            physiotherapy sessions have a better cognitive restoration until hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>We suggest that the greater amount of physiotherapy during hospitalization would
            increase the number of synapses in the cortical afferent system and improve neuronal
            communication, resulting in the minimization or mitigation of neurocognitive disorders
            caused by cardiac surgery.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>As shown in this study, CABG with CPB leads to alterations of pulmonary and
            neurocognitive functions in the postoperative period that may hinder the patient's
            clinical outcome. Respiratory therapy is a way to minimize the damage to lung function
            in this population.</p>
      <p>Surprisingly, neurocognitive functions showed increased scores in the group undergoing
            more respiratory physiotherapy sessions per day, with enhanced perioperative levels,
            suggesting that when patients are more stimulated, they have greater neurocognitive
            development.</p>
      <p>Studies correlating respiratory physiotherapy with neurocognitive function in the
            postoperative period of cardiac surgery lack. Our results encourage further studies on
            this theme. This new approach opens a new avenue of exploration, not only to the
            possibility of decreasing the potential damage related to the neuropsychological sphere
            secondary to cardiac surgery with CPB, but perhaps as a simple and practical strategy to
            prevent or minimize such changes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Elder dos Santos
               Cavalcante, from UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Fisioterapia Intensiva no P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rio de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
               Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Elder dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magario</surname>
            <given-names>Rosmeiri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conforti</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arena</surname>
            <given-names>Ross</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Antonio Carlos C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o
               Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">USP - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP;
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Santos, Santos, SP;
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNB - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UNB - Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, DF -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Virginia Commonwealth University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Richmond</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">VA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA -
               EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Elder dos Santos Cavalcante,</bold> Av. Francisco Glic&#233;rio
               121, 63, Gonzaga - CEP 11065-402, Santos, SP - Brasil. Email:
                  <email>drelder@hotmail.com</email>; <email>dreldercavalcante@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cavalcante ES, Conforti CA, Carvalho ACC, Buffolo
                  E, Luna Filho B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cavalcante ES, Magario R; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cavalcante ES, Magario R, Luna Filho B; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Luna Filho B; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cavalcante ES, Cipriano J&#250;nior
                  G, Arena R, Luna Filho B; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Cavalcante ES, Conforti CA, Cipriano J&#250;nior G, Carvalho
                  ACC, Buffolo E, Luna Filho B.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) &#233; a op&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica padr&#227;o para
                  pacientes com placas arteriais difusas e significativas. Tal procedimento, no
                  entanto, n&#227;o &#233; desprovido de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, especialmente
                  dist&#250;rbios pulmonares e cognitivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar o impacto de duas abordagens fisioterap&#234;uticas diferentes nas fun&#231;&#245;es
                  pulmonar e cognitiva de pacientes submetidos a CRM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e neuropsicol&#243;gicos foram aplicados, antes e ap&#243;s CRM, a
                  39 pacientes randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo 1 - 20 pacientes-controle
                  submetidos a uma sess&#227;o de fisioterapia por dia; Grupo 2 - 19 pacientes submetidos
                  a tr&#234;s sess&#245;es de fisioterapia por dia durante recupera&#231;&#227;o no hospital. Testes
                     <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> pareado e n&#227;o pareado foram
                  usados para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal
                  foram comparadas entre os grupos usando-se o teste de
                     <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic>, e, dentro do mesmo grupo em momentos diferentes,
                  usando-se o teste de <italic>Wilcoxon</italic>. O teste do qui-quadrado avaliou
                  diferen&#231;as das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Testes estat&#237;sticos com p valor &#8804; 0,05 foram
                  considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos.
                  Entretanto, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu com a fun&#231;&#227;o neurocognitiva, que apresentou
                  decl&#237;nio no Grupo 1, mas n&#227;o no Grupo 2 (p &#8804; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Tais resultados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da fisioterapia ap&#243;s CRM e da realiza&#231;&#227;o de
                  m&#250;ltiplas sess&#245;es por dia, o que oferece aos pacientes melhores condi&#231;&#245;es
                  psicossociais e menos morbidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Fisioterapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) &#233; eficaz no tratamento avan&#231;ado da
               doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC), melhorando a qualidade de vida e o progn&#243;stico dos
               portadores dessa condi&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora a CRM seja a op&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica padr&#227;o para DAC, seu potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias pode interferir na recupera&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Dessas complica&#231;&#245;es, as
               mais encontradas s&#227;o: decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e/ou cognitiva; infec&#231;&#245;es;
               arritmias card&#237;acas; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Dentre essas, sem d&#250;vida, as pulmonares s&#227;o as
               mais frequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade pulmonar total
               (CPT) e de suas subdivis&#245;es [capacidade vital (CV), capacidade residual funcional
               (CRF), volume residual (VR) e volume expirat&#243;rio de reserva (VER)] ap&#243;s CRM pode
               causar dificuldades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Tal decr&#233;scimo resulta de um padr&#227;o mon&#243;tono
               de respira&#231;&#245;es superficiais sem insufla&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas peri&#243;dicas devido &#224; depress&#227;o do
               movimento respirat&#243;rio causada tanto pela anestesia quanto pela t&#233;cnica
                  cir&#250;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas s&#227;o outra causa de morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM,
               afetando at&#233; 75% dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, sendo
               divididas em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis: 1) altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas (incid&#234;ncia: de 33% a 83%); 2)
               del&#237;rio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (incid&#234;ncia: de 10% a 30%); e 3) acidente vascular encef&#225;lico
               (incid&#234;ncia: de 1% a 6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Dist&#250;rbios afetivos e cognitivos, descritos
               como altera&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es intelectuais e comportamentais, foram definidos como
               incapacidade de realizar c&#225;lculos aritm&#233;ticos, grandes oscila&#231;&#245;es do humor, e
               temperamento explosivo. Ainda que tais altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas n&#227;o tenham recebido
               muita aten&#231;&#227;o, elas s&#227;o parte importante das queixas dos pacientes: "N&#227;o sou o mesmo
               ap&#243;s a cirurgia" ou "N&#227;o tenho a mesma atitude mental"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos das altera&#231;&#245;es neurocognitivas ainda s&#227;o controversos. Poss&#237;veis
               hip&#243;teses incluem hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral, macro- e microembolia cerebral, e les&#227;o
               encef&#225;lica secund&#225;ria &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.
               Investiga&#231;&#245;es que explorem poss&#237;veis interven&#231;&#245;es para manter a fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva
               normal s&#227;o importantes, principalmente em se considerando que a perda moderada ou
               leve dessa fun&#231;&#227;o tem impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora a fisioterapia seja considerada uma t&#233;cnica para melhorar a mobilidade
               funcional ap&#243;s a CRM, sua habilidade em prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e/ou
               neurocognitivas ainda n&#227;o foi suficientemente investigada. Al&#233;m disso, a frequ&#234;ncia
               das abordagens fisioterap&#234;uticas pode variar, n&#227;o havendo consenso quanto ao seu
               protocolo ideal. Este estudo avaliou o impacto de dois diferentes protocolos de
               fisioterapia nas fun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e neurocognitivas de pacientes rec&#233;m-submetidos a
                  CRM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, randomizado, com dois subgrupos, constitu&#237;dos a
               partir de uma lista de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios, para diferentes abordagens
               fisioterap&#234;uticas. Os pacientes do grupo controle (Grupo 1) receberam fisioterapia
               apenas uma vez ao dia, pela manh&#227;. O grupo de fisioterapia intensiva (Grupo 2)
               recebeu a mesma fisioterapia tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, pela manh&#227;, tarde e in&#237;cio da noite.
               Este estudo foi realizado no Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, e na Santa
               Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Santos, no Brasil. Obteve-se aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica
               local antes do in&#237;cio do estudo, e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de
               consentimento livre e informado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram recrutados pelo grupo da cirurgia card&#237;aca. O crit&#233;rio de
                  inclus&#227;o foi submiss&#227;o a CRM com <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar (BCP). Os
                  seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram adotados: CRM de emerg&#234;ncia; idade &gt; 74
                  anos; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 30%; e d&#233;ficit cognitivo que
                  impedisse a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes neurocognitivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica P&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foi avaliada nos prontu&#225;rios dos
                  pacientes pelo mesmo grupo m&#233;dico, usando-se crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos
                  padronizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</title>
          <p>Avaliaram-se os volumes expirat&#243;rios pulmonares e a for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria no
                  per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e no terceiro e no sexto dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, sendo a
                  &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no dia da alta hospitalar. A capacidade vital for&#231;ada
                  (CVF) e o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>) foram
                  determinados com um espir&#244;metro (Microquark, Cosmed, Roma, It&#225;lia). As press&#245;es
                  inspirat&#243;ria e expirat&#243;ria m&#225;ximas (PIm&#225;x e PEm&#225;x, respectivamente), indicadoras
                  de for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, foram medidas com um manovacu&#244;metro (Gerar (r),
                  S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados conforme as normas
                  sobre exames de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios das Sociedades Tor&#225;cica
                  Americana e Respirat&#243;ria Europeia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Os
                  resultados dos exames de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foram interpretados pelo primeiro autor
                  (ESC), de forma cega para a designa&#231;&#227;o de grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Cognitiva</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, que consistiu de uma
                  bateria de quatro testes aplicados por uma psic&#243;loga (RM) nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;- (um
                  dia antes da cirurgia) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios (dia da alta hospitalar). Os seguintes
                  testes foram utilizados: <italic>Digit Span Test</italic> da Escala de
                  Intelig&#234;ncia Wechsler para Adulto-Revisada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; Teste de
                  Reten&#231;&#227;o Visual de Benton Revisado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>;
                     <italic>Trail Making Test</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; e
                  Subteste de Substitui&#231;&#227;o de D&#237;gitos por S&#237;mbolos da Escala de Intelig&#234;ncia
                  Wechsler para Adulto-Revisada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>Esses testes t&#234;m por foco as diferentes aptid&#245;es cognitivas. O <italic>Trail
                     Making Test</italic> avalia aten&#231;&#227;o seletiva, sequenciamento alternado,
                  flexibilidade mental e habilidade visuo-perceptiva. O <italic>Digit Span
                     Test</italic> avalia mem&#243;ria de curto prazo, habilidade visual e aten&#231;&#227;o. A
                  mem&#243;ria recente e a mem&#243;ria verbal imediata foram avaliadas usando-se o Subteste
                  de Substitui&#231;&#227;o de D&#237;gitos por S&#237;mbolos, e a velocidade de coordena&#231;&#227;o motora
                  visual, pelo <italic>Coding Test</italic>. Por fim, mem&#243;ria visual, discernimento
                  visual e habilidade motora visual foram avaliados usando-se o Teste de Reten&#231;&#227;o
                  Visual de Benton. Todos esses testes s&#227;o reconhecidos pela Sociedade Americana de
                     Neuropsiquiatria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os testes foram explicados para os pacientes antes de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, para
                  garantir a compreens&#227;o das instru&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A psic&#243;loga
                  interpretou os testes cognitivos de forma cega para a designa&#231;&#227;o de grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de fisioterapia</title>
          <p>No primeiro e segundo dias ap&#243;s a CRM, os pacientes permaneceram na unidade de
                  terapia intensiva de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sob os cuidados dos fisioterapeutas da
                  cirurgia cardiovascular e seguindo um protocolo espec&#237;fico. O protocolo de
                  fisioterapia deste estudo foi aplicado pelos coautores (ESC e CAC) durante a
                  perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes na enfermaria card&#237;aca no terceiro dia de
                  p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Tal data foi escolhida para evitar a interfer&#234;ncia da equipe
                  m&#233;dica da unidade anterior.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes exerc&#237;cios foram realizados com quatro s&#233;ries de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es cada:
                  padr&#227;o ventilat&#243;rio diafragm&#225;tico; e padr&#227;o ventilat&#243;rio em dois tempos, associado
                  a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos bra&#231;os em sentido cranial. Esse protocolo teve por base t&#233;cnicas de
                  cinesioterapia respirat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de Dados</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram expressas como m&#233;dias, propor&#231;&#245;es, desvio padr&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia,
                  de acordo com suas naturezas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram
                  comparadas intragrupo (mesmo grupo em momentos diferentes) e intergrupo (Grupo 1
                     <italic>versus</italic> Grupo 2) usando-se os testes <italic>t</italic> de
                  Student pareado e n&#227;o pareado, respectivamente. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado
                  para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, usou-se o
                  teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes grupos, e o teste de
                  Wilcoxon para an&#225;lise intragrupo em momentos diferentes.</p>
          <p>Assumindo-se um erro alfa de 5% e um erro beta de 20%, estimou-se que seriam
                  necess&#225;rios pelo menos 18 pacientes em cada grupo para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de
                  30% entre os procedimentos fisioter&#225;picos avaliados. Adotou-se um valor de p &#8804;
                  0,05 para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram
                  realizadas com o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 11.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra do estudo consistiu em 39 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 61,95 &#177; 8,5 anos,
               sendo 17 (43,6%) homens e 22 (56,4%) mulheres. Quanto ao n&#237;vel educacional, 24
               pacientes (61,5%) tinham apenas n&#237;vel fundamental, 12 (30,8%), m&#233;dio, e 3 (7,7%),
               superior. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as
               caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e as vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cir&#250;rgicos dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Grupo 1</th>
                <th>Grupo 2</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">60,75 (&#177; 7,43)</td>
                <td align="center">63,21 (&#177; 9,57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total de enxertos coron&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um enxerto coron&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois enxertos coron&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s enxertos coron&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo cir&#250;rgico total (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">321,25 (&#177; 45,66)</td>
                <td align="center">361,00 (&#177; 72,64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de an&#243;xia (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">53,30 (&#177; 19,61)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (&#177; 14,17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de perfus&#227;o (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">89,90 (&#177; 28,12)</td>
                <td align="center">98,21 (&#177; 21,51)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>An&#225;lise intergrupos pelo teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Signific&#227;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica P&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram observadas em 59% dos pacientes, e consistiram
                  em atelectasia, derrame pleural, pneumonia, derrame peric&#225;rdico e fibrila&#231;&#227;o
                  atrial aguda. Atelectasia foi a principal complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, presente em
                  25% dos pacientes do Grupo 1 e em 42% daqueles do Grupo 2, seguindo-se derrame
                  pleural em 10% e 15%, respectivamente, mas sem significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</title>
          <p>Os dois grupos apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) do per&#237;odo
                  pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio at&#233; o terceiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Entre o terceiro dia
                  p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a alta hospitalar houve redu&#231;&#227;o da FR, que retornou aos seus
                  valores basais. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o tanto na CVF quanto no VEF<sub>1</sub> nos Grupos 1
                  e 2 entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Como esperado, at&#233; a alta
                  hospitalar, houve gradual retorno dessas vari&#225;veis aos seus valores basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (Pr&#233;) e
                        no terceiro e sexto dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios (PO)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Grupo 1</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Grupo 2</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>3&#186; PO</th>
                  <th>6&#186; PO</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>3&#186; PO</th>
                  <th>6&#186; PO</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FR</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 (2,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,25 (1,97)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">14,75 (2,07)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">14,21 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,84 (3,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">14,89 (2,26)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CVF</td>
                  <td align="center">319,80 (119,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">161,20 (83,26)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">216,65 (109,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">299,47 (96,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">163,74 (74,17)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">226,32 (67,06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VEF<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,45 (0,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 (0,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44 (0,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 (0,57)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">1,79(0,51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">-100,50 (25,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">-55,75 (19,62)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-84 (25,68)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-98,42 (&#177;26,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">-53,16 (17,97)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">-81,05 (21,45)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PEm&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">108,75 (4,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,75 (26,30)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">85,60 (48,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,95 (22,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,58 (18,19)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">99,11 (18,11)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>FR: frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria por minuto; CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada;
                              VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no 1&#186; segundo; PIm&#225;x:
                           press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima; PEm&#225;x: press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quanto &#224; for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e o terceiro
                  dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da PIm&#225;x e da PEm&#225;x nos dois grupos. Observou-se
                  aumento de PIm&#225;x e PEm&#225;x antes da alta hospitalar em ambos os grupos, com
                  significado estat&#237;stico em todos os per&#237;odos (p &lt; 0,05). A PEm&#225;x, no entanto,
                  apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica apenas entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e o
                  terceiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                  2</xref>).</p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre o Grupo 1 e o Grupo 2 n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica para as
                  vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Cognitiva</title>
          <p>Realizaram-se v&#225;rios testes que avaliam diferentes fun&#231;&#245;es neurocognitivas para
                  detectar as altera&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias j&#225; relatadas na literatura.</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o neurocognitiva com foco em aten&#231;&#227;o seletiva e sequenciamento alternado
                  foi avaliada usando-se a parte A do <italic>Trail Making Test.</italic> Os dois
                  grupos apresentaram aumento dos escores entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a alta
                  hospitalar, sem, contudo, significado estat&#237;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>). No entanto, a parte B do mesmo teste mostrou-se
                  diferente: o Grupo 1 apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o em seu escore inicial, enquanto o Grupo 2
                  apresentou aumento no mesmo per&#237;odo. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os Grupos 1 e 2 mostrou
                  diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis neurocognitivas (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (Pr&#233;) e
                        no sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis cognitivas</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Grupo 1</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Grupo 2</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>6&#186; PO</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>6&#186; PO</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trail A</td>
                  <td align="center">39,5 (27,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">41,25 (29,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,47 (21,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">21,58 (17,08)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trail B<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">24,5 (19,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">20,5 (17,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">19,47 (19)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digit Test<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">45,5 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">40,8 (28,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,89 (22,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">32,05 (23,64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coding Test <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">31,2 (32,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">17,95 (23,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,95 (8,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">4,63 (4,96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Benton Inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6 (20,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">18,40 (19,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,47 (20,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">18,84 (21,50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Benton Final</td>
                  <td align="center">13,65 (17,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">11,25 (13,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,63 (27,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">30,16 (30,24)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Estatisticamente significativo para compara&#231;&#227;o entre Grupo 1 e Grupo 2 (p
                           &lt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es neurocognitivas &#8211; Trail Making Test - parte B,
                        Digit Span Test e Coding Test - no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (Pr&#233;) e no sexto dia
                        p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO). Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Usou-se o
                        teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (* p &lt;
                        0,01).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0391-40161-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O Subteste de Substitui&#231;&#227;o de D&#237;gitos por S&#237;mbolos detectou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no escore
                  do Grupo 1 entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a alta hospitalar. Diferentemente, o
                  Grupo 2 apresentou aumento no escore, mas sem significado estat&#237;stico. Da mesma
                  forma, ao se comparar os Grupos 1 e 2, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente
                  significativa. Quanto ao <italic>Coding Test</italic>, tanto o Grupo 1 quanto o
                  Grupo 2 mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o de escore, que foi menor no Grupo 2. A an&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica entre os grupos foi significativa para o Subteste de Substitui&#231;&#227;o de
                  D&#237;gitos por S&#237;mbolos e o <italic>Coding test</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>, p
                  &lt; 0,01).</p>
          <p>Resultados semelhantes foram observados com o Teste de Reten&#231;&#227;o Visual de Benton,
                  onde os grupos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o de escore entre o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a alta
                  hospitalar. Tais resultados apresentaram significado estat&#237;stico quando da
                  compara&#231;&#227;o entre os Grupos 1 e 2 (p &lt; 0,01). Considerando-se os testes
                  cognitivos aplicados, o Grupo 2 apresentou melhor desempenho (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es neurocognitivas &#8211; Teste de Benton Inicial e Teste
                        de Benton Final - no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (Pr&#233;) e na alta hospitalar (6&#186; dia). Os
                        resultados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Usou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney
                        para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (* p &lt; 0,01).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0391-40161-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de CRM &#233; um per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico, quando v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es
               podem influenciar a recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Entretanto, a assist&#234;ncia na fase
               precoce da recupera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se concentra apenas na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es e
               morbidades, tendo ainda por objetivo melhorar a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do
               paciente.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a CRM com BCP apresentou algum grau de morbidade relacionada a
               anormalidades das fun&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;ria e neurocognitiva. Al&#233;m do procedimento em si
               (esternotomia), a oxigena&#231;&#227;o e a circula&#231;&#227;o artificial empregadas nessa cirurgia s&#227;o
               poss&#237;veis respons&#225;veis por essas altera&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.
               Nesta amostra de pacientes, a estimula&#231;&#227;o motora e sensorial obtida atrav&#233;s das
               sess&#245;es de fisioterapia tr&#234;s vezes ao dia melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva apesar da falta
               de efeito adicional na fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Entre os fatores de risco envolvidos na disfun&#231;&#227;o neurocognitiva do per&#237;odo
               peroperat&#243;rio, tr&#234;s se destacam: idade, n&#237;vel educacional e doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias. No
               per&#237;odo transoperat&#243;rio, os seguintes fatores de risco s&#227;o importantes: forma&#231;&#227;o de
               &#234;mbolos; tempo de BCP; bolhas a&#233;reas originadas do oxigenador; n&#237;veis de press&#227;o
               arterial; e poss&#237;vel eleva&#231;&#227;o de temperatura no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de BCP de 95,05 minutos encontrado neste estudo n&#227;o foi um fator de
               risco para complica&#231;&#227;o por si s&#243;. Segundo a literatura m&#233;dica, h&#225; preocupa&#231;&#227;o quando
               esse tempo ultrapassa 100 minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Como em outros
               estudos, encontramos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no volume pulmonar, nas capacidades
               pulmonares e na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria (CVF, VEF<sub>1</sub>, PIm&#225;x e PEm&#225;x) no
               per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (terceiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Nos dois grupos, houve redu&#231;&#227;o em todas as vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias
               (CVF, VEF<sub>1</sub>, PIm&#225;x e PEm&#225;x), mas sem significado estat&#237;stico. Tais
               altera&#231;&#245;es devem-se ao aumento da press&#227;o de pico de vias a&#233;reas e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na
               complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, indicando eleva&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia do sistema respirat&#243;rio, que
               pode ser influenciada por BCP, incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, disfun&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica, dor e
               imobiliza&#231;&#227;o no leito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Tais fatores refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da fisioterapia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.
               Sabe-se que menos dor e maiores mobilidade tor&#225;cica e ventila&#231;&#227;o alveolar podem
               minimizar a possibilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, reduzindo, portanto, a
                  morbidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Sabe-se ainda que exerc&#237;cios
               respirat&#243;rios podem atenuar a redu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias ap&#243;s cirurgias
               tor&#225;cicas. Nossos achados indicam que uma sess&#227;o de fisioterapia por dia foi
               suficiente para produzir a melhora pulmonar desejada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Vale
               a pena assinalar que o grupo submetido a maior intensidade de exerc&#237;cios
               fisioter&#225;picos apresentou uma melhora significativa da recupera&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es
               neurocognitivas. Consequentemente, o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia das sess&#245;es de
               fisioterapia pode reduzir a morbidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o
               neurocognitiva, que em geral dura dias e at&#233; meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca,
               comprometendo mem&#243;ria, concentra&#231;&#227;o, linguagem, compreens&#227;o, aprendizagem, velocidade
               de resposta e integra&#231;&#227;o motora visual. &#201; desnecess&#225;rio dizer o quanto tais efeitos
               negativos afetam a qualidade de vida dos pacientes submetidos a CRM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a maior
               frequ&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cios de fisioterapia possa resultar em maior estimula&#231;&#227;o do
               sistema sensorial/motor, com consequente maior ativa&#231;&#227;o de nervos aferentes para o
               sistema neurocognitivo, determinando melhor desfecho para o paciente.</p>
        <p>O principal crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o deste estudo foi idade superior a 74 anos. Um
               decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o neurocognitiva (descrito como podendo chegar a 9%) no per&#237;odo
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; muito mais comum e esperado para idades acima daquela. A amostra
               avaliada neste estudo tinha idade m&#233;dia de 60 anos, que foi relacionada a menor
               efeito na fun&#231;&#227;o neurocognitiva no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Ao se relacionar idade com fun&#231;&#227;o
               cognitiva, apenas o <italic>Digit Span Test</italic>, que avalia velocidade de
               coordena&#231;&#227;o motora visual, mostrou diferen&#231;a nos escores, que foram menores no Grupo
                  2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, alguns resultados do comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes submetidos
               a CRM com BCP diferiram daqueles relatados na literatura. A maioria dos testes
               neurocognitivos realizados mostrou aumento ou leve redu&#231;&#227;o de escores entre o per&#237;odo
               pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a alta hospitalar no Grupo 2, que foi submetido a mais sess&#245;es de
               fisioterapia.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da aten&#231;&#227;o e do sequenciamento alternado atrav&#233;s do <italic>Trail Making
                  Test</italic>, parte A, mostrou nos dois grupos um leve aumento do escore entre o
               per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a alta hospitalar. No entanto, na parte B do mesmo teste, ao
               contr&#225;rio do Grupo 1, o Grupo 2 apresentou aumento do seu escore no mesmo per&#237;odo,
               sugerindo que a maior estimula&#231;&#227;o melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva. Resultado semelhante
               foi observado ao se avaliar a mem&#243;ria de curto prazo e a mem&#243;ria verbal imediata
               usando-se o Subteste de Substitui&#231;&#227;o de D&#237;gitos por S&#237;mbolos: o escore do Grupo 1
               diminuiu enquanto o do Grupo 2 aumentou. Ao se avaliar a velocidade de coordena&#231;&#227;o
               motora visual e mem&#243;ria visual (Teste de Reten&#231;&#227;o Visual de Benton e <italic>Coding
                  Test</italic>), observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos dois grupos, sendo maior no Grupo 1 (p
               &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <p>H&#225; relatos na literatura de que anormalidades neurocognitivas leves podem ocorrer
               ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Para nossa surpresa,
               alguns testes mostraram aumento nos escores do grupo submetido a fisioterapia tr&#234;s
               vezes por dia. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de
               fisioterapia na fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva. Na nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, observamos que tanto a
               fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar quanto a neurocognitiva de pacientes submetidos a CRM evoluem melhor
               quando aqueles s&#227;o submetidos a sess&#245;es de fisioterapia mais frequentes, enfatizando
               a intera&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica entre corpo e mente. Isso nos levou a planejar este projeto para
               melhor avaliar tal efeito.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi a limita&#231;&#227;o mais importante deste estudo. No entanto, mesmo
               sem um n&#250;mero grande de pacientes e com um protocolo de fisioterapia relativamente
                  simples<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, nossos resultados confirmam a
               hip&#243;tese de que pacientes submetidos a maior n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es de fisioterapia por
               dia apresentam melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o cognitiva at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Sugerimos que uma maior intensidade de fisioterapia durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o aumente
               o n&#250;mero de sinapses no sistema cortical aferente e melhore a comunica&#231;&#227;o neuronal,
               resultando em minimiza&#231;&#227;o ou mitiga&#231;&#227;o dos dist&#250;rbios neurocognitivos causados pela
               cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como demonstrado neste estudo, a CRM com BCP leva a altera&#231;&#245;es das fun&#231;&#245;es pulmonar e
               neurocognitiva no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, podendo comprometer a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos
               pacientes. A fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria &#233; uma maneira de minimizar o dano &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o
               pulmonar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para nossa surpresa, houve melhora das fun&#231;&#245;es neurocognitivas no grupo submetido a
               maior n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es de fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria por dia, com melhora de seus
               n&#237;veis peroperat&#243;rios, sugerindo que pacientes mais estimulados t&#234;m melhor
               desenvolvimento neurocognitivo.</p>
        <p>Faltam estudos correlacionando fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria e fun&#231;&#227;o neurocognitiva no
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Nossos resultados encorajam estudos adicionais
               sobre esse t&#243;pico. Esta nova abordagem abre um caminho de investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o apenas
               para a possibilidade de redu&#231;&#227;o do dano neuropsicol&#243;gico secund&#225;rio &#224; cirurgia
               card&#237;aca com BCP, mas ainda como uma simples e pr&#225;tica estrat&#233;gia para prevenir ou
               minimizar tais altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Elder dos Santos Cavalcante
                  pela UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
