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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w6gZ4j99wxCYbSLZ5FQHQCR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140139</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relevance to Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Protocol of Blood Pressure
               Measurements Taken Before First- Morning Micturition and in the
               Afternoon</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Agnaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#233;valo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Rene Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Dani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" deceased="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Lauro Wanderley</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Division - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Lauro
               Wanderley - Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Physical Education Department</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Physical Education Department - Universidade
               Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Division</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Division - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto
               Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Internal Medicine Department - Faculdade de
               Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Statistic Departament</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Statistic Departament - Universidade Federal da
               Para&#237;ba - UFPB, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina Nova Esperan&#231;a</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Departament</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Departament - Faculdade de Medicina Nova
               Esperan&#231;a, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein</bold>, Jo&#227;o Caetano, 20/402, Petr&#243;polis. Postal
               Code 90470-260, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>ristein@pq.cnpq.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="deceased">
          <p>in memoriam</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>338</fpage>
      <lpage>347</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The importance of measuring blood pressure before morning micturition and in the
                  afternoon, while working, is yet to be established in relation to the accuracy of
                  home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM). Objective: To compare two HBPM protocols,
                  considering 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (wakefulness ABPM) as
                  gold-standard and measurements taken before morning micturition (BM) and in the
                  afternoon (AM), for the best diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH),
                  and their association with prognostic markers. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>After undergoing 24-hour wakefulness ABPM, 158 participants (84 women) were
                  randomized for 3- or 5-day HBPM. Two variations of the 3-day protocol were
                  considered: with measurements taken before morning micturition and in the
                  afternoon (BM+AM); and with post-morning-micturition and evening measurements
                  (PM+EM). All patients underwent echocardiography (for left ventricular hypertrophy
                  - LVH) and urinary albumin measurement (for microalbuminuria - MAU). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Result:</title>
          <p>Kappa statistic for the diagnosis of SAH between wakefulness-ABPM and standard
                  3-day HBPM, 3-day HBPM (BM+AM) and (PM+EM), and 5-day HBPM were 0.660, 0.638,
                  0.348 and 0.387, respectively. The values of sensitivity of (BM+AM) versus (PM+EM)
                  were 82.6% &#215; 71%, respectively, and of specificity, 84.8% &#215; 74%, respectively. The
                  positive and negative predictive values were 69.1% &#215; 40% and 92.2% &#215; 91.2%,
                  respectively. The comparisons of intraclass correlations for the diagnosis of LVH
                  and MAU between (BM+AM) and (PM+EM) were 0.782 &#215; 0.474 and 0.511 &#215; 0.276,
                  respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> The 3 day-HBPM protocol including measurements taken before morning micturition
                  and during work in the afternoon showed the best agreement with SAH diagnosis and
                  the best association with prognostic markers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Screening</kwd>
        <kwd>Predictive Value of Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/urine</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been recognized as the reference method
            to predict the cardiovascular risk associated with increased blood pressure (BP).
            Longitudinal studies with population samples<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and hypertensive
               individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have reported the better ability of ABPM to stratify risk as compared with
            measurements taken at the office. More recently, home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM)
            has been accepted in different guidelines as an effective method to measure usual BP and
            as a useful tool to stratify cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. This low-cost method
            has potential clinical use in different scenarios, such as in establishing the diagnosis
            and prognosis of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), in 'white coat hypertension' and
            'masked hypertension', in assessing BP levels of the elderly and hypertensive
            individuals with diabetes, in resistant hypertension, and in assessing adherence to
            anti-hypertensive treatment, as a guide for pharmacological interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Home blood pressure monitoring is defined as the systematized out-of-office BP
            measurement by the patient or any skilled person, during wakefulness, following a
            specific and standardized protocol, which is different from self-blood pressure
            measurement (SBPM), which is the non-systematized reading performed according to
            doctor's guidance or patient's decision<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.
            European and North-American guidelines lack accuracy regarding protocol systematization
            and control, which can be mistaken for SBPM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. However, inconsistencies in protocol recommendations regarding hours,
            number of days and measurements taken during HBPM are still observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The HBPM protocols of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and of the Japanese Society of Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> recommend BP measuring in the morning after
            micturition, avoiding urinary bladder distension and consequent BP elevation. The
            influence of BP measurements taken in the afternoon during work on the estimation of
            usual BP is still arguable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The European
            Society of Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> recommends BP measurement for seven days, two
            taken in the morning and two in the evening, the means of the first day being discarded
            for the purpose of diagnosis and therapeutic decisions. It is worth noting the lack of
            major recommendations on the influence of micturition or other conditions on the
            accuracy of HBPM. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to assess the influence on the SAH diagnosis of
            BP measurements taken immediately after waking up (before micturition) and in the
            afternoon, considering ABPM during wakefulness as gold-standard. In addition, the
            secondary objective was to assess the association of prognostic markers, such as
            microalbuminuaria (MAU) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), with HBPM protocols that
            differ about the inclusion or exclusion of measurements taken before and after morning
            micturition or in the afternoon. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Individuals referred for assessment of ABPM at a private clinic specialized in
               cardiology in the city of Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba state, were eligible for this study.
               They were consecutively assessed at medical office, and, after anamnesis and physical
               examination, the individuals meeting the inclusion criteria were invited to
               participate in the study and to sign the written informed consent previously approved
               by the ethics committee of the institution. Patients with the following
               characteristics were excluded from the study: cardiac arrhythmia; cognitive deficit;
               and visual deficit hindering the measurements. In addition, exams that did not reach
               the required number of measurements were excluded from the analysis: &lt; 16
               validated measurements during wakefulness and/or &lt; 8 measurements during sleep on
               ABPM or &lt; 14 validated measurements on HBPM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a diagnostic cross-sectional study to compare different HBPM protocols,
               considering 24-hour ABPM as gold-standard, for the diagnosis of SAH. All diagnostic
               tests were performed between February 2009 and April 2010.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>The analyses of this investigation complement previously published data. The
               recruiting flowchart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) and the
               assessment protocols have been previously described (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Briefly, after
               personal data collection, patients underwent 24-hour ABPM, after which, all were
               randomized to one of the HBPM protocols (three or five days) and later crossover with
               a five-day interval between protocols. All patients completing the study underwent
               both HBPM protocols. For BP measurements, both protocols followed the SBC
               recommendations, as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of population recruitment. IM: insufficient measurements; CI:
                     cognitive impairment; WIC: written informed consent; HBPM: home blood pressure
                     monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0338-40139-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagram of the protocols of 3-day and 5-day home blood pressure monitoring
                     (HBPM)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0338-40139-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p><bold>ABPM protocol:</bold> the recommendations for ABPM were in accordance with
               those of the SBC V guidelines for ABPM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, with
               SBP and DBP measurements taken every 15 minutes during wakefulness and every 20
               minutes during sleep.</p>
        <p><bold>HBPM protocol:</bold> for both protocols, in the morning of the first day,
               patients underwent the first three BP measurements with a trained nurse, and received
               all instructions about the protocols to be followed at home. The numbers and times of
               measurements are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>. On the
               three-day HBPM protocol, up to 33 BP measurements could be obtained, and, on the
               five-day HBPM protocol, up to 27 measurements. In both protocols, participants were
               instructed to take three measurements in the presence of any sign or symptom, at any
               time of the day, and record them on the diary.</p>
        <p>To assess the impact of micturition and afternoon measurements on the accuracy of the
               three-day protocol as compared with that of the five-day protocol, the following sets
               of measurements were considered:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>three-day HBPM with all measurements (standard three-day HBPM);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>three-day HBPM with measurements taken before morning micturition and in the
                     afternoon (HBPM-BM+AM);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>three-day HBPM with post-morning-micturition and evening measurements
                     (HBPM-PM+EM).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Devices</title>
        <p>ABPM: the Spacelabs 90207 monitor (Spacelabs, Washington, DC, United States)
               validated by the British Hypertension Society was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>HBPM: the validated Microlife BP A 100 Plus device (Microlife, Heerbrugg,
               Switzerland) was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions and measurements of major variables</title>
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension assessed with ABPM was defined as systolic blood
               pressure (SBP) &gt; 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &gt; 80 mmHg in 24
               hours. For ABPM during wakefulness, those values were SBP &gt; 135 mmHg and DBP &gt;
               85 mmHg. For HBPM, the criterion adopted for the diagnosis of SAH was SBP at home
               &gt; 135 mmHg and DBP at home &gt; 85 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.
               For ABPM, wakefulness was defined as the time interval between waking up and going to
               bed, according to records documented in the diary.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Urinary albumin</title>
        <p>On the initial exam, urinary albumin concentration, MAU, was measured in a urine
               sample by using immunoturbidimetric assay (AlbuminLatex, BioSystems S.A., Barcelona,
               Spain). At our laboratory, the mean intra-assay and interassay coefficients of
               variation were 2.4% and 5.7%, respectively, the lower limit of detection was 0.9
               mg/L, and the cutoff point for the diagnosis of MAU was &gt; 15 mg/L. The MAU
               determined from a single urine specimen is highly correlated with 24-hour urinary
               albumin excretion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>To assess left ventricular mass (LVM), two-dimensional echocardiography with a
               Sonosite M-turbo machine (M-turbo Sonosite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) was used. The
               measurements were taken according to the American Society of Echocardiography
                  recommendations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The LVM (g) was
               calculated by using the Devereux equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,
               and the LVM index (LVMI) in this study was defined as LVM (g)/body surface
                  (m<sup>2</sup>). The diagnosis criteria for LVH were LVMI values of &#8805; 115
                  g/m<sup>2</sup> and &#8805; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and women, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All parameters were typed by a single trained examiner and independently of
               collection into a single database for further analysis. Data were assessed with the
               IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (IBM Company, USA). The continuous variables were described as
               mean &#177; standard deviation. The means of the BPs between the tests were compared by
               using ANOVA for repeated measures. To assess the impact of drug use in the
               population, the hierarchical log-linear model with multinomial distribution was used.
               The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated, and
               the accuracy of HBPM protocols was described based on sensitivity, specificity,
               positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively), and positive and
               negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR, respectively) with their respective 95%
               confidence intervals. Agreement between the diagnosis of SAH established by using
               ABPM during wakefulness, MAU, LVH and the two three-day HBPM protocols was assessed
               by use of kappa coefficient, ROC curve and intraclass correlation coefficient. The
               associations between ABPM and three-day HBPM were presented with the intraclass
               correlation coefficient, and dispersion and Bland-Altman plots. An alpha error
               probability &lt; 5% was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 204 patients invited to participate in this study, 169 accepted and 158 concluded
            it (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Those who refused to participate and were excluded from the study had the
            same characteristics of the population assessed regarding age, sex and body mass index
            (BMI).</p>
      <p>On initial assessment, four patients were excluded, one due to arrhythmia (atrial
            fibrillation) and three due to cognitive impairment. On ABPM, two patients were excluded
            due to insufficient number of measurements, because of equipment battery failure. On the
            three-day HBPM protocol, two patients left the study due to a trip, and, on the five-day
            HBPM protocol, one patient was excluded because of insufficient measurements (forgot to
            take BP measurements on the last two days), and two patients were excluded due to a
            trip. Regarding the patients who concluded all protocols, no change was observed in
            their lifestyle, medications and usual hours during the study. In the three-day
            protocol, 24 BP measurements were taken, and, in the five-day protocol, 19
            measurements.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the major characteristics of the
            population comprised of overweight middle-aged patients with slight predominance of the
            female sex. Half of them were on anti-hypertensive drugs, ABPM being mainly indicated
            for SAH diagnosis and treatment. The final diagnoses of 'white coat hypertension' and
            'masked hypertension' were established in 18.3% and 3.1% of the patients, respectively.
            Assessment by using hierarchical log-linear model with multinomial distribution showed
            no difference regarding the use of drugs (p = 0.221). No significant difference in MAU
            between men and women was found (16 &#177; 11 mg/L; 14 &#177; 10 mg/L; p = 0.121). The mean LVMI
            values were 112 &#177; 15 g/m<sup>2</sup> and 88 &#177; 9 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and women,
            respectively (p = 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the population (n = 158)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Parameters assessed</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total sample n = 158</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">50.6 &#177; 13.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">74 (46.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 4.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Use of anti-hypertensive drugs</td>
              <td align="center">80 (50.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Office measurement SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">130 &#177; 14.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Office measurement DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 10.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Indication for BP monitoring</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">117 (74.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>White-coat hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">32 (20.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Masked hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">9 (5.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <p>Results shown as mean &#177; SD or n (%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t01">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP:
                     systolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the means of ABPM during
            wakefulness, standard three-day HBPM, three-day HBPM-BM+AM, three-day HBPM-PM+EM, and
            five-day HBPM, with significant differences between them for SBP and DBP. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows the dispersion and Bland-Altman plots
            for SBP and DBP, with smaller dispersion and better agreement of the BM+AM protocol as
            compared with the PM+EM protocol of the three-day HBPM obtained by associating with ABPM
            during wakefulness.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean &#177; SD of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
                  of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and of the different HBPM
                  protocols</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th> </th>
              <th align="center">SBP</th>
              <th align="center">ANOVA p</th>
              <th align="center">DBP</th>
              <th align="center">ANOVA p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Wakefulness ABPM</td>
              <td align="center">128.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">79.7 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td rowspan="5" align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Standard 3-day HBPM</td>
              <td align="center">126.1 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 9.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3-day HBPM-BM+AM</td>
              <td align="center">127.4 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td align="center">79.5 &#177; 10.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3-day HBPM-PM+EM</td>
              <td align="center">124.8 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">76.8 &#177; 9.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5-day HBPM</td>
              <td align="center">126.1 &#177; 13.3</td>
              <td align="center">78.3 &#177; 10.4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <p>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; BM+AM: <italic>measurements taken before
                        morning micturition and in the afternoon; PM+EM: measurements taken post
                        morning micturition and in the evening</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dispersion and Bland-Altman plots of blood pressure measurements comparing
                  3-day home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) with ambulatory blood pressure
                  monitoring (ABPM). BM+AM: measurements taken before morning micturition and in the
                  afternoon; PM+EM: measurements taken post morning micturition and in the evening;
                  DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0338-40139-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows a difference in kappa values
            between the three-day HBPM protocols when the micturition subject is considered in the
            analysis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows better diagnosis
            accuracy for the standard three-day HBPM and three-day HBPM-BM+AM protocols, considering
            ABPM during wakefulness as gold-standard. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
               5</xref> shows that, using the cutoff points previously defined for the diagnosis of
            SAH and considering all forms of ambulatory measurements, the standard three-day HBPM
            protocol, the three-day HBPM-BM+AM protocol and the ABPM during wakefulness protocol had
            the best agreement and correlated better with the diagnosis of MAU and LVH.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Kappa statistic for the diagnosis of hypertension considering ambulatory blood
                  pressure monitoring (ABPM) during wakefulness as gold-standard</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">HBPM</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">Hypertension</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">3-day BM+AM</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">3-day PM+EM</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Standard 3-day</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">5-day HBPM</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">No</th>
              <th align="center">Yes</th>
              <th align="center">No</th>
              <th align="center">Yes</th>
              <th align="center">No</th>
              <th align="center">Yes</th>
              <th align="center">No</th>
              <th align="center">Yes</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Wakefulness ABPM</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">95</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">Kappa</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.638</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.348</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.660</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.387</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <p><italic>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring;</italic> BM+AM:
                        <italic>measurements taken before morning micturition and in the afternoon;
                        PM+EM: measurements taken post morning micturition and in the evening. p
                        &lt; 0.001 for comparison between each protocol and the gold-standard
                        protocol</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Accuracy of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) protocols considering
                  ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) during wakefulness as
                  gold-standard</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th> </th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity (%) (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity (%) (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Positive predictive value (%) (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Negative predictive value (%) (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Positive likelihood ratio (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Negative likelihood ratio (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Area under the ROC curve (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">3-day HBPM BM+AM</td>
              <td align="center">82.6</td>
              <td align="center">84.8</td>
              <td align="center">69.1</td>
              <td align="center">92.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">76.5-88.6</td>
              <td align="center">79.1-90.5</td>
              <td align="center">61.7-76.4</td>
              <td align="center">87.9-96.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.79-10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.13-0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.72-0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">3-day HBPM PM+EM</td>
              <td align="center">71.0</td>
              <td align="center">74.0</td>
              <td align="center">40.0</td>
              <td align="center">91.2</td>
              <td align="center">2.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">63.7-78.1</td>
              <td align="center">67.0-81.0</td>
              <td align="center">32.2-47.7</td>
              <td align="center">86.7-95.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.47-5.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.28-0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.62-0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Standard 3-day HBPM</td>
              <td align="center">80.4</td>
              <td align="center">86.9</td>
              <td align="center">74.5</td>
              <td align="center">90.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">74.1-86.7</td>
              <td align="center">81.6-92.3</td>
              <td align="center">67.6-81.5</td>
              <td align="center">85.6-95.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.35-9.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.14-0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.75-0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">5-day HBPM</td>
              <td align="center">62.0</td>
              <td align="center">77.8</td>
              <td align="center">56.4</td>
              <td align="center">81.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">54.3-69.7</td>
              <td align="center">71.2-84.4</td>
              <td align="center">48.5-64.2</td>
              <td align="center">75.4-87.7</td>
              <td align="center">1.75-2.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.38-0.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.60-0.78</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <p>BM+AM: <italic>measurements taken before morning micturition and in the
                        afternoon; PM+EM: measurements taken post morning micturition and in the
                        evening; CI: confidence interval.</italic></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Agreement and correlation between the diagnosis of hypertension and the
                  diagnosis of microalbuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Diagnosis</th>
              <th align="center">Measurements</th>
              <th align="center">Standard 3-day HBPM</th>
              <th align="center">3-day HBPM BM+AM</th>
              <th align="center">3-day HBPM PM+EM</th>
              <th align="center">5-day HBPM</th>
              <th align="center">Wakefulness ABPM</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">MAU</td>
              <td align="center">Kappa</td>
              <td align="center">0.352</td>
              <td align="center">0.342</td>
              <td align="center">0.159</td>
              <td align="center">0.207</td>
              <td align="center">0.372</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ROC curve (95% CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.694 0.594-0.794</td>
              <td align="center">0.681 0.579-0.784</td>
              <td align="center">0.574 0.466-0.682</td>
              <td align="center">0.613 0.508-0.718</td>
              <td align="center">0.711 0.614-0.809</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Intraclass correlation (95% CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.526 0.352-0.654</td>
              <td align="center">0.511 0.331-0.643</td>
              <td align="center">0.276 0.009-0.471</td>
              <td align="center">0.346 0.105-0.523</td>
              <td align="center">0.552 0.386-0.673</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">LVH</td>
              <td align="center">
                <italic>Kappa</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0.636</td>
              <td align="center">0.641</td>
              <td align="center">0.299</td>
              <td align="center">0.298</td>
              <td align="center">0.587</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">ROC curve (95% CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.820 0.742-0.898</td>
              <td align="center">0.814 0.733-0.894</td>
              <td align="center">0.634 0.536-0.733</td>
              <td align="center">0.649 0.533-0.744</td>
              <td align="center">0.801 0.722-0.881</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Intraclass correlation (95% CI)</td>
              <td align="center">0.778 0.696-0.838</td>
              <td align="center">0.782 0.702-0.841</td>
              <td align="center">0.474 0.281-0.616</td>
              <td align="center">0.459 0.259-0.605</td>
              <td align="center">0.741 0.645-0.811</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t05">
            <p><italic>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure
                        monitoring;</italic> BM+AM: <italic>measurements taken before morning
                        micturition and in the afternoon; PM+EM: measurements taken post morning
                        micturition and in the evening MAU: microalbuminuria; LVH: left ventricular
                        hypertrophy; CI: confidence interval.</italic></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding in this study was that, considering ABPM during wakefulness as
            gold-standard for the diagnosis of SAH, the HBPM protocol including BP measurements
            taken before the first morning micturition and in the afternoon had the best accuracy to
            diagnose SAH as compared with the other protocols assessed. In addition, that three-day
            HBPM protocol performed better than the longer five-day protocol, thus being useful and
            having a practical potential to the routine assessment of hypertensive individuals.
            Furthermore, that strategy correlates better with prognostic markers, such as MAU and
            LVH. Because of the clinical relevance of that finding, three-day HBPM protocols should
            include measurements taken before morning micturition and in the afternoon. </p>
      <p>Studies considering the importance of micturition for HBPM accuracy lack in the
            literature. The SBC guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> on that investigation method recommend BP
            measurement in the morning after micturition. However, such recommendation is not
            supported by any scientific reference, being thus empirical. The Japanese Society of
            Hypertension guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> makes the same
            recommendation, based on one single Japanese study published as an abstract and showing
            BP elevation associated with morning urinary bladder distension. In defining the HBPM
            protocol, the European<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and North-American<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> guidelines make no reference to that subject.</p>
      <p>In addition, the circadian variation of BP depends on three major factors: physical
            activity, autonomic function and sodium sensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Fagius and Karhuvaara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32 ">32 </xref>have
            shown an association between BP elevation and urinary bladder distension in 16 healthy
            individuals after fluid ingestion. That finding has been justified by the vesicovascular
            stimulus related to an increase in sympathetic flow, which is mediated by
            vasoconstrictor neurons, thus increasing BP. Scott et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have shown that, in healthy individuals, the BP elevation that follows
            water ingestion is associated with increases in serum norepinephrine levels, in
            sympathetic activity and in peripheral vascular resistance. Callegaro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, studying normotensive and hypertensive
            individuals, have reported that the BP increase after acute water ingestion could be
            explained by an increased vasoconstrictor sympathetic activity. Studies assessing cold
               exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and mental stress exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> have also reported BP elevation due to
            sympathetic activity. All those factors can be considered as part of the BP circadian
            cycle complex, and there is convincing evidence that it plays an important role in BP
            variability regulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Thus, those questions
            should be assessed at the time the accuracy of BP measuring tests is assessed for a
            prolonged time or of proposed HBPM protocols. Thus, by discriminating BP in a more
            reliable way, the diagnosis and treatment of SAH can be better established, and
            target-organ lesions prevented in the long run. In that scenario, adding measurements to
            the standard HBPM, considering first-morning micturition and stress at workplace, can
            influence the accuracy of the method for SAH diagnosis.</p>
      <p>The number of measurements of HBPM should be considered, although the optimal number to
            be used remains controversial in the different guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Garcia-Vera and
               Sanz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have assessed HBPM in 43 treated
            hypertensive patients. In their study, two BP measurements were taken in the morning, in
            the afternoon during work, and in the evening. That procedure was repeated after one and
            six months. The results have shown that two measurements would suffice, one at the
            workplace and the other at home, on three consecutive days, to obtain reliable BP
            estimates. Another finding from that study is that BP measurements at the workplace were
            consistently higher than those obtained at home. Kario et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> have assessed the influence of work-and home-related stress on
            sympathetic activation and BP in 134 women. Those authors have shown that work-related
            stress increased BP levels throughout the day, and the home-related stress induced an
            additional sympathetic activation. Those data corroborate our protocol, which includes
            one measurement in the afternoon during work, which better correlated with the diagnosis
            of SAH.</p>
      <p>Den Hond et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, studying 247 patients, have
            compared HBPM with ABPM during wakefulness (SAH &#8805; 135/85 mmHg) by using a protocol with
            three measurements taken in the morning and evening for seven days. They have found
            sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and kappa statistic of 68.4%, 88.6%, 33.3%, 97.1% and
            0.380, respectively. Comparing their findings with ours originating from the three-day
            HBPM-BM+AM protocol, theirs have a greater number of measurements taken during the day.
            However, the results indicate that our protocol performed better, evidencing that not
            only the number of measurements can influence the accuracy of different protocols, but
            the time such measurements are taken should be considered. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>First, ABPM during wakefulness was considered gold-standard for the diagnosis of SAH.
               It is worth noting that the standard reference to define the best HBPM protocol
               should be the occurrence of clinical outcomes assessed on longitudinal studies.
               However, some studies, such as the PAMELA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
               and FINN-Home<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> studies, have also used ABPM
               as gold-standard. Second, our three-day HBPM protocol had a higher number of
               measurements per day as compared with the five-day HBPM protocol. Thus, our results
               may be a mere consequence of approximation bias. Nevertheless, data clearly showed
               that the three-day HBPM protocol was better than the five-day HBPM protocol, and that
               measurements taken at different times had a significant importance to the result,
               suggesting it should be preferred in clinical practice. The feasibility and efficacy
               of a HBPM protocol with a greater number of measurements require better assessment in
               longitudinal studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The three-day HBPM protocol comprising measurements taken before first-morning
            micturition and in the afternoon has better agreement with the diagnosis of SAH,
            considering 24-hour ABPM as gold-standard, and associates better with prognostic markers
            as compared with the five-day HBPM protocol.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Gus M, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro
               JP; Acquisition of data: Almeida AEM, Ar&#233;valo JRG; Analysis and interpretation of the
               data: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Gus M, Nascimento JA, Belli KC, Ar&#233;valo JRG, Ribeiro JP;
               Statistical analysis: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Nascimento JA, Ribeiro JP; Obtaining
               financing: Stein R, Gus M, Fuchs FD; Writing of the manuscript: Almeida AEM, Stein R,
               Gus M, Nascimento JA, Belli KC, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro JP; Critical revision of the
               manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Gus M, Belli KC, Ar&#233;valo
               JRG, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro JP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
        <p>Ricardo Stein and Miguel Gus are Level 2 CNPq investigators. Fl&#225;vio Dani Fuchs is
               Level 1A CNPq investigator.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Antonio Eduardo Monteiro
               de Almeida, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relev&#226;ncia das Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial Pr&#233;-Mic&#231;&#227;o Matinal e &#224; Tarde
               em Protocolo de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Agnaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ar&#233;valo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Rene Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Dani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" deceased="yes">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Lauro Wanderley</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio
               Lauro Wanderley - Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil
            </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade
               Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de
               Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna - Faculdade de
               Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica da Universidade Federal
               da Para&#237;ba - UFPB, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Faculdade de Medicina
               Nova Esperan&#231;a, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina Nova Esperan&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A import&#226;ncia das medidas da press&#227;o arterial antes do ato miccional matinal e no
                  per&#237;odo da tarde, durante atividades laborativas, na acur&#225;cia da monitora&#231;&#227;o
                  residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) n&#227;o foi estabelecida. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Comparar dois protocolos de MRPA, tendo como padr&#227;o-ouro a monitora&#231;&#227;o
                  ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA-vig&#237;lia) e avaliando-se as
                  medidas antes do ato miccional e &#224; tarde, para o melhor diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o
                  arterial (HAS), e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores progn&#243;sticos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s realizarem MAPA de 24 horas, os 158 participantes (84 mulheres) foram
                  randomizados para realizar MRPA de tr&#234;s ou cinco dias com posterior
                     <italic>crossover</italic>. Analisou-se o protocolo de tr&#234;s dias nas seguintes
                  situa&#231;&#245;es: aferi&#231;&#245;es antes do ato miccional matinal e &#224; tarde (AM+MT); e aferi&#231;&#245;es
                  ap&#243;s o ato miccional matinal e &#224; noite (PM+MN). Todos os pacientes foram
                  submetidos a ecocardiografia (hipertrofia ventricular esquerda - HVE) e a dosagem
                  de albumina urin&#225;ria (microalbumin&#250;ria - MAU). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A estat&#237;stica <italic>kappa</italic> para diagn&#243;stico de HAS entre MAPA-vig&#237;lia e
                  MRPA de tr&#234;s dias padr&#227;o, MRPA de tr&#234;s dias (AM + MT) e (PM + MN), e MRPA de cinco
                  dias foi de 0,660, 0,638, 0,348 e 0,387, respectivamente. Os valores de
                  sensibilidade de AM+MT <italic>versus</italic> PM+MN foram 82,6% &#215; 71%,
                  respectivamente, e os de especificidade foram 84,8% &#215; 74%, respectivamente. Os
                  valores preditivos positivos e negativos foram 69,1% &#215; 40% e 92,2% &#215; 91,2%,
                  respectivamente. As compara&#231;&#245;es das correla&#231;&#245;es intraclasse para diagn&#243;sticos de
                  HVE e MAU, entre AM+MT e PM+MN, foram 0,782 &#215; 0,474 e 0,511 &#215; 0,276,
                  respectivamente. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> O protocolo de MRPA de tr&#234;s dias que inclui medidas antes do ato miccional
                  matinal e &#224; tarde apresentou melhor concord&#226;ncia com o diagn&#243;stico de HAS e melhor
                  associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Programas de Rastreamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Valor Preditivo dos Testes</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/urina</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) tem sido reconhecida como
               m&#233;todo referencial para a predi&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular associado a aumento da
               press&#227;o arterial (PA). Estudos longitudinais tanto de amostras populacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> quanto de hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> demonstraram a
               capacidade superior da MAPA na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco quando comparada &#224;s medidas de
               consult&#243;rio. Mais recentemente, a monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA)
               passou a ser aceita em diferentes diretrizes como m&#233;todo eficaz para determina&#231;&#227;o da
               press&#227;o usual e como ferramenta &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Esse m&#233;todo proped&#234;utico de baixo custo apresenta um potencial uso
               cl&#237;nico em diferentes cen&#225;rios, como no estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico
               da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), na hipertens&#227;o do 'avental branco' e
               'hipertens&#227;o mascarada', na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tensionais do idoso e do hipertenso
               diab&#233;tico, na hipertens&#227;o resistente, e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento
               anti-hipertensivo, como guia para interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Define-se MRPA como a aferi&#231;&#227;o sistematizada da PA fora do consult&#243;rio, pelo pr&#243;prio
               paciente ou pessoa capacitada, durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, seguindo um protocolo
               espec&#237;fico e normatizado, o que difere da automedida da press&#227;o arterial (AMPA), que
               &#233; o registro n&#227;o sistematizado e realizado por solicita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico ou por decis&#227;o
               do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Nas diretrizes europeia e
               norte-americana h&#225; uma lacuna relacionada ao rigor da sistematiza&#231;&#227;o e controle do
               protocolo que pode ser confundida com AMPA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. No entanto, ainda s&#227;o observadas inconsist&#234;ncias nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es
               protocolares referentes aos hor&#225;rios, n&#250;mero de dias e medidas a serem realizadas
               durante a MRPA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Os protocolos de MRPA da Sociedade Brasileira
               de Cardiologia (SBC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e Sociedade Japonesa de
                  Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> recomendam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da
               medida matinal ap&#243;s o ato miccional, evitando a distens&#227;o da bexiga com consequente
               eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA. Pode-se, ainda, questionar a influ&#234;ncia das aferi&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo da
               tarde durante as atividades laborativas na estimativa da press&#227;o usual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A Sociedade Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> recomenda sete dias de aferi&#231;&#227;o, com duas medidas pela manh&#227; e duas
               medidas &#224; noite, sendo as m&#233;dias do primeiro dia descartadas para fins diagn&#243;sticos e
               de decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Cabe salientar n&#227;o haver maiores recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre a
               influ&#234;ncia do ato miccional ou de outras condi&#231;&#245;es sobre a acur&#225;cia da MRPA.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a influ&#234;ncia das medidas realizadas
               imediatamente ap&#243;s acordar (antes da mic&#231;&#227;o) e no per&#237;odo da tarde para o diagn&#243;stico
               de HAS, considerando-se a MAPA de vig&#237;lia como padr&#227;o-ouro. Dentre os objetivos
               secund&#225;rios, avaliou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes protocolos de MRPA diferenciados
               pela inclus&#227;o ou n&#227;o de aferi&#231;&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s o ato miccional ou durante a tarde com
               marcadores progn&#243;sticos, como microalbumin&#250;aria (MAU) e hipertrofia ventricular
               esquerda (HVE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo os sujeitos encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  da MAPA em uma cl&#237;nica privada e especializada em cardiologia na cidade de Jo&#227;o
                  Pessoa. Os sujeitos eram avaliados de forma consecutiva na consulta m&#233;dica e, ap&#243;s
                  a anamnese e o exame f&#237;sico, aqueles que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o eram
                  convidados a participar e assinar um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido,
                  previamente aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos
                  portadores de arritmia card&#237;aca, com d&#233;ficit cognitivo ou aqueles com d&#233;ficit
                  visual que dificultasse a realiza&#231;&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos das
                  an&#225;lises os exames em que n&#227;o se conseguiu o n&#250;mero de medidas: &lt; 16 medidas
                  validadas na vig&#237;lia e/ou &lt; 8 medidas durante o sono na MAPA ou &lt; 14 medidas
                  v&#225;lidas na MRPA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal diagn&#243;stico, para compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes protocolos de MRPA,
                  sendo considerada a MAPA de 24 horas como padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS.
                  Todos os testes diagn&#243;sticos foram realizados entre fevereiro de 2009 e abril de
                  2010.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o complementam dados previamente publicados. O
                  diagrama de fluxo do recrutamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>)
                  e os protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o foram previamente descritos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. De forma
                  resumida, ap&#243;s coleta dos dados pessoais, os sujeitos realizavam a MAPA de 24 h e,
                  na retirada da MAPA, todos eram randomizados para um dos protocolos de MRPA (tr&#234;s
                  ou cinco dias) e posterior <italic>crossover</italic> com intervalo de cinco dias
                  entre os protocolos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos que completaram o estudo realizaram ambos
                  os protocolos de MRPA. Para mensura&#231;&#245;es da PA, em ambos os protocolos seguiram-se
                  as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC, conforme descrito previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo do recrutamento da popula&#231;&#227;o. MI: medidas
                        insuficientes; TC: transtorno cognitivo; TLCE: termo de livre consentimento
                        e esclarecido; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; MAPA:
                        monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0338-40139-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama dos protocolos de monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial
                        (MRPA) de tr&#234;s e cinco dias</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0338-40139-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p><bold>Protocolo da MAPA:</bold> foram seguidas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para uso de MAPA
                  da V diretriz da SBC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, sendo medidas as PAS
                  e PAD de 15 em 15 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e em intervalos de 20
                  minutos para o per&#237;odo do sono.</p>
          <p><bold>Protocolo da MRPA:</bold> para ambos os protocolos, na manh&#227; do primeiro
                  dia, uma enfermeira treinada realizava as tr&#234;s primeiras medidas de PA, sendo os
                  pacientes orientados sobre os protocolos a serem realizados em casa. O n&#250;mero e os
                  momentos das medidas que poderiam ser obtidas nos protocolos de MRPA foram: no de
                  tr&#234;s dias, at&#233; 33 medidas, enquanto no de cinco dias, at&#233; 27 medidas. Em ambos os
                  protocolos, os participantes foram orientados a realizar tr&#234;s medidas na presen&#231;a
                  de algum sinal ou sintoma, em qualquer momento do dia, relatando no di&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar o impacto do ato miccional e das medidas da tarde na acur&#225;cia do
                  protocolo de tr&#234;s dias, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o de cinco dias, foram considerados os
                  seguintes conjuntos de aferi&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>MRPA de tr&#234;s dias com todas as medidas (MRPA de tr&#234;s dias padr&#227;o).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>MRPA de tr&#234;s dias com medidas antes do ato miccional e medidas da tarde
                        (MRPA-AM+MT).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>MRPA de tr&#234;s dias com medidas ap&#243;s o ato miccional e medidas da noite
                        (MRPA-PM+MN).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos</title>
          <p>MAPA: os exames foram realizados com monitor da Spacelabs, modelo 90207
                  (Spacelabs, Washington, DC, EUA), validado pela Sociedade Brit&#226;nica de
                     Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. </p>
          <p>MRPA: os exames foram realizados com monitor Microlife, modelo BPA 100 Plus
                  (Microlife, Heerbrugg, Su&#237;&#231;a), validado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e medidas das principais vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>Definiu-se como HAS aferida pela MAPA a medida de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS)
                  &gt; 130 mmHg e de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &gt; 80 mmHg nas 24 horas.
                  Para MAPA vig&#237;lia consideraram-se PAS &gt;135 mmHg e PAD &gt; 85 mmHg. Para a
                  MRPA, o crit&#233;rio adotado para diagn&#243;stico de HAS foi PAS na resid&#234;ncia &gt; 135
                  mmHg e PAD na resid&#234;ncia &gt; 85 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O
                  per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia na MAPA foi definido como o intervalo de tempo compreendido
                  entre o paciente efetivamente acordar e ir dormir, conforme as anota&#231;&#245;es
                  obrigat&#243;rias do di&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Albumina urin&#225;ria</title>
          <p>Foi utilizada uma amostra de urina no exame inicial para medir a concentra&#231;&#227;o de
                  albumina na urina, MAU. A MAU foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de imunoturbidometria
                  (AlbuminLatex, BioSystems S.A., Barcelona, Espanha). No nosso laborat&#243;rio, o
                  coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia intraensaio e interensaio &#233; de 2,4% e 5,7%,
                  respectivamente, o limite inferior de detec&#231;&#227;o &#233; de 0,9 mg/l e o ponto de corte
                  para diagn&#243;stico de MAU &#233; &gt; 15 mg/L. A MAU medida em uma &#250;nica amostra simples
                  de urina tem alta correla&#231;&#227;o com a excre&#231;&#227;o de albumina urin&#225;ria de 24 horas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a massa ventricular esquerda (MVE), realizaram-se exames
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais guiados por m&#243;dulo M (M-turbo Sonosite Inc.
                  Bothell, WA, Estados Unidos). As medidas foram tomadas de acordo com as
                  recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A MVE (g) foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, e o &#237;ndice de MVE (IMVE) neste estudo foi
                  definido como MVE (g)/superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (m<sup>2</sup>). Os valores de IMVE para
                  diagn&#243;stico de HVE foram &#8805; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> e &#8805; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homem e
                  mulher, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os par&#226;metros foram digitados por um &#250;nico investigador treinado, e
                  independente das coletas, em uma base de dados para posterior an&#225;lise. A avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados se efetuou com o programa estat&#237;stico IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (IBM
                  Company, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas com m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.
                  As m&#233;dias das press&#245;es entre os testes foram comparadas pela ANOVA para medidas
                  repetidas. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto do uso de f&#225;rmacos na popula&#231;&#227;o utilizou-se o
                  modelo Log linear hier&#225;rquico com distribui&#231;&#227;o multinomial. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC
                  (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foi calculada, e a acur&#225;cia dos protocolos da
                  MRPA foi descrita pela sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo
                  (VPP) e negativo (VPN), raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (RVP) e negativa (RVN)
                  com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. A concord&#226;ncia entre o
                  diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial pela MAPA vig&#237;lia, MAU, HVE e os dois
                  protocolos derivados da MRPA de tr&#234;s dias foi avaliada pelo coeficiente
                     <italic>kappa</italic>, curva ROC e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse. As
                  associa&#231;&#245;es entre MAPA e MRPA de tr&#234;s dias foram apresentadas com coeficiente de
                  correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o e Bland-Altman. Considerou-se
                  significativa uma probabilidade de erro &#945; &lt; 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Duzentos e quatro pacientes foram convidados a participar, dos quais 169 consentiram
               e 158 conclu&#237;ram o estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Aqueles que n&#227;o aceitaram participar e foram
               exclu&#237;dos apresentavam as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada em termos de
               idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, quatro pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, sendo um por arritmia
               (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) e tr&#234;s por dist&#250;rbio cognitivo da compreens&#227;o. Na MAPA, dois
               pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a n&#250;mero insuficiente de medidas, por falha da
               bateria do equipamento. Na realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de MRPA de tr&#234;s dias, houve duas
               desist&#234;ncias por motivo de viagem, e, no protocolo de MRPA de cinco dias, houve uma
               exclus&#227;o por n&#250;mero insuficiente de medidas decorrente de esquecimento de realizar as
               mensura&#231;&#245;es dos dois &#250;ltimos dias, e duas exclus&#245;es devidas a viagem. Nos pacientes
               que conclu&#237;ram todos os protocolos, n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida,
               medica&#231;&#245;es e hor&#225;rios habituais durante todo o per&#237;odo da pesquisa. O n&#250;mero de
               medidas por paciente foi 24 no protocolo de tr&#234;s dias e 19 no protocolo de cinco
               dias.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as principais
               caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o, composta de pacientes de meia-idade com sobrepeso e
               discreta predomin&#226;ncia do g&#234;nero feminino. Metade estava usando medica&#231;&#227;o
               anti-hipertensiva, e a indica&#231;&#227;o para MAPA foi majoritariamente para diagn&#243;stico e
               tratamento de HAS. Um diagn&#243;stico final de 'hipertens&#227;o do avental branco' e de
               'hipertens&#227;o mascarada' foi encontrado em 18,3% e 3,1% dos pacientes,
               respectivamente. Avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada atrav&#233;s de modelo Log linear hier&#225;rquico com
               distribui&#231;&#227;o multinomial n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a relacionada ao uso de f&#225;rmacos (p =
               0,221). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na MAU entre homens e mulheres (16 &#177; 11
               mg/l; 14 &#177; 10 mg/l; p = 0,121). A m&#233;dia do IMVE foi 112 &#177; 15 g/m<sup>2</sup> e 88 &#177; 9
                  g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente (p = 0,001). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o (n = 158)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros avaliados</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Amostra total n = 158</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">74 (46,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">80 (50,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA consult&#243;rio PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 14,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA consult&#243;rio PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o para monitora&#231;&#227;o da PA</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">117 (74,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o do avental branco</td>
                <td align="center">32 (20,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o mascarada</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <p>Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t06">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAD: press&#227;o arterial
                        diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as m&#233;dias de PA da MAPA
               vig&#237;lia, MRPA de tr&#234;s dias padr&#227;o, MRPA de tr&#234;s dias AM+MT, MRPA de tr&#234;s dias PM+MN e
               MRPA de cinco dias com diferen&#231;as significativas entre elas para PAS e PAD. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref> mostra os gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o e
               Bland-Altman para PAS e PAD, com menor dispers&#227;o e melhor concord&#226;ncia do protocolo
               AM+MT comparado ao PM+MN da MRPA de tr&#234;s dias obtida pela associa&#231;&#227;o com a MAPA
               vig&#237;lia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia &#177; DP da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da press&#227;o arterial
                     diast&#243;lica (PAD) da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) e dos
                     diferentes protocolos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th align="center">PAS</th>
                <th align="center">ANOVA p</th>
                <th align="center">PAD</th>
                <th align="center">ANOVA p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>MAPA vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">128,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">79,7 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA 3 dias padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">126,1 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 &#177; 9,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA 3 dias AM+MT</td>
                <td align="center">127,4 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">79,5 &#177; 10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA3 dias PM+MN</td>
                <td align="center">124,8 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">76,8 &#177; 9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA 5 dias</td>
                <td align="center">126,1 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">78,3 &#177; 10,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <p>AM+MT: medidas antes da mic&#231;&#227;o + medidas da tarde; PM+MN: medidas p&#243;s-mic&#231;&#227;o
                        + medidas da noite.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o e Bland-Altman das medidas de press&#227;o arterial,
                     comparando monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) de tr&#234;s dias com
                     a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). AM+MT: medidas antes
                     da mic&#231;&#227;o + medidas da tarde; PM+MN: medidas p&#243;s-mic&#231;&#227;o + medidas da noite;
                     PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0338-40139-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref> mostra uma diferen&#231;a nos valores
               de kappa entre os protocolos da MRPA de tr&#234;s dias quando se considera a quest&#227;o
               miccional na an&#225;lise. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref> evidencia
               melhor desempenho na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, em todos os quesitos, para os protocolos
               da MRPA de tr&#234;s dias padr&#227;o e MRPA AM+MT, considerando-se como padr&#227;o-ouro a MAPA
               vig&#237;lia. Por fim, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> mostra que,
               usando os pontos de corte previamente definidos para diagn&#243;stico de HAS e
               considerando-se todas as formas de aferi&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial, o protocolo de MRPA de tr&#234;s
               dias padr&#227;o, o de MRPA de tr&#234;s dias com as medidas AM+MT e a MAPA vig&#237;lia s&#227;o os que
               t&#234;m melhor concord&#226;ncia e correla&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de MAU e HVE.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estat&#237;stica kappa para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o considerando-se a
                     monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de vig&#237;lia como
                     padr&#227;o-ouro</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">MRPA</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Hipertens&#227;o</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">3 dias AM+MT</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">3 dias PM+MN</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">3 dias padr&#227;o</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">MRPA 5 dias</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">MAPA vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">Kappa</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,638</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,348</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,660</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,387</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t08">
              <p>MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; p &lt; 0,001 para
                        compara&#231;&#227;o entre cada protocolo e o padr&#227;o-ouro.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acur&#225;cia dos protocolos de monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial
                     (MRPA) usando a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) durante
                     vig&#237;lia como padr&#227;o-ouro</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <th> </th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade (%) (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade (%) (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor preditivo positivo (%) (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor preditivo negativo (%) (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (95% IC)</th>
                <th align="center">&#193;rea sob a curva ROC (95% IC)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td rowspan="2">MRPA 3 dias AM+MT</td>
                <td align="center">82,6</td>
                <td align="center">84,8</td>
                <td align="center">69,1</td>
                <td align="center">92,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr valign="top">
                <td align="center">76,5-88,6</td>
                <td align="center">79,1-90,5</td>
                <td align="center">61,7-76,4</td>
                <td align="center">87,9-96,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,79-10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,13-0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,72-0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td rowspan="2">MRPA 3 dias PM+MN</td>
                <td align="center">71,0</td>
                <td align="center">74,0</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
                <td align="center">91,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr valign="top">
                <td align="center">63,7-78,1</td>
                <td align="center">67,0-81,0</td>
                <td align="center">32,2-47,7</td>
                <td align="center">86,7-95,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,47-5,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,28-0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,62-0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td rowspan="2">MRPA 3 dias padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">80,4</td>
                <td align="center">86,9</td>
                <td align="center">74,5</td>
                <td align="center">90,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr valign="top">
                <td align="center">74,1-86,7</td>
                <td align="center">81,6-92,3</td>
                <td align="center">67,6-81,5</td>
                <td align="center">85,6-95,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,35-9,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,14-0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,75-0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td rowspan="2">MRPA 5 dias</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,8</td>
                <td align="center">56,4</td>
                <td align="center">81,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr valign="top">
                <td align="center">54,3-69,7</td>
                <td align="center">71,2-84,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,5-64,2</td>
                <td align="center">75,4-87,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,75-2,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,38-0,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,60-0,78</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t09">
              <p>AM+MT: medidas antes da mic&#231;&#227;o + medidas da tarde; PM+MN: medidas p&#243;s-mic&#231;&#227;o
                        + medidas da noite; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concord&#226;ncia e correla&#231;&#227;o entre o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico
                     de microalbumin&#250;ria e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Diagn&#243;stico</th>
                <th align="center">Medidas</th>
                <th align="center">MRPA 3 dias padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">MRPA 3 dias AM+MT</th>
                <th align="center">MRPA 3 dias PM+MN</th>
                <th align="center">MRPA 5 dias</th>
                <th align="center">MAPA vig&#237;lia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">MAU</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Kappa</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
                <td align="center">0,207</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="center">Curva ROC</td>
                <td align="center">0,694</td>
                <td align="center">0,681</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(95% IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,594-0,794</td>
                <td align="center">0,579-0,784</td>
                <td align="center">0,466-0,682</td>
                <td align="center">0,508-0,718</td>
                <td align="center">0,614-0,809</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="center">Correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse</td>
                <td align="center">0,526</td>
                <td align="center">0,511</td>
                <td align="center">0,276</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(95% IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,352-0,654</td>
                <td align="center">0,331-0,643</td>
                <td align="center">0,009-0,471</td>
                <td align="center">0,105-0,523</td>
                <td align="center">0,386-0,673</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">HVE</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>Kappa</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,636</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
                <td align="center">0,587</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="center">Curva ROC</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
                <td align="center">0,814</td>
                <td align="center">0,634</td>
                <td align="center">0,649</td>
                <td align="center">0,801</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(95% IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,742-0,898</td>
                <td align="center">0,733-0,894</td>
                <td align="center">0,536-0,733</td>
                <td align="center">0,533-0,744</td>
                <td align="center">0,722-0,881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="center">Correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse</td>
                <td align="center">0,778</td>
                <td align="center">0,782</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
                <td align="center">0,459</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">(95% IC)</td>
                <td align="center">0,696-0,838</td>
                <td align="center">0,702-0,841</td>
                <td align="center">0,281-0,616</td>
                <td align="center">0,259-0,605</td>
                <td align="center">0,645-0,811</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t10">
              <p>MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o
                        ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; AM+MT: medidas antes da mic&#231;&#227;o + medidas
                        da tarde; PM+MN: medidas p&#243;s-mic&#231;&#227;o + medidas da noite; MAU:
                        microalbumin&#250;ria; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; IC: intervalo de
                        confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo &#233; que, ao se considerar a MAPA vig&#237;lia como
               padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS, um protocolo de MRPA que inclui a associa&#231;&#227;o
               de medidas de PA ao acordar (antes da mic&#231;&#227;o) e medidas no per&#237;odo da tarde apresenta
               melhor acur&#225;cia para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros protocolos
               analisados. Al&#233;m disso, esse protocolo teve desempenho superior ao protocolo mais
               prolongado de cinco dias, sendo esse um achado &#250;til e com potencial pr&#225;tico de
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA na rotina da avalia&#231;&#227;o do hipertenso. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que
               tal estrat&#233;gia de mensura&#231;&#227;o est&#225; mais bem correlacionada com a presen&#231;a de
               marcadores progn&#243;sticos, como MAU e HVE. Devido &#224; relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses achados,
               os protocolos de tr&#234;s dias da MRPA dever&#227;o especificar a inclus&#227;o da aferi&#231;&#227;o das
               medidas antes da mic&#231;&#227;o matinal e durante o per&#237;odo da tarde.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o encontramos na literatura estudos que considerassem a import&#226;ncia do ato da
               mic&#231;&#227;o na acur&#225;cia da MRPA. As diretrizes da SBC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> sobre esse m&#233;todo
               proped&#234;utico recomendam que a medida, ao acordar, seja realizada ap&#243;s a mic&#231;&#227;o. No
               entanto, tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o segue qualquer refer&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica, sendo realizada
               de forma emp&#237;rica. A diretriz da Sociedade Japonesa de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> faz a mesma recomenda&#231;&#227;o, embasando-se em um
               &#250;nico estudo japon&#234;s, publicado no formato de resumo, que mostra a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA
               associada a distens&#227;o vesical matutina. As diretrizes europeia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15 </xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e
                  norte-americana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> n&#227;o fazem qualquer
               refer&#234;ncia a essa quest&#227;o para defini&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de MRPA.</p>
        <p>Por sua vez, a varia&#231;&#227;o da PA com o ritmo circadiano depende de tr&#234;s principais
               fatores: atividade f&#237;sica, fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e sensibilidade ao s&#243;dio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Fagius e Karhuvaara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32 ">32 </xref>demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA e distens&#227;o
               vesical, em 16 sujeitos saud&#225;veis, ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de l&#237;quido. Esse achado foi
               justificado pelo est&#237;mulo vesicovascular relacionado ao aumento do fluxo simp&#225;tico,
               que &#233; mediado por neur&#244;nios vasoconstritores e que, por consequ&#234;ncia, promove aumento
               na PA. Scott e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> mostraram que, em
               indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos que ocorre ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o
               aguda de &#225;gua est&#225; associada ao aumento da norepinefrina plasm&#225;tica, &#224; atividade
               simp&#225;tica acentuada e a um incremento na resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. Callegaro e
               cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> estudaram indiv&#237;duos normotensos e
               hipertensos, evidenciando que o aumento da PA ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o aguda de &#225;gua era
               explicado pelo aumento da atividade vasoconstritora simp&#225;tica. Estudos avaliando a
               exposi&#231;&#227;o ao frio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e ao estresse mental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA por aumento
               da atividade simp&#225;tica. Pode-se considerar que todos esses fatores podem fazer parte
               do complexo que envolve o ciclo circadiano press&#243;rico e h&#225; evid&#234;ncias convincentes de
               que o mesmo desempenha papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Portanto, torna-se interessante avaliar tais
               quest&#245;es no momento em que analisamos a acur&#225;cia dos exames proped&#234;uticos que
               envolvem a aferi&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica durante um per&#237;odo prolongado ou de protocolos
               propostos para o uso da MRPA. Dessa forma, ao discriminar a PA de modo mais
               fidedigno, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da HAS podem ser mais bem estabelecidos e, a
               longo prazo, prevenidas les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. &#201; nesse cen&#225;rio que a inclus&#227;o de
               aferi&#231;&#245;es na m&#233;dia geral da MRPA, considerando o ato miccional e o estresse do
               trabalho, pode influir na acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de aferi&#231;&#245;es da MRPA &#233; outro aspecto a ser considerado quando de sua
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo claro o n&#250;mero &#243;timo a ser utilizado nas diferentes
                  diretrizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Garcia-Vera e Sanz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> avaliaram a MRPA em 43 pacientes hipertensos tratados. Nesse
               estudo foram realizadas duas medidas da PA pela manh&#227;, &#224; tarde durante o trabalho,
               assim como &#224; noite. Esse procedimento foi repetido ap&#243;s um e seis meses. Os
               resultados demonstraram que seria suficiente realizar duas medidas, uma no trabalho e
               outra na resid&#234;ncia, em tr&#234;s dias consecutivos, para a obten&#231;&#227;o de estimativas
               confi&#225;veis da PA. Outro achado proveniente desse estudo &#233; que as medidas da PA no
               trabalho foram consistentemente mais elevadas do que as obtidas na resid&#234;ncia. Kario
               e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> avaliaram o efeito do estresse
               durante o trabalho e em casa sobre a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e a PA em 134 mulheres. Os
               autores demonstraram que o estresse no trabalho aumentou os n&#237;veis de PA ao longo do
               dia, e o estresse em casa induziu uma ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica adicional. Esses dados
               corroboram o nosso protocolo, que inclui uma medida no per&#237;odo da tarde durante o
               trabalho, que mostrou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de HAS.</p>
        <p>Den Hond e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, em estudo envolvendo 247
               pacientes, compararam a MRPA com a MAPA vig&#237;lia (HAS &#8805; 135/85 mmHg). Foi utilizado um
               protocolo com tr&#234;s medidas pela manh&#227; e &#224; noite durante sete dias. Os resultados
               demonstraram sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN e estat&#237;stica
                  <italic>kappa</italic> de 68,4%, 88,6%, 33,3%, 97,1% e 0,380, respectivamente.
               Comparando-se os achados supracitados com os dados provenientes do nosso protocolo
               MRPA de tr&#234;s dias AM+MT, percebe-se que o primeiro apresenta maior n&#250;mero de medidas
               realizadas durante o dia. No entanto, os resultados indicam melhor desempenho do
               nosso protocolo. Tal fato evidencia que n&#227;o somente o n&#250;mero de medidas pode
               influenciar na acur&#225;cia dos diferentes protocolos. Deve-se considerar igualmente o
               momento em que as aferi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o realizadas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Primeiro, utilizamos a MAPA vig&#237;lia como padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS. &#201;
                  importante frisar que a refer&#234;ncia-padr&#227;o para definir o melhor protocolo de MRPA
                  deve ser a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos avaliados por estudos longitudinais.
                  Entretanto, estudos como o PAMELA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e o
                     FINN-Home<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> igualmente utilizaram a MAPA
                  como padr&#227;o-ouro. Em segundo lugar, o nosso protocolo de tr&#234;s dias teve maior
                  n&#250;mero de medi&#231;&#245;es por dia quando comparado ao protocolo de cinco dias. Portanto,
                  nossos resultados podem ser simples consequ&#234;ncia de um vi&#233;s de aproxima&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o
                  obstante, os dados demonstram claramente que o protocolo de tr&#234;s dias supera o de
                  cinco dias e que as medidas realizadas em momentos diferenciados tiveram
                  import&#226;ncia significativa no resultado, o que sugere que o primeiro deva ser
                  preferido na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A viabilidade e a efic&#225;cia de um protocolo de MRPA
                  com maior n&#250;mero de medidas devem ser mais bem avaliadas em estudos
                  longitudinais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O protocolo de MRPA de tr&#234;s dias, que inclui medidas antes do ato miccional matinal e
               medidas tomadas &#224; tarde, tem melhor concord&#226;ncia com o diagn&#243;stico de HAS
               (considerando-se a MAPA 24 horas como padr&#227;o-ouro) e melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores
               progn&#243;sticos quando comparado a um protocolo de MRPA de cinco dias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Jo&#227;o Caetano, 20/402, Petr&#243;polis. CEP
               90470-260, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>ristein@pq.cnpq.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="deceased">
          <p>in memoriam</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Gus M, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro
                  JP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida AEM, Ar&#233;valo JRG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Gus M, Nascimento JA, Belli KC, Ar&#233;valo JRG, Ribeiro
                  JP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Nascimento JA, Ribeiro JP; Obten&#231;&#227;o
                  de financiamento: Stein R, Gus M, Fuchs FD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Almeida AEM,
                  Stein R, Gus M, Nascimento JA, Belli KC, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro JP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Gus M,
                  Belli KC, Ar&#233;valo JRG, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro JP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
          <p>Ricardo Stein e Miguel Gus s&#227;o investigadores n&#237;vel 2 do CNPq e Fl&#225;vio Dani Fuchs
                  &#233; investigador 1A do CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de Almeida
                  pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
