<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RRZhbndVkjpsg7z3wWF3nYG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140109</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ivabradine Improves Heart Rate Variability in Patients with
               Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ertugrul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balta</surname>
            <given-names>Sevket</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakus</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yasar</surname>
            <given-names>Erdogan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cuglan</surname>
            <given-names>Bilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gozubuyuk</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Malatya State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Malatya State Hospital,
               Malatya, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir Military Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir Military
               Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ertugrul Kurtoglu,</bold> Malatya State Hospital, Ertugrul
               Kurtoglu - Ankara Cad. Ozalper Mah., Malatya - Turkey. Email:
                  <email>erkurtoglu@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>308</fpage>
      <lpage>314</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ivabradine is a novel specific heart rate (HR)-lowering agent that improves
                  event-free survival in patients with heart failure (HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We aimed to evaluate the effect of ivabradine on time domain indices of heart rate
                  variability (HRV) in patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty-eight patients with compensated HF of nonischemic origin were included.
                  Ivabradine treatment was initiated according to the latest HF guidelines. For HRV
                  analysis, 24-h Holter recording was obtained from each patient before and after 8
                  weeks of treatment with ivabradine.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean RR interval, standard deviation of all normal to normal RR intervals
                  (SDNN), the standard deviation of 5-min mean RR intervals (SDANN), the mean of the
                  standard deviation of all normal-to-normal RR intervals for all 5-min segments
                  (SDNN index), the percentage of successive normal RR intervals exceeding 50 ms
                  (pNN50), and the square root of the mean of the squares of the differences between
                  successive normal to normal RR intervals (RMSSD) were low at baseline before
                  treatment with ivabradine. After 8 weeks of treatment with ivabradine, the mean HR
                  (83.6 &#177; 8.0 and 64.6 &#177; 5.8, p &lt; 0.0001), mean RR interval (713 &#177; 74 and 943 &#177;
                  101 ms, p &lt; 0.0001), SDNN (56.2 &#177; 15.7 and 87.9 &#177; 19.4 ms, p &lt; 0.0001),
                  SDANN (49.5 &#177; 14.7 and 76.4 &#177; 19.5 ms, p &lt; 0.0001), SDNN index (24.7 &#177; 8.8 and
                  38.3 &#177; 13.1 ms, p &lt; 0.0001), pNN50 (2.4 &#177; 1.6 and 3.2 &#177; 2.2 %, p &lt; 0.0001),
                  and RMSSD (13.5 &#177; 4.6 and 17.8 &#177; 5.4 ms, p &lt; 0.0001) substantially improved,
                  which sustained during both when awake and while asleep.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our findings suggest that treatment with ivabradine improves HRV in nonischemic
                  patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="introduction">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major public health problem and a substantial clinical,
            social, and economic burden, requiring repeated hospitalization and causing a
            substantial reduction in the quality of life of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Despite the advances in medicine, prognosis remains poor for patients with
            CHF, with a 7-year mortality rate of 75%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. For
            CHF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, the latest heart failure guidelines
            have extended the treatment possibilities by incorporating ivabradine, a novel specific
            heart rate-lowering agent that acts specifically on the sino-atrial node by selectively
            inhibiting the inward "funny" current (If) of cardiac pacemakers cells, thus preserving
            cardiac contractility, impulse conduction, and blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In a clinical trial,
            it was found that lowering the heart rate of CHF patients with the help of ivabradine
            administration reduces morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive, practical, and reproducible measure of
            autonomic nervous system function. A heart rate that is variable and responsive to
            demands is believed to bestow a survival advantage, whereas diminished HRV may be
            associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Available evidence
            suggests that reduced HRV has prognostic significance for mortality in CHF
               population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Previous studies have found a 20% reduction in mortality risk
            with each 10-ms increase in the standard deviation of all normal-to-normal RR intervals
               (SDNN)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Because autonomic imbalance
            resulting from sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal is a
            characteristic feature of CHF, we hypothesized that ivabradine may improve the vagal
            reflexes to the heart and reduce the sympathetic overactivity in patients with
            nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.
            Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ivabradine on heart
            rate variability (HRV) in patients with nonischemic DCM. This patient population was
            chosen in an attempt to study HRV free of a possible confounding effect of ivabradine on
            coronary ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Patients with CHF of nonischemic origin were included in the present study. The age
               of the eligible patients ranged from 18 to 90 years. The patients had 1) a diagnosis
               of CHF that lasted for at least 3 months before entering the study 2) clinically
               stability in the 4 weeks before entering the study, which was defined by the absence
               of clinically significant changes in the physical signs of heart failure, absence of
               clinically significant changes in self-reported symptoms, and no changes in
               prescribed medicines during the study period, 3) a left ventricular ejection fraction
               of 0.35 or less as documented by echocardiography performed within the previous 3
               months, 4) a sinus rhythm with a resting heart rate of &#8805; 70 beats/ min (bpm) as
               assessed from 12-lead electrocardiogram on 2 consecutive visits, 5) absence of
               coronary artery disease as evaluated by coronary angiography performed within 1 year,
               6) optimized and unchanged chronic heart failure medications and dosages in
               accordance with contemporary guideline recommendations (&#946;-blockers,
               angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEI] and/or angiotensin II receptor
               blockers [ARB], diuretics as necessary) for &#8805; 8 weeks before entering the study, and
               7) the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II to III. The cause of the
               heart failure was idiopathic in all patients. This patient population was
               specifically chosen because ivabradine shows antianginal and anti-ischemic effects in
               patients with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, which could have a confounding effect
               on HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The diagnosis of left ventricular
               (LV) systolic dysfunction was established according to the recommendations of the
               American Society of Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria included acute decompensated heart failure, ischemic heart
               disease, congenital heart disease, class 3 or higher chronic obstructive pulmonary
               disease (COPD), heart rate &lt;60 beats/min, sick sinus syndrome, second-degree and
               third-degree atrioventricular block, active myocarditis, atrial fibrillation or
               flutter, severe or uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt;180 mmHg or
               diastolic blood pressure &gt;110 mmHg), diabetes mellitus, autonomic neuropathy,
               known severe liver disease or renal disease, and thyroid disorders.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria underwent 24-h Holter monitoring for
               HRV analysis before ivabradine treatment was initiated. Ivabradine was administered
               along with background cardiovascular therapy, which was optimized in accordance with
               the contemporary guideline recommendations. After the 24-h Holter monitoring,
               ivabradine treatment was started according to the current heart failure guidelines.
               Titration of ivabradine was performed as reported elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The starting dose of ivabradine was 5 mg twice daily. After a
               2-week titration period, the dose was increased to 7.5 mg twice daily unless the
               resting heart rate was &#8804;60 bpm. If the resting heart rate was &lt; 50 bpm or the
               patient experienced signs or symptoms related to bradycardia, the dose was reduced to
               2.5 mg twice daily. If the heart rate was between 50 and 60 bpm, the dose was
               maintained at 5 mg twice daily. Follow-up visits took place once every 2 weeks. At
               each follow-up visit, clinician either maintained or increased the drug dose. The
               24-h Holter monitoring was repeated during the 8<sup>th</sup> week of ivabradine
               treatment. The study was approved by the local ethics committees and adhered to the
               Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects before the
               start of the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Holter analysis</title>
        <p>All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria underwent a 24-h
               electrocardiographic monitoring before ivabradine treatment and at 8 weeks while on
               treatment with ivabradine. A six-channel digital Holter recorder (DMS 300-3A Digital
               Holter Recorder, California, USA) with built-in flash memory that was scanned by a
               computer was used for monitoring all patients. The patients were asked to continue
               their normal activities and their normal sleep-wake rhythm during the ambulatory
               electrocardiographic monitoring and were provided with a diary in which they were
               asked to record the sleep timings. The tapes were analyzed by a cardiologist. The HRV
               measurements were obtained using a commercially available Holter software program
               (CardioScan 12.0, DMS, USA). After the computerized primary analysis, all recordings
               were edited manually for eliminating from supraventricular, ventricular ectopy and
               artifacts. Recordings lasting for at least 22 h and having sufficient quality for
               evaluation were included in the analysis. When these criteria were not met, the
               recordings were repeated. The time domain parameters were assessed from the Holter
               recordings following the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology and
               the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The following time domain indices of HRV were measured: (1) The mean of
               all normal RR intervals in ms (RR, ms); (2) the standard deviation of all normal to
               normal RR intervals (SDNN, ms); (3) the mean of the standard deviation of all normal
               to normal RR intervals for all 5-min segments (SDNN index, msec); (4) the standard
               deviation of 5-min mean RR intervals (SDANN, ms), (5) the percentage of successive
               normal RR intervals exceeding 50 ms (pNN50, %), and (6) the square root of the mean
               of the squares of the differences between successive normal-to-normal RR intervals
               (RMSSD, ms).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software, version 17.0 (SPSS for
               Windows 12.0, Chicago, Ill). All data were tested for normal distribution using the
               Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard
               deviation, and categorical variables as frequency and percentage. Changes in the time
               indices of HRV were tested by paired samples t-test for normally distributed data and
               two related samples test (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test) for non-normally distributed
               data. All p values were two-tailed and values less than 0.05 were considered to
               indicate statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Initially, a total 60 patients were included in the study. Twelve patients were excluded
            prematurely from the study because of visual side effects of ivabradine (2 patients),
            excessive bradycardia (4 patients), and lost during follow-up (6 patients). Fourth-eight
            patients completed the study and were included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics
            of the study population and their HRV parameters are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The average age was 70.9&#177;10.6 years. There were 27 men and
            21 women and all study participants were white. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction
            was 23.0&#177;5.4 %. The mean dosage of ivabradine was 5.8&#177;1.6 mg twice daily at 8 weeks.
            Acceptable Holter recordings were collected for 100% of the population both at baseline
            and at 8 weeks. A total of 5 Holter recordings at baseline and 4 Holter recordings after
            ivabradine treatment were made for enhanced quality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Demographic parameters</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">70.9 &#177; 10.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>Women, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Duration of HF, years</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Cigarette smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Cardiac parameters</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">110.5 &#177; 9.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">72.2 &#177; 7.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Left ventricular ejection fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">23.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">eGFR, mL/min</td>
              <td align="center">75.3 &#177; 10.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">NYHA class II, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">NYHA class III, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (58)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Background medications, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#223;-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">46 (96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Target dose of &#223;-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">ACE inhibitor and/or ARB</td>
              <td align="center">45 (94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Diuretics (excluding antialdosterone)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (91)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Antialdosterone diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">26 (54)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">9 (19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Cardiac glycosides</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Devices</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>ICD</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> </td>
              <td>CRT</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI:
                     body mass index; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; DBP: diastolic blood
                     pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure; ICD:
                     implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP:
                     systolic blood pressure</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In our cohort of idiopathic dilated heart failure patients with low ejection fractions,
            the mean RR interval, SDNN, SDANN, SDNN index, pNN50, and RMSSD were markedly low at
            baseline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). After 8 weeks of treatment
            with ivabradine, the mean RR interval, SDNN, SDANN, and SDNN index increased
            significantly (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Parameters of
            parasympathetic activity, pNN50 and RMSSD, also increased after ivabradine
            administration (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). This significant
            increase in time domain indices of HRV observed after ivabradine administration was
            persisted both when the patient was awake and while asleep (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Changes in time domain HRV indices of the study population before and after
                  ivabradine treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th>Before treatment</th>
              <th>After treatment</th>
              <th>Change. %</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">83.6 &#177; 6.0</td>
              <td align="center">64.6 &#177; 5.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">- 33.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RR interval, ms</td>
              <td align="center">713 &#177; 74</td>
              <td align="center">943 &#177; 101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 34.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDNN, ms</td>
              <td align="center">56.2 &#177; 15.7</td>
              <td align="center">87.9 &#177; 19.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 58.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDANN, ms</td>
              <td align="center">49.5 &#177; 14.7</td>
              <td align="center">76.4 &#177; 19.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 56.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDNN index, ms</td>
              <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">38.3 &#177; 13.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 55.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RMSSD, ms</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.8 &#177; 5.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 35.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pNN50, %</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 2.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 43.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.0001 between before and after treatment</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t02">
            <p>bpm: beats per min; HR: mean heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; pNN50:
                     percentage of successive normal RR intervals exceeding 50 ms; RMSSD: the square
                     root of the mean of the squares of the differences between successive
                     normal-to-normal RR intervals; RR: mean RR interval; SDANN: the standard
                     deviation of 5-min mean RR intervals; SDNN: the standard deviation of all
                     normal-to-normal RR intervals; SDNN index: the mean of the standard deviation
                     of all normal to normal RR intervals for all 5-min segments.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Changes in time domain HRV indices of the study population when awake and
                  while asleep before and after ivabradine treatment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variable</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th>Awake</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th>Asleep</th>
              <th> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Before treatment</th>
              <th>After treatment</th>
              <th>Change. %</th>
              <th>Before treatment</th>
              <th>After treatment</th>
              <th>Change. %</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">89.2 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">68.6 &#177; 7.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">- 31.2</td>
              <td align="center">79.7 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.4 &#177; 5.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">- 22.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RR interval, ms</td>
              <td align="center">656 &#177; 86</td>
              <td align="center">848 &#177; 66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 29.9</td>
              <td align="center">748 &#177; 82</td>
              <td align="center">956 &#177; 105<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 28.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDNN, ms</td>
              <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">80.6 &#177; 18.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 57.0</td>
              <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 16.4</td>
              <td align="center">70.4 &#177; 19.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 46.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDANN, ms</td>
              <td align="center">46.3 &#177; 13.9</td>
              <td align="center">71.0 &#177; 19.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 54.0</td>
              <td align="center">44.2 &#177; 14.9</td>
              <td align="center">66.3 &#177; 21.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 50.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDNN index, ms</td>
              <td align="center">22.8 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 12.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 53.4</td>
              <td align="center">22.2 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">32.2 &#177; 13.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 48.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RMSSD, ms</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 29.2</td>
              <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">24.3 &#177; 6.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 45.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pNN50, %</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 2.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 32.9</td>
              <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 2.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">+ 58.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.0001 between before and after treatment in awake period;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.0001 between before and after treatment in asleep period.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t03">
            <p>bpm: beats per min; HR: mean heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; HRV
                     abbreviations as in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the effect of ivabradine on time
            domain indices of HRV in patients with advanced heart failure. The main finding of our
            study is that incorporating ivabradine in the treatment regimen of CHF patients who are
            in sinus rhythm with a heart rate of &#8805;70 bpm and are treated with guideline-based
            background therapy (including maximally tolerated &#946;-blockade) substantially improves
            HRV. Our results showed that this improvement persisted both when the patient was awake
            and while asleep.</p>
      <p>Ivabradine is a novel heart rate-lowering agent, which modulates the spontaneous
            diastolic depolarization in the sino-atrial node<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The spontaneous slow diastolic depolarization drives membrane potential
            toward a threshold that triggers an action potential. The rate of spontaneous diastolic
            depolarization is significantly influenced by If, a mixed sodium-potassium current
            involving ion movement across the f-channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
            Ivabradine directly and selectively inhibits the If current, reducing the diastolic
            depolarization time and heart rate. The specificity of ivabradine for the If current
            ensures that ivabradine has no direct effects on myocardial contractility (or
            relaxation), ventricular repolarization, or intracardiac conduction. Thus, ivabradine
            has no negative inotropic or lusitropic effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Clinical trials have
            consistently demonstrated that lowering the heart rate by administering ivabradine
            improves left ventricular (LV) functions, exercise capacity, and quality of life of
            patients and reduces mortality in nonischemic and ischemic heart failure patients
            independent of the dose of the &#946;-blocker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Therefore, the new Guidelines of the European
            Society of Cardiology recommend the use of ivabradine in heart failure patients with a
            sinus rhythm of at least 70 bpm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The HRV analysis is a well-established and noninvasive tool for monitoring the autonomic
            control of the heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A heart rate that is
            variable and responsive to demands is believed to bestow a survival advantage, whereas
            reduced HRV may be associated with poor cardiovascular health and outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, alterations in cardiac autonomic
            control as measured by HRV may define subgroups with higher risk for cardiovascular
            morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Analysis of HRV has
            recently been used to evaluate the cardiac autonomic control both in normal subjects and
            in subjects with a wide variety of cardiac and noncardiac disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Of these
            cardiac disorders, nonischemic DCM is associated with an increase in the sympathetic
            tone (with increased plasma norepinephrine) and a withdrawal in vagal tone. In this
            group of patients, markedly reduced HRV has been observed, which coincides with the
            severity of CHF as well as being a significant prognostic factor for morbidity and
               mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our study, the mean RR interval, SDNN, SDANN, SDNNindex, pNN50, and RMSSD were found
            to be low at baseline before ivabradine treatment. Our finding is consistent with the
            results of earlier studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Because impaired sympathovagal balance,
            characterized by the sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal, is
            considered to be a hallmark of the CHF-related morbidity and mortality, agents that
            improve the sympathovagal balance may be of clinical significance. A variety of drugs,
            including &#946;-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin
            receptor blockers (ARBs), and antialdosterone diuretics have been shown to suppress
            sympathetic overactivity and improve HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Aronson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> reported that &#946;-blockers have a beneficial
            modulating effect on HRV in CHF patients. Bullinga et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> found that carvedilol therapy in patients with CHF significantly increased
            HRV, which was also correlated with improved hemodynamics. Jansson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> have shown the beneficial effects of metoprolol
            and captopril on HRV. A separate study of the Tambara et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> found that candesartan treatment improves the cardiac autonomic
            balance by attenuating the sympathetic nervous activity and augmenting the
            parasympathetic activity in patients with CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.
            Tommassi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> reported that lisinopril
            treatment enhanced HRV in patients with CHF. Further, aldosterone blockade with
            spironolactone was shown to lower the heart rate and improve HRV in CHF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. However, the guideline-recommended target doses
            of these drugs may not always be realized due to side effects such as dizziness,
            fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, and persistence of symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Therefore,
            combination therapy with ivabradine appears to be valuable for patients who do not
            tolerate the target doses of beta-blockers, ACEIs, ARBs, and diuretics. We found that 8
            weeks of ivabradine treatment increased the time domain indices of HRV in nonischemic
            DCM patients. This improvement was sustained both when awake and while asleep. The
            possible mechanisms for this improvement may include: 1) heart rate reduction with no
            negative effects on inotropism, which leads to the lengthening of the diastolic filling
            time, permitting a more complete LV filling; 2) beneficial effects on LV remodeling; 3)
            reducing the sympathetic influence and enhancing the vagal tone as suggested by the
            decrease in SDNN and increase in pNN50 observed in our study, leading to an improvement
            in the sympathovagal balance; and 4) suppression of endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study had several limitations. First, this was not a placebo-controlled,
               randomized study. Second, the sample size of the study was relatively small and there
               was no follow-up beyond 8 weeks. Therefore, the results obtained were not sufficient
               to analyze the association between improved HRV and morbidity and mortality. While
               HRV is of prognostic importance, its utility as a therapeutic target in HF patients
               treated with ivabradine remains uncertain after this study. Third, because only
               approximately half the number of patients were titrated to the recommended 7.5 mg
               twice daily dose of ivabradine, the effect of the treatment may be underestimated.
               Therefore, it is likely that the therapeutic potential and the clinical benefits of
               ivabradine can be further increased by the use of the full dose as recommended.
               Fourth, we have not measured the natriuretic peptide levels. Fifth, the heart rate
               turbulence and frequency domain indices of HRV were not assessed in the present
               study. Finally, CHF patients with NYHA class IV and COPD patients were not included
               in the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present data indicate that appropriate ivabradine treatment may not only lower the
            heart rate induced by sympathetic overactivity but also augment the parasympathetic
            activity, thus improving cardiovascular autonomic regulation. This may reduce the risk
            for morbidity and mortality in patients with long-term CHF. Further studies with larger
            sample size are needed to assess the long-term beneficial effects of ivabradine
            treatment on HRV in patients with CHF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, B&#246;hm M, Dickstein
               K, et al; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and
               treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis
               and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of
               Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of
               the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1787-847.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auricchio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute
                  and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of
                  Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology.
                  Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the
                  ESC</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1787</fpage>
          <lpage>1847</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal
               K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American
               Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.
               Circulation. 2009;119(3):480-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnethon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Simone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferguson</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flegal</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a
                  report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke
                  Statistics Subcommittee</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>480</fpage>
          <lpage>486</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Camm AJ, Lau CP. Electrophysiological effects of a single intravenous
               administration of ivabradine (S 16257) in adult patients with normal baseline
               electrophysiology. Drugs. 2003;4(2):83-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lau</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Electrophysiological effects of a single intravenous
                  administration of ivabradine (S 16257) in adult patients with normal baseline
                  electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Drugs</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Manz M, Reuter M, Lauck G, Omran H, Jung W. A single intravenous dose
               of ivabradine, a novel I(f) inhibitor, lowers heart rate but does not depress left
               ventricular function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiology.
               2003;100(3):149-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reuter</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omran</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A single intravenous dose of ivabradine, a novel I(f)
                  inhibitor, lowers heart rate but does not depress left ventricular function in
                  patients with left ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>155</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Parakh N, Chaturvedi V, Kurian S, Tyagi S. Effect of ivabradine vs
               atenolol on heart rate and effort tolerance in patients with mild to moderate mitral
               stenosis and normal sinus rhythm. J Card Fail. 2012;18(4):282-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parakh</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaturvedi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurian</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tyagi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of ivabradine vs atenolol on heart rate and
                  effort tolerance in patients with mild to moderate mitral stenosis and normal
                  sinus rhythm</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Swedberg K, Komajda M, B&#246;hm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et
               al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised
               placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubost-Brama</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure
                  (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>376</volume>
          <issue>9744</issue>
          <fpage>875</fpage>
          <lpage>885</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North
               American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards
               of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation.
               1996;93(5):1043-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate variability: standards of measurement,
                  physiological interpretation and clinical use</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1043</fpage>
          <lpage>1065</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Pitzalis MV, Mastropasqua F, Massari F, Forleo C, Di Maggio M,
               Passantino A, et al. Short- and long-term reproducibility of time and frequency
               domain heart rate variability measurements in normal subjects. Cardiovasc Res.
               1996;32(2):226-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pitzalis</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mastropasqua</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forleo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Maggio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passantino</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Short- and long-term reproducibility of time and
                  frequency domain heart rate variability measurements in normal
                  subjects</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>226</fpage>
          <lpage>233</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Karcz M, Chojnowska L, Zareba W, Ruzyllo W. Prognostic significance
               of heart rate variability in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol.
               2003;87(1):75-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karcz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chojnowska</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zareba</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruzyllo</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic significance of heart rate variability in
                  dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>75</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Fauchier L, Babuty D, Cosnay P, Autret ML, Fauchier JP. Heart rate
               variability in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: characteristics and prognostic
               value. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(4):1009-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fauchier</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babuty</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosnay</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Autret</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauchier</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate variability in idiopathic dilated
                  cardiomyopathy: characteristics and prognostic value</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1009</fpage>
          <lpage>1014</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Binkley PF. Heart rate variability: two eras of investigation. J
               Card Fail. 1996;2(3):193-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Binkley</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate variability: two eras of
                  investigation</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>196</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Bilchick KC, Fetics B, Djoukeng R, Fisher SG, Fletcher RD, Singh SN,
               et al. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in chronic congestive heart failure
               (Veterans Affairs' Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart
               Failure). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(1):24-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bilchick</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fetics</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Djoukeng</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of heart rate variability in chronic
                  congestive heart failure (Veterans Affairs' Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic
                  Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Manolis AJ, Poulimenos LE, Kallistratos MS, Gavras I, Gavras H.
               Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Curr Vasc
               Pharmacol. 2014;12(1):4-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manolis</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulimenos</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kallistratos</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gavras</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gavras</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension and
                  cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Curr Vasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T; ASSOCIATE investigators. Effects
               of ivabradine in patients with stable angina receiving beta-blockers according to
               baseline heart rate: an analysis of the ASSOCIATE study. Int J Cardiol.
               2013;168(2):789-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>ASSOCIATE investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of ivabradine in patients with stable angina
                  receiving beta-blockers according to baseline heart rate: an analysis of the
                  ASSOCIATE study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>789</fpage>
          <lpage>794</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Picard MH, Adams D, Bierig SM, Dent JM, Douglas PS, Gillam LD, et
               al. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for quality echocardiography
               laboratory operations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24(1):1-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Picard</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dent</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillam</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for
                  quality echocardiography laboratory operations</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Di Francesco D, Camm AJ. Heart rate lowering by specific and
               selective I(f) current inhibition with ivabradine: a new therapeutic perspective in
               cardiovascular disease. Drugs. 2004;64(16):1757-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Di Francesco</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate lowering by specific and selective I(f)
                  current inhibition with ivabradine: a new therapeutic perspective in
                  cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Drugs</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1757</fpage>
          <lpage>1765</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Bucchi A, Tognati A, Milanesi R, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D.
               Properties of ivabradine induced block of HCN1 and HCN4 pacemaker channels. J
               Physiol. 2006;572(Pt 2):335-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bucchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tognati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milanesi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baruscotti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DiFrancesco</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Properties of ivabradine induced block of HCN1 and HCN4
                  pacemaker channels</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>572</volume>
          <issue-part>Pt 2</issue-part>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R; BEAUTIFUL
               Investigators. Relationship between ivabradine treatment and cardiovascular outcomes
               in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic
               dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled
               BEAUTIFUL trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(19):2337-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tendera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>BEAUTIFUL Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship between ivabradine treatment and
                  cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left
                  ventricular systolic dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the
                  randomized, controlled BEAUTIFUL trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2337</fpage>
          <lpage>2345</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Sarullo FM, Fazio G, Puccio D, Fasullo S, Paterna S, Novo S, et al.
               Impact of "off-label" use of ivabradine on exercise capacity, gas exchange,
               functional class, quality of life, and neurohormonal modulation in patients with
               ischemic chronic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther.
               2010;15(4):349-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarullo</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fazio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puccio</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fasullo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paterna</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Novo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of "off-label" use of ivabradine on exercise
                  capacity, gas exchange, functional class, quality of life, and neurohormonal
                  modulation in patients with ischemic chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Volterrani M, Cice G, Caminiti G, Vitale C, D'Isa S, Perrone Filardi
               P, et al. Effect of Carvedilol, Ivabradine or their combination on exercise capacity
               in patients with Heart Failure (the CARVIVA HF trial). Int J Cardiol.
               2011;151(2):218-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Volterrani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cice</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caminiti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitale</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Isa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrone Filardi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Carvedilol, Ivabradine or their combination on
                  exercise capacity in patients with Heart Failure (the CARVIVA HF
                  trial)</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>218</fpage>
          <lpage>224</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Fasullo S, Cannizzaro S, Maringhini G, Ganci F, Giambanco F, Vitale
               G, et al. Comparison of ivabradine versus metoprolol in early phases of reperfused
               anterior myocardial infarction with impaired left ventricular function: preliminary
               findings. J Card Fail. 2009;15(10):856-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fasullo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannizzaro</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maringhini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giambanco</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitale</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of ivabradine versus metoprolol in early
                  phases of reperfused anterior myocardial infarction with impaired left ventricular
                  function: preliminary findings</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>856</fpage>
          <lpage>863</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Tsuji H, Venditti FJ Jr, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman
               CL, et al. Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort.
               The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994;90(2):878-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuji</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Venditti</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manders</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an
                  elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>878</fpage>
          <lpage>883</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Dogru MT, Simsek V, Sahin O, Ozer N. Differences in autonomic
               activity in individuals with optimal, normal, and high-normal blood pressure levels.
               Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2010;38(3):182-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dogru</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simsek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahin</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Differences in autonomic activity in individuals with
                  optimal, normal, and high-normal blood pressure levels</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Turker Y, Aslantas Y, Aydin Y, Demirin H, Kutlucan A, Tibilli H, et
               al. Heart rate variability and heart rate recovery in patients with type 1 diabetes
               mellitus. Acta Cardiol. 2013;68(2):145-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Turker</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aslantas</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demirin</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kutlucan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tibilli</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate variability and heart rate recovery in
                  patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>145</fpage>
          <lpage>150</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Shah SA, Kambur T, Chan C, Herrington DM, Liu K, Shah SJ. Relation
               of short-term heart rate variability to incident heart failure (from the Multi-Ethnic
               Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(4):533-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kambur</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrington</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Relation of short-term heart rate variability to
                  incident heart failure (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of
                  Atherosclerosis)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Coviello I, Pinnacchio G, Laurito M, Stazi A, Battipaglia I, Barone
               L, et al. Prognostic role of heart rate variability in patients with ST-segment
               elevation acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. Cardiology.
               2013;124(1):63-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coviello</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinnacchio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurito</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stazi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Battipaglia</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barone</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic role of heart rate variability in patients
                  with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated by primary
                  angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Munjal S, Koval T, Muhammad R, Jin Y, Demmel V, Roethig HJ, et al.
               Heart rate variability increases with reductions in cigarette smoke exposure after 3
               days. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2009;14(3):192-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Munjal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koval</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muhammad</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demmel</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roethig</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate variability increases with reductions in
                  cigarette smoke exposure after 3 days</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>192</fpage>
          <lpage>198</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Antelmi I, de Paula RS, Shinzato AR, Peres CA, Mansur AJ, Grupi CJ.
               Influence of age, gender, body mass index, and functional capacity on heart rate
               variability in a cohort of subjects without heart disease. Am J Cardiol.
               2004;93(3):381-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antelmi</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Paula</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shinzato</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peres</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grupi</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of age, gender, body mass index, and
                  functional capacity on heart rate variability in a cohort of subjects without
                  heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>385</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Kurtoglu E, Akturk E, Korkmaz H, Atas H, Cuglan B, Pekdemir H.
               Impaired heart rate variability in patients with mitral annular calcification: an
               observational study. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2013;13(7):668-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akturk</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korkmaz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atas</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuglan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pekdemir</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Impaired heart rate variability in patients with mitral
                  annular calcification: an observational study</article-title>
          <source>Anadolu Kardiyol Derg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>668</fpage>
          <lpage>674</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Aronson D, Burger AJ. Effect of beta-blockade on heart rate
               variability in decompensated heart failure. Int J Cardiol.
               2001;79(1):31-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aronson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burger</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of beta-blockade on heart rate variability in
                  decompensated heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Bullinga JR, Alharethi R, Schram MS, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM. Changes
               in heart rate variability are correlated to hemodynamic improvement with chronic
               CARVEDILOL therapy in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2005;11(9):693-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bullinga</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alharethi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schram</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Changes in heart rate variability are correlated to
                  hemodynamic improvement with chronic CARVEDILOL therapy in heart
                  failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>693</fpage>
          <lpage>699</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Jansson K, Hagerman I, Ostlund R, Karlberg KE, Nylander E, Nyquist
               O, et al. The effects of metoprolol and captopril on heart rate variability in
               patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol.
               1999;22(6):397-402.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jansson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagerman</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ostlund</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karlberg</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nylander</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyquist</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The effects of metoprolol and captopril on heart rate
                  variability in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>397</fpage>
          <lpage>402</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Tambara K, Fujita M, Sumita Y, Miyamoto S, Sekiguchi H, Eiho S, et
               al. Beneficial effect of candesartan treatment on cardiac autonomic nervous activity
               in patients with chronic heart failure: simultaneous recording of ambulatory
               electrocardiogram and posture. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27(5):300-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tambara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujita</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumita</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyamoto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekiguchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eiho</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Beneficial effect of candesartan treatment on cardiac
                  autonomic nervous activity in patients with chronic heart failure: simultaneous
                  recording of ambulatory electrocardiogram and posture</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>300</fpage>
          <lpage>303</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. De Tommasi E, Iacoviello M, Romito R, Ceconi C, Guida P, Massari F,
               et al. Comparison of the effect of valsartan and lisinopril on autonomic nervous
               system activity in chronic heart failure. Am Heart J.
               2003;146(5):E17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Tommasi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoviello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romito</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guida</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of the effect of valsartan and lisinopril on
                  autonomic nervous system activity in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>E17</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Yee KM, Pringle SD, Struthers AD. Circadian variation in the effects
               of aldosterone blockade on heart rate variability and QT dispersion in congestive
               heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(7):1800-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yee</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pringle</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Struthers</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Circadian variation in the effects of aldosterone
                  blockade on heart rate variability and QT dispersion in congestive heart
                  failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1800</fpage>
          <lpage>1807</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Gislason GH, Rasmussen V, Abildstrom SZ, Gadsboll N, Buch P, Friberg
               J, et al. Long-term compliance with beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme
               inhibitors, and statins after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J.
               2006;27(10):1153-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gislason</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abildstrom</surname>
              <given-names>SZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gadsboll</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buch</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Long-term compliance with beta-blockers,
                  angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins after acute myocardial
                  infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1153</fpage>
          <lpage>1158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Follath F. Challenging the dogma of high target doses in the
               treatment of heart failure: is more always better? Arch Cardiovasc Dis.
               2009;102(11):785-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Challenging the dogma of high target doses in the
                  treatment of heart failure: is more always better?</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>785</fpage>
          <lpage>789</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Busseuil D, Shi Y, Mecteau M, Brand G, Gillis MA, Thorin E, et al.
               Heart rate reduction by ivabradine reduces diastolic dysfunction and cardiac
               fibrosis. Cardiology. 2010;117(3):234-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Busseuil</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mecteau</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart rate reduction by ivabradine reduces diastolic
                  dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Tardif JC, O'Meara E, Komajda M, B&#246;hm M, Borer JS, Ford I, et al;
               SHIFT Investigators. Effects of selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine on
               left ventricular remodelling and function: results from the SHIFT echocardiography
               substudy. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(20):2507-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Meara</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borer</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>SHIFT Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of selective heart rate reduction with
                  ivabradine on left ventricular remodelling and function: results from the SHIFT
                  echocardiography substudy</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2507</fpage>
          <lpage>2515</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Drouin A, Gendron ME, Thorin E, Gillis MA, Mahlberg-Gaudin F, Tardif
               JC. Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents endothelial dysfunction in
               dyslipidaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(4):749-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drouin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gendron</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahlberg-Gaudin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents
                  endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemic mice</article-title>
          <source>Br J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>154</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>749</fpage>
          <lpage>757</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data:
               Kurtoglu E, Balta S; Acquisition of data: Karakus Y, Yasar E, Cuglan B, Kaplan O,
               Gozubuyuk G; Statistical analysis: Balta S, Karakus Y, Yasar E, Cuglan B; Writing of
               the manuscript: Kurtoglu E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Kaplan O, Gozubuyuk G.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Ivabradina Melhora a Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca
               em Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Dilatada N&#227;o Isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ertugrul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balta</surname>
            <given-names>Sevket</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakus</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yasar</surname>
            <given-names>Erdogan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cuglan</surname>
            <given-names>Bilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gozubuyuk</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual Malatya</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Estadual
               Malatya, Malatya, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Militar Eskisehir</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Militar
               Eskisehir, Eskisehir, Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ertugrul Kurtoglu,</bold> Malatya State Hospital, Ertugrul
               Kurtoglu - Ankara Cad. Ozalper Mah., Malatya - Turquia. Email:
                  <email>erkurtoglu@hotmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ivabradina &#233; um novo agente redutor espec&#237;fico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) que
                  melhora a sobrevida livre de eventos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito da ivabradina nos &#237;ndices temporais da variabilidade da
                  frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e oito pacientes com IC compensada de etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica foram
                  inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O tratamento com ivabradina foi iniciado de acordo com as
                  recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes para a IC. O Holter de 24 horas foi utilizado para
                  analisar os &#237;ndices da VFC em cada paciente antes e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento
                  com ivabradina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Todos os &#237;ndices da VFC, o intervalo RR m&#233;dio, o desvio padr&#227;o de todos os
                  intervalos RR normais (DPNN), o desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos RR m&#233;dios de 5 minutos
                  (DPNNM), a m&#233;dia do desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais para todos os
                  segmentos de 5 minutos (&#237;ndice DPNN), porcentagem de intervalos RR normais
                  sucessivos superiores a 50 milissegundos (pNN50), e a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia dos
                  quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR sucessivos (RMQQD) apresentaram
                  redu&#231;&#227;o no &#237;nicio do estudo, antes do tratamento com ivabradina. Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de
                  tratamento com ivabradina, as m&#233;dias das FC (83,6 &#177; 8,0 e 64,6 &#177; 5,8, p &lt;
                  0,0001) e todos os &#237;ndices da VFC, m&#233;dias dos intervalos RR (713 &#177; 74 e 943 &#177; 101
                  ms, p &lt; 0,0001), DPNN (56,2 &#177; 15,7 e 87,9 &#177; 19,4 ms, p &lt; 0,0001), DPNNM
                  (49,5 &#177; 14,7 e 76,4 &#177; 19,5 ms, p &lt; 0,0001), &#237;ndice DPNN (24,7 &#177; 8,8 e 38,3 &#177;
                  13,1 ms, p &lt; 0,0001), pNN50 (2,4 &#177; 1,6 e 3,2 &#177; 2,2%, p &lt; 0,0001) e RMQQD
                  (13,5 &#177; 4,6 e 17,8 &#177; 5,4 ms , p &lt; 0,0001), foram substancialmente melhorados, e
                  permaneceram nestas condi&#231;&#245;es nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o tratamento com ivabradina resulta na
                  melhora da VFC em pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Antiarritmicos / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="introdu&#231;&#227;o">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) &#233; um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com
               implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, sociais, e econ&#244;micas, pois favorece a ocorr&#234;ncia de
               interna&#231;&#245;es repetidas e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da qualidade de vida dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Apesar dos avan&#231;os nos tratamentos e
               equipamentos m&#233;dicos ao longo da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, o progn&#243;stico permanece pobre para os
               pacientes com ICC, com uma taxa de mortalidade de 75% durante um per&#237;odo de
               monitoramento de 7 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. As &#250;ltimas
               diretrizes sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ampliaram as possibilidades de tratamento de
               ICC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida, atrav&#233;s do tratamento com
               ivabradina, que &#233; um novo agente redutor da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que atua
               especificamente sobre o n&#243;dulo sinoatrial, inibindo seletivamente a corrente
               marcapasso de entrada (If) de c&#233;lulas marcapasso card&#237;acas, sem afetar outras
               correntes i&#244;nicas card&#237;acas, desta forma preservando a contratilidade e relaxamento
               card&#237;acos, a condu&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico, e a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O estudo
                  <italic>Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the If Inhibitor Ivabradine</italic>
                  (SHIFT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> mostrou que a redu&#231;&#227;o da
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com o uso de ivabradina foi capaz de diminuir a morbidade e
               mortalidade em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) &#233; uma medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva, pr&#225;tica, e
               reprodut&#237;vel da fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Acredita-se que frequ&#234;ncias
               card&#237;acas vari&#225;veis e sens&#237;veis &#224; demandas possam conferir vantagens de
               sobreviv&#234;ncia, considerando que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC pode estar associada a piores
               resultados cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sugerem que a
               diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC tem significado progn&#243;stico na mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o que
               apresenta ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Trabalhos anteriores reportaram uma
               diminui&#231;&#227;o de 20% no risco de mortalidade a cada incremento de 10 ms no par&#226;metro
               DPNN, que &#233; um dos &#237;ndices da VFC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
               Considerando que o desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico resultante da hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e
               diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica &#233; uma consequ&#234;ncia do ICC, hipotetizamos que a
               ivabradina seja capaz de melhorar os reflexos vagais para o cora&#231;&#227;o e reduzir a
               hiperatividade simp&#225;tica em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) n&#227;o
                  isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Portanto, o objetivo deste
               estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tratamento com ivabradina sobre a variabilidade
               da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em pacientes com CMD n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Este grupo de
               pacientes foi escolhido no intuito de estudar a VFC na aus&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis efeitos
               interferentes deste agente na isquemia coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Grupo de estudo</title>
          <p>Pacientes com ICC de origem n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo. Os
                  pacientes eleg&#237;veis tinham idade entre 18 e 90 anos, com 1) um diagn&#243;stico de ICC
                  pelo menos 3 meses antes do in&#237;cio do estudo, 2) estabilidade cl&#237;nica nas 4
                  semanas anteriores ao in&#237;cio do estudo; a estabilidade foi definida como aus&#234;ncia
                  de altera&#231;&#245;es clinicamente significativas nos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,
                  aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es clinicamente significativas nos sintomas reportados pelos
                  pr&#243;prios pacientes, e aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica prescrita
                  durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, 2) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 0,35,
                  confirmado por ecocardiograma nos 3 meses anteriores ao in&#237;cio do estudo, 3) ritmo
                  sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso &#8805; 70 batimentos por minuto (bpm)
                  determinado por eletrocardiografia de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em 2 consultas m&#233;dicas
                  consecutivas, 4) aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, confirmada por
                  angiografia coron&#225;ria at&#233; 1 ano antes do in&#237;cio do estudo, 5) utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
                  medicamentos para ICC e dosagens otimizados e inalterados, em conformidade com as
                  recomenda&#231;&#245;es recentes, por &#8805; 8 semanas antes do in&#237;cio do estudo (&#946;
                  -bloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) e/ou
                  bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA), e diur&#233;ticos, se
                  necess&#225;rio), e 6) pertencer &#224; classe funcional II e III estabelecida pela
                     <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). A causa da insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca foi idiop&#225;tica em todos os pacientes. Este grupo de pacientes foi
                  escolhido porque a ivabradina tem efeitos antianginosos e anti-isqu&#234;micos em
                  pacientes com CMD isqu&#234;mica, que pode interferir na VFC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo
                  esquerdo (VE) foi estabelecido de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade
                  Americana de Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada aguda,
                  doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva
                  cr&#244;nica (DPOC) de classe 3 ou superior, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt;60 batimentos/min,
                  arritmia sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo ou terceiro graus,
                  miocardite ativa, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou palpita&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertens&#227;o grave ou n&#227;o
                  controlada (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt;180 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica
                  &gt; 110 mmHg), diabetes mellitus, neuropatia auton&#244;mica, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave ou
                  doen&#231;a renal conhecida, e dist&#250;rbios da tireoide.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que cumpriram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram submetidos a um exame de
                  Holter por 24 horas para an&#225;lise da VFC antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento com
                  ivabradina. O tratamento com ivabradina foi realizado conjuntamente com terapia
                  cardiovascular, que deve ser otimizada em conformidade com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es
                  recentes. Depois do Holter, o tratamento com ivabradina foi iniciado de acordo com
                  as recomenda&#231;&#245;es recentes para IC e a titula&#231;&#227;o da ivabradina seguiu aquela
                  sugerida no estudo SHIFT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Resumidamente, a
                  dose inicial de ivabradina foi de 5 mg, 2 vezes por dia. Depois de um per&#237;odo de
                  titula&#231;&#227;o de 2 semanas, a dose foi aumentada para 7,5 mg, 2 vezes ao dia, a menos
                  que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso tenha sido &#8804; 60 bpm. Quando a frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca de repouso foi &lt; 50 bpm ou o paciente apresentou sintomas de
                  bradicardia, a dose foi reduzida para 2,5 mg, 2 vezes ao dia. Se a frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca permaneceu entre 50 e 60 bpm, a dose foi mantida em 5 mg, 2 vezes ao dia.
                  As visitas de acompanhamento ocorreram a cada 2 semanas. Em cada visita, o m&#233;dico
                  manteve o registro da dose do medicamento, ou estabeleceu uma dose mais elevada. O
                  Holter de 24 horas foi repetido na oitava semana de tratamento com ivabradina. O
                  estudo aderiu &#224; Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica
                  locais. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado antes
                  do in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise do Holter</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes que cumpriram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram submetidos a
                  monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico durante 24 horas antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento
                  com ivabradina e as 8 semanas de tratamento. Um registrador gr&#225;fico digital Holter
                  de 6 canais (modelo DMS-300 Digital Holter Recorder 3A, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA) com
                  mem&#243;ria flash embutida, foi usado para a obten&#231;&#227;o de todos os registros. Todos os
                  pacientes foram convidados a realizar atividades regulares de acordo com o seu
                  ritmo vig&#237;lia-sono regular durante o per&#237;odo de monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico
                  ambulatorial, e receberam um di&#225;rio para registrar o per&#237;odo de sono. Os registros
                  foram analisados por um cardiologista. As medidas da VFC foram obtidas usando o
                  programa Holter vers&#227;o 12.0 (CardioScan, DMS, EUA) dispon&#237;vel comercialmente. Ap&#243;s
                  uma an&#225;lise preliminar, todas os registros foram editados manualmente para
                  elimina&#231;&#227;o de ectopias supraventriculares e ventriculares, e artefatos. Os
                  registros com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 22 horas por dia e de qualidade suficiente
                  para avalia&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Caso tais crit&#233;rios n&#227;o tenham sido
                  alcan&#231;ados, os registros foram repetidos. Os registros foram analisados de acordo
                  com &#237;ndices temporais, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Europeia de
                  Cardiologia e da Sociedade Norte-Americana de Ritmo Card&#237;aco e
                     Electrofisiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Os seguintes &#237;ndices
                  temporais da VFC foram medidos durante 24 horas: (1) m&#233;dia de todos os intervalos
                  RR normais em milissegundos (RR, ms); (2) desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais
                  (DPNN, ms); (3) m&#233;dia do desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais para
                  todos os intervalos de 5 minutos (&#237;ndice DPNN, ms); (4) desvio padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias
                  dos intervalos RR de 5 minutos (SDANN, ms), (5) porcentagem de intervalos RR
                  sucessivos normais superiores a 50 milissegundos (pNN50, %); e (6) a raiz quadrada
                  da m&#233;dia dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR sucessivos normais
                  (RMQQD, ms).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0
                  (SPSS for Windows 12.0, Chicago, Ill). Todos os dados foram testados quanto &#224;
                  distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram
                  apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram
                  representadas como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. As mudan&#231;as nos &#237;ndices temporais da
                  VFC foram analisadas usando o teste de amostras pareadas t para dados normalmente
                  distribu&#237;dos, e o teste para 2 amostras relacionadas (teste Wilcoxon Signed Rank)
                  foi usado para dados n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;dos. Todos os valores de p foram
                  bicaudais e os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Ao todo, 60 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no inicio do estudo. Doze pacientes foram
               exclu&#237;dos do estudo prematuramente devido aos efeitos colaterais visuais da
               ivabradina (2 pacientes), bradicardia excessiva (4 pacientes), e interrup&#231;&#227;o do
               monitoramento (6 pacientes). Do total, 48 pacientes completaram o estudo e foram
               inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. O perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e os &#237;ndices da VFC est&#227;o
               listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi de
               70,9 &#177; 10,6 anos. A amostra foi composta por 27 homens e 21 mulheres, e todos os
               participantes eram brancos. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 23,0 &#177;
               5,4%. A dose m&#233;dia da ivabradina foi de 5,8 &#177; 1,6 mg, 2 vezes ao dia durante 8
               semanas. Apenas os registros Holter aceit&#225;veis foram coletados no in&#237;cio do estudo
               (linha de base) e ap&#243;s 8 semanas. Um total de 5 registros Holter no in&#237;cio do estudo
               (linha de base) e 4 registros ap&#243;s o tratamento com ivabradina foram repetidos devido
               &#224; baixa qualidade de alguns registros.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do grupo de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">70,9 &#177; 10,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o da IC, anos</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Derrame cerebral pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros card&#237;acos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">110,5 &#177; 9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">72,2 &#177; 7,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, %</td>
                <td align="center">23,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">eTFG, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">75,3 &#177; 10,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">NYHA classe II, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">NYHA classe III, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Terap&#234;utica de base, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#946;-bloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">46 (96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dose alvo de &#946;-bloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">25 (52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Inibidores do ECA e/ou BRA</td>
                <td align="center">45 (94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Diur&#233;ticos (exceto antialdosterona)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (91)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Diur&#233;ticos com a&#231;&#227;o antialdosterona</td>
                <td align="center">26 (54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Amiodaronas</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Glicos&#237;deos card&#237;acos</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Dispositivos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>CDI</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>TRC</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <p>ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de
                        angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; TRC: terapia de
                        ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; eTFG:
                        estimative da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CDI:
                        cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; NYHA: New York Heart Association;
                        PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nesta coorte de pacientes com IC dilatada idiop&#225;tica com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o,
               todos os &#237;ndices da VFC, a m&#233;dia do intervalo RR, DPNN, DPNNM, &#237;ndice DPNN, pNN50 e
               RMQQD, foram marcadamente reduzidos no in&#237;cio do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>). Depois de 8 semanas de tratamento com ivabradina, a
               m&#233;dia do intervalo RR, DPNN, &#237;ndice DPNN, e DPNNM aumentaram significativamente
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). Os &#237;ndices da atividade
               parassimp&#225;tica, pNN50 e RMQQD, tamb&#233;m aumentaram ap&#243;s o tratamento (Tabela 2). Este
               aumento significativo em todos os &#237;ndices temporais da VFC ap&#243;s o tratamento tamb&#233;m
               ocorreu durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores e mudan&#231;as percentuais nos &#237;ndices temporais da VFC da popula&#231;&#227;o em
                     estudo antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com ivabradina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>Antes do tratamento</th>
                <th>Ap&#243;s o tratamento</th>
                <th>Altera&#231;&#227;o, %</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">83,6 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">64,6 &#177; 5,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-33,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo RR, ms</td>
                <td align="center">713 &#177; 74</td>
                <td align="center">943 &#177; 101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+34,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPNN, ms</td>
                <td align="center">56,2 &#177; 15,7</td>
                <td align="center">87,9 &#177; 19,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+58,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPNNM, ms</td>
                <td align="center">49,5 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td align="center">76,4 &#177; 19,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+56,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice DPNN, ms</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 13,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+55,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMQQD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,8 &#177; 5,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+35,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pNN50, %</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 2,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+43,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,0001 antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t05">
              <p>bpm: batimentos por minuto; FC: m&#233;dia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VFC:
                        variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; pNN50: porcentagem de intervalos RR
                        sucessivos superiores a 50 milissegundos; RMQQD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia dos
                        quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR sucessivos; RR: m&#233;dia dos
                        intervalos RR; DPNNM: desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos RR m&#233;dios de 5 minutos;
                        DPNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais; &#237;ndice DPNN: m&#233;dia do
                        desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais para todos os intervalos de
                        5 minutos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores e mudan&#231;as percentuais nos &#237;ndices temporais da VFC da popula&#231;&#227;o em
                     estudo durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento com
                     ivabradina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th> </th>
                <th>Vig&#237;lia</th>
                <th> </th>
                <th> </th>
                <th>Sono</th>
                <th> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Antes do tratamento</th>
                <th>Ap&#243;s o tratamento</th>
                <th>Altera&#231;&#227;o, %</th>
                <th>Antes do tratamento</th>
                <th>Ap&#243;s o tratamento</th>
                <th>Altera&#231;&#227;o, %</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">89,2 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 7,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">- 31,2</td>
                <td align="center">79,7 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 5,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">- 22,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo RR, ms</td>
                <td align="center">656 &#177; 86</td>
                <td align="center">848 &#177; 66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 29,9</td>
                <td align="center">748 &#177; 82</td>
                <td align="center">956 &#177; 105<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 28,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPNN, ms</td>
                <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">80,6 &#177; 18,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 57,0</td>
                <td align="center">49,0 &#177; 16,4</td>
                <td align="center">70,4 &#177; 19,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 46,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPNNM, ms</td>
                <td align="center">46,3 &#177; 13,9</td>
                <td align="center">71,0 &#177; 19,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 54,0</td>
                <td align="center">44,2 &#177; 14,9</td>
                <td align="center">66,3 &#177; 21,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 50,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice DPNN, ms</td>
                <td align="center">22,8 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 12,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 53,4</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">32,2 &#177; 13,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 48,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMQQD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 29,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">24,3 &#177; 6,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 45,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pNN50, %</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 2,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 32,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 2,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">+ 58,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,0001 compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento no per&#237;odo de
                        vig&#237;lia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t06">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,0001 compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento no per&#237;odo de
                        sono.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t06">
              <p>Bpm: batimentos por minuto; FC: m&#233;dia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VFC:
                        variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. As demais abreviaturas foram descritas
                        na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar o efeito da ivabradina sobre os &#237;ndices temporais
               da VFC em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada. O principal achado do nosso estudo foi que a
               incorpora&#231;&#227;o de ivabradina ao tratamento de pacientes com ICC em ritmo sinusal, com
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805;70 bpm, e tratados com terap&#234;utica de base incluindo
               &#946;-bloqueadores, melhorou substancialmente a VFC. Al&#233;m disso, esta melhora foi
               observada durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono.</p>
        <p>A ivabradina &#233; um novo agente redutor da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que modula a
               despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica espont&#226;nea no n&#243;dulo sinoatrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica espont&#226;nea lenta estimula o
               potencial de membrana para um limiar que desencadeia um potencial de a&#231;&#227;o. A taxa de
               despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica espont&#226;nea &#233; significativamente influenciada pela If, uma
               corrente de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio envolvendo o movimento i&#244;nico atrav&#233;s dos chamados
               canais f<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A ivabradina inibe direta e
               seletivamente a corrente If, diminuindo o tempo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A especificidade da ivabradina pela corrente If garante que a
               droga n&#227;o exer&#231;a efeitos diretos sobre a contratilidade e relaxamento mioc&#225;rdicos,
               repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ou condu&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca, e desta forma n&#227;o apresenta
               nenhum efeito inotr&#243;pico ou lusitr&#243;pico negativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos
               t&#234;m consistentemente demonstrado que a redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s do
               tratamento com ivabradina melhora o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo, a capacidade
               para atividades f&#237;sicas, e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, al&#233;m de reduzir a
               mortalidade cardiovascular e mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IC n&#227;o
               isqu&#234;mica e isqu&#234;mica, independentes da dose de &#946;-bloqueadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Por este motivo,
               as novas diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomendam o uso de
               ivabradina em pacientes com IC em ritmo sinusal de pelo menos 70 bpm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da VFC tem-se mostrado uma ferramenta robusta e n&#227;o invasiva para o
               controle aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Frequ&#234;ncias
               card&#237;acas vari&#225;veis e sens&#237;veis &#224; demandas podem conferir vantages de sobreviv&#234;ncia,
               considerando que a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC podem estar associada &#224; um pior quadro cl&#237;nico
                  cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Por esta raz&#227;o, as
               altera&#231;&#245;es no controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, medido pela VFC, podem ajudar a definir
               subgrupos com maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Em cardiologia cl&#237;nica, a an&#225;lise da VFC tem
               recentemente sido utilizada para avaliar controladores auton&#244;micos card&#237;acos tanto em
               indiv&#237;duos normais como naqueles com uma ampla gama de disfun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e n&#227;o
                  card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s disfun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, a CMD n&#227;o
               isqu&#234;mica est&#225; associada ao aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico (com aumento da norepinefrina
               plasm&#225;tica) e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal. Uma VFC acentuadamente reduzida ocorreu
               neste grupo de pacientes, o que coincidiu com a gravidade da ICC, que &#233; tamb&#233;m um
               fator progn&#243;stico de morbidade e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, todos os &#237;ndices da VFC, a m&#233;dia do intervalo RR, DPNN, DPNNM,
               &#237;ndice DPNN, pNN50 e RMQQD, apresentaram-se diminu&#237;dos no in&#237;cio do estudo antes do
               tratamento com ivabradina, e este achado &#233; consistente com os dados da
                  literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Visto que o comprometimento do balan&#231;o
               simpatovagal-caracterizado pela hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade
               parassimp&#225;tica-&#233; considerado um marco da morbidade e mortalidade na ICC, o potencial
               de melhora deste balan&#231;o simpatovagal pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O emprego de
               &#946;-bloqueadores, IECA, BRA, e diur&#233;ticos com a&#231;&#227;o antialdosterona foram capazes de
               suprimir a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e melhorar VFC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Especificamente,
               Aronson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> relataram o efeito modulador
               ben&#233;fico de &#946;-bloqueadores na VFC em pacientes com ICC. Bullinga e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> observaram que a terapia com carvedilol em
               pacientes com ICC aumentou significativamente VFC, que tamb&#233;m estava correlacionada
               com hemodin&#226;mica melhorada. Jansson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
               demonstraram os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do metoprolol e captopril na VFC. Tambara e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> mostraram que o tratamento com
               candesartan melhorou o equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s da atenua&#231;&#227;o da
               atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica e aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico
               em pacientes com ICC. De Tommassi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
               relataram que o tratamento com lisinopril melhorou a VFC em pacientes com ICC. Al&#233;m
               disso, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da aldosterona com o uso da espironolactona foi capaz de reduzir a
               FC e VFC em pacientes com ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. No entanto,
               as doses-alvo recomendadas desses medicamentos nem sempre foram utilizadas devido a
               ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos colaterais como tonturas, fadiga, bradicardia, hipotens&#227;o e
               persist&#234;ncia dos sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Sendo assim, o tratamento conjunto com ivabradina parece ser
               importante para os pacientes que n&#227;o toleram as doses recomendadas de
               betabloqueadores, IECAs, BRAs, e diur&#233;ticos. No presente estudo, o tratamento com
               ivabradina durante 8 semanas aumentou os &#237;ndices temporais da VFC em pacientes com
               CMD n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Este aumento persistiu nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono. Os
               poss&#237;veis mecanismos para a melhora da VFC com ivabradina em pacientes com CMD n&#227;o
               isqu&#234;mica incluem: 1) redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sem efeitos negativos sobre o
               inotropismo, como acontece com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#946;-bloqueadores, o que garante o
               prolongamento do tempo de enchimento diast&#243;lico e o enchimento ventricular esquerdo
               mais adequado, 2) efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, 3)
               diminui&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia simp&#225;tica e aumento do t&#244;nus vagal, como aqui documentado,
               atrav&#233;s da diminui&#231;&#227;o do DPNN e aumento do pNN50, com a consequente melhora no
               balan&#231;o simpatovagal, e 4) atenua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, sendo a principal delas a falta de um estudo
               randomizado e utilizando placebo como controle. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho da amostra
               avaliada foi relativamente pequeno e os pacientes foram monitorados por apenas 8
               semanas. Portanto, os resultados obtidos n&#227;o foram suficientes para estabelecer uma
               associa&#231;&#227;o da VFC com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e morbidade atrav&#233;s do tratamento com
               ivabradina. Mesmo considerando que a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da VFC &#233; bem conhecida,
               a sua utilidade como alvo terap&#234;utico em pacientes com IC tratados com ivabradina n&#227;o
               foi confirmada neste estudo. Considerando que apenas a metade dos pacientes tiveram a
               dose recomendada aumentada para 7,5 mg de ivabradina, 2 vezes ao dia, acreditamos que
               o efeito do tratamento tenha sido subestimado, e que os potenciais benef&#237;cios
               cl&#237;nicos e terap&#234;uticos da ivabradina possam ser aumentados com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dose
               recomendada. Adicionalmente, o n&#237;vel do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral do tipo B
               (BNP) e de outros pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos n&#227;o foi medido. Al&#233;m disso, a turbul&#234;ncia
               da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os &#237;ndices de frequ&#234;ncia da VFC n&#227;o foram avaliados no
               presente estudo. Por fim, pacientes com ICC de classe IV (NYHA) e pacientes com DPOC
               n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados apresentados indicam que o tratamento adequado com ivabradina pode n&#227;o
               s&#243; reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca induzida pela hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, mas tamb&#233;m
               aumentar a atividade parassimp&#225;tica e melhorar a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular,
               o que pode levar &#224; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de morbidade e mortalidade card&#237;acas em
               pacientes com ICC prolongada. Sendo assim, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, com amostras
               populacionais maiores, para avaliar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos de longo prazo do tratamento
               com ivabradina sobre a VFC em pacientes com ICC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kurtoglu E,
                  Balta S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Karakus Y, Yasar E, Cuglan B, Kaplan O, Gozubuyuk G;
                  An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Balta S, Karakus Y, Yasar E, Cuglan B; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
                  Kurtoglu E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Kaplan O, Gozubuyuk G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
