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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gSQkBCTjmfQrSP4GLGD6CLG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040142</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140142</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sleep Apnea and Nocturnal Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Populational
               Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cintra</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima Dumas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Storti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Julio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Lia Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poyares</surname>
            <given-names>Dalva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Laura de Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tufik</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o
                  Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Unifesp, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Fatima Dumas Cintra,</bold> Alameda Taurus, 146, Residencial
               Genesis I, Alphaville. Postal Code 06543-670. Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>fatimacintra@cardiol.br</email>; <email>fatimadc@einstein.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>368</fpage>
      <lpage>374</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The mechanisms associated with the cardiovascular consequences of obstructive
                  sleep apnea include abrupt changes in autonomic tone, which can trigger cardiac
                  arrhythmias. The authors hypothesized that nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia occurs
                  more frequently in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and abnormal heart
                  rhythm during sleep in a population sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 1,101 volunteers, who form a representative sample of
                  the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The overnight polysomnography was performed using an EMBLA&#174;
                  S7000 digital system during the regular sleep schedule of the individual. The
                  electrocardiogram channel was extracted, duplicated, and then analyzed using a
                  Holter (Cardio Smart&#174;) system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 767 participants (461 men) with a mean age of 42.00 &#177; 0.53 years, were
                  included in the analysis. At least one type of nocturnal cardiac rhythm
                  disturbance (atrial/ventricular arrhythmia or beat) was observed in 62.7% of the
                  sample. The occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias was more frequent with
                  increased disease severity. Rhythm disturbance was observed in 53.3% of the sample
                  without breathing sleep disorders, whereas 92.3% of patients with severe
                  obstructive sleep apnea showed cardiac arrhythmia. Isolated atrial and ventricular
                  ectopy was more frequent in patients with moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea
                  when compared to controls (p &lt; 0.001). After controlling for potential
                  confounding factors, age, sex and apnea-hypopnea index were associated with
                  nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia occurs more frequently in patients with obstructive
                  sleep apnea and the prevalence increases with disease severity. Age, sex, and the
                  Apnea-hypopnea index were predictors of arrhythmia in this sample.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea Syndromes</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by sleep fragmentation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> and repetitive hypoxia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> during sleep. OSA is associated with a number of cardiovascular
            effects, such as hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, metabolic syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, and heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. OSA was
            recently associated with increased cardiovascular mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>; however, the
            identification of the abnormality and the institution of effective treatment with
            continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) reduce the rate of fatal and nonfatal
            cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular damage secondary to the obstructive apnea
            events are multiple, but the final common pathway is autonomic involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Intermittent hypoxia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, sleep fragmentation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,
            and alterations in intrapleural pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
            directly affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.</p>
      <p>Moreover, cardiac arrhythmia may be triggered by changes in the autonomic tone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The vagal activity may cause bradyarrhythmias,
            and sympathetic overactivity may favor various rhythm disturbances, including
            ventricular arrhythmias. The authors of this manuscript hypothesized that nocturnal
            cardiac arrhythmia occurs more frequently in patients with OSA. Hence, the aim of this
            study was to analyze the relationship between such arrhythmias and abnormal heart rhythm
            during sleep in a population sample.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Cross-sectional study involving 101 volunteers in a single center was conducted. The
               sample size was defined to allow prevalence estimates &#8203;&#8203;with 3% accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. To obtain a representative sample of the
               inhabitants of S&#227;o Paulo, a technique of three-stage cluster sampling was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In the first stage, to ensure accurate
               socioeconomic representation, 96 of the 1,500 districts of the city used by the
               Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE) were proportionally selected
               among four homogeneous socioeconomic regions of S&#227;o Paulo. The selected private
               households were permanently occupied. Thus, clinics, schools, and other commercial
               and noncommercial establishments were excluded. In the second stage, the families
               were selected by randomly selecting a household and subsequently skipping a specified
               number of houses in relation to the total number of selected households and dividing
               by a fixed number. Eleven families in each sector were selected in this manner. Each
               apartment, in the building, was considered a household and was counted from the top
               to the bottom floor. Finally, in the third sampling stage, all eligible residents in
               each selected household from the youngest to the oldest were listed. Pregnant or
               lactating women, people with physical or mental disabilities, individuals under 20 or
               over 80 years of age, and people who worked every night were excluded from the study.
               Substitutes were selected from the neighboring house, using the same random selection
               criteria described above. The rational design, sampling, and procedures used in the
               Epidemiological Study of Sleep of S&#227;o Paulo have been described in a previous
                  publication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of
               S&#227;o Paulo (CEP 0593/06) and registered at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</ext-link> under number
               NCT00596713. All volunteers read and signed the proposed consent form.</p>
        <p>After signing the consent form, the patients were asked to attend the Sleep
               Laboratory for clinical evaluation and basal overnight polysomnography (PSG).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Polysomnography</title>
        <p>The overnight PSG was performed in the sleep laboratory using a digital system
               (EMBLA&#174; S7000, Embla Systems, Inc., Broomfield, CO, United States) during the regular
               sleeping hours of the individuals. The following physiological variables were
               monitored simultaneously and continuously: Electroencephalogram (EEG),
               electro-oculogram, electromyogram (submental region, tibialis anterior muscle,
               masseter region, and seventh intercostal space), electrocardiogram (ECG), detection
               of airflow (thermocouple and nasal pressure), abdominal and thoracic breathing
               efforts (by inductance plethysmography), snoring, body position, peripheral oxygen
               saturation (SO2), and heart rate. Four trained technicians visually labeled all the
               PSGs according to the standard criteria for investigating sleep<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The EEG and leg movements were classified according to the
               criteria established in the manual of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)
               for assessing sleep and associated events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.
               Apneas were classified according to rules recommended for adults in the AASM manual,
               and hypopneas were labeled according to the alternative rules<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A PSG technician randomly selected and reassessed 4% of the
               PSGs to verify the accuracy of sleep staging (concordance index of 93.3 &#177; 5.1, Kappa
               0.91 &#177; 0.03). The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was used to determine the presence (AHI
               &gt; 5) and severity of OSA (mild: 5 &lt; AHI &lt; 15; moderate: 15 &lt; AHI &lt; 30;
               and severe AHI &gt; 30).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Holter evaluation during polysomnography</title>
        <p>An ECG channel was extracted from PSG, duplicated and then analyzed with a Holter
               system manufactured by Cardios&#174; (Smart Cardio, Cardio Systems, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).
               The following characteristics of the ECG were analyzed: heart rate, QT and PR
               intervals, ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, and breaks. The complexity of the
               arrhythmias was described as follows: isolated, paired, or tachycardia.
               Anthropometric measurements were performed immediately before PSG and included body
               weight (kg), height (m), body mass index (BMI), and circumference (cm) of the neck
               and blood pressure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Version 17.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows was
               used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for the sample and group
               characteristics. The chi-square test was used to determine associations between
               subgroups. The general linear models (GLM) were used to analyze some variables. The
                  <italic>a posteriori</italic> Tukey test was applied when necessary. A final
               adjustment of the logistic model was performed to analyze the main variables
               associated with the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia. Data were expressed as median &#177;
               standard error for quantitative variables. Categorical variables are expressed as
               percentages. A p value &#8804; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 767 participants (461 men) with a mean age of 42.00 &#177; 0.53 years were
            included in the analysis. The ECG channel extraction and compatibility for the Holter
            system methods could not be performed in 334 subjects who were excluded from the
            analysis. The demographic characteristics of the sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The presence of OSA, defined by AHI &gt;
            5, was observed in 37% of the population; 55.3% of these cases were classified as mild
            OSA and 44.7% had moderate or severe disease. The clinical and polysomnographic
            parameters of the patients with mild, moderate, or severe OSA and of the control group
            (without OSA) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref>, respectively. Sleep latency, percentage of REM
            sleep, and the periodic leg movement index were the only variables that did not reach
            significance when the groups were compared.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics of the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Total (n = 767)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">42.00 &#177; 0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender (n)</td>
              <td align="center">352</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.60 &#177; 0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Neck circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">36.10 &#177; 0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">46.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">124.40 &#177; 0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">79.33 &#177; 0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23.30</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with mild, moderate, and severe
                  obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Control (AHI &#8804; 5 events/h) n = 492</th>
              <th align="center">mild OSA (AHI 5-15 events/h) n = 154</th>
              <th align="center">moderate/severe OSA (AHI &#8805; 15 events/h) n = 121</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">37.47 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">48.12 &#177; 0.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">53.41 &#177; 1.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender, n</td>
              <td align="center">189</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">25.33 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">28.45 &#177; 0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30.37 &#177; 0.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Neck Circumference, cm</td>
              <td align="center">35.02 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">37.55 &#177; 0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">39.24 &#177; 0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist circumference, cm</td>
              <td align="center">81.10 &#177; 0.51</td>
              <td align="center">90.65 &#177; 0.86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">96.29 &#177; 0.98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hip circumference, cm</td>
              <td align="center">97.79 &#177; 0.51</td>
              <td align="center">103.12 &#177; 0.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">105.36 &#177; 0.97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist / hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">118.95 &#177; 1.06</td>
              <td align="center">132.86 &#177; 1.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">138.32 &#177; 2.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">76.61 &#177; 0.62</td>
              <td align="center">83.47 &#177; 1.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">84.32 &#177; 1.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Differs from mild OSA and controls;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t02">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>Differs from the controls (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t02">
            <p>AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure;
                     DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Polysomnographic parameters in patients with mild, moderate, and severe
                  obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and controls.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Control (AHI &#8804; 5 events/h) (n = 492)</th>
              <th align="center">Mild OSA (AHI 5-15 events/h) (n = 154)</th>
              <th align="center">Moderate/severe OSA (AHI &#8805; 15 events/h) (n = 121)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Sleep latency, min</td>
              <td align="center">16.20 &#177; 0.92</td>
              <td align="center">18.30 &#177; 1.57</td>
              <td align="center">16.81 &#177; 1.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.517</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total sleep time, min</td>
              <td align="center">350.20 &#177; 3.17</td>
              <td align="center">335.56 &#177; 5.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">326.48 &#177; 6.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sleep efficiency, %</td>
              <td align="center">83.60 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">79.80 &#177; 0.89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">78.37 &#177; 1.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stage 1, %</td>
              <td align="center">4.30 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">4.53 &#177; 0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">5.81 &#177; 0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stage 2, %</td>
              <td align="center">53.90 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">54.58 &#177; 0.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">57.03 &#177; 0.73<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stage 3, %</td>
              <td align="center">22.50 &#177; 0.33</td>
              <td align="center">21.97 &#177; 0.55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">18.97 &#177; 0.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>REM phase, %</td>
              <td align="center">19.20 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">18.92 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td align="center">18.19 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.182</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Awakening index, events/h</td>
              <td align="center">10.90 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">16.53 &#177; 0.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">27.54 &#177; 0.73<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PLM Index, events/h</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.45</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AHI, events/h</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 0.28</td>
              <td align="center">8.85 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31.73 &#177; 0.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
              <td align="center">95.90 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">94.41 &#177; 0.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">93.55 &#177; 0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SaO<sub>2</sub> total time &lt; 90%, min</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">6.77 &#177; 1.61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">22.10 &#177; 1.82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Basal SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
              <td align="center">96.50 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">95.31 &#177; 0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">94.71 &#177; 0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimum SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
              <td align="center">91.20 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">85.93 &#177; 0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">81.49 &#177; 0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Differs from mild OSA and controls;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t03">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>differs from control (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t03">
            <p>AHI: Apnea-hypopnea index; REM: rapid eye movement; PLM: periodic leg movement
                     index; SaO<sub>2</sub>: arterial oxygen saturation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>At least one kind of nocturnal cardiac rhythm disturbance (atrial or ventricular
            arrhythmias and/or break) was observed in 62.7% of the sample. The occurrence of
            nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias was more frequent with increased disease severity. Rhythm
            disturbance was observed in 53.3% of subjects without sleep breathing disorders, while
            92.3% of patients with severe OSA had cardiac arrhythmia. The distribution of atrial
            arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and breaks are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>. Both ectopic complexes, isolated from atrial and
            ventricular arrhythmias, were more frequent in patients with moderate/severe OSA than in
            controls (p &lt; 0.001). Occurrences of nocturnal breaks and non-sustained ventricular
            tachycardia did not differ between groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of nocturnal atrial and ventricular arrhythmias among patients
                  with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) - percentage of events</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Control (AHI &#8804; 5 events/h) (n = 492)</th>
              <th align="center">Mild OSA (AIH 5-15 events/h) (n = 154)</th>
              <th align="center">Moderate/severe OSA (AHI &#8805; 15 events/h) (n = 121)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>General cardiac arrhythmia, %</td>
              <td align="center">53.30</td>
              <td align="center">77.30#</td>
              <td align="center">82.60#</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated premature ventricular complex, %</td>
              <td align="center">17.30</td>
              <td align="center">27.30#</td>
              <td align="center">39.70*</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventricular bigeminy, %</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">5.00*</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coupled premature ventricular complex, %</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">5.00*</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, %</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">1.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolate or coupled atrial premature complex, %</td>
              <td align="center">43.90</td>
              <td align="center">64.30#</td>
              <td align="center">73.60#</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Non-sustained supraventricular tachycardia, %</td>
              <td align="center">6.70</td>
              <td align="center">7.10</td>
              <td align="center">15.70*</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chronic and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, %</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.65*</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Break (sinus breaks &gt; 2.0 seconds and atrioventricular block),%</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
              <td align="center">1.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Differs from mild OSA and controls;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t04">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>differs from control (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>&#160;</p>
      <p>After controlling for potential confounder effects (age, BMI, smoking, diabetes,
            hypertension, and PSG parameters), age, sex, and AHI were independently associated with
            the occurrence of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
               5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Adjusted logistic model of predictors of the occurrence of nocturnal cardiac
                  arrhythmia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Beta</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Prevalence ratio</th>
              <th align="center">CI 95%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.032</td>
              <td align="center">1.49</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 - 2.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 - 1.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 - 1.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">1.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 - 1.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">2.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.90 - 6.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">-0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 - 1.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AHI</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 - 1.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total time of oxygen saturation &lt; 90%</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 - 1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Awakening index</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 - 1.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total time awake after sleep onset</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 - 1.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total sleep time</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 - 1.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sleep efficiency</td>
              <td align="center">-0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 - 1.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Constant</td>
              <td align="center">-0.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t05">
            <p>CI 95%: 95% confidence interval of; BMI: body mass index; AHI: apnea-hypopnea
                     index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of this study was the demonstration that nocturnal cardiac rhythm
            disorders occur more frequently in patients with OSA than in the general population, and
            that its prevalence increased with disease severity. The relationship between cardiac
            arrhythmias and sleep breathing disorders was assessed in several previous studies.
            Guilleminault et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> using a 24-h Holter
            monitoring in 400 OSA patients, showed that 48% had nocturnal cardiac events. Olmetti
               al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> analyzed an electrocardiographic
            recording during PSG and found nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia in 18.5% of the 257
            consecutively selected patients with OSA.</p>
      <p>The result of this study demonstrated that the prevalence of nocturnal cardiac
            arrhythmia was higher than that previously described in the literature (92.3% of
            patients with OSA compared with 53.3% in the general population). Several explanations
            for this difference are possible. The use of a continuous monitoring system as a tool,
            with automatic detection of rhythm disturbances (Holter), may have detected the
            arrhythmias with greater accuracy, when compared with other methodologies used in
            clinical studies, such as 12-lead electrocardiography and electrocardiographic channel
            isolated from PSG. Furthermore, 37% of this population had an AHI &gt; 5 events/h. This
            prevalence was also higher than that observed in other epidemiological studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, possibly because it included individuals with
            high BMI and age &gt; 70 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Finally, the use of a gold standard tool (GST)
            to detect breathing events during sleep can lead to a more effective screening of the
            population with OSA; and thus, to a better assessment of the prevalence of nocturnal
            arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias and OSA are
            probably multifactorial. In this study, we demonstrated that, in addition to age and
            gender, the AIH is an important factor related to nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia events.
            Hypoxia as a result of obstructive events is a potent stimulator for the sympathetic
            nervous system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Fluctuations in sympathetic and
            parasympathetic activity in patients with OSA may predispose them to the development of
            atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Another strong mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias and OSA
            is structural heart disease, which could favor the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia.
            Oliveira et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, using three-dimensional
            echocardiography, showed that OSA induced an overload in the left atrium, resulting in
            remodeling. In addition, the effective use of CPAP can improve diastolic function of the
            left ventricle and the passive emptying of the left atrium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A structural assessment of the heart by echocardiography was not
            performed in this population, which may be considered a limitation of this study.</p>
      <p>We did not observe differences in the occurrence of nocturnal cardiac breaks. Harbison
            et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> performed Holter ECG monitoring in 45
            patients previously diagnosed with OSA syndrome and observed seven cases of cardiac
            break nocturnally, which were partially reversed with effective CPAP therapy. However,
            in randomized clinical trials to evaluate the role of CPAP in cardiac arrhythmias, there
            was no change after treatment with CPAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,
            suggesting that other mechanisms, not limited to apnea, trigger arrhythmia. The
            relationship between cardiac breaks, obstructive apnea events, and CPAP is still not
            fully understood and should be further analyzed in subsequent studies.</p>
      <p>The absence of information on the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia during the day and
            the variability in the frequency of arrhythmias are also limitations of this study,
            because the results may not accurately reflect the actual severity of rhythm
            disturbances. However, the correlation between apnea (observed by PSG) and the
            occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia (observed by Holter) in a population-based study can
            provide new insights into the treatment of arrhythmias as well as highlight the need to
            assess the sleep of these patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias occurred more frequently in patients with obstructive
            sleep apnea, and the prevalence increased with disease severity. Age, sex and the
            apnea-hypopnea index were predictors of nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias in this
            sample.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Cintra FD, Poyares D; Acquisition of data:
               Cintra FD, Leite RP, Storti LJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cintra FD;
               Statistical analysis: Poyares D;Obtaining financing: Poyares D, Tufik S; Writing of
               the manuscript: Cintra FD, Bittencourt LA, Poyares D; Critical revision of the
               manuscript for intellectual content: Cintra FD, Leite RP, Bittencourt LA, Poyares D,
               Tufik S, Paola A.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and AFIP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apneia do Sono e Arritmia Card&#237;aca Noturna: Estudo
               Populacional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cintra</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima Dumas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Storti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Julio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Lia Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poyares</surname>
            <given-names>Dalva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Laura de Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tufik</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o
                  Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Unifesp, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os mecanismos relacionados &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares da apneia obstrutiva
                  do sono incluem modifica&#231;&#245;es abruptas no t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico, que podem desencadear
                  arritmias card&#237;acas. Os autores tiveram como hip&#243;tese a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias
                  card&#237;acas noturnas maiores em pacientes portadores de apneia obstrutiva do
                  sono.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a apneia obstrutiva do sono e o registro de anormalidade
                  no ritmo card&#237;aco, durante o sono, em uma amostra populacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com uma amostra representativa da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo de 1.101
                  volunt&#225;rios. A polissonografia de noite inteira foi realizada por meio de um
                  sistema digital (EMBLA&#174; S7000), durante o hor&#225;rio regular de sono do indiv&#237;duo. O
                  canal de eletrocardiograma foi extra&#237;do, duplicado e, em seguida, analisado com um
                  sistema Holter (Cardio Smart&#174;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de 767 participantes, sendo 461 do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de
                  42,00 &#177; 0,53 anos, foi inclu&#237;do nas an&#225;lises. Pelo menos um tipo de dist&#250;rbio do
                  ritmo card&#237;aco noturno (arritmia atrial/ventricular ou pausa) foi observado em
                  62,7% da amostra. A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas noturnas foi mais frequente
                  com o aumento da gravidade da doen&#231;a. A perturba&#231;&#227;o do ritmo foi observada em
                  53,3% da amostra sem dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono, enquanto que 92,3% dos
                  pacientes com grave apneia obstrutiva do sono apresentaram arritmia card&#237;aca.
                  Ectopia atrial e ventricular isolada foi mais frequente em pacientes com apneia
                  obstrutiva do sono moderada/severa quando comparada com controles (p &lt; 0,001).
                  Ap&#243;s controle de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, idade, sexo e &#205;ndice de
                  Apneia-Hipopneia foram associados &#224; arritmia card&#237;aca noturna.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Arritmias card&#237;acas noturnas ocorrem com maior frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes portadores
                  de apneia obstrutiva do sono, e sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a gravidade da doen&#231;a.
                  Idade, sexo e o &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia foram os fatores preditores de
                  arritmias nesta amostra.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndromes da Apneia do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia do Sono Tipo Obstrutiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) &#233; caracterizada pela fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> e hipoxia repetitiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> durante o sono. Associa-se a uma s&#233;rie de consequ&#234;ncias
               cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, s&#237;ndrome
                  metab&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Recentemente, a AOS foi associada ao aumento
               da mortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, por&#233;m o
               reconhecimento da anormalidade e a institui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento efetivo com Press&#227;o
               Positiva Cont&#237;nua nas Vias A&#233;reas (CPAP) reduzem a taxa de eventos cardiovasculares
               fatais e n&#227;o fatais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo dano cardiovascular secund&#225;rio aos eventos de apneia
               obstrutiva s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos, mas a via final comum &#233; o acometimento auton&#244;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Tanto a hipoxia intermitente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, quanto as modifica&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, afetam diretamente o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo
               simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, arritmias card&#237;acas podem ser desencadeadas por modifica&#231;&#245;es no t&#244;nus
                  aut&#244;nomo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A atividade vagal pode
               ocasionar bradiarritmias, e a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica pode favorecer v&#225;rios
               dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, incluindo as arritmias ventriculares. Os autores deste
               manuscrito tiveram como hip&#243;tese a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas noturnas maiores
               em pacientes portadores de AOS, e o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o
               entre tais arritmias e o registro de anormalidade no ritmo card&#237;aco durante o sono em
               uma amostra populacional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal realizado em um centro &#250;nico com 1.101 volunt&#225;rios recrutados
                  para participar da pesquisa. O tamanho da amostra foi estabelecido para permitir
                  estimativas de preval&#234;ncia com 3% de precis&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Para se obter uma amostra representativa dos habitantes de S&#227;o
                  Paulo, foi utilizada uma t&#233;cnica de tr&#234;s est&#225;gios de amostragem por
                     conglomerados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Na primeira fase, para
                  garantir uma representa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica precisa, selecionamos,
                  proporcionalmente, 96 dos 1.500 distritos da cidade utilizados pelo Instituto
                  Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), dentre as quatro regi&#245;es
                  socioecon&#244;micas homog&#234;neas de S&#227;o Paulo. Os domic&#237;lios particulares selecionados
                  deveriam estar permanentemente ocupados. Assim, cl&#237;nicas, escolas e outros
                  estabelecimentos, comerciais e n&#227;o comerciais, foram exclu&#237;dos. Na segunda fase,
                  as fam&#237;lias foram selecionadas, escolhendo-se um domic&#237;lio aleatoriamente e,
                  subsequentemente, saltando-se um n&#250;mero especificado de casas, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
                  n&#250;mero total de domic&#237;lios sorteados e dividindo-se por um n&#250;mero fixo. Onze
                  fam&#237;lias, em cada setor, foram selecionados dessa maneira. Cada apartamento em um
                  pr&#233;dio de apartamentos foi considerado uma casa, e a contagem foi realizada a
                  partir do &#250;ltimo andar para o piso inferior. Finalmente, na terceira fase da
                  amostragem, todos os habitantes eleg&#237;veis em cada casa selecionada foram listados,
                  do mais jovem ao mais velho. Mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou lactantes, pessoas com
                  defici&#234;ncias f&#237;sicas ou mentais, indiv&#237;duos com menos de 20 ou mais de 80 anos de
                  idade, e pessoas que trabalhassem todas as noites n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no desenho.
                  Substitutos foram escolhidos a partir da casa vizinha, seguindo os mesmos
                  crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria descritos anteriormente. O projeto racional, a
                  amostragem e os procedimentos utilizados no Estudo Epidemiol&#243;gico do Sono de S&#227;o
                  Paulo foram detalhadamente descritos em publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da
                  Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (CEP 0593/06) e registrado no <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</ext-link> sob n&#250;mero NCT00596713. Todos os volunt&#225;rios
                  leram e assinaram um termo de consentimento proposto.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento, os pacientes foram convidados a
                  comparecer no Laborat&#243;rio do Sono para realiza&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e
                  Polissonografia (PSG) basal de noite inteira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Polissonografia</title>
          <p>A PSG de noite inteira foi realizada por meio de um sistema digital (EMBLA&#174; S7000,
                  Embla Systems, Inc., Broomfield, CO, Estados Unidos), no laborat&#243;rio do sono,
                  durante o hor&#225;rio regular de sono do indiv&#237;duo. As seguintes vari&#225;veis
                  fisiol&#243;gicas foram monitoradas simultanea e continuamente: Eletroencefalograma
                  (EEG), eletro-oculograma, eletromiograma (regi&#227;o submentoniana, m&#250;sculo tibial
                  anterior, a regi&#227;o masseter e s&#233;timo espa&#231;o intercostal), Eletrocardiograma (ECG),
                  detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxo de ar (termopares e press&#227;o nasal), esfor&#231;os respirat&#243;rios
                  abdominal e tor&#225;cico (por meio da pletismografia de indut&#226;ncia), ronco, posi&#231;&#227;o do
                  corpo, Satura&#231;&#227;o Perif&#233;rica de Oxig&#234;nio (SO<sub>2</sub>) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.
                  Quatro t&#233;cnicos treinados marcaram visualmente todas as PSG, de acordo com
                  crit&#233;rios padronizados, para investigar o sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O EEG e os movimentos das pernas foram classificados de acordo com
                  o crit&#233;rio estabelecido no manual da <italic>American Academy of Sleep
                     Medicine</italic> (AASM) para avaliar o sono e os eventos associados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Apneias foram classificadas de acordo com
                  as regras recomendadas para adultos no manual da AASM, e hipopneias foram marcadas
                  de acordo com as regras alternativas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Um
                  t&#233;cnico em PSG selecionou aleatoriamente e reavaliou 4% das PSG para verificar a
                  precis&#227;o de estadiamento do sono (&#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia de 93,3 &#177; 5,1; Kappa 0,91
                  &#177; 0,03). O &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia (IAH) foi utilizado para determinar a
                  presen&#231;a (IAH &gt; 5) e a gravidade da AOS (leve: 5 &lt; IAH &lt; 15; moderada: 15
                  &lt; IAH &lt; 30; e grave: IAH &gt; 30).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Holter durante a polissonografia</title>
          <p>Um canal de ECG foi extra&#237;do a partir do monitoramento PSG, duplicado e, em
                  seguida, analisado com um sistema Holter fabricado pela Cardios&#174; (Cardio Smart,
                  Cardio Sistemas, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Caracter&#237;sticas do ECG que foram analisadas
                  inclu&#237;ram: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, intervalos QT e PR, arritmias ventriculares e
                  atriais, e pausas. A complexidade das arritmias foram referidas da seguinte forma:
                  isoladas, pareadas ou taquicardia. Medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram analisadas
                  imediatamente antes do preparo para a PSG e inclu&#237;ram peso corporal (kg), altura
                  (em m), &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncias (em cm) do pesco&#231;o e
                  medidas de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A vers&#227;o 17.0 do programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social
                     Science</italic> (SPSS) para Windows foi utilizada para a an&#225;lise dos dados. As
                  estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram apresentadas para a amostra estudada e para as
                  caracter&#237;sticas do grupo. Qui-quadrado foi aplicado para medir as associa&#231;&#245;es
                  entre os subgrupos. Modelos Gerais Lineares (MLG) foram utilizados para analisar
                  algumas vari&#225;veis. Teste <italic>a posteriori</italic> de Tukey foi aplicado
                  quando necess&#225;rio. Um ajuste final do modelo log&#237;stico foi realizado para se
                  investigarem as principais vari&#225;veis associadas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia
                  card&#237;aca. Os dados foram expressos como mediana &#177; erro padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis
                  quantitativas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o apresentadas em porcentagem. Valor
                  de p &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 767 participantes, sendo 461 do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,00
               &#177; 0,53 anos, foi inclu&#237;do nas an&#225;lises. As metodologias de extra&#231;&#227;o do canal
               eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e de compatibiliza&#231;&#227;o para o sistema Holter n&#227;o puderam ser
               realizadas em 334 sujeitos, os quais foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. As caracter&#237;sticas
               demogr&#225;ficas da amostra est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">tabela
                  1</xref>. A presen&#231;a de AOS definida por AIH &gt; 5 foi observada em 37% da
               popula&#231;&#227;o, 55,3% desses casos foram classificados como AOS leve e 44,7% apresentaram
               doen&#231;a moderada ou grave. Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e polissonogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com
               AOS diagnosticados como leve, moderado ou grave, e do grupo considerado controle (sem
               AOS) est&#227;o demonstrados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">3</xref>, respectivamente. Lat&#234;ncia do sono,
               porcentagem de est&#225;gio de sono REM e o &#237;ndice do movimento peri&#243;dico das pernas foram
               as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o atingiram significado, quando comparados os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 767)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia de idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">42,00 &#177; 0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (n)</td>
                <td align="center">352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,60 &#177; 0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,10 &#177; 0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">124,40 &#177; 0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">79,33 &#177; 0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,30</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes portadores de apneia obstrutiva do
                     sono (AOS) leve, moderada a grave, e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (IAH &#8805; 5 eventos/hora) n = 492</th>
                <th align="center">AOS leve (IAH 5-15 eventos/hora) n = 154</th>
                <th align="center">AOS moderado/grave (IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/hora) n =
                           121</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">37,47 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">48,12 &#177; 0,88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">53,41 &#177; 1,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino, n</td>
                <td align="center">189</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">25,33 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">28,45 &#177; 0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30,37 &#177; 0,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, cm</td>
                <td align="center">35,02 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">37,55 &#177; 0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">39,24 &#177; 0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">81,10 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">90,65 &#177; 0,86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">96,29 &#177; 0,98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril, cm</td>
                <td align="center">97,79 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">103,12 &#177; 0,85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">105,36 &#177; 0,97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">118,95 &#177; 1,06</td>
                <td align="center">132,86 &#177; 1,78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">138,32 &#177; 2,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">76,61 &#177; 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">83,47 &#177; 1,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">84,32 &#177; 1,20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Difere de AOS leve e controles;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t07">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>difere dos controles (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t07">
              <p>IAH: &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o
                        arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros poiissonogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes portadores de apneia obstrutiva
                     do sono (AOS) leve, moderada a grave, e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (IAH &#8804; 5 eventos/hora) (n = 492)</th>
                <th align="center">AOS leve (IAH 5-15 eventos/hora) (n = 154)</th>
                <th align="center">AOS moderado/grave (IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/hora) (n =
                           121)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Lat&#234;ncia do sono, minutos</td>
                <td align="center">16,20 &#177; 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">18,30 &#177; 1,57</td>
                <td align="center">16,81 &#177; 1,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,517</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total de sono, minutos</td>
                <td align="center">350,20 &#177; 3,17</td>
                <td align="center">335,56 &#177; 5,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">326,48 &#177; 6,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Efici&#234;ncia do sono, %</td>
                <td align="center">83,60 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">79,80 &#177; 0,89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">78,37 &#177; 1,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 1, %</td>
                <td align="center">4,30 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">4,53 &#177; 0,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">5,81 &#177; 0,27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 2, %</td>
                <td align="center">53,90 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">54,58 &#177; 0,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">57,03 &#177; 0,73<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 3, %</td>
                <td align="center">22,50 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">21,97 &#177; 0,55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">18,97 &#177; 0,63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fase REM, %</td>
                <td align="center">19,20 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">18,92 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">18,19 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de despertar, eventos por hora</td>
                <td align="center">10,90 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">16,53 &#177; 0,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">27,54 &#177; 0,73<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice MPP, eventos por hora</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAH, eventos por hora</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 0,28</td>
                <td align="center">8,85 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31,73 &#177; 0,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">95,90 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">94,41 &#177; 0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">93,55 &#177; 0,13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total de SaO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 90%, minutos</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">6,77 &#177; 1,61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">22,10 &#177; 1,82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Basal de SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">96,50 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">95,31 &#177; 0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">94,71 &#177; 0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#237;nima SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center">91,20 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">85,93 &#177; 0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">81,49 &#177; 0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Difere de AOS leve e controles;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t08">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>difere dos controles (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t08">
              <p>IAH: &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia; REM: movimento r&#225;pido dos olhos; MPP:
                        &#237;ndice de movimentos peri&#243;dicos das pernas; SaO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o
                        arterial de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pelo menos um tipo de dist&#250;rbio do ritmo card&#237;aco noturno (arritmia atrial ou
               ventricular e/ou pausa) foi observado em 62,7% da amostra. A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias
               card&#237;acas noturnas foi mais frequente com o aumento da gravidade da doen&#231;a. A
               perturba&#231;&#227;o do ritmo foi observada em 53,3% dos indiv&#237;duos sem dist&#250;rbios
               respirat&#243;rios do sono, enquanto que 92,3% dos pacientes com AOS grave apresentaram
               arritmia card&#237;aca. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de arritmias atriais, arritmias ventriculares e
               pausas s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">tabela 4</xref>. Ambos os
               complexos ect&#243;picos isolados das arritmias atriais e ventriculares apresentaram-se
               mais frequentes nos pacientes portadores de AOS moderada/grave quando comparadas aos
               controles (p &lt; 0,001). As ocorr&#234;ncias de pausas noturnas e taquicardia ventricular
               n&#227;o sustentada n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas atrial e ventricular, no per&#237;odo
                     noturno, entre os pacientes portadores de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) -
                     percentagem de ocorr&#234;ncias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (IAH &#8804; 5 eventos/hora) (n = 492)</th>
                <th align="center">AOS leve (IAH 5-15 eventos/hora) (n = 154)</th>
                <th align="center">AOS moderada/grave (IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/hora) (n =
                           121)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia card&#237;aca geral, %</td>
                <td align="center">53,30</td>
                <td align="center">77,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t09">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">82,60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t09">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complexo ventricular prematuro isolado, %</td>
                <td align="center">17,30</td>
                <td align="center">27,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t09">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">39,70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bigeminismo ventricular, %</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complexo ventricular prematuro acoplado, %</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, %</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complexo atrial prematuro isolado ou acoplado, %</td>
                <td align="center">43,90</td>
                <td align="center">64,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t09">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">73,60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t09">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia supraventricular n&#227;o sustentada, %</td>
                <td align="center">6,70</td>
                <td align="center">7,10</td>
                <td align="center">15,70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica e parox&#237;stica, %</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,65<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pausa (pausa sinusal &gt; 2,0 segundo e bloqueio atrioventricular),
                           %</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Difere de AOS leve e controles;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t09">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>difere dos controles (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s controle de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o (idade, IMC, tabagismo, diabetes,
               hipertens&#227;o arterial e par&#226;metros de PSG), idade, sexo e IAH foram associados
               independentemente com a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca noturna (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo log&#237;stico ajustado dos preditores de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca
                     noturna</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
                <td align="center">1,49</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 - 2,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 - 1,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 - 1,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 - 1,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">2,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 - 6,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">-0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 - 1,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAH</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 - 1,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio &lt; 90%</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 - 1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de despertar</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 - 1,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total acordado ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do sono</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 - 1,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo total de sono</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 - 1,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Efici&#234;ncia do sono</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 - 1,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constante</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t10">
              <p>IC95%; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAH:
                        &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que os dist&#250;rbios noturnos do
               ritmo card&#237;aco ocorrem mais frequentemente em pacientes com AOS do que na popula&#231;&#227;o
               em geral, e de que sua preval&#234;ncia aumentou conforme a gravidade da doen&#231;a. A rela&#231;&#227;o
               entre arritmia card&#237;aca e dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono foi avaliada em v&#225;rios
               estudos anteriores. Guilleminault e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,
               utilizando monitoramento de Holter 24 horas em 400 pacientes com AOS, demonstraram
               que 48% deles tinham perturba&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante a noite. Olmetti e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> analisaram um registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico
               durante a PSG e encontraram arritmia card&#237;aca noturna em 18,5% dos 257 pacientes com
               AOS selecionados consecutivamente.</p>
        <p>O resultado deste estudo demostra que a preval&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca noturna foi
               maior do que anteriormente descrito na literatura (92,3% de pacientes de AOS em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com 53,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral). V&#225;rias explica&#231;&#245;es para essa diferen&#231;a
               s&#227;o poss&#237;veis. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua como ferramenta,
               com detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de dist&#250;rbios do ritmo (Holter), pode ter detectado com maior
               precis&#227;o os eventos de arritmias, quando comparado com outras metodologias utilizadas
               em estudos cl&#237;nicos, como a eletrocardiografia de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e o canal
               eletrocardiogr&#225;fico isolado da PSG. Al&#233;m disso, 37% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o tinha IAH &gt; 5
               eventos/hora. Essa preval&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi mais elevada do que outros estudos
                  epidemiol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, possivelmente por
               incluir indiv&#237;duos com IMC elevado e com idade &gt; 70 anos, o que n&#227;o ocorreu em
               outros estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Finalmente, a
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma ferramenta de padr&#227;o-ouro (a PSG) para detectar eventos
               respirat&#243;rios durante o sono pode resultar na sele&#231;&#227;o mais eficaz da popula&#231;&#227;o
               portadora de AOS e, dessa forma, avaliar melhor a preval&#234;ncia de arritmias
               noturnas.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos envolvidos na fisiopatologia da arritmia card&#237;aca e AOS s&#227;o
               provavelmente multifatoriais. Neste estudo, demonstramos que, al&#233;m da idade e do
               sexo, a AIH &#233; um importante fator, que est&#225; relacionada a eventos noturnos de
               arritmia card&#237;aca. Este resultado &#233; consistente com os de estudos anteriores. A
               hip&#243;xia, como resultado dos eventos obstrutivos, &#233; um potente estimulante para o
               sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. As oscila&#231;&#245;es nas
               atividades simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica em portadores de AOS podem predispor os
               pacientes ao desenvolvimento de arritmias atriais e ventriculares.</p>
        <p>Outro forte mecanismo envolvido na fisiopatologia da arritmia card&#237;aca e AOS &#233; a
               doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, que poderia favorecer a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca.
               Oliveira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, utilizando a
               ecocardiografia tridimensional, demonstraram que AOS induziu a uma sobrecarga no
               &#225;trio esquerdo, resultando em remodela&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o uso eficaz do CPAP pode
               melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o esvaziamento passivo do &#225;trio
                  esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural do
               cora&#231;&#227;o, pela ecocardiografia, n&#227;o foi realizada nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ser
               considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
        <p>De forma interessante, n&#227;o observarmos diferen&#231;as na ocorr&#234;ncia de pausas card&#237;acas
               noturnas. Harbison e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> fizeram a
               monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiografia pelo sistema Holter em 45 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de
               AOS previamente diagnosticada e observaram sete casos de pausa card&#237;aca durante a
               noite, que foram parcialmente revertidas com o uso eficaz da terapia CPAP. No
               entanto, em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizado avaliando o papel do CPAP na ocorr&#234;ncia de
               arritmias card&#237;acas, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a ap&#243;s o tratamento com CPAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, sugerindo que outros mecanismos, que n&#227;o
               exclusivamente a apneia, participem do desencadeamento da arritmia. De qualquer
               forma, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre pausas card&#237;acas, eventos de apneia obstrutiva e CPAP ainda
               n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecida e deve ser melhor analisada em estudos
               subsequentes.</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo diurno e
               a variabilidade na frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias tamb&#233;m s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo,
               pois os resultados podem n&#227;o refletir com precis&#227;o a real gravidade dos dist&#250;rbios do
               ritmo. Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o evento de apneia (observado pela PSG) e a
               ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca (observada pelo Holter) em um estudo de base
               populacional pode trazer um novo olhar para o tratamento das arritmias bem como o
               reconhecimento da necessidade de avaliar o sono desses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As arritmias card&#237;acas noturnas ocorrem com maior frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes portadores
               de apneia obstrutiva do sono, e sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a gravidade da doen&#231;a.
               Idade, sexo e o &#205;ndice de Apneia-Hipopneia foram os fatores preditores de arritmias
               card&#237;acas noturnas nessa amostra.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fatima Dumas Cintra,</bold> Alameda Taurus, 146, Residencial
               Genesis I, Alphaville. CEP 06543-670. Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>fatimacintra@cardiol.br</email>; <email>fatimadc@einstein.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cintra FD, Poyares D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cintra
                  FD, Leite RP, Storti LJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cintra FD; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Poyares D, Castro LS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Poyares D, Tufik S;
                  Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cintra FD, Bittencourt LA, Poyares D; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cintra FD, Leite RP,
                  Bittencourt LA, Poyares D, Tufik S, Paola A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e AFIP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
