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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">z8qRFNTvwrw8tXpCNsFyNBd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140132</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiogeriatric, the Future's Cardiology?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de
                  S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Alexandre Franken.</bold> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias
               M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo: Doutor Franco Da Rocha, 163, Ap 52, Perdizes.
               Postal Code 05.015-040. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>franken@cardiol.br</email>; <email>frankenr@terra.com.br</email>;
                  <email>suely.orlandeli@fcmsantacasasp.edu.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e52</fpage>
      <lpage>e52</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Demographic Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Geriatrics / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged, 80 and Over</kwd>
        <kwd>Survivorship</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The aging process and survival of living organisms vary among animal and plant species as
         well as within the same species. The aging process is partially determined by genetic
         factors and mutations that can prolong the life of many organisms, including worms, flies,
         and mice, by delaying this process<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Considering
         that most biological processes are conserved through evolution, genes that are identical or
         similar to those found in other species can regulate factors associated with survival in
         humans.</p>
    <p>In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors, lifestyle, and disease are also
         associated with longevity.</p>
    <p>What are the limits for the health care of octogenarian or centenarian patients? This
         practice should be guided by several parameters, including the objective assessment of the
         risk-benefit, cost-benefit, and the quality of life of these patients, in addition to the
         evaluation of cultural, ethical, philosophical, and religious aspects.</p>
    <p>In 1997, William Parmley, in the President's Page of the Journal of the American College of
         Cardiology (ACC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> asked "Are we practicing
         cardiogeriatrics?" and concluded that on one hand yes, we are doing so because we care for
         this population group, and on the other hand no, because we are not adequately prepared to
         care for the elderly. Ten years later, James T. Dove insists that we are still unprepared
         to care for the elderly because of the lack of training of medical specialists<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
    <p>The increase in population longevity requires doctors to be trained to provide medical
         assistance to this emerging patient category. Considering the epidemiology of
         cardiovascular diseases, cardiologists are the obvious responsible physicians for the
         health care of the elderly. The increased prevalence of elderly patients with
         cardiovascular disease in emergency rooms, clinics, and hospital wards is significant to
         the point that many healthcare service providers have created specific clinics for
         cardiogeriatric care. Moreover, these patients frequently present with heart disease with
         associated complications.</p>
    <p>Geriatric care should be differentiated and effective. However, clinical cardiologists are
         usually unprepared to care for the elderly, thus reinforcing the need for adequate training
         of medical students, for this purpose, from as early as undergraduate level.</p>
    <p>On June 3, 1992, a group of doctors met at the Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo and created the
         Brazilian Study Group in Cardiogeriatrics of the Brazilian Cardiology Society (BSGC-BCS)
         with the aim to disseminate and promote the study of geriatric cardiology. In this
         instance, Dr. Mauricio Wajgarten was elected as the first president of the group.</p>
    <p>In 2002, we held a conference entitled "Why cardiogeriatrics?" at the BCS Congress, and
         emphasized the need for training in cardiogeriatrics, considering the growth of the elderly
         population. We indicated that the focus should not be specialization but rather
         differentiation via which doctors gain knowledge and practice different aspects of
         cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Moreover, this study group was encouraged to create
         a department, which occurred in 2005 during the administration of Dr. Claudia Gravina, when
         the Cardiogeriatrics Department of the Brazilian Cardiology Society (CD-BCS) was
         established. Since then, other research groups interested in this topic have been
         established in Brazil and have promoted local courses and regional and national meetings,
         many of them in partnership with the Geriatrics Societies, which has greatly enriched the
         debates.</p>
    <p>In 2002 and 2010, the first<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and second<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> Guidelines in Cardiogeriatrics were published. The
         second guideline included the participation of ACC members. Moreover, CD-BCS members
         participated in the publication of books<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and
         treaties on geriatrics and gerontology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
    <p>In 2006, the CD-BCS had the opportunity to give a course during the ACC Congress, in
         conjunction with the Society of Geriatric Cardiology, and the high-standard lectures
         resulted in the publication of two scientific papers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The DC-BSC members met
         again in 2014 at the ACC Congress to specifically discuss the guidelines on
         cardiogeriatrics.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>The goals of the CD-BCS include:</italic>
    </p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>To train doctors and other health care professionals to adequately care for the
               elderly patients with cardiac diseases;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>To promote continuing education;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>To conduct research and multicenter studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>To disseminate cardiogeriatrics-related topics among health care professionals and
               the general population, as occurred in the 2012 CD-BCS Congress held in Gramado,
               state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>The technological and therapeutic advances of the past 20 years have led to the successful
         treatment of cardiac diseases in adults, with a consequent increase in patient survival
         rate. Natural evolution creates new diseases and pre-existing diseases can reappear at an
         older age.</p>
    <p>The treatment approach for the elderly is still generally based on medical evidence
         regarding the elderly population. In addition, studies that specifically involve the
         elderly population are of limited value because they select particular study groups and
         exclude those with severe comorbidities or frailties, thus limiting our understanding of
         the elderly heart patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
    <p>The elderly should be evaluated on the basis of the concept of a comprehensive clinical
         approach. The medical specialties indicate the limits of our competence. Because of the
         ever-expanding medical knowledge, we are unable to fully comprehend all areas of expertise;
         therefore, each medical field is divided into specialties and subspecialties. However, this
         system is of limited applicability when caring for the elderly. These individuals should be
         viewed as patients who have various conditions, who are often frail, and who also suffer
         from heart disease.</p>
    <p>The elderly population exhibit three characteristics that must be addressed: frailty,
         disability, and comorbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
    <p>Furthermore, the quality of communication with older people is limited, because of deficits
         of hearing, vision, attention, memory, understanding, and even the lack of sufficient
         literacy proficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
    <p>Geriatric health generally receives little attention. However, we believe that the benefits
         of the medical advancements should also be applied to this age group. Despite the increased
         risk of the medical procedures performed on this age group, the benefits are also greater.
         Furthermore, we should avoid what we call omission iatrogeny<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, which is the failure to
         perform a certain treatment whose benefits have been demonstrated.</p>
    <p>Geriatric care should be differentiated and free of any generalization, stereotype, and
            prejudice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Physicians should be trained to view
         the patient as a whole, with limitations and clinical complications potentially associated
         with heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
    <p>In 2012, the BCS published the First Guideline on Procedures and Competence in Cardiology
         Training in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The document comprises
         guidelines for the training of cardiologists and for the obtaining of the degree of
         specialist. One of the issues discussed in the document is related to cardiovascular
         diseases among the elderly. In this context, the departments and study groups should
         provide the pedagogical resources for each item described in the guideline.</p>
    <p>A training program for the comprehensive geriatric care should include:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>A comprehensive geriatric assessment, including physical, functional, and
               psychosocial evaluation, as well as understanding the family dynamics of the elderly
               patients;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>The ageing and physiological processes of the elderly patients;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Job training and coordination of the participants with a multidisciplinary team;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Discussion of the ethical and legal aspects related to geriatric care;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Discussion of death with dignity and respect for the choices of the patient with
               regards to longevity and quality of life;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Economic aspects and institutionalization;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs administered to these patients,
               polypharmacy, and drug interactions;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Nutrition for the elderly;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>General and specific prevention of cardiovascular diseases;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Application of evidence-based medicine in geriatric care;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Communication training;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Prevention of omission iatrogeny;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Perform the activities of clinicians along the lines of classical medicine.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>The training components should include:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>Specific geriatric care clinics;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Availability of hospital beds in clinical and surgical wards;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Liaison with other geriatric care segments;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Geriatric care in the emergency room and ICU;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Seminars by experts (forensic specialists, economists, lawyers, etc.) in different
               health care segments;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Discussion of study results with elderly patients;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Development of studies involving elderly patients.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>To accomplish these steps, cardiologists should be trained and well prepared<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
    <p>Ageing involves continuous changes over a large time span. Furthermore, its progression
         depends on the individual and on multiple factors. Therefore, geriatric care should also be
         provided at individual level; therefore, clinicians should be adequately trained to
         identify the consequences and vulnerabilities of ageing, particularly when considering that
         some of these patients may exceed 100 years with an improved quality of life.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribution of authors</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and
               interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the
               manuscript for intellectual content: Franken RA, Rosa RF.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiogeriatria, a Cardiologia do Futuro?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de
                  S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Alexandre Franken.</bold> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias
               M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, Rua Dr. Franco da Rocha, 163, ap. 52, Perdizes.
               CEP 05015-040. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>franken@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>frankenr@terra.com.br</email>;
                  <email>suely.orlandeli@fcmsantacasasp.edu.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Envelhecimento da Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Geriatria / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso de 80 Anos ou Mais</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O envelhecimento e a sobrevida dos seres variam entre as esp&#233;cies vivas, animal ou
            vegetal, assim como dentro da mesma esp&#233;cie. Esse processo &#233; parcialmente determinado
            por caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas. J&#225; s&#227;o conhecidas muta&#231;&#245;es capazes de prolongar a vida de
            vermes, moscas e camundongos pelo retardo do processo de envelhecimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Como a maioria dos processos biol&#243;gicos se
            conserva na evolu&#231;&#227;o, admite-se que genes iguais ou semelhantes possam regular a
            sobrevida do homem.</p>
      <p>Ao lado de fatores genot&#237;picos, fatores ambientais, bem como o estilo de vida e
            eventuais doen&#231;as, tamb&#233;m est&#227;o relacionados &#224; longevidade.</p>
      <p>Quais os limites no atendimento ao paciente geronte octogen&#225;rio ou centen&#225;rio? Os
            par&#226;metros dessa atua&#231;&#227;o devem ser guiados por v&#225;rias vertentes: avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva por
            meio de estudos de risco/benef&#237;cio, custo/benef&#237;cio, qualidade de vida e aspectos
            culturais, &#233;ticos, filos&#243;ficos e religiosos.</p>
      <p>Em 1997, William Parmley, na p&#225;gina do presidente, no JACC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, perguntava "Estamos praticando cardiogeriatria?" e analisava que,
            por um lado, sim, pois atendemos, e muito, a essa popula&#231;&#227;o, e por outro lado, n&#227;o, pois
            n&#227;o estamos preparados para o atendimento ao paciente idoso. Dez anos depois, James T.
            Dove insiste que continuamos mal preparados para o "mister" e isso ocorre devido &#224; falta
            de treinamento de nossos m&#233;dicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>O aumento na longevidade obriga os m&#233;dicos a se prepararem para o atendimento pelo novo
            modelo de paciente. O cardiologista, pela pr&#243;pria epidemiologia da doen&#231;a
            cardiovascular, &#233; o respons&#225;vel l&#243;gico pela sa&#250;de do idoso. &#201; marcante o aumento da
            preval&#234;ncia de idosos cardiopatas nos prontos-socorros, ambulat&#243;rios e enfermarias de
            nossos hospitais, tanto que muitos servi&#231;os criaram ambulat&#243;rios espec&#237;ficos para
            atendimento em cardiogeriatria. Esses pacientes se apresentam, menos frequentemente,
            como cardiopatas isoladamente, mas como cardiopatas com doen&#231;as associadas.</p>
      <p>O atendimento ao idoso deve ser feito de modo diferenciado e com compet&#234;ncia, entretanto
            o que observamos, em geral, &#233; que o cl&#237;nico cardiologista est&#225; despreparado para essa
            fun&#231;&#227;o. &#201; necess&#225;rio, desde os bancos da gradua&#231;&#227;o, que o aluno seja treinado para esse
            fim.</p>
      <p>Em 3 de junho de 1992, um grupo de m&#233;dicos reuniu-se na Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo e criou
            o Grupo de Estudos Brasileiro em Cardiogeriatria, da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
            (Gebrac), elegendo na ocasi&#227;o seu primeiro presidente, o Prof. Dr. Mauricio Wajgarten. O
            objetivo do grupo era divulgar e estimular o estudo dos assuntos da cardiologia no
            idoso.</p>
      <p>Em 2002, proferimos confer&#234;ncia no Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia,
            "Por que cardiogeriatria?", pela qual pontu&#225;vamos a necessidade da forma&#231;&#227;o em
            cardiogeriatria, pois esse era o segmento populacional que crescia, e salient&#225;vamos que
            n&#227;o se tratava de especializa&#231;&#227;o, mas de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;dico, capaz de entender e
            atuar nos diferentes aspectos da cardiopatia no idoso. Cham&#225;vamos a aten&#231;&#227;o para a
            necessidade de se transformar o grupo em departamento, fato que ocorreu na gest&#227;o da
            Prof.&#170; Dr.&#170; Claudia Gravina, em 2005, quando se constituiu o Departamento de
            Cardiogeriatria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (Decage-SBC). Desde ent&#227;o
            estabeleceram-se no pa&#237;s grupos interessados no estudo da mat&#233;ria, que oferecem cursos
            locais, encontros regionais e congressos nacionais, muitos em conjunto com as sociedades
            de geriatria, o que enriquece os debates.</p>
      <p>Em 2002 e 2010, foram publicadas a primeira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e a
               segunda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> diretrizes em cardiogeriatria, a
            &#250;ltima com participa&#231;&#227;o de representantes do American College of Cardiology. Colegas do
            departamento participaram, ainda, da publica&#231;&#227;o de livros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e tratados de geriatria e gerontologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em 2006, o Decage-SBC teve oportunidade, em conjunto com a Society of Geriatric
            Cardiology, de realizar uma jornada, durante o congresso do <italic>American College of
               Cardiology</italic>, cujas aulas foram de elevado n&#237;vel e resultaram em publica&#231;&#227;o
               espec&#237;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O fato se repetiu na atual gest&#227;o, no congresso do ACC 2014,
            especificamente para discuss&#227;o das nossas diretrizes.</p>
      <p>Est&#227;o entre os objetivos do Decage-SBC:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Forma&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais da sa&#250;de no atendimento ao idoso
                  cardiopata;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Educa&#231;&#227;o continuada;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pesquisa e realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Divulga&#231;&#227;o de t&#243;picos em cardiogeriatria para profissionais de sa&#250;de e p&#250;blico
                  leigo, como ocorrido no congresso Decage 2012 realizado em Gramado (RS).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Progressos tecnol&#243;gicos e terap&#234;uticos ocorridos nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos permitiram o
            tratamento com sucesso das cardiopatias em adultos e, como consequ&#234;ncia, ocorreu aumento
            expressivo da sobrevida. As mudan&#231;as ocorridas na hist&#243;ria natural das doen&#231;as criam
            novas doen&#231;as ou, anos depois, o mal reaparece com nova roupagem, no doente j&#225;
            idoso.</p>
      <p>A abordagem do idoso &#233; geralmente baseada em evid&#234;ncias para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Quando
            h&#225; estudos espec&#237;ficos com idosos, eles s&#227;o selecionados, sendo exclu&#237;dos aqueles com
            fragilidade ou grave comorbidade, o que refor&#231;a nossa distorcida vis&#227;o do idoso
               cardiopata<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>O idoso deve ser avaliado pelo conceito sobre o qual temos insistido, da
            indivisibilidade da cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. As especialidades s&#227;o a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de nosso limite
            de compet&#234;ncia. Devido &#224; profundidade e enormidade do conhecimento, somos incapazes de
            atender de modo integral a todas as &#225;reas da medicina e institu&#237;mos a divis&#227;o do
            paciente em especialidades e subespecialidades, o que no idoso &#233; indesej&#225;vel. N&#227;o
            estamos, em geral, diante de um cardiopata de idade avan&#231;ada, mas de um paciente com
            v&#225;rias queixas, v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, muitas vezes fr&#225;gil e que apresenta, entre outras, uma
            cardiopatia.</p>
      <p>O idoso apresenta tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas, em maior ou menor intensidade, e que devem ser
            consideradas: fragilidade, incapacidade e comorbidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o com o geronte &#233; tamb&#233;m peculiar, motivada por d&#233;ficit de audi&#231;&#227;o, vis&#227;o,
            aten&#231;&#227;o, mem&#243;ria, compreens&#227;o e at&#233; de insuficiente profici&#234;ncia liter&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>O idoso, em geral, recebe menos aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua sa&#250;de, por&#233;m no nosso entender os
            benef&#237;cios dos progressos alcan&#231;ados devem ser aplicados tamb&#233;m nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Apesar
            do maior risco dos procedimentos, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o maiores os benef&#237;cios. Devemos evitar o que
            definimos como iatrogenia de omiss&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, quando deixamos de
            atuar onde os benef&#237;cios de determinado tratamento j&#225; foram demonstrados.</p>
      <p>O atendimento ao idoso deve ser diferenciado e despojado de qualquer generaliza&#231;&#227;o,
            estereotipagem ou preconceito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O m&#233;dico deve
            ser treinado a ver o doente geronte n&#227;o como um cardiopata, mas como um todo, com
            doen&#231;as associadas e limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ou n&#227;o &#224; cardiopatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia fez publicar, em 2012, sua I Diretriz sobre
            processos e compet&#234;ncias para a forma&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O documento pontua as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a forma&#231;&#227;o do
            cardiologista e para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do t&#237;tulo de especialista. Ao referir-se aos assuntos
            espec&#237;ficos s&#227;o citadas, entre outras, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no paciente idoso.
            Cabe, ent&#227;o, aos departamentos e grupos de estudos estabelecerem os conte&#250;dos
            pedag&#243;gicos dos itens descritos na diretriz.</p>
      <p>O treinamento para atendimento pleno do idoso deve contemplar, no nosso entender:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica global, f&#237;sica, funcional e psicossocial, incluindo
                  conhecimento sobre a din&#226;mica familiar do idoso;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Processo de envelhecimento e fisiologia do idoso;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Treinamento de trabalho e coordena&#231;&#227;o com equipe multiprofissional;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Discuss&#227;o dos aspectos &#233;ticos e legais do idoso;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Discuss&#227;o de morte com dignidade e respeito &#224;s escolhas do paciente (sobrevida e
                  qualidade de vida);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Aspectos econ&#244;micos e institucionaliza&#231;&#227;o;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica dos medicamentos no idoso, polifarm&#225;cia e
                  intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Aspectos de nutri&#231;&#227;o aplicados no idoso;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Preven&#231;&#227;o geral e espec&#237;fica cardiovascular;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncia no idoso;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Treinamento em comunica&#231;&#227;o;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Evitar iatrogenia de omiss&#227;o;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ser um cl&#237;nico nos moldes cl&#225;ssicos da medicina.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Os instrumentos de treinamento devem incluir:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Atendimento em ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico para idosos;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Leitos de enfermaria na cl&#237;nica e cirurgia;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Interconsulta com outras &#225;reas de atendimento a pacientes idosos;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Atendimento em pronto-socorro e UTI;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Semin&#225;rios com especialistas (medicina legal, economistas, advogados etc.) nas
                  diferentes &#225;reas de atendimento;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Discuss&#227;o de estudos com idosos;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Promo&#231;&#227;o de estudos com idosos.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Para trabalhar todos esses aspectos do paciente idoso, o cardiologista deve estar
            treinado e preparado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>O envelhecimento &#233; um cont&#237;nuo processo de modifica&#231;&#245;es que se estabelecem com o tempo,
            com progress&#227;o individual, dependente de m&#250;ltiplos fatores. A medicina do geronte
            dependente desse processo &#233; individual e obriga que o cl&#237;nico esteja preparado para
            observar as consequ&#234;ncias e vulnerabilidades do envelhecimento, com a perspectiva de que
            nosso paciente possa ultrapassar os cem anos com qualidade de vida.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o, desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica quanto ao
                  conte&#250;do intelectual e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Franken RA, Rosa RF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
