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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jVzph6DFYjpGyY3YfFm5Hxj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140145</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Congenital Heart Disease as a Warning Sign for the Diagnosis of the
               22q11.2 Deletion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grassi</surname>
            <given-names>Marc&#237;lia S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kulikowski</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastorino</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miura</surname>
            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pegler</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Chong A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Magda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto da Crian&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto da Crian&#231;a - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina
               da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Marc&#237;lia Sierro Grassi</bold>. Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho
               Aguiar, 647, Postal Code 05403.000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>marcilia.grassi@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <f-n fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </f-n>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>382</fpage>
      <lpage>390</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>To alert for the diagnosis of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) in
                  patients with congenital heart disease (CHD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the main CHDs, as well as phenotypic, metabolic and immunological
                  findings in a series of 60 patients diagnosed with 22q11.2DS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 60 patients with 22q11.2DS evaluated between 2007 and 2013
                  (M:F=1.3, age range 14 days to 20 years and 3 months) at a pediatric reference
                  center for primary immunodeficiencies. The diagnosis was established by detection
                  of the 22q11.2 microdeletion using FISH (n = 18) and/or MLPA (n = 42), in
                  association with clinical and laboratory information. Associated CHDs, progression
                  of phenotypic facial features, hypocalcemia and immunological changes were
                  analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>CHDs were detected in 77% of the patients and the most frequent type was tetralogy
                  of Fallot (38.3%). Surgical correction of CHD was performed in 34 patients.
                  Craniofacial dysmorphisms were detected in 41 patients: elongated face (60%)
                  and/or elongated nose (53.3%), narrow palpebral fissure (50%), dysplastic,
                  overfolded ears (48.3%), thin lips (41.6%), elongated fingers (38.3%) and short
                  stature (36.6%). Hypocalcemia was detected in 64.2% and decreased parathyroid
                  hormone (PTH) level in 25.9%. Decrease in total lymphocytes, CD4 and CD8 counts
                  were present in 40%, 53.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Hypogammaglobulinemia was
                  detected in one patient and decreased concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in
                  two other patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Suspicion for 22q11.2DS should be raised in all patients with CHD associated with
                  hypocalcemia and/or facial dysmorphisms, considering that many of these changes
                  may evolve with age. The 22q11.2 microdeletion should be confirmed by molecular
                  testing in all patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>DiGeorge Syndrme</kwd>
        <kwd>Crromosome Delection</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypocalcemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Chromosomes</kwd>
        <kwd>Human</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2008/58238-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/53864-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/53105-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>302647/2011-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308105/2012-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
               S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - processos 2008/58238-4, 2009/53864-7 e 2009/53105-9. CNPq -
               302647/2011-2 e 308105/2012-5 PQ2. NAP CRIad 2012.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is considered the most frequent chromosomal
            microdeletion syndrome in humans, with an incidence of 1:4,000-5,000 live births<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This syndrome is currently recognized as occurring with a higher frequency
            than previously estimated, although precise information about its incidence in our
            country are unknown.</p>
      <p>Microdeletions in the 22q11.2 region can occur in various syndromes such as the DiGeorge
            (DGS), velocardiofacial and the conotruncal anomaly face syndromes. These diseases
            represent different phenotypes of the same chromosomal abnormality, which are currently
            grouped and titled 22q11.2DS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. This microdeletion is not detected on G-banding
            karyotyping, a routine cytogenetic exam. The molecular diagnosis of the syndrome is
            rather established by other techniques such as fluorescence <italic>in situ</italic>
            hybridization (FISH) and/or quantitative genomic analysis by multiplex
            ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are one of the most frequent malformations, with an
            incidence that ranges from 8 to 10 per 1,000 live births, representing an important
            cause of morbimortality in the first year of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The etiology of cardiopathies associated with other types of congenital
            malformations can be monogenic, as in Holt-Oram, Marfan, Fanconi and Noonan syndromes,
            or chromosomal, as in Down, 22q1.2DS, 18 trisomy (Edwards) and 13 trisomy (Patau)
               syndromes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. CHDs with conotruncal defects
            represent an important characteristic in several genetic syndromes, in particular in
               22q11.2DS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. It is estimated that 5% of the
            patients with cardiopathy have DGS, which is considered the second most common primary
               immunodeficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Clinical manifestations that should arise suspicion for 22q11.2SD are CHD (75%),
            abnormal psychomotor development (68%), hypocalcemia-associated seizure (60%),
            velopharyngeal insufficiency with nasal voice (46%), genitourinary abnormalities (36%),
            skeletal abnormalities (17%) and facial dysmorphisms (11-17%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The immunological
            changes associated with 22q11.2DS are variable and secondary to thymic hypoplasia or
            agenesis, classically named DGS by immunologists<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to describe the main cardiopathies, as well as phenotypic,
            metabolic and immunologic abnormalities in a series of 60 patients with 22q11.2DS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a descriptive, transversal, retrospective and prospective study evaluating all
            patients with 22q11.2DS followed at the Allergy and Immunology Unit and Genetic Unit at
               <italic>Instituto da Crian&#231;a</italic> of HC-FMUSP between June 2007 until December
            2013. Some of the patients were referred from the Pediatric Cardiology Unit of
               <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> (INCOR) - HC-FMUSP after active search at this
            institution. The sample was composed of 60 children and adolescentes (34 males), with
            age range from 14 days to 20 years and 3 months (mean 114.2 months, standard deviation
            83 months). All the individuals belonged to Brazilian families, and there was no
            predominance in the cohort of European, African or Oriental descent. The diagnostic
            criteria adopted were those proposed by the International Union of Immunological
               Societies-IUIS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, which included compatible
            clinical signs and presence of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. All patients had normal
            karyotype by G-banding. Information about patient's identification, clinical history,
            physical examinatin and results from laboratory and cytogenomic analyses were collected
            in a protocol form.</p>
      <p>The molecular analysis of the microdeletion was conducted at the Cytogenomics Laboratory
            of the Department of Pathology, with fluorescent <italic>in situ</italic> hybridization
            (FISH) using a specific probe for the 22q11.2 region. Commercial probes of unique
            sequences were used for the specific region in 22q11.2 (probes DGS/VCFS, TUPLE1 and N25
            D22S75, Cytocell, Cambridge, UK)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>and/or MLPA using
            various kits (P036-E1, P070-B2, P064-B3, MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.mlpa.com">www.mlpa.com</ext-link>). Generated
            data were analyzed with the software GeneMarker&#174; (<italic>Softgenetics, LLC, State
               College, PA, USA - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.softgenetics.com">www.softgenetics.com</ext-link></italic>). These techniques are demonstrated in
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demonstration of the deletion in region 22q11.2. A. FISH technique. B. MLPA
                  technique.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All patients underwent clinical and imaging evaluations at the Pediatric Cardiology
            Unit.</p>
      <p>Immunocompetence was evaluated with complete blood count, measurement of serum
            immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM and IgA) by nephelometry, and determination of
            lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood (flow cytometry - BD FACSCalibur) at the
            laboratory of the Central Institute of HC-FMUSP, using as comparison reference values
            already described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Other performed tests included serum measurement of parathyroid hormone level (PTH,
            automated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay), ionic calcium, total calcium and
            phosphorus (automated colorimetric method), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free
            thyroxine (free T4) and TSH (automated immunoassay), as well as determination of
            antithyroglobulin and antithyroperoxidase antibodies (indirect immunofluorescence).</p>
      <p>Statistical tests were performed with the software MedCalc 10.2 (MedCalc Software,
            2009).</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Project of
               <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> - CAPPesq, registration number 0911/11.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The presence of CHDs was identified in 47 patients (77%) and surgical correction was
            performed in 34 of these, the most frequent of which were tetralogy of Fallot,
            ventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery atresy, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Graph
               1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Congenital heart diseases in 47 patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
                  and the surgical corrections performed</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Surgical corrections N (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">47 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (72.3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
              <td align="center">18 (38.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (88.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventricular septal defect</td>
              <td align="center">10 (21.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary atresia</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12.7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (100.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Truncus arteriosus</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (100.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Interrupted aortic arch</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (100.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial septal defect</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Transposition of the great arteries</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (100.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anomalous systemic venous drainage</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Graph 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main heart diseases affecting 47 patients with the 22q11.2 deletion
                  syndrome.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Other important phenotypic features found in patients from the overall cohort with
            22q11.2DS are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. Facial features,
            as well as morphology of the ears, mouth, nose and eyes of some patients are shown in
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Phenotypic characteristics of 60 patients with the 22q11.2 deletion
                  syndrome</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Phenotypic characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Elongated face</td>
              <td align="center">36 (60.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elongated nose</td>
              <td align="center">32 (53.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Narrow palpebral fissure</td>
              <td align="center">30 (50.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dysplasic overfolded ears</td>
              <td align="center">29 (48.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Thin lips</td>
              <td align="center">25 (41.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elongated fingers</td>
              <td align="center">23 (38.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Short stature</td>
              <td align="center">22 (36.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Palatal abnormalities</td>
              <td align="center">15 (25.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dental abnormalities</td>
              <td align="center">13 (21.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Strabismus</td>
              <td align="center">10 (16.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clubfoot</td>
              <td align="center">8 (13.3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Preschooler with elongated nose. B) Preschooler with narrow palpebral
                  fissure and thin lips. C) School-age child with elongated face and nose. D)
                  Typical facies with narrow palpebral fissure, prominent nose, and mouth with thin
                  lips.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main phenotypic characteristics of patients with the 22q11.2 deletion
                  syndrome. A) Narrow palpebral fissure. B) Elongated face and/or nose. C) Thin
                  lips.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The presence of facial dysmorphisms was not recognized during the neonatal period in
            many patients, becoming more evident with increasing age, as observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pictures showing evolving features of patients with the 22q11.2 deletion
                  syndrome at different ages. A) Newborn with thin lips and dysplasic ears. These
                  phenotypic features become more characteristic at school age. B) Newborn with
                  facial dysmorphism (elongated face and nose, narrow palpebral fissure, thin lips).
                  C) Infant with elongated face and nose more evident during development</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Hypocalcemia was diagnosed in 27 of the 42 patients (64.2%) in whom ionic calcium was
            measured, 16 (59.3%) of which occurred in the neonatal period. Of these, PTH was
            measured in 27 patients and was found to be reduced in 7 patients (25.9%). Seizures
            occurred in 6 patients.</p>
      <p>During follow-up of 20 patients with 22q11.2DS through school years and adolescence, we
            observed that 11 progressed with behavioral and psychiatric abnormalities. The most
            common finding was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 6 patients, 4 of
            which had the hyperactive/impulsive type and 2 had the predominantly innatentive type.
            Other findings included learning disability (15%), anxiety (10%) and mental retardation
            (5%). Until present, none of the patients has progressed with compulsive-obsessive,
            schizoaffective or psychotic disorders.</p>
      <p>In this study, low total lymphocyte count was found in 40% of the patients (18/45
            cases), whereas low CD4<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes occurred in 53.3% (16/30) and low
               CD8<sup>+</sup> in 33.3% (10/30), as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Graph 2</xref>. The evaluation of humoral immunity detected 2 patients with reduced
            IgM concentrations (29.6 mg/dL and 17.6 mg/dL) and one 9-month-old patient with IgG of
            328 mg/dL, currently receiving replacement therapy with intravenous gamma globulin.</p>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Graph 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of values of total lymphocytes, CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>
                  and CD19<sup>+</sup> in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. A) Number of
                  total lymphocytes. B) CD4<sup>+</sup> count. C) CD8<sup>+</sup> count. D)
                     CD19<sup>+</sup> count. Each dot ( &#8226; ) corresponds to an individual patient.
                  Max: Maximum; Min: Mimum</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Even though 22q11.2SD is considered in the literature to be a relatively frequent
            chromosomal abnormality, pediatricians, neonatologists and cardiologists in our country
            have not been recognizing it sistematically, and the publications with significant
            number of patients, particularly in the first year of life, are scarce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In a study conducted at <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of HC-FMUSP
            with 1,008 patients with primary immunodeficiency, only 32 patients with 22q11.2DS were
            identified over 33 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. These data led us to
            establish an active search of the microdeletion at the Pediatric Cardiology Unit of
            INCOR, resulting in a duplication of the number of cases over the past two years.</p>
      <p>Cardiac malformations, observed in 77% of our cases, are the most critical manifestation
            of 22q11.2DS and affect between 49% and 95% of the patients according to the
               literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A point to be highlighted in this cohort was the higher
            frequency of tetralogy of Fallot (38.3%) when compared with the literature in which
            frequencies between 17.6% and 20% have been described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Another point to be
            emphasized in our study was the occurrence of ventricular septal defect associated with
            22q11.2DS; this was the second most frequent CHD, which contrasts with the literature
            which shows that conotruncal heart defects are the most prevalent.</p>
      <p>The recommendation for 22q11.2DS screening highlights that tests for the 22q11.2
            chromosome microdeletion should be conducted in all newborns or children with tetralogy
            of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, interrupted aortic arch, isolated anomalies of the aortic
            arch and perimembranous ventricular septal defect with aortic arch anomaly. In all other
            patients with perimembranous ventricular septal defect without aortic arch anomaly or
            with any other type of CHD in association with characteristic phenotypic manifestations,
            clinical suspicion for 22q11.2DS should be raised and screening for the microdeletion
            should be conducted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another fact that draws attention for the importance of early diagnosis of 22q11.2DS,
            ideally before surgery for correction of the heart defect, is the observation that these
            patients present increased risk of post-operative complications, even though their
            mortality is comparable to that in patients with similar cardiopathies but without
               22q11.2DS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>In association with the CHDs mentioned above, the phenotypes found in this study, in
            particular the peculiar craniofacial dysmorphisms and the hypocalcemia in the neonatal
            period, are essential to raise diagnostic suspicion of 22q11.2DS. It should be mentioned
            that most of the clinical features of 22q11.2DS have been described in Caucasoid
            patients and for the first time, this study describes in details the facial dysmorphisms
            of the syndrome in the trihybrid Brazilian population, which since the XVI century has
            been formed by a mixture of Indians, Africans and Portugueses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another interesting point addressed in this study and not yet presented in other
            descriptions was the evolving aspect of the facies and other dysmorphisms. Even though
            the dysmorphisms of 22q11.2DS recognized later in life (narrow palpebral fissures,
            elongated nose, overfolded ears) are already present at birth, the facies of the newborn
            and young infant draws less attention as a "syndromic facies" for the general
            pediatrician and/or cardiologist in this phase of life.</p>
      <p>Palatal abnormalities occur in 9-16% of the patients with 22q11.2DS and are associated
            with a high morbidity. It is, therefore, fundamental to examine the palate carefully and
            include a search for bifid uvula which may suggest the presence of submucosal cleft
               palate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In this series, we observed that this finding was more frequent
            than that described in the literature. Goldmuntz et al. in 2005 demonstrated that in
            addition to cleft palate, about 80% of the patients also present velopharyngeal
            insufficiency manifesting as nasal voice and compensatory articulation disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Nasal voice is an underappreciated sign for
            suspicion of 22q11.2DS, probably because it is observed later in life, but it should be
            considered a warning sign for the occurrence of the syndrome.</p>
      <p>Parathyroid hypoplasia or aplasia is very common in 22q11.2DS due to involvement of the
            third and fourth pharyngeal arches during embryogenesis. In 49% to 60% of the newborns
            affected by the syndrome, transient hypocalcemia may be present leading to tetany and
            seizures of difficult control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, data that was
            similar in the patients in this study. Pediatricians and cardiologists should be
            attentive during the neonatal period to the presence of hypocalcemia without other
            apparent physiopathological cause, a manifestation that is highly suggestive of the
            syndrome.</p>
      <p>Another variable manifestation in 22q11.2DS is immunodeficiency, considered to be due to
            abnormal development of the thymus, denominated DGS in these cases. Around 80% of the
            patients with DGS have immune system abnormalities. Even though the thymus is hypoplasic
            or absent in great part of the patients, most present mild to moderate immunodeficiency,
            independent of other clinical features<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. A study conducted by
            Patel et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> showed that a minority of the
            patients have low immunoglobulin levels and, in general, between 2% and 3% need
            immunoglobulin replacement therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. In our
            study, 3 patients had low levels of immunoglobulins and only 1 patient required
            immunoglobulin replacement therapy.</p>
      <p>Since in patients with 22q11.2DS the initial manifestation may be hyperactivity, anxiety
            and depression, the authors emphasize the importance of an early diagnosis and a
            multiprofessional follow-up appropriate for these patients. The diagnosis of ADHD,
            anxiety disorders, mood disorders and disorders of the autism spectrum can occur in one
            third to half of the children with the deletion. Mood abnormalities and psychotic
            disorders can increase significantly during early adulthood, it is therefore fundamental
            to monitor carefully the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms during adolescence and early
               adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. These patients may also present
            poor academic performance, which is an important aspect to be addressed with the
            educational institutions.</p>
      <p>It is imperative to disseminate warning signs for the 22q11.2DS among general
            pediatricians, neonatologists and pediatric cardiologists. Even though the pioneering
            proposal of <italic>Instituto da Crian&#231;a</italic> and adopted by the Ministry of Health
            for detection of primary immunodeficiencies in the first year of life already includes 4
            signs associated with the diagnosis of 22q11.2DS (CHD, in particular anomalies of the
            great vessels; lymphopenia &lt; 2,500/mm; hypocalcemia with or without seizures; and
            absence of a thymic image on chest radiograph)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> it would be important
            to establish specific warning signs for this syndrome, adding phenotypic abnormalities
            and velopharyngeal insufficiency to the ones described above.</p>
      <p>The current study has limitations peculiar to a transversal descriptive study, but
            highlights the main clinical and laboratorial findings of a highly selected population.
            The description of this population, however, allows us to identify and understand the
            demographic features of the studied group and the morbidity profile of the 22q11.2DS,
            and may offer data for a more adequate health policy for these patients.</p>
      <p>The management of children with 22q11.2DS requires interaction of a multidisciplinary
            team of pediatrician, cardiologist, geneticist, and in some circumstances,
            endocrinologist, neurologist, plastic surgeon, psychologist and speech therapist.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Considering that in our country 2.5 million children are born each year, we estimate
            that 500 to 750 new cases of 22q11.2DS should be identified yearly, which indicates that
            the syndrome is currently underdiagnosed. It is therefore crucial to maintain an alert
            for the occurrence of the syndrome in the presence of CHD associated with hypocalcemia,
            facial dysmorphisms, velopharyngeal insufficiency, thymic hypoplasia or absence on chest
            radiograph, and confirm the diagnosis by identification of the microdeletion.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA,
               Pastorino AC, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Acquisition of data: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA,
               Pastorino AC, Miura N, Jatene MB, Pegler SP, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA, Kulikowski LD, Pastorino AC, Dutra
               RL, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Obtaining financing: Jacob CMA, Pastorino AC,
               Carneiro-Sampaio M; Writing of the manuscript: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA, Kulikowski LD,
               Pastorino AC, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: Jacob CMA, Kulikowski LD, Pastorino AC, Kim CA,
               Carneiro-Sampaio M.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo
               (FAPESP) - processos 2008/58238-4, 2009/53864-7 e 2009/53105-9. CNPq - 302647/2011-2
               e 308105/2012-5 PQ2. NAP CRIad 2012.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas como um Sinal de Alerta para o Diagn&#243;stico da
               Dele&#231;&#227;o do 22q11.2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grassi</surname>
            <given-names>Marc&#237;lia S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kulikowski</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastorino</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miura</surname>
            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pegler</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Chong A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Magda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto da Crian&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto da Crian&#231;a - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina
               da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marc&#237;lia Sierro Grassi</bold>. Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho
               Aguiar, 647, CEP 05403.000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>marcilia.grassi@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Alertar para o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 (SD 22q11.2) em
                  pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever as principais cardiopatias, altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas, metab&#243;licas e
                  imunol&#243;gicas em uma s&#233;rie de 60 pacientes com a SD22q11.2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 60 pacientes com SD22q11.2 avaliados entre 2007 e 2013 (M:F = 1,3;
                  idades entre 14 dias a 20 anos e 3 meses) em um centro pedi&#225;trico de refer&#234;ncia
                  para imunodefici&#234;ncias prim&#225;rias. O diagn&#243;stico foi feito pela detec&#231;&#227;o da
                  microdele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 atrav&#233;s de FISH (n = 18) e/ou MLPA (n = 42), associados a
                  dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. Foram analisadas as cardiopatias, aspectos
                  fenot&#237;picos evolutivos da f&#225;cies, a hipocalcemia e altera&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas
                  associadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas ocorreram em 77% dos casos, sendo que a tetralogia de
                  Fallot ocorreu em 38,3%. Corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da cardiopatia foi realizada em 34
                  pacientes. Os dismorfismos craniofaciais foram detectados em 41 pacientes: face
                  (60%) e/ou nariz alongados (53,3%), fenda palpebral estreita (50%), orelhas
                  displ&#225;sicas com hiperdobramento (48,3%), l&#225;bios finos (41,6%), dedos alongados
                  (38,3%) e baixa estatura (36,6%). Hipocalcemia foi observada em 64,2% com redu&#231;&#227;o
                  do n&#237;vel de paratorm&#244;nio (PTH) em 25,9%. Observou-se n&#250;mero reduzido de linf&#243;citos
                  totais, CD4 e CD8 em 40%, 53,3%, e 33,3%, respectivamente. Detectou-se
                  hipogamaglobulinemia em um paciente e redu&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de imunoglobulina
                  M (IgM) em outros dois pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Deve-se suspeitar da SD22q11.2 em todos os portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com
                  hipocalcemia e/ou dismorfismos faciais, ressaltando-se que muitas dessas
                  altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser evolutivas. A microdele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 deve ser confirmada por
                  testes moleculares em todos os pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de DiGeorge</kwd>
        <kwd>Dele&#231;&#227;o Cromoss&#244;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Congenitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipocalcemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cromossomos Humanos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2008/58238-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/53864-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/53105-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>302647/2011-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308105/2012-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa
               do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - processos 2008/58238-4, 2009/53864-7 e
               2009/53105-9. CNPq - 302647/2011-2 e 308105/2012-5 PQ2. NAP CRIad
               2012.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 (SD22q11.2) &#233; considerada a s&#237;ndrome de microdele&#231;&#227;o
               cromoss&#244;mica mais frequente em seres humanos, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 1:4.000-5.000
               nascidos vivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Sabe-se hoje que esta s&#237;ndrome ocorre com
               frequ&#234;ncia superior &#224; previamente estimada, mas dados precisos sobre sua incid&#234;ncia
               em nosso pa&#237;s ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        <p>As microdele&#231;&#245;es na regi&#227;o 22q11.2 podem estar presentes em diferentes s&#237;ndromes,
               como a s&#237;ndrome de DiGeorge (SDG), s&#237;ndrome velocardiofacial, e s&#237;ndrome da anomalia
               facial conotruncal. Estas doen&#231;as representam diferentes fen&#243;tipos da mesma altera&#231;&#227;o
               cromoss&#244;mica, sendo hoje agrupadas e denominadas SD22q11.2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Esta
               microdela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; detectada pelo cari&#243;tipo por bandeamento G, exame citogen&#233;tico
               rotineiro. O seu diagn&#243;stico molecular &#233; realizado por outras t&#233;cnicas tais como
               testes de FISH (<italic>fluorescence in situ hybridization</italic>) e/ou triagem
               gen&#244;mica quantitativa por MLPA (<italic>multiplex ligation-dependent probe
                  amplification</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CHDs) representam uma das malforma&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes
               cuja incid&#234;ncia varia de 8 a 10 por 1.000 nascidos vivos e constituem uma importante
               causa de morbimortalidade no primeiro ano de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Cardiopatias associadas a outros tipos de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas podem
               ser de etiologia monog&#234;nicas como nas s&#237;ndromes de Holt-Oram, Marfan, Fanconi ou
               Noonan, ou cromoss&#244;mica, como nas s&#237;ndromes de Down, SD22q1.2, trissomia do 18
               (s&#237;ndrome de Edwards) e trissomia do 13 (s&#237;ndrome de Patau)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. As CHDs com defeitos conotruncais constituem importante
               caracter&#237;stica presente em diferentes s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, especialmente na
                  SD22q11.2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Estima-se que 5% dos pacientes
               com cardiopatia apresentem SDG, considerada a segunda imunodefici&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria mais
                  comum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para a suspeita diagn&#243;stica da SD22q11.2 s&#227;o CHD (75%),
               desenvolvimento psicomotor anormal (68%), convuls&#227;o decorrente de hipocalcemia (60%),
               insufici&#234;ncia velofar&#237;ngea com voz anasalada (46%), anormalidades genitourin&#225;rias
               (36%), anormalidades esquel&#233;ticas (17%) e dismorfismos faciais (11-17%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As altera&#231;&#245;es
               imunol&#243;gicas da SD22q11.2 s&#227;o vari&#225;veis e decorrentes da hipoplasia ou agenesia do
               timo, classicamente denominados como SDG pelos imunologistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as principais cardiopatias,
               altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas, metab&#243;licas e imunol&#243;gicas em uma s&#233;rie de 60 pacientes com a
               SD22q11.2. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, retrospectivo e prospectivo onde foram
               avaliados todos os pacientes com SD22q11.2 em seguimento entre junho de 2007 e
               dezembro de 2013 nas Unidades de Alergia e Imunologia e de Gen&#233;tica do Instituto da
               Crian&#231;a do HC-FMUSP. Alguns pacientes provenientes da Unidade de Cardiologia
               Pedi&#225;trica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR) - HC-FMUSP foram encaminhados ap&#243;s busca
               ativa nesta institui&#231;&#227;o. A casu&#237;stica foi composta por 60 crian&#231;as e adolescentes (34
               masculinos), com idade entre 14 dias e 20 anos e 3 meses (m&#233;dia de 114,2 meses e
               desvio padr&#227;o de 83 meses). Todos os indiv&#237;duos pertenciam a fam&#237;lias brasileiras e a
               amostra n&#227;o apresentou predom&#237;nio de ascend&#234;ncia europeia, africana ou oriental. Os
               crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados foram propostos pela <italic>International Union of
                  Immunological Societies-IUIS</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
               incluindo sinais cl&#237;nicos compat&#237;veis com a s&#237;ndrome e presen&#231;a da microdele&#231;&#227;o
               22q11.2. Todos os pacientes apresentavam cari&#243;tipo pr&#233;vio normal por bandeamento G.
               Dados de identifica&#231;&#227;o, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico e resultados de exames
               laboratoriais e citogen&#244;micos foram coletados em um protocolo.</p>
        <p>O estudo molecular da microdele&#231;&#227;o foi realizado no Laborat&#243;rio de Citogen&#244;mica do
               Departamento de Patologia, utilizando a t&#233;cnica de FISH (<italic>fluorescent in situ
                  hybridization</italic>) com sonda espec&#237;fica para a regi&#227;o 22q11.2. Foram
               utilizadas sondas comerciais de sequ&#234;ncias &#250;nicas para a regi&#227;o espec&#237;fica em 22q11.2
               (DGS/VCFS, TUPLE1 e N25 D22S75, Cytocell, Cambridge, UK)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e/ou a
               t&#233;cnica de MLPA (multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification) utilizando
               diferentes kits (P036-E1, P070-B2, P064-B3, MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, Holanda -
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.mlpa.com">www.mlpa.com</ext-link>).
               Os dados gerados foram analisados por meio do s<italic>oftware</italic> GeneMarker&#174;
                  (<italic>Softgenetics, LLC, State College, PA, USA - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.softgenetics.com">www.softgenetics.com</ext-link></italic>).
               Estas t&#233;cnicas est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura
               1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demonstra&#231;&#227;o da dele&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o 22q11.2 A. T&#233;cnica de FISH. B. T&#233;cnica de
                     MLPA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente e por m&#233;todos de imagem pela Unidade
               de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica.</p>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de imunocompet&#234;ncia, foram realizados hemograma completo, dosagem
               s&#233;rica de imunoglobulinas (IgG, IgM e IgA) por nefelometria, e determina&#231;&#227;o das
               subpopula&#231;&#245;es de linf&#243;citos em sangue perif&#233;rico (citometria de fluxo - BD
               FACSCalibur) no laborat&#243;rio do Instituto Central do HC-FMUSP, utilizando-se como
               compara&#231;&#227;o valores de refer&#234;ncia j&#225; descritos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outros exames realizados inclu&#237;ram dosagens s&#233;ricas de paratorm&#244;nio (PTH, m&#233;todo
               imunoenzim&#225;tico quimioluminescente automatizado), c&#225;lcio i&#244;nico, c&#225;lcio total e
               f&#243;sforo (m&#233;todo automatizado colorim&#233;trico), tri-iodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4),
               tiroxina livre (T4 livre) e TSH (m&#233;todo de imunoensaio automatizado), e dosagem de
               anticorpos antitireoglobulina e antiperoxidase (imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta).</p>
        <p>Os testes estat&#237;sticos foram realizados por meio do software MedCalc 10.2 (MedCalc
               Software, 2009).</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projeto de Pesquisa do
               Hospital das Cli&#237;nicas - CAPPesq, sob o n&#250;mero 0911/11.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As CHDs foram identificadas em 47 pacientes (77%) e a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi
               realizada em 34 destes, sendo que as cirurgias mais frequentes foram para corre&#231;&#227;o de
               tetralogia de Fallot, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e atresia da art&#233;ria pulmonar,
               conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas encontradas em 47 pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome da
                     dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 e as corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas realizadas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiopatias</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas - N (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">47 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (72,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">18 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (88,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atresia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (100,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Truncus arteriosus</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (100,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (100,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (100,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Drenagem an&#244;mala venosa sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais cardiopatias em 47 pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o
                     22q11.2.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Outras caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas importantes encontradas na amostra geral de
               pacientes com a SD22q11.2 est&#227;o destacadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
                  2</xref>. Aspectos da face, assim como morfologia das orelhas, boca, nariz e olhos
               de alguns pacientes s&#227;o mostrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figuras 2</xref>
               e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas encontradas em 60 pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome da
                     dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Face alongada</td>
                <td align="center">36 (60,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nariz alongado</td>
                <td align="center">32 (53,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fenda palpebral estreita</td>
                <td align="center">30 (50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orelhas displ&#225;sicas com hiperdobramento</td>
                <td align="center">29 (48,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>L&#225;bios finos</td>
                <td align="center">25 (41,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dedos alongados</td>
                <td align="center">23 (38,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa estatura</td>
                <td align="center">22 (36,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es do palato</td>
                <td align="center">15 (25,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anomalias dent&#225;rias</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estrabismo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (16,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#233; torto cong&#234;nito</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Pr&#233;-escolar com nariz alongado. B) Pr&#233;-escolar com fenda palpebral
                     estreita e l&#225;bio fino. C) Escolar com face e nariz alongados. D) F&#225;cies t&#237;pico
                     com fenda palpebral estreita, nariz proeminente, boca com l&#225;bios finos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas dos pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome da
                     dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 A) Fenda palpebral estreita. B) Face e/ou nariz alongado. C)
                     L&#225;bios finos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em muitos casos, a presen&#231;a de dismorfismos faciais n&#227;o foi reconhecida no per&#237;odo
               neonatal e se tornou mais evidente com o avan&#231;ar da idade, como se pode observar na
                  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fotos evolutivas de pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2 em
                     diferentes idades A) Rec&#233;m-nascido com l&#225;bios finos e orelhas displ&#225;sicas,
                     tornando&#8209;se mais caracter&#237;sticas as altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas na fase escolar. B)
                     Rec&#233;m-nascido com dismorfismo facial (face e nariz alongados, fenda palpebral
                     estreita, l&#225;bios finos) C) Lactente com face e nariz alongados, mais evidentes
                     na evolu&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Hipocalcemia foi diagnosticada em 27 dos 42 pacientes (64,2%) nos quais a dosagem de
               c&#225;lcio i&#244;nico foi realizada; destes, 16 (59,3%) ocorreram no per&#237;odo neonatal. Ainda
               nestes grupo, a dosagem do PTH foi realizada em 27 pacientes, sendo que em 7
               pacientes (25,9%) a concentra&#231;&#227;o de PTH estava reduzida. As crises convulsivas
               ocorreram em 6 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Durante seguimento ambulatorial de 20 pacientes com SD22q11.2 durante a fase escolar
               e na adolesc&#234;ncia, observamos que 11 evolu&#237;ram com altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais e
               psiqui&#225;tricas. O achado mais comum foi o transtorno do d&#233;ficit de aten&#231;&#227;o e
               hiperatividade (TDAH) em 6 pacientes, sendo que a forma mais frequente foi a
               hiperativa/impulsiva em 4 pacientes, seguida da forma com predom&#237;nio de sintomas de
               desaten&#231;&#227;o em dois pacientes. Outros achados nesta fase inclu&#237;ram dificuldade do
               aprendizado (15%), ansiedade (10%) e retardo mental (5%). At&#233; o presente momento,
               nenhum paciente evoluiu com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, esquizoafetivo ou
               psic&#243;tico.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, redu&#231;&#227;o na contagem dos linf&#243;citos totais esteve presente em 40% dos
               pacientes (18/45 casos), redu&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos CD4<sup>+</sup> em 53,3% (16/30) e de
                  CD8<sup>+</sup> em 33,3% (10/30), conforme demonstrado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da imunidade humoral, foram detectados 2
               pacientes com redu&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de IgM (29,6 mg/dL e 17,6 mg/dL) e 1 paciente
               de 9 meses com IgG de 328 mg/dL, atualmente recebendo terap&#234;utica de reposi&#231;&#227;o com
               gamaglobulina endovenosa.</p>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de linf&#243;citos totais, CD4<sup>+</sup>,
                        CD8<sup>+</sup> e CD19<sup>+</sup> em pacientes com a s&#237;ndrome da dele&#231;&#227;o
                     22q11.2 A) N&#250;mero de linf&#243;citos totais. B) N&#250;mero de CD4<sup>+</sup>. C) N&#250;mero
                     de CD8<sup>+</sup>. D) N&#250;mero de CD19+. Cada ponto ( &#8226; ) corresponde a um &#250;nico
                     paciente. Max: M&#225;ximo; Min: M&#237;nimo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-05-0382-40145-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora a SD22q11.2 seja considerada uma anomalia cromoss&#244;mica relativamente frequente
               na literatura, em nosso pa&#237;s os cardiologistas, neonatologistas e pediatras n&#227;o a tem
               reconhecido de forma sistem&#225;tica, sendo raras as publica&#231;&#245;es com n&#250;mero significativo
               de pacientes principalmente no primeiro ano de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Um estudo realizado
               no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas do HC-FMUSP que analisou 1.008 pacientes com
               imunodefici&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria em um per&#237;odo de 33 anos, foram identificados apenas 32
               pacientes com SD22q11.2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Estes dados nos
               levaram a uma busca ativa da microdele&#231;&#227;o na Unidade de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica do
               INCOR, resultando na duplica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de casos identificados nos &#250;ltimos dois
               anos.</p>
        <p>As malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, observadas em 77% dos nossos casos, constituem a
               manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais cr&#237;tica da SD22q11.2, acometendo entre 49% a 95% dos pacientes
               conforme dados na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Um dado a ser destacado nesta casu&#237;stica foi
               a frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada da tetralogia de Fallot (38,3%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura, a
               qual descreve frequ&#234;ncias entre 17,6% e 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Outro dado a ser
               ressaltado em nosso estudo foi a presen&#231;a da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular associada &#224;
               SD22q11.2, sendo esta a segunda CHD encontrada com mais frequ&#234;ncia, diferindo da
               literatura que mostra que as cardiopatias conotruncais s&#227;o mais destacadas.</p>
        <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a pesquisa da SD22q11.2 destaca que sejam realizados os testes
               para a microdele&#231;&#227;o do cromossomo 22q11.2 em todos os rec&#233;m-nascidos ou crian&#231;as com
               tetralogia de Fallot, truncus arteriosus, interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico, anomalias
               isoladas do arco a&#243;rtico e defeito perimembranoso do septo ventricular com anomalia
               do arco a&#243;rtico. Nos demais pacientes com defeito perimembranoso do septo ventricular
               sem a anomalia do arco a&#243;rtico ou com outros tipos de CHD, associados a manifesta&#231;&#245;es
               fenot&#237;picas caracter&#237;sticas, deve-se levantar a suspeita cl&#237;nica da SD22q11.2 e ser
               realizada a pesquisa da microdele&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro fato que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce da
               SD22q11.2, idealmente antes da cirurgia de corre&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia, &#233; a observa&#231;&#227;o de
               que estes pacientes apresentam alto risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias comparados
               com pacientes com as mesmas cardiopatias sem a presen&#231;a da SD22q11.2, apesar da sua
               mortalidade ser semelhante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em associa&#231;&#227;o com as CHDs acima descritas, os fen&#243;tipos encontrados neste estudo, em
               especial os dismorfismos craniofaciais peculiares e a hipocalcemia no per&#237;odo
               neonatal, podem ser essenciais para a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de SD22q11.2. Cabe
               salientar que a maior parte das descri&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de SD22q11.2 foi realizada em
               pacientes caucasoides e pela primeira vez este relato descreve com detalhes os
               dismorfismos faciais na popula&#231;&#227;o tri-h&#237;brida brasileira, resultante da mistura,
               desde o s&#233;culo XVI, de &#237;ndios, africanos e portugueses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro ponto interessante abordado no presente estudo e ainda n&#227;o apresentado em
               outras descri&#231;&#245;es foi o aspecto evolutivo da f&#225;cies e de outros dismorfismos. Embora
               os dismorfismos associados &#224; SD22q11.2 reconhecidos mais tardiamente (fendas
               palpebrais estreitas, nariz alongado, orelhas com hiperdobramento) j&#225; estivessem
               presentes ao nascimento, a f&#225;cies do rec&#233;m-nascido e do lactente jovem chama menos
               aten&#231;&#227;o como uma "f&#225;cies sindr&#244;mica" para o pediatra geral e/ou cardiologista nesta
               fase da vida.</p>
        <p>As anomalias do palato ocorrem em 9-16% dos pacientes com SD22q11.2 e cursam com
               morbidade elevada. Portanto, &#233; fundamental a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um exame cuidadoso do
               palato, incluindo a pesquisa de &#250;vula b&#237;fida que pode indicar a presen&#231;a da fenda
               palatina submucosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Nesta s&#233;rie, observamos que este achado foi
               mais frequente do que o descrito na literatura. Goldmuntz et al. em 2005 demonstraram
               que al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de fenda palatina, cerca de 80% dos pacientes apresentavam
               tamb&#233;m insufici&#234;ncia velofar&#237;ngea, manifestando-se com voz anasalada e dist&#250;rbios
               compensat&#243;rios da articula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A voz
               anasalada &#233; pouco valorizada para a suspeita diagn&#243;stica, provavelmente por ser
               observada mais tardiamente, mas constitui mais um sinal de alerta para a
               s&#237;ndrome.</p>
        <p>A hipoplasia ou aplasia da gl&#226;ndula paratireoide &#233; muito comum na SD22q11.2, devido
               ao acometimento na embriog&#234;nese do terceiro e quarto arcos far&#237;ngeos. Em 49% a 60%
               dos rec&#233;m-nascidos com a s&#237;ndrome, a hipocalcemia transit&#243;ria pode estar presente,
               causando tetania e convuls&#245;es de dif&#237;cil controle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, dados que se mostraram semelhantes nos pacientes aqui descritos. Os
               pediatras e cardiologistas devem ficar atentos no per&#237;odo neonatal para a presen&#231;a de
               hipocalcemia sem outra causa fisiopatol&#243;gica aparente, pois esta manifesta&#231;&#227;o &#233;
               altamente sugestiva da s&#237;ndrome.</p>
        <p>Outra manifesta&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel na SD22q11.2 &#233; a imunodefici&#234;ncia, tida como decorrente
               da altera&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento do timo, sendo nestes casos ainda denominada como
               SDG. Aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes com a SDG t&#234;m altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema
               imunol&#243;gico. Apesar de grande parte dos pacientes apresentarem timo hipopl&#225;sico ou
               ausente, a maioria apresenta imunodefici&#234;ncia leve a moderada, independe de outras
               caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Um estudo realizado por Patel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> mostrou que n&#237;veis baixos de imunoglobulinas
               est&#227;o presentes em uma minoria de pacientes e que, em geral, entre 2% e 3% necessitam
               de reposi&#231;&#227;o de imunoglobulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Em nosso
               estudo, 3 pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis baixos de imunoglobulinas e apenas 1
               apresentava indica&#231;&#227;o de reposi&#231;&#227;o de imunoglobulina.</p>
        <p>Como em portadores de SD22q11.2 as altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais podem ser a hiperatividade,
               ansiedade e depress&#227;o, os autores enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce e do
               seguimento multiprofissional adequado a estes pacientes. O diagn&#243;stico de TDAH e de
               transtornos de ansiedade, de humor e do espectro do autismo podem ocorrer entre um
               ter&#231;o e metade das crian&#231;as com a dele&#231;&#227;o. As altera&#231;&#245;es do humor e os transtornos
               psic&#243;ticos podem aumentar de forma significativa durante a idade adulta jovem, sendo
               fundamental a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos sintomas psiqui&#225;tricos durante a
               adolesc&#234;ncia e in&#237;cio da idade adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Estes
               pacientes tamb&#233;m podem ter baixo rendimento escolar, o que se torna um aspecto
               importante a ser abordado nas institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino.</p>
        <p>&#201; imperativo que se disseminem sinais de alerta para SD22q11.2 entre pediatras
               gerais, neonatologistas e cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos. Embora a proposta pioneira do
               Instituto da Crian&#231;a e adotada pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de para detec&#231;&#227;o de
               imunodefici&#234;ncias prim&#225;rias no primeiro ano de vida j&#225; inclua 4 sinais associados ao
               diagn&#243;stico da SD22q11.2 (CHD, em especial as anomalias dos vasos da base; linfopenia
               &lt; 2.500/mm; hipocalcemia com ou sem convuls&#227;o; e aus&#234;ncia de imagem t&#237;mica &#224;
               radiografia de t&#243;rax)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> seria importante o estabelecimento de sinais
               de alerta espec&#237;ficos para esta s&#237;ndrome, acrescentando-se aos acima descritos as
               altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas e insufici&#234;ncia velofar&#237;ngea.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es peculiares de um estudo descritivo
               transversal, mas ressalta os principais achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais em uma
               popula&#231;&#227;o altamente selecionada. A descri&#231;&#227;o desta popula&#231;&#227;o permite identificar e
               conhecer as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas do grupo estudado e o perfil de morbidade da
               SD22q11.2, fornecendo dados para uma pol&#237;tica de sa&#250;de mais adequada a estes
               pacientes.</p>
        <p>No manejo da crian&#231;a portadora da SD22q11.2 &#233; necess&#225;ria a atua&#231;&#227;o conjunta de uma
               equipe multidisciplinar composta por pediatra, cardiologista, geneticista, e
               eventualmente tamb&#233;m endocrinologista, neurologista, cirurgi&#227;o pl&#225;stico, psic&#243;logo e
               fonoaudi&#243;logo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Considerando-se que em nosso pa&#237;s nascem anualmente 2,5 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as,
               estimamos que 500 a 750 novos casos de SD22q11.2 deveriam estar sendo identificados a
               cada ano, o que indica que a s&#237;ndrome vem sendo subdiagnosticada. Desta maneira, &#233;
               crucial manter um alerta para o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome na presen&#231;a de CHD associada
               a hipocalcemia, dismorfismos faciais, insufici&#234;ncia velofar&#237;ngea, hipoplasia ou
               aus&#234;ncia t&#237;mica na radiografia de t&#243;rax, e necessariamente confirmar o diagn&#243;stico
               pela identifica&#231;&#227;o da microdele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA,
                  Pastorino AC, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA,
                  Pastorino AC, Miura N, Jatene MB, Pegler SP, Carneiro-Sampaio M; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA, Kulikowski LD, Pastorino AC, Dutra
                  RL, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Jacob CMA, Pastorino AC,
                  Carneiro-Sampaio M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Grassi MS, Jacob CMA, Kulikowski LD,
                  Pastorino AC, Carneiro-Sampaio M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Jacob CMA, Kulikowski LD, Pastorino AC, Kim CA,
                  Carneiro-Sampaio M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
                  S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) - processos 2008/58238-4, 2009/53864-7 e 2009/53105-9. CNPq -
                  302647/2011-2 e 308105/2012-5 PQ2. NAP CRIad 2012.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
