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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mKFvXjychqCdLgssgnwGFBL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140135</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Obesity Preserves Myocardial Function During Blockade of
               the Glycolytic Pathway</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
               Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Esportes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Esportes - Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o
               F&#237;sica e Desportos da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sinop</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade
               Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal do
               Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica, Instituto de
               Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Carlos Cicogna/ Dijon HS Campos.</bold>
               Department of Clinical and Cardiology, School of Medicine, University Estadual
               Paulista (UNESP); Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N, Postal Code 18618-000, Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo -
               Brazil. Email: <email>dijoncampos@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>330</fpage>
      <lpage>337</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obesity is defined by excessive accumulation of body fat relative to lean tissue.
                  Studies during the last few years indicate that cardiac function in obese animals
                  may be preserved, increased or diminished.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Study the energy balance of the myocardium with the hypothesis that the increase
                  in fatty acid oxidation and reduced glucose leads to cardiac dysfunction in
                  obesity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>30-day-old male Wistar rats were fed standard and hypercaloric diet for 30 weeks.
                  Cardiac function and morphology were assessed. In this paper was viewed the
                  general characteristics and comorbities associated to obesity. The structure
                  cardiac was determined by weights of the heart and left ventricle (LV). Myocardial
                  function was evaluated by studying isolated papillary muscles from the LV, under
                  the baseline condition and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers: myocardial
                  stiffness; postrest contraction; increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration;
                  change in heart rate and inhibitor of glycolytic pathway.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Compared with control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and
                  co-morbities associated with obesity. Functional assessment after blocking
                  iodoacetate shows no difference in the linear regression of DT, however, the RT
                  showed a statistically significant difference in behavior between the control and
                  the obese group, most notable being the slope in group C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The energy imbalance on obesity did not cause cardiac dysfunction. On the
                  contrary, the prioritization of fatty acids utilization provides protection to
                  cardiac muscle during the inhibition of glycolysis, suggesting that this pathway
                  is fewer used by obese cardiac muscle.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatty Acid</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>07/59747-7</award-id>
          <award-id>07/46595-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESP - process n&#186; 07/59747-7 e
               07/46595-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease defined by an excessive accumulation of body fat
            compared to lean tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. According to estimates
            by the World Health Organization, in 2015, about 2.3 billion adults are overweight and
            of these, at least 700 million are considered obese (body mass index [BMI]&gt; 30
               g/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The increased availability
            and consumption of energy and highly palatable diets has led to increased body weight in
            the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. For this reason, experimental studies, diet-induced obesity is
            the most appropriate model to study the consequences of this disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Obesity is associated with increased risk of mortality and reduced life expectancy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Clinical studies or
            experimental show that obesity can lead to depression of cardiac function, the
            pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for this change are not entirely clear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In normal aerobic conditions, approximately 70%
            of myocardial energy production derived from fatty acid metabolism, glycolytic
            contribution being about 30%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In obesity, the increased uptake and oxidation
            of fatty acids is associated with decreased myocardial glucose utilization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. These changes in energy substrates can be held
            responsible for cardiac dysfunction observed in obese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In mice db/db obese and diabetic patients, normalization of energy
            metabolism, increased utilization of glucose, reversed the contractile dysfunction in
            these animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. This finding concurs with studies suggesting that ATP generated
            by the oxidation of glucose is used preferentially by the calcium pump (Ca<sup>2+</sup>
            ) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, the protein responsible for reuptake of cytosolic calcium.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the myocardial energy
            balance, increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased glucose in obese animals leads to
            cardiac dysfunction resulting ATP deficit for SERCA2. In order to test this premise, the
            glycolytic pathway was inhibited by myocardial administration of iodoacetate (IAA), a
            drug that blocks the activity of the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
               dehydrogenase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The inhibition of glycolysis
            enhance cardiac dysfunction in obese mice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal Model and Experimental Protocol</title>
        <p>Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control
               (C, n=12) and obese (Ob, n=12). The control group was fed a standard rat chow
               containing 11.2% fat, 55.5% carbohydrate, and 33.3% protein; whereas the obese
               animals received a high-fat diet containing 45.2% kcal fat, 28.6% carbohydrate, and
               26.2% protein. Each group was fed the diet for 30 consecutive weeks. High fat diet
               was designed in our laboratory and contained powdered commercial Agroceres rat chow
                  (Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil), industrialized feed, protein
               supplement, vitamins and minerals. The high-fat diet was calorically rich (high-fat
               diet = 3.65 kcal/g versus standard diet = 2.95 kcal/g) due to the higher fat
               composition, made with saturated (20.2%) and unsaturated fatty acid (79.8%). All rats
               were housed in individual cages in an environmentally-controlled clean-air room at 23
               &#177; 3&#186;C with a 12 h light/dark cycle and 60 &#177; 5 % relative humidity. Food consumption
               was measured daily and water ad libitun. Initial and final body weights (IBW and FBW,
               respectively) were recorded. Weekly caloric intake was calculated as the average
               weekly food consumption x caloric value of each diet. Feed efficiency, the ability to
               translate calories consumed into body weight, was also evaluated.</p>
        <p>All experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with the <italic>Guide
                  for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,</italic> published by the U.S.
               National Institutes of Health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, and were
               approved by the Botucatu Medical School Ethics Committee (UNESP, Botucatu, SP,
               Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Composition of Experimental Diets</title>
        <p>The experimental diets provided sufficient amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals
               according to the <italic>Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals</italic> (1995).
               The standard and the four high-fat diets used in the study were formulated by
               Agroceres (Rio Claro, SP, Brazil). The ingredients were first ground and then mixed
               with vitamins and minerals. The mixture was made into pellets, dried in a ventilated
               drying oven at 55 &#177; 5&#186;C, and stored at -20&#186;C. The standard diet (RC Focus 1765)
               contained soybean oil, whole corn, wheat bran, soybean bran, dicalcium phosphate,
               sodium chloride, fish and meat flour, antioxidant additive, and a vitamins and
               minerals mixture. Meanwhile, the dietary ingredients used to prepare the high-fat
               diets were sodium chloride, casein, powdered milk, soybean protein concentrate, whole
               corn, cracker flour, dicalcium phosphate, Ca2+ carbonate, additives emulsifier,
               antioxidants and flavoring (cheese, vanilla, chocolate, and bacon), and a vitamins
               and minerals mixture. The composition of the high-fat diet consisted of saturated and
               unsaturated fatty acids, which provided 20% and 80% of the fat-derived calories,
                  respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determination of Obesity</title>
        <p>A criterion based on the adiposity index was used to determine obesity according to
               several authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. After animals had been anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital 50 mg/kg
               intraperitoneal [i.p.]), decapitated, and thoracotomized, the fat pads of adipose
               tissue were dissected and weighed. The adiposity index was calculated by the
               following formula: adiposity index = (total body fat (BF)/final body weight) &#215; 100.
               BF was measured from the sum of the individual fat pad weights as follows: BF =
               epididymal fat + retroperitoneal fat + visceral fat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comorbidities Associated with Obesity</title>
        <p>As the rat models of diet-induced obesity may develop some of the characteristics of
               human obesity, such as hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance,
               dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, the following evaluations were
               performed in all groups. For biochemical analysis, ten animals of each group were
               used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Systolic Blood Pressure</title>
        <p>At the conclusion of the experiments, the systolic blood pressure was assessed by
               using the non-invasive tail-cuff method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> with
               a Narco BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup> Electro-Sphygmomanometer (International Biomedical,
               Austin, TX, USA). The average of two pressure readings was recorded for each
               animal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Oral Glucose Tolerance Test</title>
        <p>At the end of the 30-week feeding period, an oral glucose tolerance test was
               performed. Rats fasted overnight (12-15 h) and blood samples were drawn from the tip
               of the tail. Blood glucose was collected under basal conditions and after
               intraperitoneal [i.p.] administration of 2 g/kg glucose load<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120
               minutes, and analyzed using a glucometer (Accu-Check Go Kit; Roche Diagnostic Brazil
               Ltda, SP, Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Plasma Analysis of Hormones</title>
        <p>At the end of treatment, animals were subjected to 12-15 h fast, anaesthetized with
               sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal) and euthanized by decapitation. Blood
               was collected in heparinized tubes, centrifuged at 3000 &#215; g for 15 minutes at 4&#186;C,
               and then stored at -80&#186;C. Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations were determined by
                  ELISA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> using specific commercial kits
               (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cholesterol, Triacylglycerol, non-esterified Tatty Acid, Insulin, and
               Leptin</title>
        <p>At the end of the experimental period, animals were submitted to 12-15 h of fasting,
               anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.), and euthanized by
               decapitation. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes, and the serum was
               separated by centrifugation at 3000 &#215; <italic>g</italic> for 15 minutes at 4&#186;C and
               stored at -80&#186;C until further analysis. Serum was analyzed for levels of GL,
               triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-Chol), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and
               hormones (insulin and leptin). Serum concentrations of GL, TG, and T-Chol were
               measured with an automatic enzymatic analyzer system (Technicon, RA-XTTM System,
               Global Medical Instrumentation, Minnesota, USA). NEFA levels were determined by
               method of Johnson and Peters (1993) by using colorimetric kits (WAKO NEFA-C, Wako
               Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). Leptin and insulin levels were determined by
               ELISA using specific commercial kits (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body Fat Analysis</title>
        <p>After animals had been anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital 50 mg/kg i.p.), decapitated
               and thoracotomized, the fat pads of adipose tissue were dissected and weighed. The
               total body fat was measured from the sum of the individual fat pad weights:
               epididymal fat + retroperitoneal fat + visceral fat. The adiposity index was
               calculated from: (body total fat/final body weight)*100 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac Structure and Function</title>
        <p>The heart and left ventricle (LV) weights were determined as indices of cardiac
               structure in absolute values and after normalization with the length of the shin-bone
               (SB).</p>
        <p>Myocardial function was evaluated by studying isolated papillary muscles from the LV.
               This procedure has been utilized by various authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. This preparation allows us to measure the
               capacity of cardiac muscle to shorten and develop force independently of influences
               that can modify <italic>in vivo</italic> mechanical performance of the myocardium,
               such as heart rate, preload, and afterload. Briefly, at the time of investigation,
               rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg IP) and sacrificed by
               decapitation. The hearts were quickly removed and placed in oxygenated
               Krebs-Henseleit solution at 28&#186;C. LV papillary muscles from C (n = 12) and Ob rats (n
               = 12) were dissected, mounted between two spring clips, and placed vertically in a
               chamber containing Krebs-Henseleit solution (118.5 mM NaCl; 4.69 mM KCl; 2.5 mM
               CaCl2; 1.16 mM MgSO4; 1.18 mM KH2PO4; 5.50 mM GL, and 24.88 mM NaCO3) maintained at
               28&#186;C with a thermostatic water circulator. The bathing solution was bubbled with 95%
               oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide, with a pH of 7.4. The lower spring clip was attached to
               a 120T-20B force transducer (Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan) by a thin steel wire (1/15,000
               inch), which passed through the mercury seal at the bottom of the chamber. The upper
               spring clip was connected by a thin steel wire to a rigid lever arm, above which a
               micrometer stop was mounted for adjusting the muscle length. The muscle preparation
               was placed between two parallel platinum electrodes (Grass E8, GRASS Technologies, An
               Astro-Med, Inc. Product Group, West Warwick, RI, USA) and stimulated at a frequency
               of 0.2 Hz (12 pulses/min) by using square-wave pulses of 5 ms in duration. Voltage
               was set to a value 10% greater than the minimum required to produce a maximal
               mechanical response.</p>
        <p>The muscles were contracted isotonically with light loads for 60 min and then loaded
               (50 g) to contract isometrically and stretched to the maximum of their length-tension
               curves. After a 5-min period during which preparations underwent isotonic
               contractions, muscles were again placed under isometric conditions, and the peak of
               the length-tension curve (<italic>Lmax</italic>) was carefully determined. A 15-min
               period of stable isometric contraction was imposed prior to the experimental period,
               during 10 which one isometric contraction was then recorded.</p>
        <p>The following parameters were measured from the isometric contraction at
                  <italic>Lmax:</italic> peak developed tension (DT [g/mm<sup>2</sup>]), resting
               tension (RT [g/mm<sup>2</sup>]), maximum rate of tension development (+dT/dt
                  [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) and maximum rate of tension decline (-dT/dt
                  [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) normalized per cross-sectional area (CSA). The myocardial
               stiffness was determined by the ratio between the muscle length variation and resting
               tension. Resting tension was analyzed in muscle length corresponding to 90, 92, 94,
               96, 98, and 100 % of the <italic>L<sub>max</sub></italic>. Resting tension-length
               curves were plotted using exponential regression analysis: log (RT) = -51.1118 +
               25.5425 log(<italic>L<sub>max</sub></italic>) for the C group and log (RT) = -58.1992
               + 29.1455 log(<italic>L<sub>max</sub></italic>) for the Ob group.</p>
        <p>The parameters used to characterize papillary muscle were length (mm), weight (mg),
               and CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>). After the end of each experiment, the muscle length at
                     <italic>L<sub>max</sub></italic> was measured with a cathetometer (Gartner
               Scientific Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA) and the muscle between the two clips was
               blotted dry and weighed. The cross-sectional area was calculated from the muscle
               weight and length by assuming uniformity and a specific gravity of 1.0. All force
               data were normalized for the muscle cross-sectional area.</p>
        <p>To determine the mechanism by which obesity induces negative inotropic effects on
               contractile function, the papillary muscles were evaluated under the baseline
               condition of 2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers: postrest
               contraction of 10, 30 and 60 seconds; increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration
               from 0,5 to 2.5 mmol/L; change in heart rate from 0.1 to 2.0 Hz; addition of the acid
               iodo acetic; the evaluation of glycolytic pathway was performed using a specific
               inhibitor, acid iodo acetic, 10<sup>-3</sup> mM/L. The myocardial function was
               recorded 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 min after the addition of acid iodo
               acetic at the solution nutrient. The behavior of the TD and TR after blocker
               administration of the glycolytic pathway, was carried through the construction of the
               linear regression model.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>General, nutritional, hormonal and morphologic characteristics, and cardiac function
               evaluation were reported as means &#177; standard deviation and the comparison between
               groups was analyzed using Student's t-test for independent samples. The glucose
               profile of the groups was compared by ANOVA for repeated measures. When significant
               differences were found (p &lt; 0.05), the Bonferroni test post hoc for multiple
               comparisons was carried out. The regression curves of the blockade of the glycolytic
               pathway and myocardial stiffness were compared by the angular coefficient test and
               linear regression. The program used for statistical analysis was the Sigma Plot 3.5
               for Windows (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). The normality of variables was
               analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The level of significance considered was 5
               %.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General characteristics and comorbities associated to obesity</title>
        <p>The general characteristics and comorbities associated to obesity are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The final body weight, total body fat,
               adiposity index and glucose, leptin and insulin levels were higher in Ob than in C.
               There was no significant difference between groups in protein and lipids levels. The
               test results of glucose tolerance are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
                  1</xref>. Glucose levels were similar at baseline between groups. After
               intraperitoneal administration of glucose, blood glucose was higher in Ob group at
               all times evaluated.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics and comorbities associated to obesity</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Groups</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">C (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">Ob (n = 12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">498 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">562 &#177; 36*</td>
                <td align="center">0.03467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adiposity Index (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.28 &#177; 1.65</td>
                <td align="center">5.96 &#177; 1.54*</td>
                <td align="center">0.02872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 19*</td>
                <td align="center">0.00548</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">60.1 &#177; 15.2</td>
                <td align="center">66.1 &#177; 24.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.30161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">58.3 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.78859</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">24.8 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.10570</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">14.0 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.13769</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NEFA (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0.27 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.28 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.66658</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leptin (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">2.40 &#177; 0.36</td>
                <td align="center">7.60 &#177; 0.81*</td>
                <td align="center">0.00005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulin (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                <td align="center">0.00067</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.87912</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t01">
              <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standart deviation. C: control; Ob: obese; FBW:
                        final body weight; HDL: lipoprotein of high density; LDL: lipoprotein of low
                        density; NEFA: non-esterified fatty acids; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
                        Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Oral glucose tolerance test in control animals (C, n = 12) and obese (Ob, n
                     = 12). Values expressed as mean &#177; standart deviation. ANOVA and Bonferroni
                     test. * p &lt; 0.05 vs C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0330-40135-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac structure and function</title>
        <p>The macroscopic cardiac structure is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>; there was no significant difference between the two groups. Basal
               papillary myocardial function is presented in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>; there were no significant differences in mechanical data.
               Moreover both groups, control and obese, presented same behavior with inotropic
               stimulations. The influence of variation of muscle length on the resting tension of
               the papillary muscle is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>;
               there were no significant differences between the two groups. This result shows that
               obesity did not increase the stiffness of the myocardium. Functional evaluation after
               blockade by iodoacetate is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>
               and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3B</xref>; while there was no difference between
               linear regression of DT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>), the RT
               showed a statistically significant difference in behavior between control and obese
               group, being the slope of the more remarkable in group C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Macroscopic cardiac structure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Groups</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>C (n = 12)</th>
                <th>Ob (n = 12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.82766</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.055 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.060 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.06416</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV/SB (g/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0.021 &#177; 0.003</td>
                <td align="center">0.023 &#177; 0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.12565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart/SB (g/mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.32 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.32872</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t02">
              <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standart deviation. C: control; Ob: obese; LV:
                        left ventricle; SB: shin-bone. Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Basal isometric contraction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th colspan="2">Groups</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>C (n = 12)</th>
                <th>Ob (n = 12)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>7.14 &#177; 1.77</td>
                <td>6.89 &#177; 1.54</td>
                <td>0.22756</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">RT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>0.68 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td>0.67 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td>0.61639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">+dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                <td>69.4 &#177; 18.1</td>
                <td>62.9 &#177; 14.6</td>
                <td>0.19907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">-dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                <td>22.1 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td>21.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td>0.52313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>0.97 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td>0.98 &#177; 0.27</td>
                <td>0.38607</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t03">
              <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standart deviation. C: control; Ob: obese; DT:
                        peak developed tension; RT: resting tension; +dT/dt: maximum rate of tension
                        development; -dT/dt: maximum rate of tension decline; CSA: cross sectional
                        area. Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The influence of variation of muscle length on the resting tension in
                     control animals (C, n = 12) and obese (Ob, n = 12). Linear regression.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0330-40135-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effects of blockade of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with
                     iodoacetate in the myocardium of rats by linear regression model in control
                     animals (C, n = 12) and obese (Ob, n = 12). A: DT: peak developed tension. B:
                     RT: resting tension. Linear regression. * p &lt; 0,05 vs Ob.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0330-40135-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the study period the diet was able to develop obesity because the adiposity index was
            39.2% higher than the control. Data from this study are consistent with work done in our
            laboratory using the same methodology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> . In this paper was viewed some comorbidities
            associated with obesity experimental as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and
            hyperleptinemia. These results reveal that our model promotes changes in metabolic and
            hormonal parameters and are in agreement with the findings of several researches<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>Obesity did not cause structural remodeling in heart rate and systolic blood pressure.
            The data differ from studies that showed that obesity induced by high-fat diet promoted
            cardiac hypertrophy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and increased blood
               pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. The change in these variables do
            not suggest that obesity did not cause significant change neuro hormone capable of
            producing cell proliferation, vasoconstriction, and hydro-saline retention. In this
            study, myocardial function was assessed in vitro using isolated LV papillary muscles.
            Papillary muscle preparations permit the measurement of cardiac muscle force ability to
            develop and to shorten, independent of changes in cardiac load and heart rate that might
            modify mechanical performance of the myocardium in vivo. Inotropic stimulation allows
            the identification of alterations in contraction and relaxation phases observed that can
            not be read help under basal conditions and in the under-standing of the mechanisms
            involved alterations in myocardial function. The animals used in both groups had similar
            cross-sectional area and this allows to avoid the homogenizing influence of
            cross-sectional area on the results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. The
            results show that obesity did not cause deterioration of cardiac function and myocardial
            stiffness in basal and with inotropic stimulation. This behavior is similar to that
            obtained by other authors, who used isolated hearts of obese rabbits by 12 weeks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36 </xref>and isolated myocytes of obese mice for 14
               weeks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. However, researchers differ from that
            observed depression of mechanical function in isolated myocytes of obese mice for 12
               weeks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> and the authors found that elevation
            of basal contractile performance of papillary muscle in obese mice by 7 weeks. Leopoldo
            et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> did not observe change in basal myocardial
            function in obeses rats by 15 weeks; however, these authors found differences between
            obese and control groups after L-type Ca2+ channel and SERCA2 blockers.</p>
      <p>The blockade of the glycolytic pathway with iodoacetate on myocardial function showed
            that the slope of developed tension in obese animals was similar to control group;
            however, this slope of the RT in obese rats was significantly lower than controls. This
            finding suggests, contrary to expectations, that the control rats showed myocardial
            stiffness higher than the obese. This behavior could be related to the highest elevation
            of cytosolic calcium, possibly resulting from a lower recapture by SERCA2 and/or greater
            affinity between calcium and troponin C. The smallest contracture observed in obese rats
            suggests that prioritization of fatty acids in the myocardium at the expense of glucose
            increased energy availability for SERCA2 provided by fatty acids led to myocardial
            protection during the blockade of the glycolytic pathway. This suggests that in
            situations that occur in increased concentrations of fatty acids, the SERCA2 also uses
            energy from the beta-oxidation. Therefore, in this experiment, obesity promoted
            metabolic changes that resulted in myocardial protection.</p>
      <p>The difference in behavior between the TR and TD, the TD being equal between the groups
            could be related to the ratio between the amount of calcium that diffuses and is removed
            from the cytosol during a cardiac cycle. The reason, according to Katz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, approximately 150 shows that the amount of
            calcium that is removed is less than the spread to the interior of the cell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Since SERCA2, largely responsible for the
            reuptake of calcium ions in rodents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, uses ATP
            to its basic function, an energy deficit for this organelle would have severe
            deleterious consequences for diastole than in systole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the energy imbalance in obesity does not cause cardiac dysfunction.
            Rather, the prioritization of the use of fatty acids provides protection to the heart
            muscle during the blockade of glycolysis, suggesting that this pathway is lesser
            utilized by myocyte in obese animals.</p>
      <p>The results of this study suggest that the use of fatty acids by the myocardium, in
            certain situations, may have beneficial effects; thus, could do his job in models of
            cardiac remodeling as a therapy of low cost and easy implementation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Campos DHS; Nascimento AF; Cicogna AC.
               Acquisition of data: Campos DHS; Leopoldo AS; Lima-Leopoldo AP; Nascimento AF;
               Oliveira-J&#250;nior AS; SILVA DCT. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Campos DHS;
               Leopoldo AS; Lima-Leopoldo AP; Oliveira-J&#250;nior AS; SUGIZAKI MM; Cicogna AC.
               Statistical analysis: Campos DHS; Leopoldo AS; Padovani CR. Obtaining fundung: Campos
               DHS; Cicogna AC. Writing of the manuscript: Campos DHS; Cicogna AC. Critical revision
               of the maniscript for intelectual contente: Campos DHS; Sugizaki MM; Cicogna AC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP - process n&#186; 07/59747-7 e 07/46595-0.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de
               Campos, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We are grateful to Jos&#233; C. Georgette, M&#225;rio B. Bruno, Sandra A. Fabio, Camila R. C.
            Camacho and Corina J. Correa for their technical assistance. This manuscript has been
            proofread and edited by native English speakers with a related biomedical background in
            BioMed Proofreading (Cleveland, Ohio, USA).</p>
    </ack>
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          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
               Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Esportes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Esportes - Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o
               F&#237;sica e Desportos da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sinop</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade
               Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop, MT - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal do
               Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica, Instituto de
               Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Carlos Cicogna/ Dijon HS Campos.</bold> Departamento
               de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual
               Paulista (UNESP); Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>dijoncampos@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade &#233; definida por um ac&#250;mulo excessivo do tecido adiposo em rela&#231;&#227;o a
                  massa magra tecidual. Estudos realizados nos &#250;ltimos anos sugerem que a fun&#231;&#227;o
                  card&#237;aca em animais obesos pode se encontrar preservada, aumentada ou
                  reduzida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estudar o balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico do mioc&#225;rdio com a hip&#243;tese de que o aumento na
                  oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos e redu&#231;&#227;o de glicose levam &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na
                  obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos <italic>Wistar</italic> machos com 30 dias de idade foram alimentados com
                  uma dieta padr&#227;o ou hipercal&#243;rica durante 30 semanas. A fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia
                  card&#237;acas foram analisadas. Neste trabalho foram estudadas as caracter&#237;sticas
                  gerais e comorbidades associadas com a obesidade. A estrutura card&#237;aca foi
                  determinada pelo peso do cora&#231;&#227;o e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). A fun&#231;&#227;o do
                  mioc&#225;rdio foi avaliada pela an&#225;lise de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados do VE, na
                  condi&#231;&#227;o basal e depois de manobras inotr&#243;picas e lusitr&#243;picas: rigidez do
                  mioc&#225;rdio, contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa, aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de Ca2+,
                  mudan&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia de est&#237;mulos e inibi&#231;&#227;o da via glicol&#237;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os ratos obesos tiveram um aumento de tecido adiposo e comorbidades associadas &#224;
                  obesidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ratos do grupo controle. A an&#225;lise funcional ap&#243;s o
                  bloqueio pelo iodoacetato n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a na regress&#227;o linear da tens&#227;o
                  desenvolvida (TD), entretanto, a tens&#227;o de repouso (TR) apresentou uma diferen&#231;a
                  estat&#237;stica significativa entre o grupo controle e o grupo obeso, mais notadamente
                  na inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva no grupo C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O desequil&#237;brio energ&#233;tico na obesidade n&#227;o promoveu disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Pelo
                  contr&#225;rio, a prioriza&#231;&#227;o na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos promoveu uma prote&#231;&#227;o do
                  m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco durante a inibi&#231;&#227;o da glic&#243;lise, sugerindo que esta via &#233; menos
                  utilizada pelo m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco obeso.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cidos Graxos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>07/59747-7</award-id>
          <award-id>07/46595-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP - processo n&#186; 07/59747-7
               e 07/46595-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica cr&#244;nica definida por um ac&#250;mulo excessivo de
               tecido adiposo em rela&#231;&#227;o a massa magra tecidual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, em 2015, aproximadamente
               2,3 bilh&#245;es de adultos v&#227;o estar com sobrepeso e destes, pelo menos 700 milh&#245;es ser&#227;o
               considerados obesos (&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal [IMC] &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A maior disponibilidade e consumo de dietas
               altamente energ&#233;ticas e palat&#225;veis tem acarretado eleva&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal na
                  popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Desta forma, obesidade induzida por dieta &#233; o modelo mais
               apropriado para estudar as consequ&#234;ncias dessa patologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A obesidade est&#225; associada ao aumento da mortalidade, redu&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de
                  vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Estudos cl&#237;nicos
               mostram que a obesidade promove redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e os mecanismos
               patofisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis por essa altera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente
                  esclarecidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Em condi&#231;&#245;es aer&#243;bicas
               normais, aproximadamente 70% da energia produzida pelo mioc&#225;rdio deriva do
               metabolismo de &#225;cidos graxos e 30% &#233; derivada da via glicol&#237;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Na
               obesidade, o aumento na capta&#231;&#227;o e oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos est&#225; associado ao
               decr&#233;scimo na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose pelo mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es dos substratos energ&#233;ticos podem ser respons&#225;veis
               pela disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca observada em indiv&#237;duos obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Em camundongos obesos e diab&#233;ticos db/db, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do
               metabolismo energ&#233;tico com o aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose reverteram a disfun&#231;&#227;o
               contr&#225;til card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Estes achados corroboram trabalhos que
               sugerem que o ATP gerado pela oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose &#233; utilizado preferencialmente pela
               bomba de c&#225;lcio (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, prote&#237;na respons&#225;vel pela recapta&#231;&#227;o do
               c&#225;lcio citos&#243;lico. Este trabalho objetivou estudar o balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico do mioc&#225;rdio
               com a hip&#243;tese de que o aumento na oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos e redu&#231;&#227;o na oxida&#231;&#227;o de
               glicose levam &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca resultante de um d&#233;ficit de ATP para a SERCA2.
               Esta premissa foi testada com a inibi&#231;&#227;o da via da glic&#243;lise atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o
               de iodoacetato (AIA) no mioc&#225;rdio., droga que inibe a atividade da enzima
               gliceralde&#237;do 3-fosfato desidrogenase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A
               inibi&#231;&#227;o da glic&#243;lise aumenta a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de camundongos obesos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo Animal e Protocolo Experimental</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos com 30 dias de idade foram distribu&#237;dos de forma aleat&#243;ria em
                  dois grupos: controle (C, n = 12) e obeso (Ob, n = 12). O grupo controle foi
                  alimentado com uma ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o contendo 11,2 % de lip&#237;deos, 55,5 % de
                  carboidratos e 33,3 % de prote&#237;nas. O grupo obeso recebeu uma ra&#231;&#227;o rica em
                  lip&#237;deos contendo 45,2% de lip&#237;deos, 28,6% de carboidratos e 26,2% de prote&#237;nas.
                  Os grupos receberam as dietas por 30 semanas consecutivas. A dieta rica em
                  lip&#237;deos foi formulada em nosso laborat&#243;rio e continha ra&#231;&#227;o em p&#243; para ratos da
                  Agroceres (Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil), alimentos
                  industrializados, suplemento proteico, vitaminas e minerais. A dieta rica em
                  lip&#237;deos possu&#237;a maior densidade cal&#243;rica (3,65 kcal/g) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta padr&#227;o
                  (2,95 kcal/g) devido &#224; maior quantidade de lip&#237;deos, consistindo de &#225;cidos graxos
                  saturados (20,2 %) e insaturados (79,8 %). Todos os ratos foram alojados em
                  gaiolas individuais em uma sala com controle ambiental com temperatura de 23 &#177; 3
                  &#186;C, ciclo de 12 h claro/escuro e humidade relativa de 60 &#177; 5 %. O consumo
                  alimentar foi medido diariamente e a &#225;gua fornecida ad libitum. O peso corporal
                  inicial e final (PCI e PCF, respectivamente) foram aferidos. O consumo cal&#243;rico
                  semanal foi calculado como a m&#233;dia de consumo da semana x o valor cal&#243;rico de cada
                  dieta. A efici&#234;ncia alimentar, capacidade de transformar colorias consumidas em
                  peso corporal, tamb&#233;m foi analisada.</p>
          <p>Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com o
                     <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>, publicado
                  pelo U.S. National Institutes of Health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,
                  e tamb&#233;m foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Escola de Medicina de Botucatu
                  (UNESP, Botucatu, Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o das Dietas Experimentais</title>
          <p>As dietas experimentais supriram quantidades suficientes de prote&#237;nas, vitaminas e
                  minerais de acordo com o <italic>Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory
                     Animals</italic> (1995). A dieta padr&#227;o e as quatro dietas ricas em lip&#237;deos
                  foram formuladas pela Agroceres (Rio Claro, SP, Brazil). Os ingredientes foram
                  inicialmente triturados e em seguida misturados com vitaminas e minerais. A
                  mistura foi peletizada, secada em um secador ventilado a 55 &#177; 5&#186;C e em seguida
                  estocada a -20&#186;C. A dieta padr&#227;o (RC Focus 1765) continha &#243;leo de soja, milho
                  integral, farelo de trigo, farelo de soja, fosfato dic&#225;lcico, cloreto de s&#243;dio,
                  farinha de carne e peixe, aditivo antioxidante, e mistura de vitaminas e minerais.
                  Enquanto os ingredientes usados para preparar as dietas ricas em lip&#237;deos foram
                  cloreto de s&#243;dio, case&#237;na, leite em p&#243;, prote&#237;na concentrada de soja, milho
                  integral, farinha de biscoito, fosfato dic&#225;lcico, carbonato de Ca<sup>2+</sup> ,
                  aditivo emulsificante, antioxidantes, sabores artificiais (queijo, baunilha,
                  chocolate e bacon) e mistura de vitaminas e minerais. A composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta rica
                  em lip&#237;deos consistiu de &#225;cidos graxos saturados e insaturados que proveram 20% e
                  80% das calorias derivadas de gordura, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de Obesidade</title>
          <p>Um crit&#233;rio baseado no &#237;ndice de adiposidade foi utilizado para determinar a
                  obesidade de acordo com diversos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Ap&#243;s a anestesia (pentobarbital s&#243;dico 50
                  mg/kg por via intraperitoneal [i.p.]), os animais foram decapitados,
                  toracotomizados e tiveram os dep&#243;sitos de tecido adipose dissecados e pesados. O
                  &#237;ndice de adiposidade foi calculado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: &#237;ndice de adiposidade =
                  (gordura corporal total (GC)/peso corporal final) x 100. A GC foi calculada pela
                  soma do peso individual de cada dep&#243;sito de tecido adiposo: GC = gordura
                  epididimal + gordura retroperitoneal + gordura visceral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comorbidades Associadas &#224; Obesidade</title>
          <p>Os modelos experimentais de obesidade induzida em ratos podem apresentar
                  caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224; obesidade humana tais como hipertens&#227;o, intoler&#226;ncia
                  &#224; glicose, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, dislipidemia, hiperinsulinemia e
                  hiperleptinemia. Desta forma ambos os grupos foram submetidos a diversas an&#225;lises,
                  sendo os testes bioqu&#237;micos realizados em dez animais de cada grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica</title>
          <p>Na fase final dos experimentos, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi medida na cauda
                  dos ratos usando um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
                  com um eletro-esfignoman&#244;metro da Narco BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup> (International
                  Biomedical, Austin, TX, EUA). A m&#233;dia de duas medi&#231;&#245;es foi registrada para cada
                  animal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste Oral de Toler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose</title>
          <p>Ao fim do per&#237;odo de 30 semanas de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, um teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224;
                  glicose foi realizado. Os ratos pernoitaram em jejum (12-15h) e amostras de sangue
                  foram extra&#237;das da extremidade da cauda. A glicose sangu&#237;nea foi obtida em
                  condi&#231;&#245;es basais e depois da administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal [i.p.] de uma dose de
                  glicose de 2 g/kg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Amostras de sangue
                  foram coletadas em 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos ap&#243;s, e foram analisadas com um
                  glic&#244;metro (Accu-Check Go Kit; Roche Diagn&#243;stica Brasil Ltda, SP, Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Plasm&#225;tica de Horm&#244;nios</title>
          <p>Ao fim dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos a 12-15 h de jejum,
                  anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal) e eutanasiados
                  por decapita&#231;&#227;o. O sangue foi coletado em tubos heparinizados, em seguida foram
                  centrifugados a 3000 x g por 15 minutos a 4&#186;C, e estocados a -80&#186;C. As
                  concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de leptina e insulina foram determinadas por ELISA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> usando kits comerciais espec&#237;ficos (Linco
                  Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Colesterol, Triglicerol, &#193;cidos Graxos n&#227;o Esterificados, Insulina e
                  Leptina</title>
          <p>Ao fim do experimento, os animais foram submetidos a um jejum de 12-15 h,
                  anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg i.p.) e eutanasiados por
                  decapita&#231;&#227;o. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos heparinizados, o soro foi
                  separado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 3000 x g por 15 minutos a 4&#186;C, e em seguida foram
                  estocados a -80&#186;C at&#233; an&#225;lises adicionais. O soro foi analisado para os n&#237;veis de
                  glicose (GL), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol total (CT), &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o
                  esterificados (AGNE) e horm&#244;nios (insulina e leptina). As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de
                  GL, TG e CT foram medidas com um sistema de an&#225;lise enzim&#225;tico autom&#225;tico
                  (Technicon, RA-XTTM System, Global Medical Instrumentation, Minnesota, EUA). Os
                  n&#237;veis de AGNEs foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo de Johnson e Peters (1993) usando
                  kits de colorim&#233;tricos (WAKO NEFA-C, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Jap&#227;o).
                  Os n&#237;veis de leptina e insulina foram determinados por ELISA usando kits
                  comerciais espec&#237;ficos (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da Gordura Corporal</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s anestesia (pentobarbital s&#243;dico 50 mg/kg i.p.), decapita&#231;&#227;o e toracotomia, os
                  dep&#243;sitos de tecido adiposo foram dissecados e pesados. O peso de tecido adiposo
                  total foi calculado como a soma do peso de cada dep&#243;sito de gordura individual:
                  gordura epididimal + gordura retroperitoneal + gordura visceral. O &#237;ndice de
                  adiposidade foi calculado como: (gordura corporal total/peso corporal final) x 100
                     <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrutura e Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Os pesos do cora&#231;&#227;o e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram determinados como &#237;ndices de
                  estrutura card&#237;aca depois de seus valores absolutos serem normalizados pelo
                  comprimento da t&#237;bia.</p>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi analisada pelo estudo de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados do
                  VE. Este procedimento tem sido usado por diversos pesquisadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Esta t&#233;cnica
                  permite a mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco de contrair e realizar
                  for&#231;a independente de influ&#234;ncias <italic>in vivo</italic> que podem alterar a
                  performance mec&#226;nica do mioc&#225;rdio, tais como a frequ&#234;ncia dos batimentos,
                  pr&#233;-carga e p&#243;s-carga. Resumidamente, no experimento os ratos foram anestesiados
                  com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg i.p.) e eutanasiados por decapita&#231;&#227;o. Os
                  cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos rapidamente e colocados em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit
                  oxigenada a 28&#186;C. Os m&#250;sculos papilares dos ratos C (n = 12) e ratos Ob (n = 12)
                  foram dissecados, e presos entre dois clipes de mola e colocados verticalmente em
                  uma c&#226;mara contendo a solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (118,5 mM NaCl; 4,69 mM KCl; 2,5
                  mM CaCl2; 1,16 mM MgSO4; 1,18 mM KH2PO4; 5,50 mM GL e 24,88 mM NaCO3) mantida a
                  28&#186;C por um circulador de &#225;gua termostatizado. A solu&#231;&#227;o de banho foi borbulhada
                  com oxig&#234;nio 95% e di&#243;xido de carbono 5%, com pH de 7,4. O clipe de mola inferior
                  foi ligado a um transdutor de for&#231;a 120T-20B (Kyowa, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) por um fino
                  fio de a&#231;o (1/15.000 polegada) que passou atrav&#233;s do selo de merc&#250;rio no fundo da
                  c&#226;mara. O clipe de mola superior foi conectado a um fino fio de a&#231;o ligado a um
                  bra&#231;o alavancado r&#237;gido sobre o qual havia um parafuso microm&#233;trico para o ajuste
                  do comprimento do m&#250;sculo. A prepara&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo foi colocada entre dois
                  eletrodos de platina (Grass E8, GRASS Technologies, An Astro-Med, Inc. Product
                  Group, West Warwick, RI, EUA) e estimulado a uma frequ&#234;ncia de 0,2 Hz (12
                  pulsos/min) usando pulsos de ondas quadradas de 5 ms de dura&#231;&#227;o. A voltagem foi
                  regulada para um valor 10% maior que o m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para produzir a resposta
                  mec&#226;nica m&#225;xima.</p>
          <p>Os m&#250;sculos foram contra&#237;dos isotonicamente com cargas leves por 60 min e depois
                  carregados (50g) para contrair isometricamente e esticarem at&#233; o m&#225;ximo das curvas
                  de comprimento-tens&#227;o. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 5 min durante o qual as prepara&#231;&#245;es
                  passaram por contra&#231;&#245;es isot&#244;nicas, os m&#250;sculos foram submetidos de novo a
                  condi&#231;&#245;es isom&#233;tricas e o pico da curva de comprimento-tens&#227;o
                     (<italic>Lmax</italic>) foi cuidadosamente medido. Um per&#237;odo de 15 min de
                  contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica est&#225;vel foi aplicado antes do per&#237;odo experimental e durante
                  o qual uma contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;rica foi registrada.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram medidos para a contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica na
                     <italic>Lmax:</italic> pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD [g/mm<sup>2</sup>]),
                  tens&#227;o em repouso (TR [g/mm<sup>2</sup>]), taxa m&#225;xima de desenvolvimento da
                  tens&#227;o (+dT/dt [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]), taxa m&#225;xima de redu&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o (-dT/dt
                     [g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) normalizadas pela &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal (AST). A
                  rigidez mioc&#225;rdica foi determinada pela raz&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o de comprimento do
                  m&#250;sculo e a tens&#227;o em repouso. A tens&#227;o em repouso foi analisada com o comprimento
                  do m&#250;sculo correspondendo a 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, e 100% da <italic>Lmax</italic>. A
                  curva de comprimento-tens&#227;o em repouso foi obtida usando uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o
                  exponencial: log (TR) = -51,1118 + 25,5425 log(<italic>L<sub>max</sub></italic>)
                  para o grupo C e log (TR) = -58,1992 + 29,1455
                     log(<italic>L<sub>max</sub></italic>) para o grupo Ob.</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros usados para caracterizar o m&#250;sculo papilar foram o comprimento (mm),
                  peso (mg), e AST (mm<sup>2</sup>). Ao fim do experimento, o comprimento do m&#250;sculo
                  em <italic>Lmax</italic> foi medido com um catet&#244;metro (Gartner Scientific
                  Corporation, Chicago, IL, EUA) e o m&#250;sculo entre os dois clipes foi secado e
                  pesado. A &#225;rea de se&#231;&#227;o transversal foi calculada com o peso do m&#250;sculo e o
                  comprimento, assumindo a uniformidade e a gravidade espec&#237;fica de 1,0. Todos os
                  dados de for&#231;a foram normalizados pela &#225;rea da se&#231;&#227;o transversal.</p>
          <p>Para determinar o mecanismo pelo qual a obesidade induz efeitos inotr&#243;picos
                  negativos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, os m&#250;sculos papilares foram avaliados sob
                  condi&#231;&#245;es basais de 2,5 nmol/L de Ca2+ e depois de manobras inotr&#243;picas e
                  lusitr&#243;picas. Estas manobras foram: contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-repouso de 10, 30 e 60 segundos;
                  aumento extracelular da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca2+ de 0,5 para 2,5 nmol/L; mudan&#231;a da
                  frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 0,1 para 2,0 Hz; adi&#231;&#227;o de iodoacetato. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da via
                  glicol&#237;tica foi realizada utilizando um inibidor espec&#237;fico, &#225;cido iodoac&#233;tico
                     10<sup>-3</sup> mM/L. A fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi registrada aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,
                  30, 35, 40 e 45 min depois da adi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido iodoac&#233;tico na solu&#231;&#227;o nutriente. O
                  comportamento da TD e da TR depois da administra&#231;&#227;o do inibidor da rota
                  glicol&#237;tica foi acompanhado para a constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo da regress&#227;o linear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Par&#226;metros nutricionais, hormonais, morfol&#243;gicos e an&#225;lises da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca
                  foram apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi
                  realizada com o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. O perfil de
                  glicose dos grupos foi comparado por uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Quando
                  diferen&#231;as significativas foram encontradas (p &lt; 0,05), o teste de Bonferroni
                  post hoc para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foi realizado. As curvas de regress&#227;o do
                  bloqueio da via glicol&#237;tica e rigidez mioc&#225;rdica foram comparadas pelo teste do
                  coeficiente angular e regress&#227;o linear. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o
                  programa Sigma Plot 3.5 para Windows (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA). A
                  normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O n&#237;vel
                  de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais e comorbidades associadas &#224; obesidade</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais e comorbidades associadas &#224; obesidade est&#227;o apresentadas
                  na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. O peso final corporal,
                  gordura corporal total, &#237;ndice de adiposidade e glicose, leptina e n&#237;veis de
                  insulina foram maiores no grupo Ob em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
                  significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;nas e lip&#237;deos. Os
                  resultados do teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>. Os n&#237;veis basais de glicose foram
                  similares entre os grupos. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de glicose, a taxa
                  sangu&#237;nea desta foi maior para o grupo Ob em todos os per&#237;odos avaliados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais e comorbidades associadas a obesidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>C (n = 12)</th>
                  <th>Ob (n = 12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">498 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">562 &#177; 36*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03467</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de adiposidade (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,28 &#177; 1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">5,96 &#177; 1,54*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02872</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">126 &#177; 19*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00548</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,1 &#177; 15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">66,1 &#177; 24,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,3 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78859</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,8 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13769</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">NEFA (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66658</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Leptina (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,40 &#177; 0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">7,60 &#177; 0,81*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Insulina (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00067</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87912</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t04">
                <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. C: controle; Ob: obeso; PCF:
                           peso corporal final; HDL: lipoproteina de alta densidade; LDL:
                           lipoproteina de baixa densidade; NEFA: &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados;
                           PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Teste t de Student&#8217;s para amostras
                           independentes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose nos animais do grupo controle (C, n =
                        12) e animais do grupo obeso (Ob, n = 12). Os valores s&#227;o expressos como
                        m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni. * p &lt; 0,05 vs.
                        C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0330-40135-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A estrutura card&#237;aca macrosc&#243;pica est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. Os resultados indicam que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
                  significativa entre os dois grupos. A fun&#231;&#227;o basal dos m&#250;sculos papilares
                  card&#237;acos est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> e
                  os dados mostraram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nas medidas mec&#226;nicas.
                  Al&#233;m disso, ambos os grupos apresentaram o mesmo comportamento nas estimula&#231;&#245;es
                  inotr&#243;picas. A influ&#234;ncia da varia&#231;&#227;o do comprimento do m&#250;sculo papilar sobre a
                  tens&#227;o em repouso &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>,
                  n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos. Os resultados indicam
                  que a obesidade n&#227;o aumentou a rigidez do mioc&#225;rdio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s o
                  bloqueio com iodoacetato &#233; apresentada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras
                     3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">3B</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na
                  regress&#227;o linear da TD entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
                     3A</xref>), j&#225; para a TR houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o comportamento do
                  grupo controle e o grupo obeso, sendo a inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva do grupo C mais
                  marcante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estrutura macrosc&#243;pica card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">Grupos</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">C (n = 12)</th>
                  <th align="center">Ob (n = 12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82766</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cora&#231;&#227;o (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,060 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06416</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/TI (g/mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021 &#177; 0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023 &#177; 0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cora&#231;&#227;o/TI (g/mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32872</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t05">
                <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. C: controle; Ob: obeso; VE:
                           ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TI: t&#237;bia. Teste t de Student's para amostras
                           independentes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica basal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Grupos</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th>C (n = 12)</th>
                  <th>Ob (n = 12)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">TD (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>7,14 &#177; 1,77</td>
                  <td>6,89 &#177; 1,54</td>
                  <td>0,22756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">TR (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>0,68 &#177; 0,24</td>
                  <td>0,67 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td>0,61639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">+dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                  <td>69,4 &#177; 18,1</td>
                  <td>62,9 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td>0,19907</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">-dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                  <td>22,1 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td>21,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td>0,52313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">AS (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>0,97 &#177; 0,24</td>
                  <td>0,98 &#177; 0,27</td>
                  <td>0,38607</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t06">
                <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. C: controle; Ob: obeso; TD:
                           tens&#227;o desenvolvida; TR: tens&#227;o de repouso; +dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de
                           eleva&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o desenvolvida; -dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de decr&#233;cimo
                           da tens&#227;o desenvolvida; AS: area seccional. Teste t de Student's para
                           amostras independentes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A influ&#234;ncia da varia&#231;&#227;o do comprimento do m&#250;sculo sobre a tens&#227;o em
                        repouso dos animais do grupo controle (C, n = 12) e animais do grupo obeso
                        (Ob, n = 012). Regress&#227;o linear.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0330-40135-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos do bloqueio da gliceralde&#237;do 3-fosfato desidrogenase pelo
                        iodoacetado no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos atrav&#233;s do modelo de regress&#227;o linear nos
                        animais do grupo controle (C, n = 12) e animais do grupo obeso (Ob, n = 12).
                        A) TD: pico da tens&#227;o desenvolvida; B) TR: tens&#227;o em repouso. Regress&#227;o
                        linear. * p &lt; 0,05 vs. Ob.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0330-40135-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dieta foi capaz de levar os animais &#224; obesidade tendo em vista que o &#237;ndice de
               adiposidade foi 39,2% superior ao controle. Os dados desta pesquisa s&#227;o compat&#237;veis
               com os resultados de pesquisas realizadas em nosso laborat&#243;rio usando a mesma
                  metodologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Nesta pesquisa foram observadas comorbidades associadas &#224; obesidade
               experimental como a intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hiperinsulinemia e hiperleptinemia. Os
               resultados revelaram que o nosso modelo experimental promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es em
               par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e hormonais que est&#227;o de acordo com os achados de v&#225;rios
               pesquisadores <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>A obesidade n&#227;o causou remodela&#231;&#245;es estruturais na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou press&#227;o
               arterial sist&#243;lica. Os dados diferem de estudos que observaram que a obesidade
               induzida por dieta rica em lip&#237;deos causa hipertrofia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e aumento da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. A altera&#231;&#227;o nessas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o sugere que e
               a obesidade n&#227;o causou mudan&#231;as significativas em neuro-horm&#244;nios capazes de promover
               a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e reten&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi avaliada <italic>in vitro</italic> com o uso de
               m&#250;sculos papilares isolados do VE. Prepara&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;sculos papilares permitem a
               mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco de contrair e relaxar independente de
               influ&#234;ncias <italic>in vivo</italic> que podem alterar a performance mec&#226;nica do
               mioc&#225;rdio, tais como mudan&#231;as de frequ&#234;ncia e carga card&#237;aca. A estimula&#231;&#227;o
               inotr&#243;pica permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es nas fases de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento
               que n&#227;o podem ser detectadas em condi&#231;&#245;es basais e isso ajuda na compreens&#227;o dos
               mecanismos envolvidos nas altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Os animais utilizados em
               ambos os grupos possu&#237;am a &#225;rea seccional transversa semelhantes e isto permite
               evitar a influ&#234;ncia da &#225;rea seccional transversa sobre os resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Os resultados demonstraram que a obesidade
               n&#227;o causou a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nem da rigidez do mioc&#225;rdio, tanto em
               condi&#231;&#245;es basais como com a estimula&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica. Este comportamento &#233; similar ao
               encontrado por outros autores que utilizaram cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de coelhos com 12
               semanas de idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e mi&#243;citos isolados de
               camundongos obesos com 14 semanas de idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.
               Entretanto, outros pesquisadores encontraram resultados divergentes onde foi
               encontrada uma redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de mi&#243;citos isolados de camundongos com 12
                  semanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, estes autores tamb&#233;m observaram
               uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da performance contr&#225;til basal do m&#250;sculo papilar nos camundongos obesos
               com 7 semanas. Leopoldo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> n&#227;o
               observaram altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica basal de ratos com 15 semanas, entretanto
               estes autores encontraram diferen&#231;as entre o grupo controle e o grupo obeso ap&#243;s a
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores para SERCA2 e canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> tipo L.</p>
        <p>O bloqueio da via glicol&#237;tica com o iodoacetado sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica mostrou que
               a inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva de tens&#227;o desenvolvida em animais obesos foi similar ao grupo
               controle, entretanto esta inclina&#231;&#227;o na curva de tens&#227;o de repouso dos animais obesos
               foi significativamente menor do que no controle. Contr&#225;rio &#224;s expectativas, estes
               resultados sugerem que os ratos do grupo controle possuem maior rigidez mioc&#225;rdica do
               que os ratos obesos. Este comportamento pode estar relacionado a uma maior eleva&#231;&#227;o
               do c&#225;lcio citoplasm&#225;tico resultante possivelmente de uma menor recaptura pela SERCA2
               e ou maior afinidade entre o c&#225;lcio e a troponina C. A menor contratura observada em
               ratos obesos sugere que a prioriza&#231;&#227;o pelo mioc&#225;rdio por &#225;cidos graxos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               glicose aumentou a disponibilidade de energia para a SERCA2 e promoveu uma prote&#231;&#227;o
               ao mioc&#225;rdio durante o bloqueio da via glicol&#237;tica. Isto indica que em situa&#231;&#245;es em
               que ocorre o aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cidos graxos, a SERCA2 tamb&#233;m utiliza
               energia proveniente da beta-oxida&#231;&#227;o. Desta forma, neste experimento, a obesidade
               promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas que resultaram em uma prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>A TR e a TD apresentaram comportamentos distintos, sendo que o fato da TD ter sido
               igual entre os grupos pode estar relacionado &#224; taxa da quantidade de c&#225;lcio que se
               difunde em rela&#231;&#227;o a que &#233; removida do citosol durante um ciclo card&#237;aco. De acordo
               com Katz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, a raz&#227;o &#233; de aproximadamente 150,
               o que mostra que a quantidade de c&#225;lcio que &#233; removida &#233; menor em rela&#231;&#227;o a que se
               difunde para o interior da c&#233;lula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. A SERCA2
               &#233; a maior respons&#225;vel pela recapta&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ons de c&#225;lcio nos roedores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e utiliza ATP para a sua atividade, assim um
               d&#233;ficit de energia para essa estrutura poderia causar consequ&#234;ncias mais delet&#233;rias
               para a di&#225;stole do que para a s&#237;stole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O desequil&#237;brio energ&#233;tico na obesidade n&#227;o acarreta disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Ao
               contr&#225;rio, a prioriza&#231;&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos proporciona prote&#231;&#227;o ao
               m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco durante o bloqueio da glic&#243;lise, sugerindo que esta via metab&#243;lica &#233;
               menos utilizada pelo mi&#243;cito nos animais obesos.</p>
        <p>Estes resultados sugerem que o uso de &#225;cidos graxos pelo mioc&#225;rdio, em determinadas
               situa&#231;&#245;es, pode gerar efeitos ben&#233;ficos; assim, poderia desempenhar um papel em
               modelos de remodelagem card&#237;aca como uma terapia de baixo custo e f&#225;cil
               implementa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho de pesquisa: Campos DHS, Nascimento AF, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o
                  de dados: Campos DHS, Leopoldo AS, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Nascimento AF,
                  Oliveira-J&#250;nior AS, SILVA DCT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Campos DHS,
                  Leopoldo AS, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Oliveira-J&#250;nior AS, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC;
                  An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Campos DHS, Leopoldo AS, Padovani CR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  financiamento: Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos DHS, Cicogna
                  AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Campos DHS,
                  Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP - processo n&#186; 07/59747-7 e
                  07/46595-0.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de Campos
                  pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a Jos&#233; C. Georgette, M&#225;rio B. Bruno, Sandra A. Fabio, Camila R. C.
               Camacho e Corina J. Correa pela assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica. O abstract foi revisado e
               editado por nativos da l&#237;ngua Inglesa com conhecimento na &#225;rea biom&#233;dica da BioMed
               Proofreading (Cleveland, Ohio, EUA).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
