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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">p45c4BFvgfpxCcfctWGFCWx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrophysiological Study in Ebstein's Anomaly With no Evidence of
               Accessory Pathway</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Karyn E. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Niraj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mulinari</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;; Curitiba, PR -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Larissa de Oliveira,</bold> Rua Presidente Carlos Cavalcanti,
               289, Centro. Postal Code 80020-280, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lah_ri5@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e48</fpage>
      <lpage>e51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ebstein Anomaly / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Electrophysiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolism, Paradoxical</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ebstein's anomaly (EA) is characterized by low implantation of the tricuspid valve, and
            corresponds to less than 1% of all congenital heart defects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. It is often
            associated with other malformations, such as ventricular septal defect, and
            Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome often accompanies.</p>
      <p>Its clinical manifestation depends on the severity of the anatomical changes, and the
            indications for surgery have been well established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>When anomalous pathways are associated with EA, in one third of the cases the
            electrocardiographic pattern can differ from the classic one (short PR interval and
            presence of delta wave), because of slow intra-atrial conduction or anomalous pathway of
            long and slow conduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Arrhythmias are usually present in up to 80% of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, with prevalence of anomalous atrioventricular pathways ranging
            from 0 to 44%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Despite the universal acceptance of electrophysiological study
            (EPS) in symptomatic patients or in those with apparent accessory pathway on the
            electrocardiogram (ECG), data on asymptomatic patients with no electrocardiographic
            evidence of pre-excitation are scarce in the literature.</p>
      <p>Because of postoperative implications (difficult access to certain left atrial areas
            after surgical repair, risk of tachyarrhythmias in the intra- and postoperative periods,
            and likelihood of intraoperative elimination of accessory pathway), we report a case in
            which preoperative EPS was performed in a patient with EA and no classical evidence of
            tachyarrhythmias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>The patient is a 43-year-old female, who sought the emergency service with findings of
            ischemic stroke. She reported progressive dyspnea, orthopnea and atypical chest pain for
            four years. On physical examination, in addition to neurological changes, a systolic
            murmur was audible on all valve areas (++/4). The ECG showed right bundle-branch
            conduction disorder and no evidence of ventricular pre-excitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1 - II</xref>). Chest X-ray showed significant cardiomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1 - I</xref>). The echocardiogram identified EA with
            moderate tricuspid regurgitation, 19-mm <italic>ostium secundum</italic> atrial septal
            defect (ASD), and left ventricular ejection fraction of 64%. The diagnosis of
            paradoxical embolism was presumed, and the surgical repair of EA and ASD was
            indicated.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>I: Chest X-ray evidencing important cardiac area enlargement. II: ECG before
                  ablation, with no evidence of pre-excitation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0e48-40146-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Preoperative EPS was performed after assessing the possible deleterious consequences of
            not identifying an anomalous pathway, such as higher risk of perioperative severe
            arrhythmias, missed opportunity of intraoperative ablation in case of refractoriness,
            and more difficult percutaneous access to certain areas of the tricuspid ring after
            surgical repair. During atrial stimulation, sudden incremental conduction through an
            anomalous pathway occurred with slow atrioventricular conduction positioned at the
            posteroseptal region of the tricuspid ring. Antidromic and orthodromic tachycardias were
            induced, the later with right bundle-branch block (RBBB) pattern. After ablation, at the
            atrioventricular fusion site, ventricular pre-excitation disappeared, and classical RBBB
            appeared (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Elimination of the accessory
            pathway was confirmed with adenosine.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>III: Continuous electrograms during ablation, showing elimination of the
                  anomalous pathway during radiofrequency application (1st intracavitary
                  electrogram). A: atrial electrogram. V: ventricular electrogram. Note
                  atrioventricular fusion that fades after ablation (arrow). IV: ECG after ablation.
                  Note QRS enlargement and progression of the conduction disorder to right
                  bundle-branch block (arrow).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0e48-40146-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Surgery was performed for ASD and EA repair using the cone technique. The patient was
            discharged asymptomatic on the sixth postoperative day.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This case report raises the hypothesis that performing preoperative EPS might benefit
            patients with EA and no evidence of anomalous conduction pathway. The patient reported
            no palpitations and her ECG did not suggest pre-excitation.</p>
      <p>A peculiar finding was the lack of RBBB, revealed after ablation with the elimination of
            the accessory pathway. This suggests the presence of accessory pathway of slow
            atrioventricular conduction, contributing to QRS complex depolarization, a natural
            ventricular resynchronization form usually seen in patients with EA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Iturralde et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> have
            found that 38% of the patients with EA and documented supraventricular tachycardia had a
            minimal or questionable evidence of ventricular pre-excitation on baseline ECG, and 100%
            of that group had no RBBB pattern. On the other hand, 93% of the patients with EA of the
            control group, with no evidence of tachycardia, had RBBB. Absence of that on V1 on
            baseline ECG showed 98% sensitivity and 92% specificity for the anomalous pathway
               diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Thus, finding an accessory pathway
            is highly probable when performing an EPS.</p>
      <p>The presence of untreated accessory pathway in patients with EA can lead to a reserved
            prognosis even in individuals undergoing surgical repair<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Huang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> have reported that 20%
            of the patients with history of supraventricular tachycardia progressed to sudden death
            despite the surgical repair for EA. No death due to that cause in the group undergoing
            preoperative EPS was observed.</p>
      <p>A more aggressive attitude in patients with EA is justified by the high prevalence of
            arrhythmias (up to 80%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, via either the
            atrioventricular anomalous pathway, or the potential arrhythmia circuits generated in
            the postoperative period [atrial fibrillation (AF) and incisional flutters]. The sudden
            death mechanism in EA is usually attributed to AF and high ventricular response via an
            accessory pathway<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Thus, the identification and
            previous ablation of the accessory pathway would be highly desirable.</p>
      <p>Another justification for the preoperative search for accessory pathways in EA would be
            the possibility to eliminate that pathway during surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Catheter ablation has
            significantly lower success rates (around 80%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
            than those of the general population (around 95%). That results from the mapping
            difficulty due to the low tricuspid valve implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The preoperative non- identification can imply missing a unique
            opportunity for surgically sectioning an anomalous pathway with previous inefficient
            ablation.</p>
      <p>A third justification for preoperative EPS would be that the surgery currently
            considered the most anatomical (cone surgery)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
            can exclude potential areas of anomalous pathways with plication of the atrialized
            portion of the right ventricle. This would make catheter access to that heart region
            impossible, a usual ablation site for accessory pathways in those patients (septal and
            posteroseptal regions). In addition, patients with EA have abnormal ventricular
            irritability during catheter manipulation in the intra- and postoperative periods,
            making them more susceptible to arrhythmias with sudden death risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the insufficient number of studies to support a recommendation for preoperative
            EPS in all patients scheduled for surgical repair of EA, considering the relatively low
            risk of EPS and the huge potential benefit if an anomalous pathway is found, that more
            aggressive attitude should be considered in the management of asymptomatic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This case report suggests that preoperative EPS can be useful to patients with EA and no
            evidence of anomalous conduction pathways. In asymptomatic patients with normal ECG, an
            additional hint about masked accessory pathway (observed in our patient) is the lack of
            RBBB. However, further studies about that population of patients are required to assess
            the real dimension of the benefit of that procedure.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira L, Freitas AKE, Mehta N, Ortiz MR,
               Mulinari LA, Cunha CLP; Acquisition of data: Oliveira L, Freitas AKE, Mehta N,
               Mulinari LA; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript:
               Oliveira L, Freitas AKE, Mehta N; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: Mehta N, Ortiz MR, Mulinari LA, Cunha CLP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Eletrofisiol&#243;gico em Anomalia de Ebstein sem Evid&#234;ncia de Via
               Acess&#243;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Karyn E. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehta</surname>
            <given-names>Niraj</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mulinari</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;; Curitiba, PR -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Larissa de Oliveira,</bold> Rua Presidente Carlos Cavalcanti,
               289, Centro. CEP 80020-280, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>lah_ri5@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anomalia de Ebstein / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Paradoxal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Anomalia de Ebstein (AE) &#233; caracterizada pela implanta&#231;&#227;o baixa da valva tric&#250;spide
               e corresponde a menos de 1% de todas as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, n&#227;o sendo
               incomum a presen&#231;a de outras malforma&#231;&#245;es, tal como comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular,
               al&#233;m de associar-se &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White.</p>
        <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica depende da gravidade das altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e as indica&#231;&#245;es
               para a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica j&#225; est&#227;o bem estabelecidas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na presen&#231;a de vias an&#244;malas associadas &#224; AE, o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico pode n&#227;o
               ser o cl&#225;ssico (intervalo PR curto e presen&#231;a de onda delta) em cerca de um ter&#231;o dos
               casos, decorrente de condu&#231;&#227;o intra-atrial lenta ou via an&#244;mala de condu&#231;&#227;o longa e
                  lentificada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nela, arritmias em geral est&#227;o presentes em at&#233; 80% dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, com preval&#234;ncia de 0 a 44% de vias an&#244;malas
                  atrioventriculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora o Estudo Eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) em
               pacientes sintom&#225;ticos ou com via acess&#243;ria aparente no Eletrocardiograma (ECG) seja
               universalmente aceito, h&#225; dados escassos na literatura em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e
               sem evid&#234;ncias eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em raz&#227;o das implica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (dificuldade de acesso a determinadas
               &#225;reas do &#225;trio direito ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, risco de taquiarritmias no intra e
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a possibilidade de elimina&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria de via acess&#243;ria),
               relatamos um caso em que optamos pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em paciente
               com AE sem evid&#234;ncias cl&#225;ssicas de taquiarritmias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 43 anos, procurou o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia com quadro de
               acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. Relatava h&#225; quatro anos dispneia progressiva,
               ortopneia e dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica. Ao exame f&#237;sico, al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas,
               apresentava sopro sist&#243;lico aud&#237;vel em todos os focos de ++/IV. O ECG mostrava
               transtorno de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito e n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1 - II</xref>). Ao raio X
               apresentava cardiomegalia importante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1 -
                  I</xref>). O ecocardiograma identificou a presen&#231;a de Anomalia de Ebstein (AE) com
               refluxo tric&#250;spide moderado; Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial (CIA) tipo <italic>ostium
                  secundum</italic>, com dimens&#227;o de 19 mm, e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fra&#231;&#227;o de
               eje&#231;&#227;o de 64%. Presumiu-se ent&#227;o o diagn&#243;stico de embolia paradoxal e foi indicada a
               corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da AE e da CIA.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>I: Raio X de t&#243;rax evidenciando importante aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca. II:
                     Eletrocardiograma antes da abla&#231;&#227;o, sem evid&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0e48-40146-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Ap&#243;s terem sido avaliadas as poss&#237;veis consequ&#234;ncias delet&#233;rias da n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o
               de uma via an&#244;mala, como maior risco de arritmias graves no perioperat&#243;rio, perda da
               oportunidade de abla&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria em caso de refrataridade, e maior dificuldade
               de acesso por via percut&#226;nea a determinadas &#225;reas do anel tric&#250;spide ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o
               cir&#250;rgica, foi realizado um EEF pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial,
               surpreendentemente ocorreu condu&#231;&#227;o incremental s&#250;bita por via an&#244;mala com condu&#231;&#227;o
               atrioventricular lenta posicionada em regi&#227;o posterosseptal do anel tric&#250;spide. Foi
               induzida taquicardia antidr&#244;mica e tamb&#233;m taquicardia ortodr&#244;mica, esta &#250;ltima com
               padr&#227;o de Bloqueio de Ramo Direito (BRD). Ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o, em local de fus&#227;o
               atrioventricular, houve desaparecimento da pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com
               aparecimento de cl&#225;ssico BRD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). A
               elimina&#231;&#227;o da via acess&#243;ria foi confirmada com adenosina.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>III: Eletrogramas cont&#237;nuos durante a abla&#231;&#227;o, revelando elimina&#231;&#227;o da via
                     an&#244;mala durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (1&#186; eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio).
                     A: eletrograma atrial. V: eletrograma ventricular. Observar fus&#227;o
                     atrioventricular que se afasta p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o (seta). IV: ECG ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o.
                     Observar o alargamento do QRS, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o de transtorno de condu&#231;&#227;o para
                     bloqueio de ramo direito (seta).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0e48-40146-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Foi realizada a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com corre&#231;&#227;o da CIA e da AE com a t&#233;cnica do
               cone. Assintom&#225;tica, teve alta no sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente relato de caso levanta a hip&#243;tese de um poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio com a
               realiza&#231;&#227;o de um EEF pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em pacientes portadores de AE sem evid&#234;ncias de
               vias de condu&#231;&#227;o an&#244;malas. A paciente descrita n&#227;o apresentava sintomas de
               palpita&#231;&#245;es e o ECG n&#227;o sugeria pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Uma peculiaridade observada foi a aus&#234;ncia do BRD, revelado ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, com a
               elimina&#231;&#227;o da via acess&#243;ria. Isso sugere a presen&#231;a de via acess&#243;ria de condu&#231;&#227;o
               atrioventricular lenta, o que contribui com a despolariza&#231;&#227;o do QRS, sendo uma forma
               natural de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular usualmente visto em pacientes com AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Iturralde e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> verificaram que 38% dos pacientes com AE e taquicardia
               supraventricular documentada possu&#237;am evid&#234;ncia m&#237;nima ou question&#225;vel de
               pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao ECG basal, e 100% desse grupo n&#227;o possu&#237;am padr&#227;o de
               BRD. Por outro lado, 93% dos pacientes com AE do grupo controle, sem evid&#234;ncia de
               taquicardia, tinham BRD. A aus&#234;ncia desse em V1 ao ECG basal mostrou 98% de
               sensibilidade e 92% de especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico de via an&#244;mala<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Portanto, h&#225; alta probabilidade de se
               encontrar uma via acess&#243;ria ao realizar-se um EEF.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de via acess&#243;ria n&#227;o tratada em pacientes com AE pode levar a um
               progn&#243;stico reservado mesmo naqueles submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Huang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> verificaram que cerca de 20% dos pacientes com hist&#243;ria de taquicardia
               supraventricular evolu&#237;ram com morte s&#250;bita apesar da cirurgia corretiva da AE. N&#227;o
               houve mortes por essa causa no grupo com interven&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica
               pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>A justificativa de uma atitude mais agressiva em pacientes com AE &#233; a alta
               preval&#234;ncia de arritmias (at&#233; 80%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, seja pela
               via an&#244;mala atrioventricular, seja pelos circuitos potenciais de arritmias gerados no
               per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (como Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) e <italic>flutters</italic>
               incisionais). O mecanismo de morte s&#250;bita na AE geralmente &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; FA de alta
               resposta ventricular por uma via acess&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
               Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da via acess&#243;ria seriam altamente
               desej&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Outra justificativa para pesquisa pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de vias acess&#243;rias em AE seria a
               possibilidade de elimina&#231;&#227;o da via durante o ato cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A abla&#231;&#227;o
               por cateter apresenta taxas de sucesso significativamente menores (em torno de
                  80%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> do que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral (ao redor de
               95%). Isso ocorre em raz&#227;o da dificuldade de mapeamento decorrente da baixa
               implanta&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A n&#227;o
               identifica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria pode implicar perda da oportunidade &#250;nica de seccionar
               cirurgicamente uma via an&#244;mala com abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via ineficaz.</p>
        <p>Uma terceira justificativa para EEF pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio seria que a cirurgia considerada
               atualmente a mais anat&#244;mica (cirurgia do cone)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> pode excluir &#225;reas potenciais de presen&#231;a de vias an&#244;malas ao plicar a
               por&#231;&#227;o atrializada do ventr&#237;culo direito. Isso implicaria impossibilidade de acesso
               via cateter a essa regi&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, local usual de abla&#231;&#227;o de vias acess&#243;rias
               nesses pacientes (regi&#227;o septal e posterosseptal). Al&#233;m disso, portadores de AE
               apresentam irritabilidade ventricular anormal durante manipula&#231;&#227;o por cateter, no
               intra e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tornando-os mais suscet&#237;veis a arritmias com risco de
               morte s&#250;bita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora estudos sejam insuficientes para fazer uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de EEF pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio
               em todo paciente programado para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica na AE, diante do risco
               relativamente baixo do EEF e do imenso potencial ben&#233;fico caso uma via an&#244;mala seja
               encontrada, essa atitude mais agressiva deve ser considerada no manejo de pacientes
                  assintom&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente relato de caso sugere que o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio pode
               ser &#250;til em pacientes com AE sem evid&#234;ncias de vias an&#244;malas de condu&#231;&#227;o. Em
               pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e com ECG normal, uma pista adicional de via acess&#243;ria
               mascarada (observada em nossa paciente) &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de BRD. Contudo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios
               estudos abordando em especial essa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para se avaliar a real
               dimens&#227;o do benef&#237;cio do procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira L, Freitas AKE, Mehta N, Ortiz MR,
                  Mulinari LA, Cunha CLP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira L, Freitas AKE, Mehta N,
                  Mulinari LA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira
                  L, Freitas AKE, Mehta N; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Mehta N, Ortiz MR, Mulinari LA, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
