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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">krFdYrxYGCHsJJdrrZQVjMC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040140</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Applicability of the Appropriate use Criteria for Myocardial Perfusion
               Scintigraphy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mousinho</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutterres</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Fraga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niter&#243;i, RJ-
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear - CNEN -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear</institution>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Anderson Oliveira,</bold> Rua das Laranjeiras, 43, Apto. 1406,
               Laranjeiras - Postal Code: 22240-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>anderson@cnen.gov.br</email>; <email>andoeira@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>375</fpage>
      <lpage>381</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Appropriateness Criteria for nuclear imaging exams were created by American
                  College of Cardiology (ACC) e American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC) to
                  allow the rational use of tests. Little is known whether these criteria have been
                  followed in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether the medical applications of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
                  (MPS) in a private nuclear medicine service of a tertiary cardiology hospital were
                  suitable to the criteria of indications proposed by the American medical societies
                  in 2005 and 2009 and compare the level of indication of both.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We included records of 383 patients that underwent MPS, November 2008 up to
                  February 2009. Demographic characteristics, patient's origin, coronary risk
                  factors, time of medical graduation and appropriateness criteria of medical
                  applications were studied. The criteria were evaluated by two independent
                  physicians and, in doubtful cases, defined by a medical expert in MPS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 65 &#177; 12 years. Of the 367 records reviewed, 236 (64.3%) studies were
                  performed in men and 75 (20.4%) were internee. To ACC 2005, 255 (69.5%) were
                  considered appropriate indication and 13 (3.5%) inappropriate. With ACC 2009, 249
                  (67.8%) were considered appropriate indications and 13 (5.2%) inappropriate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>We observed a high rate of adequacy of medical indications for MPS. Compared to
                  the 2005 version, 2009 did not change the results.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial/radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Health Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="07"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The advances in medical knowledge and technological development have increased the
            diagnostic capacity of medical tests. These improvements have led to a marked increase
            in the use of imaging tests and, consequently, in the associated costs. In the United
            States, a study with patients treated by Medicare, during 1993-2001, showed a mean
            annual increase of 6.1% in the number of cardiac stress imaging tests, whereas the
            increase in cardiac catheterization was 2% and percutaneous coronary interventions was
            less than 1%, for the total number of individuals with acute myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Four million myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
            (MPS) tests were performed in 1998; in 2008 this number was 8 million<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This increase in the volume of diagnostic image
            procedures, higher than any other medical procedure in the United States, led to the
            need to create instruments that suit the clinical practice with respect to the most
            recent scientific evidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. For this purpose,
            the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACC) and the American Society of Nuclear
            Cardiology (ASNC) published in 2005 the Appropriateness Criteria for Single-Photon
            Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Myocardial Perfusion Imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In June 2009, a revised and updated version was published among
            other scientific communities. This revised edition was titled Appropriate Use Criteria
            for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies worldwide have tested the application of these appropriateness criteria with the
            aim of assessing the quality of assistance and guiding strategies for improvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Gibbons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> demonstrated that 14% of scintigraphy procedures and 18% of stress
            echocardiography tests performed in a university hospital were deemed inappropriate,
            according to this instrument, and emphasized the need to improve assistance to optimize
            resources and improve the efficiency of the North-American health system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
            <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Until now, no studies, such as the present
            study, have been conducted in Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess whether the
            medical use of MPS in a private nuclear medicine department of a tertiary cardiology
            hospital was appropriate, according to the criteria of indications proposed by the
            American medical associations in 2005 and 2009, and compare the degree of indication
            between both publications.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a retrospective review of 383 medical records of consecutive patients subjected
            to resting and stress (physical or pharmacological) MPS scans, according to clinical
            indication, performed between November 2008 and February 2009. The analyzed variables
            included the following: demographic characteristics, patients' origin (outpatient or
            inpatient), coronary risk factors, physician's years of training (more than 10 years of
            training or not), and appropriateness of the use of the test according to the 2005
            ACC/ASNC appropriateness criteria. Using the same medical records, we performed a
            reassessment of the ordered tests, according to the 2009 ACC/ASNC appropriateness
            criteria, and compared the degree of indication between 2005 and 2009.</p>
      <p>Sixteen medical records were excluded from the study because data were incomplete, e.g.,
            the resting or stress test was not performed, the scintigraphy report was absent, or
            data pertaining to the physician who ordered the test was nonexistent. Myocardial
            ischemia was deemed present in scintigraphic images when some of the 17 myocardial
            segments had reversible perfusion defect.</p>
      <p>The appropriateness criteria are composed of scenarios or clinical indications that
            include most cases observed in nuclear medicine cardiac tests. Each of these scenarios
            is scored on a scale of 1 to 9: I) 7 to 9, classified as appropriate (the test is
            generally acceptable and consists in a reasonable approach to the scenario); II) 4 to 6,
            uncertain or possibly appropriate, may be acceptable, i.e., it is a reasonable approach
            to the indication, and uncertainty also implies the need for further investigation or
            data on patients to definitely categorize the procedure as appropriate or not and to
            update the criterion; III) 1 to 3, inappropriate, not a reasonable approach to the
               indication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The appropriateness criteria were
            created by the American College of Cardiology together with several medical
            associations, according to the modified Delphi method used by the RAND Institute of the
            University of California in Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, which includes the following four steps: (a) listing of the clinical
            indications for which the test can be used, (b) review of the clinical indications by a
            panel of interdisciplinary experts and rating of the indications, (c) meeting of the
            panel of experts with extensive discussion on the clinical indications and new rating,
            and (d) tabulation of the indications with their respective scores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>As recommended by the appropriateness criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>,
            patients were classified as symptomatic if the physician indicated the test due to
            thoracic pain syndrome, anginal equivalent, or electrocardiogram (ECG) findings
            indicative of ischemia. The following are examples of symptoms related with thoracic
            pain: feeling of chest tightness, heartburn, pain in the shoulder, palpitations, pain in
            the jaw, and new anomalies on ECG indicative of ischemic heart disease. Symptoms such as
            dyspnea or reduced tolerance to exertion, which are coherent with coronary artery
            disease (CAD), were also considered as anginal equivalent.</p>
      <p>With regard to the variables under study, patients were considered hospitalized if they
            were in the emergency room or in any hospital unit. Age, sex, arterial hypertension,
            diabetes mellitus, smoking, family history of cardiovascular disease, obesity (body mass
            index &#8805; 30 Kg/m&#178;), menopause, sedentarism, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular
            disease, renal failure, and thoracic pain syndrome (TPS) were the variables analyzed
            according to the information contained in the admission records for the test in the
            nuclear medicine sector. Patients who smoked till the day of the test or up to 5 years
            before were considered smokers. The reports of the tests considered as normal or not,
            according to the presence of ischemia, were also analyzed.</p>
      <p>The appropriateness of the use of MPS was assessed by two independent physicians and
            indications were allocated to one of the 67 scenarios provided in the updated document
            of indications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and classified as follows: (A)
            appropriate, (U) uncertain, and (I) inappropriate. If consensus between the two
            examiners was not reached, the opinion of a third physician, nuclear medicine physician
            or certified cardiologist with more than 10 years of experience in the field was used.
            The indications with incomplete information or those that were not included in the
            scenarios were deemed as nonclassifiable (NC) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee under number 324 in
            11/25/2009.</p>
      <p>The results of the variable age are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and the
            remaining results are expressed in percentages. Comparisons were performed using the
            Mann-Whitney test for age and the chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests for the remaining
            variables. Probability values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The
            statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software, version 22.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 367 consecutive patients under study, 282 (79.6%) were outpatients and 75 (20.4%)
            were inpatients. The mean age was 64.6 &#177; 12.3 years. Male patients accounted for 64.3%
            (N = 236) of the tests. The most prevalent risk factor for coronary disease was arterial
            hypertension [223 (60.8%)], followed by dyslipidemia [184 cases (50.1%)], and thoracic
            pain [164 cases (44.7%)]. The demographic characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics of the sample (N = 367)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (mean &#177; sd)</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">236 (64.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Origin</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inpatient</td>
              <td align="center">75 (20.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Outpatient</td>
              <td align="center">282 (79.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Complaint of thoracic pain</td>
              <td align="center">164 (44.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">223 (60.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">184 (50.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">98 (26.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of cardiovascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">129 (35.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">63 (17.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sedentarism</td>
              <td align="center">123 (33.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Menopause</td>
              <td align="center">84 (22.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity (BMI &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (20.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">12 (3.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cerebrovascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 183 referring physicians, 168 (91.8%) had more than 10 years of clinical
            practice. Eighteen (4.9%) tests were requested by physicians with less than 10 years of
            clinical practice and 349 (95.1%) tests were indicated by physicians with more than 10
            years of clinical practice. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>,
            according to the 2005 criteria, of the 367 analyzed requests, 255 (69.5%) were
            classified as appropriate, 49 (13.4%) as uncertain, and 13 (3.5%) as inappropriate,
            whereas according to the 2009 criteria, 249 (67.8%) were classified as appropriate, 19
            (5.2%) as uncertain, and 19 (5.2%) as inappropriate. Moreover, 50 (13.6%) and 80 (21.8%)
            of the indications according to the 2005 and 2009 ACC, respectively, were categorized as
            nonclassifiable because it was not possible to allocate them to any of the used
            criteria.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>2005 and 2009 ACC appropriateness criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">2005</th>
              <th align="center">2009</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Criterion</th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Appropriate</td>
              <td align="center">255 (69.5)</td>
              <td align="center">249 (67.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inappropriate</td>
              <td align="center">13 (3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (5.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uncertain</td>
              <td align="center">49 (13.6)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (5.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nonclassifiable</td>
              <td align="center">50 (13.4)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (21.8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Using the 2005 ACC, the four main indications classified as appropriate accounted for
            56.4% of cases, whereas using the 2009 ACC this percentage was 55.9%. The main
            appropriate indications are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
            3</xref>. According to the 2005 ACC, the most frequent indication for MPS [67 cases
            (18.3%)] was thoracic pain with intermediate pretest probability, interpretable ECG, and
            ability to perform physical activity. According to the 2009 ACC, the most frequent
            classifiable indication was nonacute ischemic equivalent with intermediate pretest
            probability, interpretable ECG, and ability to perform physical activity [49 cases
            (19.7%)].</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Most common appropriate indications for myocardial scintigraphy according to
                  the 2005 and 2009 ACC appropriateness criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th colspan="2">2005</th>
              <th colspan="2">2009</th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Indications</th>
              <th>N (%)</th>
              <th>Indications</th>
              <th>N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Thoracic pain with intermediate pretest probability,
                        interpretable ECG, and able to perform physical activity</td>
              <td>67 (18.3)</td>
              <td>Nonclassifiable</td>
              <td>86 (34.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Intermediate Duke e Framinghan scores</td>
              <td>51 (13.9)</td>
              <td>Nonacute ischemic equivalent with intermediate pretest probability,
                        interpretable ECG, and able to perform physical activity</td>
              <td>49 (19.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">With pain, after intervention or angioplasty</td>
              <td>50 (13.6)</td>
              <td>Intermediate Duke score</td>
              <td>34 (13.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Thoracic pain with intermediate pretest probability,
                        noninterpretable ECG, and unable to perform physical activity</td>
              <td>39 (10.6)</td>
              <td>Symptomatic postrevascularization</td>
              <td>33 (13.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Thoracic pain with high pretest probability, interpretable
                        ECG, and able to perform physical activity</td>
              <td>16 (4.4)</td>
              <td>Nonacute ischemic equivalent with intermediate pretest probability,
                        noninterpretable ECG, or unable to perform physical activity</td>
              <td>23 (9.2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <p>ECG: Electrocardiogram.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the indications categorized as inappropriate, the most frequent was in asymptomatic
            patients up to 1 year after revascularization, with previous symptoms of
            revascularization [5 patients (38.5%)] for 2005 ACC and postrevascularization,
            asymptomatic, and less than 2 years after percutaneous coronary intervention [4 patients
            (21.1%)] for 2009 ACC. The inappropriate indications and their frequencies are shown in
               <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Inappropriate indications for myocardial scintigraphy, according to the ACC
                  appropriateness criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">2005</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">2009</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Indications</th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Indications</th>
              <th align="center">N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Asymptomatic until 1 year after revascularization, with previous
                        symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">5 (38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">Nonclassifiable</td>
              <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Thoracic pain with low pretest probability, interpretable ECG, and able to
                        perform physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
              <td align="center">Postrevascularization, asymptomatic, and less than 2 years
                        after percutaneous coronary intervention</td>
              <td align="center">4 (21.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Low risk preoperative</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
              <td align="center">Pain or ischemic equivalent, low pretest probability,
                        interpretable ECG, and able to perform physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">3 (15.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Asymptomatic or with previous study and high-risk Framinghan and annual
                        scintigraphy study</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
              <td align="center">Low risk preoperative</td>
              <td align="center">2 (10.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Low intermediate preoperative, with tolerance to exertion &#8805; 4 MET</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
              <td align="center">Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <p>MET metabolic equivalent;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t04">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Four indications had the same frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison between appropriate and inappropriate referrals, using the 2005 ACC,
            showed a significant difference only with regard to obesity (p = 0.022). The same
            comparison performed according to the 2009 ACC showed a significant difference only for
            the variable SDT (p = 0.026). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">6</xref> show the comparison between appropriate and
            inappropriate indications for MPS, according to the 2005 and 2009 ACC appropriateness
            criteria.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between appropriate and inappropriate indications for myocardial
                  scintigraphy, according to the 2005 ACC appropriateness criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Appropriate N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Inappropriate N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">100 (97.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2.9)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.243</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">155 (93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (6.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Origin</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inpatient</td>
              <td align="center">67 (95.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.3)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.798</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Outpatient</td>
              <td align="center">188 (94.9)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (5.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">123 (93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6.1)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.349</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">132 (96.4)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Obesity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">205 (96.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.3)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">50 (89.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (10.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between appropriate and inappropriate indications for myocardial
                  scintigraphy, according to the 2009 ACC appropriateness criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Appropriate N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Inappropriate N (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">93 (94.9)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.1)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.336</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">156 (91.8)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (8.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Origin</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inpatient</td>
              <td align="center">61 (95.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Outpatient</td>
              <td align="center">188 (92.2)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (7.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">114 (91.2)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (8,8)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">135 (94.4)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Thoracic pain syndrome</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">105 (89)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (11)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">144 (96)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess a new instrument that promotes the improvement of
            clinical practices. The appropriateness criteria were developed by the ACC and ASNC with
            the purpose of assisting physicians and institutions, as well as reducing healthcare
            costs. In Brazil, until now, there have been no studies on indications for MPS based on
            these criteria.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the clinical indications for MPS showed a high percentage of
            appropriateness (69.5% and 67.8% according to the 2005 and 2009 ACC, respectively) in a
            private cardiology hospital. The use of this instrument has expanded exponentially. A
            study on the appropriateness of transthoracic echocardiography requests according to the
            ACC appropriateness criteria for echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> was recently published. It compared the practices between a private
            cardiology hospital and a public university hospital. The results showed that
            approximately 25% of the tests were inappropriately requested<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The use of the appropriateness criteria has proved to be very
            useful for the evaluation of the quality of requests for complementary tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. More recently, continuing education strategies,
            such as online dissemination of information regarding appropriate referral, have been
            proposed to improve clinical practices<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In the
            present study we assessed the requests for MPS, which is a test of difficult access and
            that involves radiation exposure.</p>
      <p>Similarly to the study by Gibbons et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, the
            present study was one of the first evaluations of the use of the appropriateness
            criteria for test requests in a nuclear medicine department in Latin America, according
            to the ACC/ASNC appropriateness criteria for SPECT perfusion imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. After excluding the cases categorized as
            nonclassifiable, the ACC/ASNC appropriateness criteria was applied to more than 87% and
            78% of the clinical indications for MPS for the 2005 and 2009 ACC, respectively, in the
            department where the study was conducted. The inappropriate indications corresponded to
            3.5% and 5.2% and the uncertain indications to 13.4% and 5.2%, for 2005 and 2009 ACC,
            respectively. These results highlight the need to improve the efficiency of our health
            system. In the outpatient context, the percentage of appropriate indications was lower
            (64.4% for 2005 and 2009 ACC) than that observed in the inpatient context (89.3% for
            2005 and 81.3% for 2009 ACC). This analysis was not performed in the study by Gibbons et
               al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> because the sample only included
            hospitalized patients. Better interaction between the referring physician and the team
            responsible for performing the tests and the fact that hospitalized patients often have
            more serious diseases, for which the use of scintigraphy is more well established,
            probably contributed to higher rate of appropriate requests in the group of
            inpatients.</p>
      <p>Another aspect observed in our study, which was emphasized by Hendel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, was the application of the appropriateness
            criteria to allow an institution, a group of physicians, and even a health manager to
            assess standards and practices and identify areas susceptible to improvement. In
            addition, the criteria are a useful instrument for training, awareness and development
            of standards of practice regarding the appropriate request of tests. The following are
            among the most frequent inappropriate indications for myocardial scintigraphy observed
            in the clinical practice: (1) scintigraphy in asymptomatic patients and (2) scintigraphy
            in asymptomatic patients with less than 2 years of revascularization and complaints of
            symptoms before angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The findings that
            routine evaluation of patients in the first year after coronary angioplasty corresponded
            to 38.5 % of inappropriate indications for myocardial scintigraphy according to the 2005
            ACC, and that 21.1% of inappropriate requests according to the 2009 ACC corresponded to
            the routine evaluation of patients in the first 2 years after coronary angioplasty
            suggest that these indications should be the focus of educational programs and other
            interventions aimed at the referring physicians. Gibbons et al15 implemented a program
            of quality improvement focusing on inappropriate requests for scintigraphy and, although
            they did not observe a significant improvement in the rate of appropriate referrals,
            they suggested that specific efforts should be made, based on the data obtained from
            appropriateness assessment. Saifi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
            demonstrated that the online use of a continuing education instrument can promote the
            increase in the number of appropriate myocardial scintigraphy tests.</p>
      <p>The appropriateness criteria are an instrument in progress and, with the publication of
            the new version, some authors observed a change in the rate of nonclassifiable tests and
            an increase in the rate of uncertain and inappropriate tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In the sample
            analyzed in this study, the rate of appropriate tests remained unchanged, the rate of
            uncertain tests decreased, and the rate of nonclassifiable tests increased. These
            differences may be associated with local experience and the most common type of
            indication in a given region. Moreover, of the 182 clinicians that requested tests, 95%
            had more than 10 years of clinical practice. This finding indicates that the analyzed
            population consists of experienced physicians, which is not necessarily representative
            of the situation in most institutions.</p>
      <p>The update of criteria and the conduction of more studies in other regions of Brazil are
            necessary for the inclusion of more indications. Although the criteria of 2009 were not
            available to cardiologists when the tests included in this study were requested, we
            believe the analyses are valid because there was no significant change in clinical
            practices between the 2005 and 2009 publications of the appropriateness criteria; these
            publications were an attempt to improve the instrument<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Despite the limitations of a retrospective study, the present analysis is
            valid because it gives an overview of this practice.</p>
      <p>The rational use of complementary tests in cardiology is one of the major challenges
            experienced by clinical practitioners today<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Although technology
            has allowed these methods to aggregate an increasing amount of valuable information, its
            indiscriminate use may not contribute in changing the outlined strategy, and may even
            add costs and risks inherent to the techniques, such as exposure to contrast media or
               radiation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The search for quality directly involves the refinement of
            clinical referrals as a way of selecting patients who are most likely to benefit from
            these tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. This study, which is the first in the Brazilian literature to
            focus on the use of the appropriateness criteria for myocardial scintigraphy, showed
            that this instrument is indeed useful for this purpose and that new studies should be
            conducted in different contexts so as to contribute to better clinical practices.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this study there was a high appropriateness of clinical indications for MPS in a
            cardiology hospital, according to the appropriateness criteria, in particular among
            hospitalized patients. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the
            percentages of appropriate and inappropriate tests when using the 2005 and 2009
            criteria. Further prospective studies and studies involving more physicians with less
            than 10 years of clinical practice should be developed to confirm the results presented
            in this article.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and
               Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira A, Rezende MF, Corr&#234;a R, Mousinho R, Azevedo JC,
               Miranda SM, Oliveira AR, Gutterres RF, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Acquisition of data:
               Oliveira A, Rezende MF, Corr&#234;a R, Mousinho R, Mesquita CT; Statistical analysis:
               Oliveira A, Mesquita CT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Oliveira A, Rezende MF, Azevedo JC, Miranda SM, Oliveira AR, Gutterres RF,
               Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Anderson de Oliveira,
               from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplicabilidade dos Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o em Cintilografia
               Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mousinho</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutterres</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Fraga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niter&#243;i, RJ
               - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear</institution>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear - CNEN -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o para os exames de imagem nuclear foram criados pelo
                  American College of Cardiology (ACC) e pela American Society of Nuclear Cardiology
                  (ASNC) com o objetivo de permitir o uso racional dos exames. Pouco se sabe se
                  esses crit&#233;rios t&#234;m sido seguidos nas indica&#231;&#245;es da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se os pedidos m&#233;dicos de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM), em
                  servi&#231;o privado de medicina nuclear de um hospital cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio,
                  adequavam-se aos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#245;es propostos pelas sociedades m&#233;dicas
                  americanas em 2005 e 2009 e comparar o grau de indica&#231;&#227;o entre ambos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 383 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos &#224; CPM de novembro de 2008
                  a fevereiro de 2009. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, a origem do paciente, os
                  fatores de risco coronariano, o tempo de formatura do m&#233;dico e os crit&#233;rios de
                  adequa&#231;&#227;o dos pedidos foram considerados. Os crit&#233;rios foram avaliados por dois
                  m&#233;dicos independentes e, nos casos duvidosos, definidos por um especialista em
                  CPM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 65 &#177; 12 anos. Dos 367 prontu&#225;rios analisados, 236 (64,3%)
                  exames foram realizados em homens e 75 (20,4%) foram em pacientes internados.
                  Aplicando-se os crit&#233;rios do ACC de 2005, 255 (69,5%) das indica&#231;&#245;es foram
                  consideradas adequadas e 13 (3,5%) inadequadas. Aplicando-se os crit&#233;rios do ACC
                  de 2009, 249 (67,8%) das indica&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas adequadas e 13 (5,2%)
                  inadequadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Foi observada uma elevada taxa de adequa&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas de CPM.
                  Comparada com a edi&#231;&#227;o de 2005, a vers&#227;o de 2009 n&#227;o alterou a taxa de exames
                  adequados ou inadequados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio/cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade da Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os avan&#231;os no conhecimento m&#233;dico e o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico t&#234;m aumentado a
               capacidade diagn&#243;stica dos exames m&#233;dicos. Essas melhorias acarretaram um crescimento
               acentuado no uso de exames de imagem e, consequentemente, nos custos associados. Nos
               Estados Unidos (EUA), um estudo com pacientes atendidos pelo
                  <italic>Medicare</italic>, no per&#237;odo de 1993 a 2001, demonstrou um aumento anual
               m&#233;dio de 6,1% no n&#250;mero de exames de imagem cardiovascular com estresse, em
               compara&#231;&#227;o ao aumento de 2% para cateterismos card&#237;acos e de menos de 1% para
               interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas e para o total de pessoas com infarto agudo do
                  mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. As cintilografias de perfus&#227;o
               mioc&#225;rdica (CPMs) contabilizaram 4 milh&#245;es de procedimentos em 1998, em compara&#231;&#227;o a
               8 milh&#245;es em 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse crescimento do volume
               de procedimentos de diagn&#243;stico por m&#233;todos de imagem, superior ao de qualquer outro
               procedimento m&#233;dico nos EUA, gerou a necessidade de criar ferramentas para adequar
               pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#224;s mais recentes evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. No intuito de atender tal demanda, a funda&#231;&#227;o do
                  <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC) e a <italic>American Society
                  of Nuclear Cardiology</italic> (ASNC) publicaram em 2005 os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o
               para CPM (<italic>Appropriateness Criteria for Single-Photon Emission Computed
                  Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em junho de 2009, foi publicada uma vers&#227;o revisada e atualizada junto
               a outras comunidades cient&#237;ficas. Essa edi&#231;&#227;o revisada recebeu a denomina&#231;&#227;o de
                  <italic>Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos ao redor do mundo t&#234;m testado a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o com o
               objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da pr&#225;tica assistencial e direcionar estrat&#233;gias de
                  melhoria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Gibbons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> demonstraram que 14% das cintilografias e 18%
               dos ecocardiogramas de estresse realizados em um hospital universit&#225;rio foram
               considerados inadequados de acordo com tal ferramenta, enfatizando a necessidade de
               melhoria da assist&#234;ncia como um fator a ser abordado para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos recursos e
               o aumento da efici&#234;ncia do sistema de sa&#250;de norte-americano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. At&#233; o
               momento, n&#227;o existem estudos como esse no Brasil. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar
               se os pedidos m&#233;dicos de CPM em um servi&#231;o privado de medicina nuclear de um hospital
               cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio se adequavam aos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#245;es propostos pelas
               sociedades m&#233;dicas americanas em 2005 e 2009 e comparar o grau de indica&#231;&#227;o entre
               ambos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram revisados retrospectivamente 383 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes consecutivos
               submetidos a CPMs em repouso e em estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico), conforme
               indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, realizadas no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. As
               vari&#225;veis analisadas inclu&#237;ram: caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, origem do paciente
               (ambulatorial ou internado), fatores de risco coronariano, tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o do
               m&#233;dico (mais de 10 anos de forma&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o) e adequa&#231;&#227;o dos pedidos m&#233;dicos de acordo
               com os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o de ACC/ASNC de 2005. Utilizando-se os mesmos
               prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes, realizou-se uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o dos exames solicitados de
               acordo com os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o de ACC/ASNC de 2009, comparando-se o grau de
               indica&#231;&#227;o entre ambos.</p>
        <p>Dezesseis prontu&#225;rios foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo devido a informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas: n&#227;o
               realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame em repouso ou estresse, aus&#234;ncia do laudo de CPM ou aus&#234;ncia de
               dados do m&#233;dico que solicitou o exame. Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas,
               isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi considerada como presente quando houve defeito de perfus&#227;o
               revers&#237;vel em algum dos 17 segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o compostos por cen&#225;rios ou indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que
               englobam a maioria dos casos observados em testes cardiovasculares de medicina
               nuclear. Cada um desses cen&#225;rios apresenta uma faixa de pontua&#231;&#227;o: I) de 7 a 9,
               classificado como adequado (o exame geralmente &#233; aceit&#225;vel e &#233; uma abordagem razo&#225;vel
               para o cen&#225;rio); II) de 4 a 6, incerto ou possivelmente adequado, podendo ser aceito,
               ou seja, uma abordagem razo&#225;vel para a indica&#231;&#227;o. A incerteza tamb&#233;m implica na
               necessidade de mais investiga&#231;&#227;o ou informa&#231;&#245;es dos doentes para a classifica&#231;&#227;o
               definitiva em adequado ou n&#227;o e para atualizar os crit&#233;rios; III) de 1 a 3, exame
               inadequado, sendo a abordagem considerada como n&#227;o razo&#225;vel para a indica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o foram criados pelo
               ACC em conjunto com v&#225;rias sociedades m&#233;dicas, seguindo o m&#233;todo Delphi modificado
               utilizado pela RAND/UCLA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> (Instituto RAND da
               Universidade da Calif&#243;rnia em Los Angeles), em que s&#227;o seguidos quatro passos: (a)
               listagem de situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em que o exame pode ser empregado; (b) revis&#227;o das
               indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por um painel de especialidades interdisciplinares, com pontua&#231;&#227;o
               das indica&#231;&#245;es; (c) encontro do painel de especialistas com ampla discuss&#227;o das
               indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e nova pontua&#231;&#227;o; e (d) tabula&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es com seus
               respectivos escores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como previsto pelos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>,
               foi classificado como sintom&#225;tico todo paciente cujo m&#233;dico indicou o exame devido a
               s&#237;ndrome de dor tor&#225;cica (SDT), equivalente anginoso ou altera&#231;&#227;o do
               eletrocardiograma (ECG) sugestiva de isquemia. S&#227;o exemplos de achados como dor
               tor&#225;cica: sensa&#231;&#227;o de aperto no peito, ardor, dor no ombro, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor no
               maxilar e novas anomalias do ECG sugestivas da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Sintomas
               como dispneia ou piora da toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, que se fazem coerentes com doen&#231;a
               arterial coronariana (DAC), tamb&#233;m foram considerados como equivalentes
               anginosos.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis do estudo, foi dado como internado todo paciente oriundo da
               emerg&#234;ncia ou de qualquer unidade do hospital. As vari&#225;veis analisadas de acordo com
               a informa&#231;&#227;o contida no prontu&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o para o exame no setor de medicina
               nuclear foram: idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes melito, tabagismo,
               hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m&#178;), menopausa,
               sedentarismo, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, insufici&#234;ncia renal
               e SDT. Foi considerado tabagista todo paciente que estivesse fumando at&#233; a data do
               exame ou at&#233; cinco anos antes. Os laudos dos exames dados como normais ou n&#227;o de
               acordo com a presen&#231;a de isquemia foram tamb&#233;m analisados.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o dos pedidos m&#233;dicos de CPM foram avaliados por dois m&#233;dicos
               independentes e alocados em um dos 67 cen&#225;rios previstos no documento atualizado de
                  indica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, sendo classificados em: (A)
               adequado, (U) incerto e (I) inadequado. Caso n&#227;o houvesse consenso entre os dois
               examinadores, foi utilizada a opini&#227;o de um terceiro m&#233;dico, m&#233;dico nuclear e
               cardiologista certificado, com mais de 10 anos de pr&#225;tica na &#225;rea. As indica&#231;&#245;es com
               informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas ou que n&#227;o fossem contempladas pelos cen&#225;rios foram dadas
               como n&#227;o classific&#225;veis (NC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica sob o n&#250;mero 324 em 25/11/2009.</p>
        <p>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para a vari&#225;vel idade e
               percentuais para as demais. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas utilizando-se o teste de
               Mann-Whitney para a idade e os testes do Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher para as
               demais vari&#225;veis. Valores de probabilidade menores que 0,05 foram considerados
               estatisticamente significativos. Foi utilizado o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 22 para a
               realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 367 casos consecutivos estudados, 282 (79,6%) eram de pacientes ambulatoriais e
               75 (20,4%) de internados. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 64,6 &#177; 12,3 anos. O sexo masculino
               representou 64,3% (N = 236) dos exames. O fator de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana mais
               prevalente foi hipertens&#227;o arterial, 223 casos (60,8%), seguida por dislipidemia, 184
               casos (50,1%), e dor tor&#225;cica, 164 casos (44,7%). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas
               est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da amostra (N = 367)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">236 (64,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Origem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Internado</td>
                <td align="center">75 (20,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambulat&#243;rial</td>
                <td align="center">282 (79,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Queixa de dor tor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">164 (44,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">223 (60,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">184 (50,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">98 (26,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">129 (35,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">63 (17,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">123 (33,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menopausa</td>
                <td align="center">84 (22,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (20,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos 183 m&#233;dicos solicitantes, 168 (91,8%) possu&#237;am mais de 10 anos de forma&#231;&#227;o.
               Quanto &#224;s solicita&#231;&#245;es de exame, 18 (4,9%) foram realizadas por m&#233;dicos com menos de
               10 anos de formados, enquanto 349 (95,1%) foram realizadas por m&#233;dicos com mais de 10
               anos de formados. De acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 2</xref>,
               para os crit&#233;rios de 2005, das 367 solicita&#231;&#245;es analisadas, 255 (69,5%) foram
               classificadas como adequadas, 49 (13,4%) como incertas e 13 (3,5%) como inadequadas.
               J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios de 2009, 249 (67,8%) solicita&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas
               como adequadas, 19 (5,2%) como incertas e 19 (5,2%) como inadequadas. Visto que n&#227;o
               foi poss&#237;vel enquadrar em nenhum dos crit&#233;rios utilizados, 50 (13,6%) e 80 (21,8%)
               das indica&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas como n&#227;o classific&#225;veis, respectivamente para 2005
               e 2009.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Solicita&#231;&#245;es de exames segundo os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005 e
                     de 2009</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">2005</th>
                <th align="center">2009</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Crit&#233;rio</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adequadas</td>
                <td align="center">255 (69,5)</td>
                <td align="center">249 (67,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequadas</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (5,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incertas</td>
                <td align="center">49 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (5,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o classific&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">50 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (21,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Utilizando-se os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005, as quatro principais
               indica&#231;&#245;es consideradas adequadas contabilizaram 56,4% dos casos. J&#225; segundo os
               Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2009, esse percentual correspondeu a 55,9%. As
               principais indica&#231;&#245;es apropriadas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>. Aplicando-se os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005, a
               indica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente para CPM foi dor tor&#225;cica com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste
               intermedi&#225;ria, ECG interpret&#225;vel e apto a fazer atividade f&#237;sica, 67 casos (18,3%).
               Quando a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita com os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2009, a
               indica&#231;&#227;o classific&#225;vel mais frequente foi o equivalente isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o agudo com
               probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria, ECG interpret&#225;vel e apto para atividades
               f&#237;sicas, com 49 casos (19,7%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es de cintilograf&#237;as mioc&#225;rdicas adequadas mais comuns conforme os
                     Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005 e de 2009</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">2005</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">2009</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria, ECG
                           interpret&#225;vel e apto a fazer atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">67 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o classific&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">86 (34,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escores de Duke e Framinghan intermedi&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">51 (13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">Equivalente isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o agudo com probabilidade
                           pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria, ECG interpret&#225;vel e apto para atividades
                           f&#237;sicas</td>
                <td align="center">49 (19,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apresentando dor, tendo feito interven&#231;&#227;o ou
                           angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">50 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">Escore de Duke intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">34 (13,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria, ECG
                           n&#227;o interpret&#225;vel e inapto a fazer atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">39 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">P&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">33 (13,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste alta, ECG
                           interpret&#225;vel e apto a fazer atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">16 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">Equivalente isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o agudo com probabilidade
                           pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria, ECG n&#227;o interpret&#225;vel ou inapto para atividades
                           f&#237;sicas</td>
                <td align="center">23 (9,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t09">
              <p>ECG: Eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Das indica&#231;&#245;es consideradas inadequadas, a mais frequente foi em assintom&#225;tico at&#233; um
               ano p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, com sintomas pr&#233;vios &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, em 5 pacientes
               (38,5%) para os crit&#233;rios de 2005, e p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, assintom&#225;tico e menos de 2
               anos p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em 4 pacientes (21,1%), para os crit&#233;rios
               de 2009. As indica&#231;&#245;es inadequadas e suas frequ&#234;ncias podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es de cintilograf&#237;as mioc&#225;rdicas inadequadas, conforme os Crit&#233;rios
                     de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">2005</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">2009</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th align="center">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, com
                           sintomas pr&#233;vios.</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o classific&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica com baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, ECG
                           interpret&#225;vel e apto para atividades f&#237;sicas</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">P&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, assintom&#225;tico e menos de 2 anos
                           p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">Dor ou equivalente isqu&#234;mico, baixa probabilidade
                           pr&#233;-teste, ECG interpret&#225;vel e apto para exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico ou com estudo pr&#233;vio tendo o Framinghan de
                           alto risco e estudo de cintilografia anual</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de baixo risco</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de baixo a intermedi&#225;rio, com
                           toler&#226;ncia de exerc&#237;cio maior ou igual a 4 MET</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Outras<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t10">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t10">
              <p>METS: equivalentes metab&#243;licos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t10">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Houve quatro indica&#231;&#245;es com a mesma frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comparando-se as solicita&#231;&#245;es adequadas com as inadequadas e utilizando-se os
               Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005, observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa apenas em
               rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade (p = 0,022). J&#225; quando a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelos Crit&#233;rios de
               Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2009, houve diferen&#231;a significativa somente para a vari&#225;vel SDT
               (p = 0,026). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref> apresentam a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as
               indica&#231;&#245;es de CPM adequadas <italic>versus</italic> inadequadas, conforme os
               Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005 e 2009.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as indica&#231;&#245;es de cintilografias mioc&#225;rdicas adequadas x
                     inadequadas, conforme os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2005</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Adequada N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Inadequada N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">100 (97,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,9)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,243</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">155 (93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Origem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Internado</td>
                <td align="center">67 (95,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,3)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,798</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambulatorial</td>
                <td align="center">188 (94,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">123 (93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,1)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,349</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">132 (96,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">205 (96,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,3)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">50 (89,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as indica&#231;&#245;es de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica adequadas x
                     inadequadas, conforme os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC de 2009</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Adequada N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Inadequada N (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">93 (94,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,1)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,336</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">156 (91,8)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (8,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Origem</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Internado</td>
                <td align="center">61 (95,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,7)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambulatorial</td>
                <td align="center">188 (92,2)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (7,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">114 (91,2)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8,8)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">135 (94,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>S&#237;ndrome de dor tor&#225;cica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">105 (89)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (11)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">144 (96)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma nova ferramenta que auxilia a melhora da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; a
               motiva&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o foram
               desenvolvidos pelo ACC e pela ASNC com o objetivo de auxiliar os m&#233;dicos e as
               institui&#231;&#245;es, reduzindo os custos com a sa&#250;de. N&#227;o existem, at&#233; o momento, estudos
               publicados sobre as solicita&#231;&#245;es de CPM no Brasil, sob a &#243;tica desses crit&#233;rios.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, as indica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas para CPM em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico
               privado, conforme recomendam os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC, apresentaram um alto
               percentual de adequa&#231;&#227;o (69,5% para os crit&#233;rios de 2005 e 67,8% para os de 2009).
               Essa ferramenta tem sido empregada de modo exponencial. Recentemente, foi publicado
               um estudo sobre a adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, de
               acordo com os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC para ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, comparando a pr&#225;tica em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico privado
               &#224;quela de um hospital p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio; tal estudo demonstrou que cerca de 25%
               dos exames foram solicitados inadequadamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O uso dos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o tem se mostrado bastante &#250;til para
               avaliar a qualidade das solicita&#231;&#245;es de exames complementares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Mais recentemente, estrat&#233;gias de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada t&#234;m
               sido propostas para melhorar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atrav&#233;s da difus&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es
               referentes &#224;s solicita&#231;&#245;es adequadas por ferramentas <italic>online</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A partir disso, prop&#244;s-se, no presente
               estudo, avaliar as solicita&#231;&#245;es de CPMs, exames de mais dif&#237;cil acesso e com
               exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em paralelo com o trabalho de Gibbons e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>,
               esta pesquisa representa uma das primeiras avalia&#231;&#245;es na Am&#233;rica Latina do uso, em um
               servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear, dos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o de pedidos m&#233;dicos, segundo
               os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o para CPM (SPECT) de ACC/ASNC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Retirados os casos que entraram nos crit&#233;rios n&#227;o classific&#225;veis,
               verificou-se que os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o de ACC/ASNC de 2005 e de 2009 aplicam-se a
               mais de 87% e 78% das indica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas de CPM no servi&#231;o onde foi realizado o
               estudo. As indica&#231;&#245;es inadequadas corresponderam a 3,5% e 5,2% e as incertas a 13,4%
               e 5,2%, segundo os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o de ACC/ASNC de 2005 e 2009,
               respectivamente, o que ressalta a necessidade de melhorar a efici&#234;ncia do nosso
               sistema m&#233;dico. Em n&#237;vel ambulatorial, observou-se um percentual menor de indica&#231;&#245;es
               adequadas (64,4%, 2005 e 2009), quando comparadas &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es adequadas em
               pacientes internados (89,3% para 2005 e 81,3% para 2009). Essa an&#225;lise n&#227;o p&#244;de ser
               realizada no estudo de Gibbons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, pois,
               em sua amostra, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes internados. Entre as justificativas
               para uma maior taxa de solicita&#231;&#245;es adequadas no grupo de pacientes internados,
               acreditamos que figurem a maior integra&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;dico solicitante e equipe
               respons&#225;vel pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames e o fato de o paciente internado frequentemente
               apresentar doen&#231;as de maior gravidade, em que o uso da CPM &#233; mais estabelecido.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto observado com o nosso estudo, e enfatizado por Hendel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, foi a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o
               permitindo a uma institui&#231;&#227;o, a um grupo de m&#233;dicos e at&#233; mesmo a um gestor da &#225;rea
               de sa&#250;de avaliar os padr&#245;es e pr&#225;ticas, identificando &#225;reas para poss&#237;veis melhorias.
               Os crit&#233;rios tamb&#233;m podem ser uma ferramenta de forma&#231;&#227;o, sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o e
               desenvolvimento de padr&#245;es de pr&#225;ticas de encomenda adequada dos testes. Entre as
               indica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente inadequadas de CPM presentes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica est&#227;o:
               (1) cintilografia em assintom&#225;ticos e (2) cintilografia em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos
               com menos de dois anos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, com queixa de sintomas antes da
                  angioplastia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A observa&#231;&#227;o de que a
               avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina de pacientes no primeiro ano ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana
               corresponde a 38,5% das indica&#231;&#245;es inadequadas de CPM de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de
               adequa&#231;&#227;o de ACC de 2005 e de que 21,1% das solicita&#231;&#245;es inadequadas segundo esses
               crit&#233;rios de 2009 corresponderam &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina de pacientes nos primeiros
               dois anos ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana sugere que esses sejam focos de a&#231;&#227;o com a
               promo&#231;&#227;o de atividades educacionais e outras interven&#231;&#245;es voltadas para os m&#233;dicos
               solicitantes. Gibbons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> implementaram
               um programa de melhoria da qualidade focado nas solicita&#231;&#245;es inadequadas de
               cintilografia e, apesar de n&#227;o observarem melhora significativa na taxa de
               solicita&#231;&#245;es adequadas, sugerem que devam ser empreendidos esfor&#231;os espec&#237;ficos a
               partir dos dados da avalia&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, Saifi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> demonstraram que o uso <italic>online</italic>
               de uma ferramenta de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada &#233; capaz de promover melhoria no n&#250;mero de
               exames adequados de CPM.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o uma ferramenta em evolu&#231;&#227;o e, com a publica&#231;&#227;o da nova
               vers&#227;o, alguns autores observaram uma modifica&#231;&#227;o na taxa de exames n&#227;o
               classific&#225;veis e aumento na taxa de exames incertos e inadequados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Na amostra
               analisada nesta pesquisa, observou-se a manuten&#231;&#227;o da taxa de exames adequados, com
               redu&#231;&#227;o de exames incertos, por&#233;m com aumento daqueles n&#227;o classific&#225;veis.
               Acredita-se que essas diferen&#231;as possam estar associadas &#224; experi&#234;ncia local e ao
               tipo de indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum em uma dada regi&#227;o. Ressalte-se ainda que, embora 182
               m&#233;dicos tenham solicitado exames, 95% possuem mais de 10 anos de conclus&#227;o de curso.
               Esse achado sugere que a popula&#231;&#227;o analisada &#233; proveniente de m&#233;dicos com experi&#234;ncia
               de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o que n&#227;o necessariamente representa a pr&#225;tica na maioria das
               institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Atualiza&#231;&#245;es dos crit&#233;rios s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para que um maior n&#250;mero de indica&#231;&#245;es
               esteja contemplado bem como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos em outras regi&#245;es do
               cen&#225;rio nacional. Apesar de os crit&#233;rios de 2009 n&#227;o estarem dispon&#237;veis para os
               cardiologistas, quando da solicita&#231;&#227;o dos exames inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, acredita-se
               que as an&#225;lises s&#227;o v&#225;lidas, pois n&#227;o houve nenhuma mudan&#231;a significativa na pr&#225;tica
               cl&#237;nica entre a publica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o de 2005 e a dos crit&#233;rios de
               2009, sendo os &#250;ltimos frutos de uma tentativa de melhoria da ferramenta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Entende-se que, apesar da limita&#231;&#227;o imposta
               pela an&#225;lise devido ao seu car&#225;ter retrospectivo, ela &#233; v&#225;lida, pois permite um olhar
               sobre a pr&#225;tica de modo transversal.</p>
        <p>O uso racional dos exames complementares em cardiologia &#233; um dos maiores desafios
               vivenciados pela pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Enquanto que a
               tecnologia vem permitindo que esses m&#233;todos agreguem um n&#250;mero de informa&#231;&#245;es
               valiosas, muitas das vezes, o seu uso indiscriminado pode n&#227;o contribuir para mudan&#231;a
               da estrat&#233;gia tra&#231;ada, mas adicionar custos e riscos inerentes &#224;s t&#233;cnicas, como
               exposi&#231;&#227;o ao uso de contraste venoso ou &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A busca pela
               qualidade envolve diretamente o refinamento das solicita&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas como forma de
               alcan&#231;ar pacientes que tenham maior probabilidade de se beneficiar da execu&#231;&#227;o desses
                  exames<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Este estudo, que &#233; o primeiro na literatura brasileira
               enfocando o uso dos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o em CPM, demonstra que essa ferramenta &#233;
               &#250;til para esse fim e que novos estudos em outros cen&#225;rios devem ser realizados para
               contribuir para as melhores pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Observamos uma elevada adequa&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas de CPM em um hospital
               cardiol&#243;gico segundo os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o do ACC, em especial entre pacientes
               internados. Verificou-se ainda que n&#227;o houve grande diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
               percentual de exames adequados e inadequados, quando os crit&#233;rios de 2005 e de 2009
               foram comparados. Novos estudos envolvendo maiores percentuais de m&#233;dicos com menos
               de 10 anos de formados e de car&#225;ter prospectivo devem ser desenvolvidos a fim de
               avaliar o alcance dos resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Anderson Oliveira,</bold> Rua das Laranjeiras, 43, Apto. 1406,
               Laranjeiras - CEP 22240-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail:
                  <email>anderson@cnen.gov.br</email>; <email>andoeira@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Oliveira A, Rezende MF, Corr&#234;a R, Mousinho R, Azevedo JC, Miranda SM,
                  Oliveira AR, Gutterres RF, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira
                  A, Rezende MF, Corr&#234;a R, Mousinho R, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira A,
                  Mesquita CT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Oliveira A, Rezende MF, Azevedo JC, Miranda SM, Oliveira AR, Gutterres
                  RF, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Anderson de Oliveira pela Universidade
                  Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
