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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">b3hW7ZmQjd5x399VFLgdfhC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140123</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Atrial Fibrillation in Decompensated Heart Failure: Associated
          Factors and In-Hospital Outcome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
            Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho -
            Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha Mendes,</bold> Rua Professor
          Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 8&#186; andar, Secretaria da Cardiologia, Cidade Universit&#225;ria -
          Ilha do Fund&#227;o. Postal Code 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
            <email>nandasardinha@gmail.com</email>; <email>fernandasnsm@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>322</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
            Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial
            use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
            properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies on atrial fibrillation (AF) in decompensated heart failure (DHF) are scarce in
            Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine AF prevalence, its types and associated factors in patients hospitalized
            due to DHF; to assess their thromboembolic risk profile and anticoagulation rate; and to
            assess the impact of AF on in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study of incident cases including 659
            consecutive hospitalizations due to DHF, from 01/01/2006 to 12/31/2011. The
            thromboembolic risk was assessed by using CHADSVASc score. On univariate analysis, the
            chi-square, Student t and Mann Whitney tests were used. On multivariate analysis,
            logistic regression was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of AF was 40%, and the permanent type predominated (73.5%). On
            multivariate model, AF associated with advanced age (p &lt; 0.0001), non-ischemic
            etiology (p = 0.02), right ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.03), lower systolic blood
            pressure (SBP) (p = 0.02), higher ejection fraction (EF) (p &lt; 0.0001) and enlarged
            left atrium (LA) (p &lt; 0.0001). The median CHADSVASc score was 4, and 90% of the cases
            had it &#8805; 2. The anticoagulation rate was 52.8% on admission and 66.8% on discharge,
            being lower for higher scores. The group with AF had higher in-hospital mortality (11.0%
            versus 8.1%, p = 0.21) and longer hospital length of stay (20.5 &#177; 16 versus 16.3 &#177; 12, p
            = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation is frequent in DHF, the most prevalent type being permanent AF.
            Atrial fibrillation is associated with more advanced age, non-ischemic etiology, right
            ventricular dysfunction, lower SBP, higher EF and enlarged LA. Despite the high
            thromboembolic risk profile, anticoagulation is underutilized. The presence of AF is
            associated with longer hospital length of stay and high mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Inpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very important health problem. It is the most frequent
        arrhythmia in patients with chronic heart or lung diseases, affects 1% of the population,
        and is associated with an increase in the risk for stroke and with a double-fold increase in
          mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Heart failure (HF) is considered a severe public health problem
        worldwide due to its elevated prevalence, increasing incidence and high costs. In addition,
        it has a high hospitalization rate, being one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality
        in industrialized countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Decompensated HF (DHF)
        is the major cause of hospitalization of patients older than 65 years in the Brazilian
        Unified Health Care System (SUS) and has an elevated in-hospital mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Approximately 50% of the patients are readmitted in
        six months due to DHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The concomitance of AF and HF can be explained because both share similar risk factors and
        mechanisms, or because there is a causal relationship between the entities. Considering that
        the morbidity and mortality attributed to each of those comorbidities are significant, the
        concomitance of AF and HF identifies individuals at higher mortality risk. Most studies on
        AF and HF have been conducted with outpatient cohorts, and studies on patients with DHF are
          rare<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Brazilian data on AF and HF are still scarce, and no Brazilian study has assessed in a
        representative population the prevalence of associated factors, the thromboembolic risk
        profile and the influence of AF on in-hospital mortality and on hospital length of stay of
        patients with DHF.</p>
      <p>The present study had the following objectives: to determine the prevalence of AF and its
        types in patients hospitalized due to DHF at the university-affiliated Clementino Fraga
        Filho hospital (HU); to define the independent risk factors associated with AF; to analyze
        the thromboembolic risk profile and anticoagulation rate of those patients; and to assess
        the impact of AF on in-hospital mortality and on hospital length of stay.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study of incident cases included 659
        consecutive hospitalizations due to DHF, from 01/01/2006 to 12/31/2011, at HU. The patients
        were identified by using the search tool of the HU's electronic medical record, and both
        electronic and printed medical records were used to identify the variables of interest.</p>
      <p>Based on the electronic medical record, all index hospitalizations of DHF cases were
        assessed, in the search for any supraventricular arrhythmia reported. The medical records
        with the following terms were selected: atrial fibrillation; atrial flutter;
        supraventricular tachycardia; atrial tachycardia; atrial rhythm. From that selection, all
        printed medical records with those terms were obtained, and the presence of AF on
        electrocardiogram (ECG) was assessed. All ECGs with AF since the beginning of the patient's
        follow-up at HU were scanned or photographed and analyzed according to the definitions.
        Other supraventricular tachycardias were not considered. Occasional doubts were clarified
        with an experienced examiner.</p>
      <p>Heart failure was defined according to the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology
        published in 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>: presence of HF symptoms at rest
        or during exertion in addition to evidence of cardiac dysfunction at rest, and, in case of
        doubt, the additional criterion of response to specific treatment for HF was used. On
        cardiac function assessment, the echocardiography performed at the index-hospitalization
        (performed in 64% of the cases) or data of previous echocardiographies were considered.
        Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) was diagnosed based on those criteria
        when ejection fraction (EF) was greater than 40%.</p>
      <p>The criterion used to diagnose DHF was the appearance of new symptoms or recent worsening
        of functional class, requiring urgent hospitalization for compensation. Atrial fibrillation
        was diagnosed based on the definition of the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>: irregular rhythm with RR intervals with no repeated
        pattern; absence of sinus P waves, and possible visualization of atrial electrical activity
        on some leads, mainly V1, in which case, the atrial cycle length should be variable and
        shorter than 200 ms.</p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation was classified according to the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> as follows:</p>
      <p>- paroxysmal, when AF episodes ended spontaneously, requiring neither drugs nor electrical
        cardioversion, lasting usually less than seven days, and frequently less than 24 hours, with
        or without recurrences;</p>
      <p>- persistent, when AF episodes did not end spontaneously, requiring pharmacological and/or
        electrical cardioversion to sinus rhythm reversion;</p>
      <p>- permanent, when AF was always present, and attempts to sinus rhythm reversion failed or
        when arrhythmia reversion was not attempt by any means.</p>
      <p>The thromboembolic risk of patients with AF was estimated by use of the CHADSVASc score,
        which attributes 1 point to the presence of HF or EF &lt; 40%, systemic arterial
        hypertension (SAH), age between 65 and 74 years, diabetes mellitus (DM), vascular disease,
        and female sex; and 2 points to age &#8805; 75 years, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack
        or thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>The outcomes assessed were as follows: in-hospital all-cause mortality and hospital length
        of stay.</p>
      <p>For the purpose of statistical analysis, data were stored in a specific data bank,
        elaborated in the SPSS software, version 15.0. In descriptive analysis, the categorical
        variables were described as frequency and percentage, and the continuous variables as mean
        and standard deviation or median and interquartile interval, according to the distribution
        pattern. On univariate analysis, to compare categorical variables, the chi-square test was
        used, and, for continuous variables, Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney U test,
        as indicated. On multivariate analysis, logistic regression model was used.</p>
      <p>To assess intra- and interobserver reliability in the diagnosis of AF, 100
        electrocardiographic tracings were randomly selected and blindly reviewed by the study's
        author and by a specialist in arrhythmia. Kappa statistics was used to measure agreement
        between the observers. Those indices were high: intraobserver, 0.96, and interobserver,
        0.84.</p>
      <p>The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
      <p>The present study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research (065/09). Because
        this was a retrospective study without intervention, informed written consent was not
        required by that committee.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the general characteristics of the
        cases of DHF included in this study, such as the type of HF. Of those cases, 426 (64.6%)
        underwent echocardiography during hospitalization, and<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
          2</xref> shows the results. The presence of AF was assessed in 4,013 ECG, and that
        arrhythmia was identified during hospitalization in 264 cases (40.1%) as follows: permanent
        AF, in 194 cases (73.4%); and paroxysmal and persistent AF, in 35 cases each (13.3%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the hospitalizations due to
            DHF in this study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Variables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref></th>
              <th>Result</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>64 (54-75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>120 (100-130)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>80 (70-96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>12.6 (11.2 - 14.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Urea (admission)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>53.0 (36.5 - 82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Creatinine (admission)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>1.2 (0.9 - 1.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>137 (134 - 140)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Male sex<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>54.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HFPEF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>16.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Ischemic etiology<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>41.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous hospitalization due to DHF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>57.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>30.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SAH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>69.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CKF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>22.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous stroke<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>8.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">COPD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>9.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">PVD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>7.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Smoking habit<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>22.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pacemaker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>10.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Resynchronization<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>3.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ICD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>3.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LBBB<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>35.2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DHF: decompensated heart failure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate;
              HFPEF: heart rate with preserved ejection fraction; DM: diabetes mellitus; SAH:
              systemic arterial hypertension; CKF: chronic kidney failure; COPD: chronic obstructive
              pulmonary disease; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; LBBB: left bundle-branch block;
              ICD: implantable cardioverter def&#237;brillator.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>n of 659 hospitaladmissions</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t01">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>median (IQ)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t01">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p>percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables on hospital admission in this study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Variables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></th>
              <th>Result</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">EF (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>33 (26 - 45.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVd (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>61 (53 - 70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVs (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>51 (41 - 59)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>47 (42 - 52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">PASP (mm Hg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>46 (38 - 55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Normal ventricular function<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>69 (17.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mild ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>20 (5.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Moderate ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>61 (15.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Severe ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>253 (62.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Right ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>185 (50.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Moderate or severe MR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>240 (60.2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>EF: ejection fraction; LVd: diastolic left ventricle; LVs: systolic left ventricle;
              LA: left atrium; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; MR: mitral
              regurgitation</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>n of 426 hospital admissions</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t02">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>Median (IQ)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t02">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p>n (%).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the comorbidities and demographic,
        clinical and laboratory variables in the groups with and without AF. Atrial fibrillation was
        associated with the following: older age; reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP); higher
        prevalence of non-ischemic and valvar etiologies; previous hospitalization; lower prevalence
        of DM; previous stroke; smoking habit; HFPEF; less frequent use of resynchronization
        therapy; and left bundle-branch block (LBBB).<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>
        compares the echocardiographic variables between the groups with and without AF. Atrial
        fibrillation was associated with the following: more preserved systolic function; lower left
        ventricular dilatation; larger left atrium; and higher prevalence of right ventricular
        dysfunction and of moderate to severe mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, laboratory variables and comorbidities in the groups with
            and without atrial fibrillation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th>AF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></th>
              <th>No AF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8224;</xref></th>
              <th>p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>66.8 (13.5)</td>
              <td>62.2 (14.2)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>110 (100-130)</td>
              <td>120 (106-140)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>84 (70-98)</td>
              <td>80 (70-96)</td>
              <td>0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>12.6 (11.5-14)</td>
              <td>12.5 (11-14)</td>
              <td>0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Urea<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>56 (39-85)</td>
              <td>50.5 (35-80)</td>
              <td>0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Creatinine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>1.2 (0.9-1.6)</td>
              <td>1.2 (0.9-1.7)</td>
              <td>0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Sodium<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>136 (133-139)</td>
              <td>137 (134-140)</td>
              <td>0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Male sex<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>56.4</td>
              <td>53.4</td>
              <td>0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Ischemic etiology<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>30.6</td>
              <td>47.8</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Valvar etiology <sup>*4</sup></td>
              <td>16.2</td>
              <td>4.8</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous hospitalization due to HF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>64.5</td>
              <td>52.6</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>22.1</td>
              <td>36.8</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SAH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>66.6</td>
              <td>71.8</td>
              <td>0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CKF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>19.8</td>
              <td>23.8</td>
              <td>0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous stroke<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>11.8</td>
              <td>5.7</td>
              <td>0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Smoking habit<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>17.2</td>
              <td>26.8</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">COPD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>9.5</td>
              <td>9.1</td>
              <td>0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">PVD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>8.8</td>
              <td>6.7</td>
              <td>0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HFPEF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>16.8</td>
              <td>9.5</td>
              <td>0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pacemaker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>17.6</td>
              <td>0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ICD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>6.7</td>
              <td>5.2</td>
              <td>0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Resynchronization<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>5.5</td>
              <td>0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LBBB<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">//</xref></td>
              <td>28.4</td>
              <td>39.9</td>
              <td>0.032</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; HF: heart
              failure; HFPEF: heart rate with preserved ejection fraction; DM: diabetes mellitus;
              SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; CKF: chronic kidney failure; COPD: chronic
              obstructive pulmonary disease; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; LBBB: left
              bundle-branch block; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>n of 264 hospital admissions</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t03">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>n of 395 hospital admissions</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t03">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p>mean (SD)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn04t03">
            <label>(&#167;)</label>
            <p>median (IQ)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn05t03">
            <label>(//)</label>
            <p>percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables in the groups with and without atrial
            fibrillation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th>AF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref></th>
              <th>No AF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">&#8224;</xref></th>
              <th>p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">EF (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>42.4 (19.5)</td>
              <td>35.1 (15.4)</td>
              <td>0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVd (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>59.3 (12.3)</td>
              <td>62.5 (11.3)</td>
              <td>0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVs (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>46.9 (14.8)</td>
              <td>51.6 (13.1)</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>50.9 (9.9)</td>
              <td>45.0 (9.2)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">PASP (mm Hg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>47.9 (14.8)</td>
              <td>47.9 (15.0)</td>
              <td>0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Normal ventricular function<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>27.3</td>
              <td>10.8</td>
              <td rowspan="2"/>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mild ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>4.5</td>
              <td>5.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Moderate ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>9.7</td>
              <td>18.5</td>
              <td rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Severe ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>58.4</td>
              <td>65.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Right ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>57.7</td>
              <td>47.3</td>
              <td>0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Moderate or severe MR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td>66.9</td>
              <td>55.9</td>
              <td>0.03</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; EF: ejection fraction; LVd: diastolic left ventricle; LVs:
              systolic left ventricle; LA: left atrium; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure;
              MR: mitral regurgitation</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>n of 154 hospital admissions</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t04">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>n of 249 hospital admissions</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t04">
            <label>(&#8225;)</label>
            <p>mean (SD)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn04t04">
            <label>(&#167;)</label>
            <p>percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The multivariate model included variables with p &lt; 0.10 in the comparison between the
        groups with and without AF.<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref> shows the
        variables that maintained an independent association with AF after logistic regression.
          <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the thromboembolic risk profile
        estimated by use of the CHADSVASc score, whose median in this study was 4, with 90% of the
        cases having a score &#8805; 2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression model: variables associated with atrial fibrillation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th>B</th>
              <th>p Value</th>
              <th>OR</th>
              <th>95% CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td>0.05</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td>1.053</td>
              <td>1.03-1.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Ischemic etiology</td>
              <td>-0.77</td>
              <td>0.023</td>
              <td>0.46</td>
              <td>0.24-0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Right ventricular dysfunction</td>
              <td>0.76</td>
              <td>0.03</td>
              <td>2.13</td>
              <td>1.09-4.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td>-0.02</td>
              <td>0.02</td>
              <td>0.98</td>
              <td>0.97-1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">EF</td>
              <td>0.05</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td>1.05</td>
              <td>1.03-1.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA</td>
              <td>0.10</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td>1.11</td>
              <td>1.06-1.16</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>B: regression constant; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood
              pressure; EF: ejection fraction; LA: left atrium.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentage distribution of hospitalizations of patients with atrial fibrillation
            according to CHADSVASc scoring.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0315-40123-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The warfarin sodium use rate on hospital admission was 52.8%, increasing to 66.8% on
        hospital discharge.<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the anticoagulation
        rate on hospital admission and on discharge for each CHADSVASc score.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Percentage of anticoagulation according to the CHADSVASc score on hospital
            admission and discharge.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0315-40123-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding the outcomes, the mean hospital length of stay of patients with DHF was 18.0 &#177; 14
        days. Patients with AF had longer hospital length of stay than those without AF (means of
        20.5 &#177; 16 days and 16.3 &#177; 12 days, respectively; p = 0.001). The in-hospital mortality of
        patients with DHF was 9.3%, being 11.0% in those with AF and 8.1% in those without AF (p =
        0.21). Mortality did not statistically differ according to the types of AF as follows:
        paroxysmal, 8.6%; persistent, 17.1%; and permanent, 10.3% (p = 0.44).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first Brazilian study to assess several aspects related to AF in patients
        hospitalized due to DHF. The results confirm a high prevalence of AF in DHF in Brazil,
        mainly of the permanent type, with a high thromboembolic risk profile and low rate of use of
        anticoagulants. Atrial fibrillation was associated with several factors, implying longer
        hospital length of stay and higher mortality, although with no statistical significance.</p>
      <p>The present study used the same methodology of international registries of DHF, with
        consecutive cases, in which each hospitalization is considered one case<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Thus, one patient can contribute with more than one hospitalization.
        However, the analysis of the general characteristics of the case series shows important
        differences as compared with international registries, mainly regarding age, which was on
        average 10 years younger than that reported in the following registries: EHFS, 71.3
          years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; ADHERE, 72.5 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> ; and OPTIMIZE-HF, 78 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
        Another important difference is the much lower prevalence of HFPEF in our study population
        (16%) as compared with that of international registries (50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In addition to younger age, underdiagnosis of HFPEF in Brazil might be the
        major cause of that difference. Such data have already been reported in a previous study of
        our group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, are in accordance with the public health
        network profile reported in the EPICA study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, and
        show the importance of Brazilian studies for proper knowledge about the Brazilian
        reality.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of AF was 40% during hospitalization, being in accordance with that reported
        in the literature as follows: 41% in the EHFS II Registry, and 33% in the ADHERE Registry
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The study by Latado et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, assessing patients with DHF admitted to intensive care units, has
        reported a 22% prevalence of AF, similar to that reported in the study by Villacorta et al
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> (22.3%).</p>
      <p>Permanent AF was the most frequent type (73.5%), followed by the paroxysmal and persistent
        types (at equal proportions). Only a few studies have assessed the type of AF in cases of
        DHF. Some studies have only reported the occurrence of a new episode of AF or permanent AF
        during hospitalization. A Polish study with 99 patients published in 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> described results similar to those of the present
        study, with permanent AF in 62% of the cases and paroxysmal or persistent (not
        differentiated) in 38%.</p>
      <p>Similarly to ours, some studies have demonstrated an association of AF with more advanced
          age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. That might be explained by the fact that the conditions predisposing to AF are
        common among the elderly.</p>
      <p>Similarly, the association of AF with higher EF and HFPEF found in the present study has
        been reported in the international literature. In the GWTG-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, the echocardiogram performed during hospitalization has also shown greater
        frequency of HFPEF and higher EF in the group with AF. A Canadian study published in
          2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, assessing 2,802 patients with their first
        episode of DHF, has shown that the group with HFPEF had a significantly higher proportion of
        AF. Those data are in accordance with those of other clinical trials, such as the CHARM
          study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>An enlarged left atrium was strongly associated with AF. That was already expected, because
        left atrial enlargement is related to atrial cardiac remodeling and to the pathophysiology
        of AF in patients with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Several studies have
        shown an association between lower SBP and AF. Our case series had a median SBP of 110 mm Hg
          <italic>versus</italic> 120 mm Hg in patients without AF. In the GWTHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, the result was similar, but with higher absolute
        levels as compared with those of the present study (143 mm Hg for sinus rhythm
          <italic>versus</italic> 135 mm Hg with AF). In the Cardiovascular Research Network,
        published in 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, the differences in SBP were
        smaller, when analyzed into the following three groups: 132 mm Hg for sinus rhythm; 129 mm
        Hg for previous AF; and 132 mm Hg for new-onset AF. Reduced SBP is an important prognosis
        predictor in DHF, according to the ADHERE Registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,
        and its association with AF emphasizes the potential severity of the patients.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the CHADSVASc score of patients with AF showed an elevated
        thromboembolic risk profile: median of 4, and 90% of the cases with a score &#8805; 2. However,
        the anticoagulation rate prior to hospital discharge was only 66%. Underutilization of
        anticoagulants in patients with AF and DHF has also been reported in the international
        literature. The ADHERE Registry Linked to Medicare Claims<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> has shown that 79% of hospitalized patients eligible for anticoagulation have
        been discharged with no anticoagulants, even at a high risk for stroke. Not receiving
        warfarin sodium was independently associated with a higher risk of death one year after
        hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>The present study showed an additional interesting and paradoxical finding: the use of
        anticoagulants decreased with a higher thromboembolic risk score. This might reflect the
        concern with hemorrhagic complications of the anticoagulant therapy, because elevated
        thromboembolic risk scores, such as CHADSVASc score, are associated with also higher
        bleeding risk scores, such as HASBLED score. Our data did not allow assessing the bleeding
        risk profile of the cases with AF by using the HASBLED score, and not even the percentage of
        patients with absolute contraindications to anticoagulants, so that those results could be
        better interpreted. Nevertheless, the figures strongly suggest that there is significant
        underutilization of anticoagulation in those patients, mainly those at higher thromboembolic
        risk, which might have an important impact on morbidity and mortality after hospital
        discharge, as shown in the ADHERE Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The higher future availability of new anticoagulants, in addition to better knowledge on
        those new drugs and experience with them, might help to increase the anticoagulation use
        rate in those patients, because part of that underutilization might be explained by the
        difficulties and limitations of traditional coumarin anticoagulation.</p>
      <p>The mean hospital length of stay in the present study was very high (18 days), much higher
        than that obtained in the SUS data bank (DATA-SUS), around 6 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A study assessing hospitalizations due to HF in S&#227;o Paulo from 1992
        to 2010 has reported a mean hospital length of stay of 10 days (&#177; 1.0)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The hospital length of stay of patients with DHF at public and
        private health care institutions reported in the EPICA project<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> was the closest to that found in the present study. At private health
        care institutions, the mean hospital length of stay was 8 days, while at public health care
        institutions, that figure increased to 12.6 days. According to international studies, that
        hospital length of stay tends to be shorter. The analysis of Medicare data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, assessing hospitalizations due to HF, has shown a
        mean hospital length of stay of 5.5 &#177; 5.4 days. The ADHERE Registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> has reported a hospital length of stay of 4.3 days.</p>
      <p>The longer hospital length of stay of our case series suggests greater severity of the
        cases, requiring a longer length of stay for clinical compensation. The difficulty of having
        access to beds at a tertiary hospital tends to select more severely ill patients. In
        addition, the functioning characteristics of the university-affiliated hospital might
        contribute to increase the hospital length of stay of those patients.</p>
      <p>In our study, the presence of AF was associated with a significant increase in the hospital
        length of stay, on average from 14 to 20 days, which is in accordance with other articles
        published. In GWTG-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, the hospital length of stay
        was significantly longer in patients with AF (mean of 5 days in the presence of AF
          <italic>versus</italic> 4 days with sinus rhythm). In the study by Rivero-Ayerza et al
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, patients with AF of recent onset had a longer
        length of stay at the intensive care unit (2.6 &#177; 5.3 days) as compared with those with
        previous AF (1.2 &#177; 3.5 days) and those without AF (1.5 &#177; 4.1 days). Similarly to
        hospitalization due to DHF, in the present study, hospitalizations due to AF were much
        longer. No Brazilian study has assessed the difference in the hospital length of stay due to
        DHF between the groups with and without AF.</p>
      <p>In the present study, in-hospital mortality was 9.26%, greater than that reported in the
        international literature, such as the ADHERE Registry (4%), once again suggesting the more
        severe profile of the patients in this study, as shown by Gripp et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>The comparison with Brazilian studies shows similar results. Barreto et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> have reported an 8.8% in-hospital mortality of
        patients admitted due to DHF at the Cotox&#243; hospital, while the EPICA study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> has reported a 9% in-hospital mortality, both very
        similar to that of the present study.</p>
      <p>Those results show that the presence of AF was associated with a 35% higher mortality (from
        8.1% to 11%), but without reaching statistical significance, probably because the sample
        lacks statistical power (type II error). International registries with much larger samples
        have shown similar results: the EHFS, assessing new-onset AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, has reported mortality due to DHF of 7% without AF and of 8% with AF, and
        significant difference only for new-onset AF (12%); the GWTG-HF has reported mortality of 4%
        in the presence of AF and of 2.6% without AF.</p>
      <p>The major limitations of this study result from its retrospective characteristic, depending
        on information extracted from medical records. Current criteria for the HFPEF diagnosis
        could not be used, because they were not available in the medical records consulted.
        Finally, echocardiography was not performed at all hospitalizations, the use of previous
        tests being required to assess the type of HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation is very common in DHF, the most prevalent type being permanent AF.
        Atrial fibrillation is associated with more advanced age, non- ischemic etiology, right
        ventricular dysfunction, lower SBP, higher EF and enlarged left atrium. Although the
        thromboembolic risk profile is high, anticoagulation is underutilized and tends to be less
        frequent in the highest risk scores. The presence of AF is associated with longer hospital
        length of stay and high in-hospital mortality.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Mendes FSNS, Ati&#233; J, Garcia MI, Sousa AS, Feij&#243;
          LA, Xavier SS; Acquisition of data: Mendes FSNS, Gripp EA, Xavier SS; Analysis and
          interpretation of the data: Mendes FSNS, Ati&#233; J, Gripp EA, Xavier SS; Statistical
          analysis: Xavier SS; Writing of the manuscript: Mendes FSNS; Critical revision of the
          manuscript for intellectual content: Ati&#233; J, Garcia MI, Sousa AS, Feij&#243; LA, Xavier SS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fernanda de Souza Nogueira
          Sardinha Mendes, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballas</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em grande hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o
            Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada:
          Fatores Associados e Evolu&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
            Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho -
            Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha Mendes,</bold> Rua Professor
          Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 8&#186; andar, Secretaria da Cardiologia, Cidade Universit&#225;ria -
          Ilha do Fund&#227;o. CEP 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
            <email>nandasardinha@gmail.com</email>; <email>fernandasnsm@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos sobre fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada (ICD) s&#227;o
            muito escassos no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia, os tipos e os fatores associados &#224; FA em pacientes
            hospitalizados por ICD; analisar perfil de risco emb&#243;lico e taxa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; e
            avaliar o impacto da FA na mortalidade hospitalar e no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo seccional de casos incidentes, retrospectivo, observacional. Analisaram-se 659
            interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas por ICD entre 01/01/2006 a 31/12/2011. Risco emb&#243;lico foi
            avaliado pelo acr&#244;nimo CHADSVASc. Na an&#225;lise univariada, foram utilizados o
            qui-quadrado, teste <bold><italic>t</italic></bold> de Student ou Mann Whitney. Na
            an&#225;lise multivariada, utilizou-se a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de FA foi de 40%, predominando o tipo permanente (73,5%). No modelo
            multivariado, a FA se associou &#224; idade avan&#231;ada (p &lt; 0,0001), etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica
            (p = 0,02), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (VD) (p = 0,03), menor press&#227;o arterial
            sist&#243;lica (PAS) (p = 0,02), maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) (p &lt; 0,0001) e aumento atrial
            esquerdo (AE) (p &lt; 0,0001). A mediana do CHADSVASc foi quatro e 90% tinham escore &#8805;
            2. A taxa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi de 52,8% na admiss&#227;o e 66,8% na alta, sendo menor em
            escores mais elevados. O grupo com FA apresentou maior mortalidade hospitalar (11,0%
              <italic>versus</italic> 8,1%, p = 0,21) e interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongada (20,5 &#177; 16
              <italic>versus</italic> 16,3 &#177; 12, p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A FA &#233; frequente na ICD, predominando o tipo permanente. Associa-se com idade avan&#231;ada,
            etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD, menor PAS, maior FE e aumento AE. O perfil de
            risco emb&#243;lico &#233; elevado e a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; subutilizada. A FA est&#225; associada a
            interna&#231;&#245;es mais prolongadas e mortalidade mais elevada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de bastante importante. Apresentando-se como
          a arritmia mais frequente em cardiopatas e pneumopatas cr&#244;nicos, afeta 1% da popula&#231;&#227;o e &#233;
          associada a um aumento no risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e ao dobro da
            mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; considerada um grave problema de
          sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial pela elevada preval&#234;ncia, incid&#234;ncia crescente e altos custos. Al&#233;m
          disso, apresenta elevada taxa de interna&#231;&#245;es e &#233; uma das causas principais de
          morbimortalidade nos pa&#237;ses industrializados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A IC
          descompensada (ICD) &#233; a principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com mais de 65 anos no
          SUS e apresenta elevada mortalidade hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.
          Cerca de 50% dos pacientes s&#227;o readmitidos em seis meses por ICD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a concomitante de FA e IC pode ser explicada por ambas compartilharem fatores de
          risco e mecanismos semelhantes, ou uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre as entidades. Considerando que
          a morbidade e a mortalidade atribu&#237;veis a cada uma destas comorbidades s&#227;o significativas,
          a presen&#231;a concomitante de FA e IC identifica os indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de
          mortalidade. A maioria dos estudos existentes sobre FA e IC foi realizada em coortes
          ambulatoriais, sendo raros os estudos em pacientes com ICD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, dados que envolvam a FA na IC s&#227;o ainda mais escassos e nenhum estudo nacional
          observou, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o representativa, a preval&#234;ncia, fatores associados, perfil de
          risco emb&#243;lico e influ&#234;ncia da FA na mortalidade hospitalar e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em
          pacientes com ICD.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado com os seguintes objetivos: determinar a preval&#234;ncia da
          FA e dos seus tipos nos pacientes internados por ICD em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio (HU);
          definir os fatores de risco independentes associados &#224; FA; analisar o perfil de risco
          emb&#243;lico e a taxa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes; e avaliar o impacto da FA na
          mortalidade hospitalar e no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo seccional de casos incidentes, retrospectivo, observacional, em que foram
          inclu&#237;das 659 interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas por ICD, ocorridas entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2006 a 31
          de dezembro de 2011 no HU. Os pacientes foram identificados com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um
          instrumento de busca do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico do hospital, sendo analisados tanto os
          prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos quanto na forma impressa para identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de
          interesse.</p>
        <p>A partir do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, foram analisadas todas as interna&#231;&#245;es &#237;ndice dos casos
          de ICD e avaliado se havia relato m&#233;dico de qualquer arritmia supraventricular. Os
          prontu&#225;rios selecionados foram aqueles em que constavam os termos: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial;
          flutter atrial; taquicardia supraventricular; taquicardia atrial; ritmo atrial. A partir
          desta an&#225;lise, foram selecionados todos os prontu&#225;rios na forma impressa onde constavam
          estes termos e analisada a presen&#231;a de FA no eletrocardiograma (ECG). Quando a FA estava
          presente, todos os ECGs contidos no prontu&#225;rio desde o in&#237;cio do acompanhamento do
          paciente no HU foram escaneados ou fotografados e analisados de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es.
          Outras taquicardias supraventriculares n&#227;o foram consideradas. Eventuais d&#250;vidas se
          confirmaram com avaliador experiente.</p>
        <p>Para defini&#231;&#227;o de IC, foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios publicados pela Sociedade Europeia de
          Cardiologia em 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>: presen&#231;a de sintomas de IC em
          repouso ou esfor&#231;o mais evid&#234;ncia objetiva de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em repouso, e, em caso de
          d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica, crit&#233;rio adicional de resposta ao tratamento espec&#237;fico para IC. Na
          avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram considerados os dados do ecocardiograma da interna&#231;&#227;o
          &#237;ndice, realizado em 64% dos casos, ou de ecocardiogramas pr&#233;vios, nos casos restantes. A
          IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) normal foi diagnosticada a partir de tais crit&#233;rios quando a
          FE estivesse acima de 40%.</p>
        <p>Para diagn&#243;stico de ICD o crit&#233;rio foi o surgimento de novos sintomas ou a piora recente
          da classe funcional, com necessidade urgente de interna&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o. Para o
          diagn&#243;stico de FA, foi utilizada a defini&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>: ritmo absolutamente irregular com intervalos RR que
          n&#227;o apresentam nenhum padr&#227;o repetido; aus&#234;ncia de ondas P sinusais, podendo ser
          visualizada atividade el&#233;trica atrial em algumas deriva&#231;&#245;es, principalmente em V1, e,
          neste caso, o comprimento do ciclo atrial deve ser vari&#225;vel e menor que 200ms.</p>
        <p>Na classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA tamb&#233;m foi considerada a mesma refer&#234;ncia. Os casos foram
          classificados como:</p>
        <p>- parox&#237;sticos, quando os epis&#243;dios de FA ocorreram com t&#233;rmino espont&#226;neo, sem a&#231;&#227;o de
          f&#225;rmacos ou necessidade de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, geralmente durando menos de sete dias e,
          frequentemente, menos de 24 horas, podendo ou n&#227;o apresentar recorr&#234;ncias;</p>
        <p>- persistente, quando os epis&#243;dios n&#227;o se interromperam espontaneamente, sendo necess&#225;ria
          cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e/ou farmacol&#243;gica para revers&#227;o do ritmo;</p>
        <p>- permanente, quando a FA estava presente em todos os momentos e as tentativas de
          revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal falharam ou quando se fez a op&#231;&#227;o por n&#227;o tentar a revers&#227;o da
          arritmia, por quaisquer meios.</p>
        <p>A estimativa do risco emb&#243;lico dos pacientes com FA foi realizada atrav&#233;s do escore cujo
          acr&#244;nimo &#233; CHADSVASc, que confere um ponto para presen&#231;a de IC ou FE &lt; 40%; hipertens&#227;o
          arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS); idade entre 65 e 74 anos, diabetes melito (DM), doen&#231;a vascular
          e sexo feminino; e dois pontos para idade maior ou igual a 75 anos e AVE isqu&#234;mico, ataque
          isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou tromboembolismo.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos analisados foram: mortalidade hospitalar (por todas as causas) e tempo de
          interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os dados foram armazenados em banco de dados espec&#237;fico,
          elaborado no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 15.0. Na an&#225;lise descritiva, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas
          foram descritas pela sua frequ&#234;ncia e percentual e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por sua m&#233;dia e
          desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil de acordo com o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o.
          Na an&#225;lise univariada, para compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste
          do qui-quadrado e, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o
          Mann Whitney U, conforme indicado. Na an&#225;lise multivariada foi utilizado o modelo de
          regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade intra e interobservador no diagn&#243;stico de FA, foram
          selecionados aleatoriamente 100 tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e revistos pela autora do
          estudo e por especialista em arritmia, de forma cega, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste Kappa para
          verifica&#231;&#227;o de concord&#226;ncia. Este &#237;ndice foi bastante elevado: intraobservador de 0,96 e
          interobservador de 0,84.</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o de 5%.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP), com o n&#250;mero
          065/09. Por se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo sem interven&#231;&#227;o, foi isento de termo de
          consentimento por este comit&#234;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos casos de ICD inclu&#237;dos no estudo est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>, incluindo informa&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do tipo de
          IC. O equivalente a 64,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada realizou ecocardiograma durante a
          interna&#231;&#227;o (426 casos). Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>. Foram analisados 4.013 eletrocardiogramas
          quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de FA e esta arritmia esteve presente, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o,
          em 40,1% (n = 264) da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. FA permanente foi o tipo mais frequente (n =
          194; 73,4%), com FA parox&#237;stica e persistente em igual propor&#231;&#227;o (n = 35 e 13,3%
          cada).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais das interna&#231;&#245;es por
              ICD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></th>
                <th>Resultado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>64 (54-75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>120 (100-130)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>80 (70-96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (mg/dl)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>12,6 (11,2 - 14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Ureia (admiss&#227;o)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>53,0 (36,5 - 82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinina (admiss&#227;o)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>1,2 (0,9 - 1,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/l)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>137 (134 - 140)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>54,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ICFEN<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>16,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>41,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por ICD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>57,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>30,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HAS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>69,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IRC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>22,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AVE pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>8,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DPOC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DVP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tabagismo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>22,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Marca-passo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>10,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Ressincronizador<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>3,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CDI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">BRE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>35,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ICD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC:
                frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEN: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal; DM:
                diabetes melito; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal
                cr&#244;nica; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva
                cr&#244;nica; DVP: doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; CDI:
                cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>n de 659 interna&#231;&#245;es</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t06">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>mediana (IQ)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t06">
              <label>(&#8225;)</label>
              <p>percentual.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas realizadas na interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></th>
                <th>Resultado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FE (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>33 (26 - 45,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VEd (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>61 (53 - 70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VEs (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>51 (41 - 59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AE (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>47 (42 - 52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>46 (38 - 55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>69 (17,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>20 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>61 (15,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>253 (62,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>185 (50,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IM moderada ou grave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>240 (60,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VEd: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diast&#243;lico; VEs: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
                sist&#243;lico; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar; IM:
                insufici&#234;ncia mitral</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n de 426 interna&#231;&#245;es</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t07">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Mediana (IQ)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t07">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>n (%)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e comorbidades nos
          grupos com e sem FA est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>.
          FA foi associada &#224; idade mais elevada, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) reduzida, maior
          preval&#234;ncia de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e valvar, interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, menor preval&#234;ncia de
          DM, AVE pr&#233;vio, tabagismo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN),
          menos implante de ressincronizador e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre
          as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos grupos com e sem FA est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>. FA foi associada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais
          preservada, menor dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, maior &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e maior
          preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e de insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM)
          moderada a grave.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e comorbidades nos grupos com e
              sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>FA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref></th>
                <th>Sem FA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">&#8224;</xref></th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t08">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>66,8 (13,5)</td>
                <td>62,2 (14,2)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>110 (100-130)</td>
                <td>120 (106-140)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>84 (70-98)</td>
                <td>80 (70-96)</td>
                <td>0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>12,6 (11,5-14)</td>
                <td>12,5 (11-14)</td>
                <td>0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Ureia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>56 (39-85)</td>
                <td>50,5 (35-80)</td>
                <td>0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>1,2 (0,9-1,6)</td>
                <td>1,2 (0,9-1,7)</td>
                <td>0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>136 (133-139)</td>
                <td>137 (134-140)</td>
                <td>0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>56,4</td>
                <td>53,4</td>
                <td>0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>30,6</td>
                <td>47,8</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Etiologia valvar <sup>*4</sup></td>
                <td>16,2</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;via por IC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>64,5</td>
                <td>52,6</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>22,1</td>
                <td>36,8</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HAS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>66,6</td>
                <td>71,8</td>
                <td>0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IRC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>19,8</td>
                <td>23,8</td>
                <td>0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AVE pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>11,8</td>
                <td>5,7</td>
                <td>0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tabagismo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>17,2</td>
                <td>26,8</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DPOC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>9,5</td>
                <td>9,1</td>
                <td>0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DVP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>8,8</td>
                <td>6,7</td>
                <td>0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ICFEN<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>16,8</td>
                <td>9,5</td>
                <td>0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Marca-passo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>17,6</td>
                <td>0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CDI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>6,7</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Ressincronizador<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>5,5</td>
                <td>0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">BRE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">//</xref></td>
                <td>28,4</td>
                <td>39,9</td>
                <td>0,032</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;
                IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DM: diabetes melito; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                sist&#234;mica; IRC:insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DPOC:
                doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DVP: doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; ICFEN:
                insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo;
                CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n de 264 interna&#231;&#245;es</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t08">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>n de 395 interna&#231;&#245;es</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t08">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (DP)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t08">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>mediana (IQ)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn05t08">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>percentual</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos grupos com e sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>FA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref></th>
                <th>Sem FA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t09">&#8224;</xref></th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FE em %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t09">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>42,4 (19,5)</td>
                <td>35,1 (15,4)</td>
                <td>0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VEd (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t09">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>59,3 (12,3)</td>
                <td>62,5 (11,3)</td>
                <td>0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VEs (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t09">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>46,9 (14,8)</td>
                <td>51,6 (13,1)</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AE (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t09">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>50,9 (9,9)</td>
                <td>45,0 (9,2)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t09">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>47,9 (14,8)</td>
                <td>47,9 (15,0)</td>
                <td>0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t09">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>27,3</td>
                <td>10,8</td>
                <td rowspan="2"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t09">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>4,5</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t09">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>9,7</td>
                <td>18,5</td>
                <td rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t09">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>58,4</td>
                <td>65,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t09">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>57,7</td>
                <td>47,3</td>
                <td>0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IM moderada ou grave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t09">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td>66,9</td>
                <td>55,9</td>
                <td>0,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VEd: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diast&#243;lico;
                VEs: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sist&#243;lico; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de
                art&#233;ria pulmonar; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n de 154 interna&#231;&#245;es</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t09">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>n de 249 interna&#231;&#245;es</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t09">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (DP)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t09">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>percentual.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &lt; 0,10 na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com e sem FA
          foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. As vari&#225;veis que mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o
          independente com FA ap&#243;s regress&#227;o log&#237;stica s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>. O perfil de risco emb&#243;lico, estimado atrav&#233;s do escore
          CHADSVASc &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>. A mediana do
          escore nesta popula&#231;&#227;o foi de quatro pontos e 90% tinham escore &#8805; 2 pontos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica: vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>B</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC (95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td>0,05</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td>1,053</td>
                <td>1,03-1,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td>-0,77</td>
                <td>0,023</td>
                <td>0,46</td>
                <td>0,24-0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td>0,76</td>
                <td>0,03</td>
                <td>2,13</td>
                <td>1,09-4,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td>-0,02</td>
                <td>0,02</td>
                <td>0,98</td>
                <td>0,97-1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FE</td>
                <td>0,05</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td>1,05</td>
                <td>1,03-1,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AE</td>
                <td>0,10</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td>1,11</td>
                <td>1,06-1,16</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>B: constante de regress&#227;o; OR: Odds Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PAS: press&#227;o
                arterial sist&#243;lica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentual de distribui&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de
              acordo com a pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore de CHADSVASc</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0315-40123-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de varfarina s&#243;dica na admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi de 52,8%, aumentando
          para 66,8% na alta. A taxa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na admiss&#227;o e na alta hospitalar para cada
          pontua&#231;&#227;o de CHADSVASc &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentual de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a CHADSVASc na admiss&#227;o e na alta
              hospitalar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0315-40123-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, o tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com ICD foi de 18,0 &#177;
          14 dias. Os pacientes com FA tiveram tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongado (m&#233;dia de 20,5 &#177;
          16 dias) que os pacientes sem FA (m&#233;dia de 16,3 &#177; 12 dias) com p = 0,001. A mortalidade
          intra-hospitalar dos pacientes internados com ICD na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 9,3%, sendo
          de 11,0% no grupo com FA e 8,1% no grupo sem (p = 0,21). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
          estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade segundo o tipo de FA: parox&#237;stica de 8,6%;
          persistente de 17,1% e permanente de 10,3% (p = 0,44).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo brasileiro a analisar diversos aspectos relacionados &#224; FA em
          pacientes internados por ICD nas bases consultadas. Os resultados confirmam uma elevada
          preval&#234;ncia de FA na ICD no Brasil, principalmente do tipo permanente, com elevado perfil
          de risco emb&#243;lico e baixa taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes. A FA foi associada a
          diversos fatores e implicou em maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e maior mortalidade,
          embora sem alcan&#231;ar significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
        <p>No presente estudos, em que cada interna&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada um caso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Desta forma, um mesmo paciente pode contribuir com mais de uma
          interna&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas gerais da casu&#237;stica mostra, no entanto,
          diferen&#231;as importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos registros internacionais, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o
          &#224; idade, cerca de 10 anos inferior, na m&#233;dia, ao descrito nos registros: EHFS, 71,3
            anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; ADHERE, 72,5 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e OPTIMIZE-HF com 78 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
          Outra diferen&#231;a importante se refere &#224; preval&#234;ncia muito menor de ICFEN na popula&#231;&#227;o de
          nosso estudo (16%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com cerca de 50% nos registros internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. &#201; prov&#225;vel que, al&#233;m da idade inferior, o
          subdiagn&#243;stico de ICFEN no Brasil seja a principal causa dessa diferen&#231;a. Tais dados j&#225;
          foram descritos em estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,
          est&#227;o de acordo com o perfil da rede p&#250;blica descrito no estudo EPICA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e demonstram a import&#226;ncia de estudos nacionais para conhecimento
          adequado da realidade brasileira.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de FA foi de 40% durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com
          a literatura: 41% no EHFS II e 33% no ADHERE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O
          estudo de Latado e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, que avaliou pacientes
          internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) com ICD, teve uma preval&#234;ncia de FA de
          22%, semelhante ao estudo de Villacorta e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
          com 22,3%.</p>
        <p>FA permanente foi o tipo mais frequente (73,5%), seguido por parox&#237;stica e persistente em
          igual propor&#231;&#227;o. Poucos estudos analisaram o tipo de FA em casos de ICD. Alguns trabalhos
          abordam somente se a interna&#231;&#227;o conta com novo epis&#243;dio de FA ou FA permanente. Um estudo
          polon&#234;s com 99 pacientes publicado em 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
          descreve resultados semelhantes aos do presente estudo, com FA permanente em 62% e
          parox&#237;stica ou persistente (n&#227;o diferencia) em 38%.</p>
        <p>Assim como nesta casu&#237;stica, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o da FA com idades mais
            avan&#231;adas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A explica&#231;&#227;o pode se dar pelas condi&#231;&#245;es que predisp&#245;em a FA a ser
          comum em idosos.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, a associa&#231;&#227;o de FA com FE mais elevada e ICFEN encontrada no presente
          estudo tem sido descrito na literatura internacional. No GWTG-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, o ecocardiograma realizado durante interna&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m mostrou maior
          frequ&#234;ncia de ICFEN e FE mais elevada no grupo com FA. Outro estudo canadense, publicado
          em 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, que avaliou 2.802 pacientes com primeiro
          epis&#243;dio de ICD, mostrou que o grupo ICFEN apresentou propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior
          de FA. Tais dados est&#227;o em conformidade com dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, como o CHARM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>O aumento do AE se apresentou como uma vari&#225;vel fortemente associada &#224; FA. Este dado j&#225;
          era esperado, pois o aumento do AE est&#225; relacionado com o remodelamento card&#237;aco atrial e
          com a fisiopatologia da FA em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.
          Em diversos estudos h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o da PAS mais baixa com a FA. Nossa casu&#237;stica
          apresentou mediana de PAS de 110 mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 120 mmHg em pacientes sem
          FA. No GWTHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, o resultado foi semelhante, por&#233;m
          com n&#237;veis absolutos mais elevados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do presente estudo (143 mmHg em ritmo
          sinusal x 135 mmHg em FA). No <italic>Cardiovascular Research Network </italic> ,
          publicado em 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, as diferen&#231;as de PAS, quando
          analisados em tr&#234;s grupos, s&#227;o menores: 132 mmHg em sinusais; 129 mmHg em FA pr&#233;via; e 132
          mmHg em FA de in&#237;cio recente. A PAS reduzida &#233; um importante preditor progn&#243;stico na ICD,
          conforme descrito pelo registro ADHERE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e sua
          associa&#231;&#227;o com FA refor&#231;a a potencial gravidade de tais pacientes.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore CHADSVASc nos pacientes com FA demonstrou um
          elevado perfil de risco emb&#243;lico: a mediana foi de quatro pontos e 90% dos casos tinha
          escore &#8805; 2. Apesar disso, a taxa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o antes da alta hospitalar foi de apenas
          66%. A subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes em pacientes com FA e ICD tamb&#233;m tem sido descrito
          na literatura internacional. O ADHERE <italic>Registry Linked to Medicare
            Claims</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> mostrou que 79% das interna&#231;&#245;es
          eleg&#237;veis para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foram dispensadas sem anticoagulantes, mesmo com alto risco
          para AVE. O n&#227;o recebimento de varfarina s&#243;dica foi associado independentemente com maior
          risco de morte um ano ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou um dado adicional interessante e paradoxal: o uso de
          anticoagulantes diminuiu com escore de risco emb&#243;lico mais elevado. Provavelmente, isto
          reflete o receio de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com a terap&#234;utica anticoagulante, j&#225; que
          escores de risco emb&#243;lico elevados (como o CHADSVASc) s&#227;o associados a escores de risco de
          sangramento (como o HASBLED) tamb&#233;m maiores. Os dados aqui presentes n&#227;o permitem avaliar
          o perfil de risco de sangramento dos casos de FA (com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do escore HASBLED) e
          nem mesmo o percentual de pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas aos anticoagulantes,
          para que estes resultados pudessem ser mais bem interpretados. Apesar disso, os n&#250;meros
          sugerem fortemente que h&#225; uma subutiliza&#231;&#227;o significativa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesses
          pacientes, principalmente naqueles com maior risco emb&#243;lico, o que pode ter importante
          impacto na morbimortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, como apontado pelo estudo ADHERE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Talvez a maior disponibilidade futura dos novos anticoagulantes, aliada ao maior
          conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia com estes novos f&#225;rmacos, ajude a aumentar a taxa de
          anticoagula&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes, j&#225; que parte desta subutiliza&#231;&#227;o talvez se explique com
          as dificuldades e limita&#231;&#245;es da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o tradicional com cumar&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no presente estudo foi muito elevado (18,0 dias),
          bem acima do descrito pelo DATA-SUS: em torno de 6 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Em S&#227;o Paulo, um estudo avaliou as interna&#231;&#245;es de 1992 a 2010, apresentando
          um tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC de 10 dias (&#177; 1,0)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. O projeto EPICA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, que avaliou o
          tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de pacientes com ICD em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas e privadas,
          foi o que mais chegou pr&#243;ximo aos n&#250;meros deste trabalho. Na rede privada o tempo m&#233;dio
          foi de 8,0 dias, enquanto que, na p&#250;blica, esse n&#250;mero aumentava para 12,6 dias. Nos
          estudos internacionais, a perman&#234;ncia tende a ser menor. A popula&#231;&#227;o do Medicare<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> que avaliou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC teve um tempo
          m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o de 5,5 &#177; 5,4 dias. O registro ADHERE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> apresentou tempo de perman&#234;ncia de 4,3 dias.</p>
        <p>O maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de nossa casu&#237;stica sugere maior gravidade, necessitando de
          um tempo mais prolongado para compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A dificuldade de acesso a leitos
          hospitalares de um hospital terci&#225;rio tende a selecionar pacientes mais graves. As
          caracter&#237;sticas de funcionamento de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio tamb&#233;m podem contribuir para
          a perman&#234;ncia mais elevada de tais pacientes.</p>
        <p>De qualquer forma, a presen&#231;a de FA foi associada a um incremento significativo do tempo
          de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no nosso estudo, aumentado em m&#233;dia de 14 para 20 dias. Este
          resultado est&#225; de acordo com artigos da literatura. No GWTG-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi significativamente maior nos
          pacientes portadores de FA (m&#233;dia de 5 dias em FA x 4 dias em sinusal). No estudo de
          Rivero-Ayerza e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, a FA de in&#237;cio recente
          teve uma interna&#231;&#227;o mais longa em UTI (2,6 &#177; 5,3 dias), quando comparada com a FA pr&#233;via
          (1,2 &#177; 3,5 dias) e paciente sem FA (1,5 &#177; 4,1 dias). Assim como ocorreu com a interna&#231;&#227;o
          de ICD, as interna&#231;&#245;es de FA neste trabalho tiveram um per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o bem acima dos
          demais. Nenhum estudo brasileiro abordou a diferen&#231;a no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na ICD entre
          grupos com e sem FA.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade hospitalar do presente estudo foi de foi de 9,26%, acima do descrito na
          literatura internacional, como no estudo ADHERE (4% de mortalidade), o que mais uma vez
          sugere um perfil de maior gravidade dos pacientes desta casu&#237;stica, conforme demonstrado
          por Gripp e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos nacionais mostra resultados semelhantes. Barreto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> descreveram mortalidade hospitalar de 8,8% em
          pacientes internados com ICD no hospital de Cotox&#243; e, no estudo EPICA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 9%, ambas bastante parecidas com a
          do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Estes resultados mostraram que a presen&#231;a de FA foi associada a uma mortalidade 35% maior
          (de 8,1% para 11%), mas sem alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, provavelmente por falta de
          poder estat&#237;stico da amostra (erro tipo II). Registros internacionais com amostras muito
          maiores t&#234;m demonstrado resultados semelhantes: o EHFS que avalia FA de in&#237;cio
            recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> apresenta mortalidade por ICD sem FA em
          7% e com FA em 8%, s&#243; mostrando diferen&#231;a significativa com a FA de in&#237;cio recente (12%);
          o GWTG-HF apresenta mortalidade no grupo de FA em 4% e no grupo sem FA em 2,6%.</p>
        <p>As maiores limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo s&#227;o as inerentes a um estudo retrospectivo, em que as
          informa&#231;&#245;es dependem do relato de prontu&#225;rio. Crit&#233;rios atuais para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN
          n&#227;o puderam ser utilizados, por n&#227;o estarem dispon&#237;veis nos prontu&#225;rios. Por fim,
          ecocardiograma n&#227;o foi realizado em todas as interna&#231;&#245;es, sendo necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
          exames pr&#233;vios para avalia&#231;&#227;o do tipo de IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A FA &#233; bastante frequente na ICD e o tipo mais prevalente &#233; o permanente. A FA est&#225;
          associada com idade mais avan&#231;ada, etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD, PAS mais
          baixa, FE mais elevada e AE aumentado. O perfil de risco emb&#243;lico &#233; elevado, por&#233;m a
          anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; subutilizada e tende a ser menos frequente nos escores de risco mais
          elevados. A presen&#231;a de FA est&#225; associada com interna&#231;&#245;es mais prolongadas e mortalidade
          hospitalar mais elevada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mendes FSNS, Ati&#233; J, Garcia MI, Sousa AS, Feij&#243; LA,
            Xavier SS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mendes FSNS, Gripp EA, Xavier SS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
            dos dados: Mendes FSNS, Ati&#233; J, Gripp EA, Xavier SS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Xavier SS;
            Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mendes FSNS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
            intelectual importante: Ati&#233; J, Garcia MI, Sousa AS, Feij&#243; LA, Xavier SS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha
            Mendes pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
