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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fwpgTYwnmYnMhmpKVgw8HZd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140137</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">An Equation for the Prediction of Oxygen Consumption in a
               Brazilian Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefani</surname>
            <given-names>Charles de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Agnaldo do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Narla Miranda de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Amilton da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Pinto</given-names>
            <suffix>(in memoriam)</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Departamento de
               Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Departamento de
               Estat&#237;stica da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba - UFPB, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do
               Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do
               Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de
               Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS
               - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein.</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Caetano 20/402,
               Petr&#243;polis. Postal Code 90470-260, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>; <email>ristein@pq.cnpq.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>299</fpage>
      <lpage>307</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The equations predicting maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max or peak</sub>)
                  presently in use in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) softwares in Brazil
                  have not been adequately validated. These equations are very important for the
                  diagnostic capacity of this method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Build and validate a Brazilian Equation (BE) for prediction of VO<sub>2peak</sub>
                  in comparison to the equation cited by Jones (JE) and the Wasserman algorithm
                  (WA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Treadmill evaluation was performed on 3119 individuals with CPET (breath by
                  breath). The construction group (CG) of the equation consisted of 2495 healthy
                  participants. The other 624 individuals were allocated to the external validation
                  group (EVG). At the BE (derived from a multivariate regression model), age,
                  gender, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level were considered. The
                  same equation was also tested in the EVG. Dispersion graphs and Bland-Altman
                  analyses were built.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the CG, the mean age was 42.6 years, 51.5% were male, the average BMI was 27.2,
                  and the physical activity distribution level was: 51.3% sedentary, 44.4% active
                  and 4.3% athletes. An optimal correlation between the BE and the CPET measured
                     VO<sub>2peak</sub> was observed (0.807). On the other hand, difference came up
                  between the average VO<sub>2peak</sub> expected by the JE and WA and the CPET
                  measured VO<sub>2peak</sub>, as well as the one gotten from the BE (p =
                  0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>BE presents VO<sub>2peak</sub> values close to those directly measured by CPET,
                  while Jones and Wasserman differ significantly from the real
                  VO<sub>2peak</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Forecasting</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The maximum capacity of an individual to perform aerobic work is defined by the maximum
            oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub> or VO<sub>2peak</sub>), which is the product of
            cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen difference during maximal effort<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The integrated responses of the respiratory,
            cardiovascular, and muscular systems in exercises involving large muscle groups increase
            up to a certain limit, which defines VO<sub>2peak</sub> or the maximum aerobic condition
            of the individual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Several factors affect
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> determination, including age, gender, genetics, ethnicity, body
            composition, physical activity level, and exercise type<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. VO<sub>2peak</sub> provides important diagnostic and prognostic
            information in various clinical situations. Classical studies using large samples of
            middle-aged and older people from different parts of the world have repeatedly found
            that the risk of mortality due to all causes in age groups ranging from 5 to 20 years
            can vary from 1-5-fold for individuals placed in the most extreme quartiles or quintiles
            of VO<sub>2peak</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Furthermore, VO<sub>2peak</sub> is an important
            independent prognostic marker in heart failure and is used as the indication criteria
            for cardiac transplantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2peak</sub> can be calculated directly by the measurement of exhaled gases during
            cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) or can be estimated using equations. According
            to Bruce et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, in a prediction equation,
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> is dependent on pretest physical characteristics, such as gender,
            age, physical activity level, weight, and height. In turn, in an estimation equation,
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> is dependent on variables obtained during an exercise test
            (treadmill test), including speed, inclination, load, duration, and heart rate. For the
            prediction or estimation equation, it is important to understand the structural and
            local characteristics of the population for which the equation is created or validated;
            such equations are created with the goal of obtaining a VO<sub>2peak</sub> value closest
            to the actual oxygen consumption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> values measured directly with CPET can be compared with the
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> values predicted for a particular age group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Of note is that the prediction of VO<sub>2peak</sub> for
            normality is commonly performed using equations that are not validated for the Brazilian
            population. The two equations most often used in CPET softwares in Brazil include the
            equation reported by Jones and Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, which
            has been modified for the treadmill, and the prediction algorithm of Wasserman et
               al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. There is empirical evidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> that these equations overestimate the predicted
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> values when compared with direct measurements performed with
            CPET.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to construct and validate an equation derived from
            the Brazilian population to predict VO<sub>2peak</sub> and to compare this equation with
            the equation of Jones and Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and the
            algorithm of Wasserman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study sample</title>
        <p>A total of 5,382 individuals from across the state of Para&#237;ba were evaluated. These
               individuals were referred to a private clinic considered as a reference for CPET in
               the city of Jo&#227;o Pessoa and for the performance and evaluation of CPET between
               February 2007 and January 2013. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows
               the flowchart for study group selection.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart for study population selection.</title>
            <p>CAD: chronic arterial disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CG:
                     construction group; VG: validation group; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension;
                     CHF: congestive heart failure; TP: technical problems; LCMC: lack of the
                     criteria for maximal CPET; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0299-40137-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>From the total sample, 2,066 individuals were excluded based on the following
               criteria: 227 did not undergo complete blood count and 2D-color Doppler
               echocardiography while performing CPET and 1,839 patients were diagnosed with
               hypertension and are on medication (41.71%), coronary artery disease (26.97%), heart
               failure (8.48%), valvular heart disease (8.05%), anemia (7.01%), chronic obstructive
               pulmonary disease (6.20%), and asthma (1.57%). The normal group comprised 3,316
               individuals, of which 188 were excluded because they did not reach the maximum test
               criterion and/or because of the lack of agreement on VO<sub>2peak</sub> measurements
               between evaluators. In addition, nine subjects were excluded due to technical
               problems.</p>
        <p>The study population comprised 3,119 asymptomatic individuals not taking
               cardiovascular medication; the population had undergone complete blood count, 12-lead
               electrocardiography at rest, and 2D-color Doppler electrocardiography with flow
               mapping and exhibited normal pretest spirometry values and CPET without pathological
               changes. All participants signed an informed consent form to enroll in the study.
               This study was approved by the Platform Brazil and by the Research Ethics Committee
               of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, under the protocol No. 13-0474. Among
               the population selected, 2,495 individuals (80%) comprised the construction group
               (CG) of the equation, and 624 (20%) were randomly allocated by the SPSS software to
               an independent internal validation group (VG).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>The equipment used for the measurement of exhaled gases was a Cortex Metalyzer 3B
               (Leipzig, Germany). Measurements were obtained breath by breath, and data were
               analyzed using an ErgoPC Elite system (Micromed, Bras&#237;lia, Brazil). All examinations
               were performed in the same room, and the environment was monitored with a BAR208HGA
               meteorological station (Oregon Scientific, USA); an average temperature of 24.22&#186;C,
               relative humidity of 63.73%, and atmospheric pressure of 1,009.25 hPa (757 mmHg) were
               maintained. Calibration was performed periodically with a 3-L syringe to adjust for
               the correction factor that determines the respiratory volume. The exhaled fractions
               of oxygen (EFO<sub>2</sub>) were measured with a rapid response and high-precision
               electrochemical cell (0.1 vol.%), and the exhaled fractions of carbon dioxide
                  (EFCO<sub>2</sub>) were measured using a high-precision nondispersive infrared
               analyzer. Calibration was performed using a known gas mixture of O<sub>2</sub>
               (12.00%) and CO<sub>2</sub> (4.99%) and was balanced with nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>).
               Ventilatory variables were recorded instantly and subsequently calculated for an
               average time of 10 s.</p>
        <p>All tests were performed on a Centurion-200 treadmill (Micromed, Bras&#237;lia, Brazil) by
               the same investigator. In these tests, increasing exercise loads were applied using a
               ramp protocol, which was adjusted for each individual; the test should be completed
               within 8-12 min. All subjects received prior guidance on the CPET methodology and
               underwent a symptom-limited exercise test following the criteria for maximality, a
               modified Borg scale of 9-10, and a respiratory quotient (R) &gt; 1.09<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Oxygen consumption</title>
        <p>Oxygen consumption was recorded after agreement between two CPET experts, both of
               whom were working independently and were blinded to the study results.
                  VO<sub>2peak</sub> was measured at the highest point in the final moments of
               maximum effort, considering a sampling interval of 20 s and extrapolation for 1 min
               (for most of the population tested). For this reason, we used the term
                  VO<sub>2peak</sub> throughout the study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Of note is that some individuals reached the
               highest VO<sub>2</sub> value at the plateau of the curve, regardless of the increased
               workload (VO<sub>2max</sub>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Equations used for comparison</title>
        <p>The Jones equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> that was modified for the
               treadmill was as follows: VO<sub>2max</sub> predicted for male subjects = [60.0 -
               (0.55 &#215; age)] &#215; 1.11; VO<sub>2max</sub> predicted for female subjects = [48.0 - (0.37
               age)] &#215; 1.11.</p>
        <p>The Wasserman algorithm for the prediction of VO<sub>2max</sub> in men and women was
               entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet according to previous guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>For the construction of BE, we used the following multivariate regression model: Y =
                  &#946;<sub>o</sub> + &#946;<sub>1</sub>X<sub>1</sub> + &#946;<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> +
                  &#946;<sub>3</sub>X<sub>3</sub> + &#946;<sub>4</sub>X<sub>4</sub> + &#949; for the variables of
               gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity level. Analysis of variance
               and the estimation of regression were performed using the stepwise method. The
               coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) was calculated for each factor to
               determine the importance, sequence, and percentage of participation for each variable
               in the construction of the model for the prediction of VO<sub>2peak</sub>. In the
               model, the gender-coded values were as follows: men = 1 and women = 2. The physical
               activity level was assessed according to the guidelines established by ACSM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. We modified these guidelines and defined them
               as follows: a) sedentary subjects are those who do not practice any regular exercise
               or who practice exercise for &lt; 3 days a week or whose daily or work activities
               generate an energy expenditure of &lt; 3.2 METs; b) active subjects are those who
               exercise 3-6 days a week over 3 months or whose daily or work activities generate an
               energy expenditure between 3.2 and 10.2 METs; c) athletes are those who practice
               sports at the competition level, with a regular daily training of &gt;2 h and with an
               energy expenditure of &gt; 10.3 METs. Subjects were allocated to one of these
               categories according to the responses to a pre-CPET questionnaire containing
               questions on their physical activity history: total period of training, regularity,
               frequency, duration and intensity, work history, history of physical activities at
               home; there was an emphasis on the demand required for each activity. In the
               equation, these categories were coded as follows: sedentary = 1; active = 2; and
               athletes = 3. The model was established as follows: Y = &#946;<sub>o</sub> +
                  &#946;<sub>1</sub>X<sub>1</sub> + &#946;<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> + &#946;<sub>3</sub>X<sub>3
               </sub> + &#946;<sub>4</sub>X<sub>4</sub> + &#949;; where Y = VO<sub>2max</sub>; &#946; = coefficient
               of the regression equation with independent variables; X<sub>1</sub> = gender;
                  X<sub>2</sub> = age; X<sub>3</sub> = BMI; X<sub>4</sub> = physical activity; &#949; =
               random error.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data were entered into a database by a single trained investigator for later
               analysis, independent of the data collected. Data were analyzed using the SPSS
               Statistics software, version 19 (IBM Company, USA). Continuous variables were
               represented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and categorical variables were represented
               as percentages. The residues of the regression of VO<sub>2</sub> indicated a normal
               distribution curve using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p = 0.097). To select variables
               for the construction of the equation model, we used the stepwise method. This method
               applied the specific criteria to include variables with a significance of &#8804; 5% in the
               F-test and to exclude variables with a significance of 10% from the regression and
                  R<sup>2</sup> of each variable. For equation construction, a multivariate
               regression model was used, and for comparison of the mean, the Student's t-test was
               used. Equations were evaluated using the estimated standard error (ESE), total error
               (TE = square root of &#931; of measured VO<sub>2max</sub> - predicted
               VO<sub>2max</sub>/n), percentage of TE [%TE = 100 (TE/average measured
                  VO<sub>2max</sub>)]. The correlation was calculated using the intraclass
               correlation coefficient (ICC). For comparisons between equations, the Student's
               paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used. The distribution of positive and negative
               equation residues was represented as absolute values and percentages. Internal
               validation was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. An error probability (&#945;) of &lt; 5%
               was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The relative participation of physical activity (31.70%), age (26.70%), gender (23.90%),
            and BMI (11.10%) was important for the calculation of VO<sub>2peak</sub> using analysis
            of variance (p &lt; 0.001), and the order of importance is represented by the respective
            percentage. Using the stepwise method, height and weight variables were not significant
            and therefore were excluded from the construction of the equation. The multivariate
            regression model applied to CG generated the BE: VO<sub>2peak</sub> = 53.478 + (-7.518 &#215;
            gender) + (-0.254 &#215; age) + (0.430 &#215; BMI) + (6,132 &#215; physical activity), with an
               R<sup>2</sup> of 0.679 and p &lt; 0.001.</p>
      <p>As described in the "Methods" section and as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, gender, age, and anthropometric measurements were not significantly
            different in the excluded group (n = 2,263) when compared with CG and VG. Both CG and VG
               (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>) showed a mean age of 42 years, with a slight predominance of men,
            the majority of which were overweight and sedentary. In the general population, men (n =
            1,624) and women (n = 1,495) had a mean measured VO<sub>2peak</sub> value of 33.88 &#177;
            9.28 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 24.47 &#177; 7.24
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. For active men (n = 942) and women
            (n = 579), the mean measured VO<sub>2peak</sub> value was 37.66 &#177; 9.04
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 28.51 &#177; 8.36
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. For sedentary men (n = 682) and
            women (n = 916), the mean measured VO<sub>2peak</sub> value was 28.66 &#177; 6.74
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 21.92 &#177; 4.96
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The scatter plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows that VO<sub>2peak</sub> has a moderate
            inverse correlation with age in both men and women (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.268, p &lt;
            0.001). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the results of complete
            blood count, 2D-color Doppler electrocardiography with flow mapping, spirometry, and
            CPET and the maximum test criterion achieved.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scatter plot of oxygen consumption by gender.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0299-40137-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General profile of the construction group (n = 2,495)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th>Data (Mean &#177; SD or %)</th>
              <th>Minimum</th>
              <th>Maximum</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">42.57 &#177; 15.00</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">1,286 (51.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1,209 (48.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">73.71 &#177; 16.02</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">149.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.33</td>
              <td align="center">2.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">27.15 &#177; 5.00</td>
              <td align="center">14.53</td>
              <td align="center">66.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="3" align="left">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">1,280 (51.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Active</td>
              <td>1,107 (44.4)</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Athletic</td>
              <td>108 (4.3)</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t01">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General profile of the validation group (n = 624)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th align="center">Data (Mean &#177; SD or %)</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">41.28 &#177; 14.47</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">338 (54.2)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">286 (45.8)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Weight (Kg)</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">74.10 &#177; 15.85</td>
              <td align="center">36.8</td>
              <td align="center">134.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.38</td>
              <td align="center">1.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center"> </td>
              <td align="center">27.10 &#177; 5.02</td>
              <td align="center">16.20</td>
              <td align="center">51.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="3" align="left">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">318 (51.0)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="center">Active</td>
              <td align="center">278 (44.6)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="center">Athletic</td>
              <td align="center">28 (4.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t02">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Complete blood count, 2D-color Doppler echocardiography, spirometry, and CPET
                  results</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th colspan="2">Construction (n = 2,495)</th>
              <th style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid"> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th colspan="2">Validation (n = 624)</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid"> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left"> </th>
              <th>Mean</th>
              <th>&#177; SD</th>
              <th>Minimum</th>
              <th style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">Maximum</th>
              <th>Mean</th>
              <th>&#177; SD</th>
              <th>Minimum</th>
              <th>Maximum</th>
              <th> </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td>13.65</td>
              <td>0.97</td>
              <td>12.00</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">16.90</td>
              <td>13.60</td>
              <td>0.96</td>
              <td>12.00</td>
              <td>15.90</td>
              <td>0.307</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Hematocrit (%)</td>
              <td>42.45</td>
              <td>3.35</td>
              <td>37.00</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">50.80</td>
              <td>42.63</td>
              <td>3.13</td>
              <td>38.00</td>
              <td>51.80</td>
              <td>0.183</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td>67.02</td>
              <td>6.05</td>
              <td>56.00</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">79.00</td>
              <td>66.95</td>
              <td>6.18</td>
              <td>55.00</td>
              <td>80.00</td>
              <td>0.808</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">FVC (L)</td>
              <td>3.67</td>
              <td>0.97</td>
              <td>1.76</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">6.83</td>
              <td>3.66</td>
              <td>0.99</td>
              <td>1.81</td>
              <td>6.71</td>
              <td>0.859</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">FEV<sub>1</sub> (L)</td>
              <td>3.15</td>
              <td>0.80</td>
              <td>1.66</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">5.65</td>
              <td>3.14</td>
              <td>0.81</td>
              <td>1.74</td>
              <td>5.32</td>
              <td>0.719</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (%)</td>
              <td>87.18</td>
              <td>4.79</td>
              <td>80.12</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">95.85</td>
              <td>87.07</td>
              <td>4.71</td>
              <td>80.20</td>
              <td>95.39</td>
              <td>0.589</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Speed (Km/h)</td>
              <td>7.72</td>
              <td>1.66</td>
              <td>3.20</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">17.20</td>
              <td>7.84</td>
              <td>1.72</td>
              <td>4.0</td>
              <td>15.50</td>
              <td>0.117</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Inclination (%)</td>
              <td>9.68</td>
              <td>3.02</td>
              <td>1.50</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">19.00</td>
              <td>9.65</td>
              <td>2.98</td>
              <td>2.00</td>
              <td>21.00</td>
              <td>0.908</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Duration of the effort (s)</td>
              <td>535.55</td>
              <td>124.0</td>
              <td>313</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">1169</td>
              <td>531.53</td>
              <td>125.0</td>
              <td>312</td>
              <td>1090</td>
              <td>0.472</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Max HR (bpm)</td>
              <td>173.26</td>
              <td>15.44</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">209</td>
              <td>175.12</td>
              <td>16.90</td>
              <td>125</td>
              <td>208</td>
              <td>0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Max SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>185.82</td>
              <td>23.86</td>
              <td>122</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">257</td>
              <td>184.36</td>
              <td>22.76</td>
              <td>131</td>
              <td>254</td>
              <td>0.157</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Max DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>89.78</td>
              <td>12.11</td>
              <td>64</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">126</td>
              <td>88.84</td>
              <td>11.03</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>123</td>
              <td>0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Respiratory coefficient (R)</td>
              <td>1.15</td>
              <td>0.06</td>
              <td>1.10</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">1.38</td>
              <td>1.16</td>
              <td>0.07</td>
              <td>1.10</td>
              <td>1.35</td>
              <td>0.356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Max MV (L/min)</td>
              <td>75.32</td>
              <td>15.78</td>
              <td>33.10</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">121.9</td>
              <td>74.99</td>
              <td>15.55</td>
              <td>39.50</td>
              <td>118.10</td>
              <td>0.639</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Abs VO<sub>2peak</sub> (L/min)</td>
              <td>2.16</td>
              <td>0.82</td>
              <td>1.02</td>
              <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">4.82</td>
              <td>2.22</td>
              <td>0.84</td>
              <td>0.99</td>
              <td>4.98</td>
              <td>0.087</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t03">
            <p>FVC: forced vital capacity; SD: standard deviation; Max HR: maximum heart rate;
                     Max DBP: maximum diastolic blood pressure; Max SBP: maximum systolic blood
                     pressure; R: respiratory quotient; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in
                     1 s; Max MV: maximum minute ventilation; Abs VO<sub>2peak</sub>: absolute peak
                     oxygen consumption.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows that the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values
            measured with CPET are very close to those predicted by BE but are more distant from
            those measured with the Wasserman algorithm. Moreover, the Jones equation overestimates
            the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values. The lowest values for ESE, ET, and ET% indicated that BE
            showed the best performance in predicting the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values in both groups.
            The means of the measured and predicted VO<sub>2peak</sub> values using BE were not
            significantly different. In contrast, the Wasserman algorithm and Jones equation
            revealed significant differences in CG and VG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
               5</xref>). The distribution of equation residues indicated similar positive and
            negative values for BE and predominantly negative values for both the Wasserman
            algorithm and Jones equation. This finding indicates that the latter equations
            overestimate the mean VO<sub>2peak</sub> values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table
               6</xref>). Intraclass correlation analysis indicated a good correlation between the
            measured VO<sub>2peak</sub> and BE (0.894), the Wasserman algorithm (0.846), and the
            Jones equation (0.766) in both CG and VG. Moreover, BE showed excellent internal
            validation, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.826.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Statistical values of the equations in CG and VG</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Phase</th>
              <th>Statistic measurements</th>
              <th>Measured VO<sub>2</sub></th>
              <th>BE</th>
              <th>Jones</th>
              <th>Wasserman</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="7" align="left">Construction</td>
              <td>Mean</td>
              <td>29.22</td>
              <td>29.22</td>
              <td>38.41</td>
              <td>32.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Minimum</td>
              <td>12.93</td>
              <td>12.78</td>
              <td>13.32</td>
              <td>13.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Maximum</td>
              <td>65.56</td>
              <td>58.81</td>
              <td>61.72</td>
              <td>65.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Standard deviation</td>
              <td>9.57</td>
              <td>7.88</td>
              <td>8.39</td>
              <td>8.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>ESE</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>4.46</td>
              <td>6.54</td>
              <td>5.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>TE</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>5.38</td>
              <td>12.07</td>
              <td>7.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>%TE</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>18.43</td>
              <td>41.30</td>
              <td>25.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="7" align="left">Validation</td>
              <td>Mean</td>
              <td>29.92</td>
              <td>29.80</td>
              <td>39.23</td>
              <td>33.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Minimum</td>
              <td>12.21</td>
              <td>11.23</td>
              <td>15.32</td>
              <td>16.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Maximum</td>
              <td>66.52</td>
              <td>54.32</td>
              <td>59.27</td>
              <td>59.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>Standard deviation</td>
              <td>9.82</td>
              <td>7.87</td>
              <td>8.27</td>
              <td>8.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>ESE</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>4.32</td>
              <td>6.44</td>
              <td>5.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>TE</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>5.40</td>
              <td>12.23</td>
              <td>7.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td>%TE</td>
              <td>-</td>
              <td>18.05</td>
              <td>40.87</td>
              <td>25.55</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t04">
            <p>EB: equation derived from a Brazilian population; ESE: estimated standard
                     error; TE: total error; %TE: percentage of total error; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen
                     consumption. VO<sub>2peak</sub> values were expressed as
                        mL.kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of measured and predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub> values using
                  different equations in CG and VG</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Comparison</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">CG</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">VG</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> &#215; Brazilian</td>
              <td align="center">-0.213 a 0.213</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
              <td align="center">-0.302 a 0.547</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> &#215; Wasserman</td>
              <td align="center">-3.568 a -3.047</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-3.877 a 2.794</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2peak</sub> &#215; Jones</td>
              <td align="center">9.492 a -8.877</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-9.937 a -8.690</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s paired t-test. CI: confidence interval;</p>
            <p>VO<sub>2peak</sub>: peak oxygen consumption; CG: construction group; VG:
                     validation group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of positive and negative equation residues in CG and VG</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="3" align="left">Residues</th>
              <th colspan="6">CG</th>
              <th colspan="6">VG</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">National</th>
              <th colspan="2">Wasserman</th>
              <th colspan="2">Jones</th>
              <th colspan="2">National</th>
              <th colspan="2">Wasserman</th>
              <th colspan="2">Jones</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Negative</td>
              <td>1,243</td>
              <td>49.82</td>
              <td>1,805</td>
              <td>72.34</td>
              <td>2,186</td>
              <td>87.62</td>
              <td>315</td>
              <td>50.48</td>
              <td>441</td>
              <td>70.67</td>
              <td>547</td>
              <td>87.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Positive</td>
              <td>1,252</td>
              <td>50.18</td>
              <td>690</td>
              <td>27.66</td>
              <td>309</td>
              <td>12.38</td>
              <td>309</td>
              <td>49.52</td>
              <td>183</td>
              <td>29.33</td>
              <td>77</td>
              <td>12.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>0.857</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>0.001</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>0.001</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>0.810</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>0.001</td>
              <td> </td>
              <td>0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t06">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square test.</p>
            <p>CG: construction group; VG: validation group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>These equations were analyzed according to age subgroups (up to 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50,
            51-60, 61-70, 71-80, and &gt;81 years), gender (male and female), BMI (classified as
            &lt; 18.5, underweight; 18.5-24.9, normal; 25.0-29.9, overweight, 30.0-39.9, obesity
            types I and II; &#8805;40.0, obesity type III) and physical activity (sedentary, active, and
            athletic). BE showed the best performance in predicting the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values in
            these subgroups when compared with the Wasserman algorithm and Jones equation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The BE incorporated several parameters, including age, gender, body composition, and
            physical activity level. This equation was able to predict VO<sub>2peak</sub> with a
            very good accuracy when predicted VO<sub>2</sub> was compared with VO<sub>2peak</sub>
            measured by CPET. BE was constructed from a sample comprising 2,495 apparently healthy
            subjects with a wide variation in weight and age. In addition, these subjects exhibited
            different physical activity levels. Notwithstanding this variability, BE was superior to
            other well-known equations reported in the literature, such as the equation reported by
            Jones-known as the Jones equation, that we modified for the treadmill-and was more
            accurate than the Wasserman algorithm.</p>
      <p>Predicting VO<sub>2peak</sub> is challenging mainly because factors such as genetic
            differences, ethnicity, habits, body size, and physical activity levels of a particular
            population may differ from the population in which the equation was initially
               tested<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Both the prediction and estimation equations may
            overestimate the actual oxygen consumption. For this reason, the distinction between the
            prediction and estimation equations for the calculation of VO<sub>2peak</sub> is
            necessary. In the prediction equation, VO<sub>2peak</sub> is dependent on pretest
            physical characteristics, including age, gender, body composition, and physical activity
            level. In the estimation equation, VO<sub>2peak</sub> is dependent on variables obtained
            during an exercise test, including speed, inclination, load, and test duration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. It should be emphasized that both the equation
            reported by Jones and Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and the
            algorithm of Wasserman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> are prediction
            equations, and that none of them have been previously validated in Brazil. In fact, our
            results indicate that the overestimation of the predicted VO<sub>2peak</sub> values can
            induce a systematic error in the final CPET report, and this problem can routinely occur
            in Brazil, considering that the CPET softwares commercially available use these
            equations.</p>
      <p>We emphasize that several factors influence the calculation of VO<sub>2peak</sub>,
            including age, gender, body size, physical activity level, and exercise type<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Bruce et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> evaluated 295 normal subjects (138 men) using multiple regression analysis
            to identify whether gender, age, physical activity, weight, and height helped predict
            the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values during treadmill exercises with a ramp protocol, and they
            observed that gender and age were the most important variables, followed by physical
            activity, weight, and height. In the present study, the importance of these variables,
            in descending order, was as follows: physical activity, age, gender, and BMI. This
            difference in the results may be due to three factors; the first factor is related to
            differences in the protocols used. In this regard, Myers et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> demonstrated that the Bruce protocol estimates higher
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> values when compared with the individualized ramp protocol. The
            second factor involves the detailed profiling of physical activities in our study,
            including type, frequency, duration, intensity, and their uniform distribution in
            relation to gender, age, and BMI. The third factor is related to the sample size, in
            which a larger number of subjects may have a profile similar to that of the patient
            evaluated, thereby allowing a better visualization of these differences<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Aspenes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> examined a cohort of 4,631
            individuals in which 91% were active subjects or athletes; they reported a
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> of 44.32 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 35.88
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively. When compared
            with the active subjects from the present study, this difference can be explained mainly
            by the gas analyzer used in the Norwegian study (portable MetaMax), whereby the values
            used for validation were 8% higher than those of the gold standard (pouch system
            formulated by Douglas)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Moreover, this
            difference may be related to the higher stature and to genetic factors in the Norwegian
            population. Another Norwegian study (Edvardsen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>) involving predominantly active subjects found the VO<sub>2peak</sub>
            values of 39.74 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 32.20
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively, which were
            slightly higher than the values obtained in the present study. Nelson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> evaluated active Canadian men and found
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> values similar to those obtained in the present study. An American
            study by Davis et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> involved sedentary
            subjects training on a cycle ergometer corrected by the factor 1.11 for the treadmill;
            this study obtained the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values of 37.26
               mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>and 28.10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> for
            men and women, respectively. These values were 10% higher than those obtained for the
            general population in the present study. This result may be due to the higher BMI of our
            study sample and the use of the correction factor.</p>
      <p>A Brazilian study by Neder et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> investigated a
            small group from the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The sample comprised sedentary subjects who
            trained on a cycle ergometer. When the correction factor for the treadmill was applied,
            the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values obtained were 31.24 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>and
            23.65 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively, which were
            slightly below the values obtained in our study. Using another equation developed by
            Jones et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, VO<sub>2max</sub> = (0.046
            [height] - 0.021 [age] - 0.62 [gender] - 4.31), with a score of 0 for men and 1 for
            women), we found negative VO<sub>2peak</sub> values for older people with short stature;
            therefore, this equation was inadequate for this population group.</p>
      <p>The application of the Jones equation to our study group overestimated
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> for 87% of subjects, of which 31.4% exhibited values higher than
            the mean VO<sub>2peak</sub> values measured. In a series by the same author<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> involving 1,071 individuals (731 men), the
            prediction of the maximum working capacity yielded values closer to those for the
            measured capacity. However, VO<sub>2peak</sub> was not reported in this population. When
            the Jones equation was applied to the older age group (&gt; 71 years), the percentage of
            total error was greater than 210. This may be due to the fact that values calculated
            using both prediction and estimation equations had a wider variation with aging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Even so, we can expect a reasonable prediction power when this equation
            is applied to the population for which it was derived; however, when analysis was
            performed using our sample, the overestimation was significant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Similarly, the Wasserman algorithm was significantly different from BE. Overestimations
            were observed in the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values for 71% subjects, yielding values 11.3%
            higher than those measured in our sample. This may be due to differences between the
            populations from which these equations were derived<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. The population from
            which the Wasserman algorithm was derived was less healthy and belonged to an older age
            group. In the population from which BE was derived, the physical activity level
            represented the most important variable for the calculation of VO<sub>2peak</sub>.</p>
      <p>In addition, the Jones equation and Wasserman algorithm were derived from tests on a
            cycle ergometer, with the use of a correction factor of 1.11 to predict the
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> values on the treadmill, and this factor may have contributed to
            the increased prediction error.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The evaluation of a population from across the state of Para&#237;ba may be a limiting
               factor for the extrapolation of the results to larger population groups. However, the
               study group comprised white, black, and indigenous individuals, and their
               miscegenation thereof and individuals from the other states of Brazil. Importantly,
               the data from the present study were not significantly different from the IBGE
                  data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> when considering the pairing of age
               groups (%) (p = 0.401). Similarly, the distribution of gender-related data was
               similar to that of IBGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Our study sample
               exhibited a higher prevalence of overweight individuals, and this result was similar
               to that reported by Vigitel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, corresponding
               to 51% of the Brazilian population. According to Vigitel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, physical activity through regular exercise and through
               commuting to work was accomplished by 47.7% of the population. This result is similar
               to the results obtained for the active group of our sample. Therefore, a certain
               similarity was observed between the population studied and the Brazilian population
               as a whole. However, the performance of an external validation study involving groups
               from other regions of the country to corroborate our findings is essential.</p>
        <p>We also highlight that BMI is an imprecise parameter for the assessment of body
               structure, because it does not take into consideration the amount of lean mass, which
               is critical for energy balance. However, when evaluating the importance of variables
               that compose an equation using the stepwise method, BMI showed increased statistical
               relevance in comparison with weight and height; therefore, this parameter was
               incorporated into the equation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The equation derived from the Brazilian population was able to predict
               VO<sub>2peak</sub> and showed a very good performance in the internal validation
            test. It contributes to the reduction of systematic errors that occur when using
            equations that overestimate the VO<sub>2peak</sub> values with CPET, such as the Jones
            equation and Wasserman algorithm. Such equations when used for the Brazilian population
            should be examined critically and compared with equations constructed with local
            data.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Stefani CM, Nascimento
               JA, Santos AC, Ribeiro JP; Data acquisition: Almeida AEM, Almeida NM; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Stefani CM, Nascimento JA, Santos
               AC, Ribeiro JP; Statistical analysis: Almeida AEM, Stefani CM, Nascimento JA, Stein
               R; Funding acquisition: Stein R; Writing of the manuscript: Almeida AEM, Stein R,
               Stefani CM, Almeida NM, Nascimento JA, Santos AC; Critical revision of the manuscript
               for intellectual content: Almeida AEM, Stein R.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
        <p>Ricardo Stein is Level 2 CNPq investigator.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Master Dissertation submitted by Charles Moraes Stefani
               from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Equa&#231;&#227;o de Predi&#231;&#227;o do Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o
               Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefani</surname>
            <given-names>Charles de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Agnaldo do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Narla Miranda de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Amilton da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Pinto</given-names>
            <suffix>(in memoriam)</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardio L&#243;gica M&#233;todos Gr&#225;ficos, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Departamento de
               Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Departamento de
               Estat&#237;stica da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba - UFPB, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do
               Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do
               Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de
               Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS
               - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein.</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Caetano 20/402, Petr&#243;polis. CEP
               90470260, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>ristein@pq.cnpq.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As equa&#231;&#245;es que predizem o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (leia-se VO<sub>2m&#225;x ou
                     pico</sub>) utilizadas em <italic>softwares </italic>de teste cardiopulmonar de
                  exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) no Brasil n&#227;o foram validadas e t&#234;m import&#226;ncia fundamental no
                  algoritmo diagn&#243;stico desse exame.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Construir e validar uma equa&#231;&#227;o derivada de popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira (EB) para
                  predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>, comparando-a com a equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones (EJ) e com
                  o algoritmo de Wasserman (AW).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados, pelo TCPE, 3.119 indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Destes,
                  2.495 pertenceram ao grupo de constru&#231;&#227;o (GC) e 624 foram alocados de forma
                  aleat&#243;ria no grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o (GV). Na EB consideraram-se idade, g&#234;nero, &#237;ndice
                  de massa corporal (IMC) e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, sendo a mesma posteriormente
                  testada no GV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No GC, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 42,6 anos, 51,5% eram homens, o IMC m&#233;dio foi de 27,2,
                  sendo 51,3% sedent&#225;rios, 44,4% ativos e 4,3% atletas. No GV n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
                  entre o VO<sub>2pico</sub> m&#233;dio medido pelo TCPE (29,92 mL.kg&#8722;1.min&#8722;1) e pela EB
                  (29,80 mL.kg1.min&#8722;1/p = 0,571), sendo observada &#243;tima correla&#231;&#227;o (0,898). O AW e a
                  EJ tiveram valores m&#233;dios diferentes do VO<sub>2pico</sub> medido (p &lt;0,001). O
                  percentual do erro total foi de 18%, 26% e 41% para EB, AW e EJ, respectivamente.
                  A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos foi predominantemente negativa no AW (70,67%) e na EJ
                  (87,66%), evidenciando que ambas superestimam os valores m&#233;dios do
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A EB apresenta valores de VO<sub>2pico</sub> muito pr&#243;ximos do valor medido
                  atrav&#233;s do TCPE, enquanto o AW e a EJ diferem significativamente do
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub> real.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Previs&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A capacidade m&#225;xima de um indiv&#237;duo para executar trabalho aer&#243;bico &#233; definida pelo
               consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (leia-se VO<sub>2m&#225;x ou pico</sub>), que &#233; produto do
               d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa do oxig&#234;nio durante o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Respostas integradas dos sistemas
               respirat&#243;rio, cardiovascular e muscular em exerc&#237;cios que envolvam grandes grupos
               musculares aumentam at&#233; um limite que define o VO<sub>2pico</sub> ou a condi&#231;&#227;o
               aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima do indiv&#237;duo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. V&#225;rios fatores
               interferem na determina&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub>, como faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero,
               gen&#233;tica, etnia, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, n&#237;vel de atividade usual e tipo de
                  exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O VO<sub>2pico</sub> fornece
               importantes informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.
               Estudos cl&#225;ssicos com grandes amostras de indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade e idosos de
               diferentes partes do mundo t&#234;m repetidamente encontrado que o risco de mortalidade
               por todas as causas em seguimentos entre 5-20 anos pode variar de uma a cinco vezes
               para os indiv&#237;duos dispostos nos quartis ou quintis mais extremos de
                  VO<sub>2pico</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o
                  VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico independente importante, sendo
               utilizado para crit&#233;rio de indica&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>O VO<sub>2pico</sub> pode ser medido de forma direta atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise dos gases
               expirados durante um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) ou predito estimado
               atrav&#233;s de equa&#231;&#245;es. Bruce e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> definem
               equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o como aquela em que o VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#233; uma vari&#225;vel dependente
               das caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas pr&#233;-teste, como g&#234;nero, idade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica,
               peso e altura. Por sua vez, na equa&#231;&#227;o estimativa, o VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#233; dependente
               das vari&#225;veis obtidas de um teste de exerc&#237;cio (teste ergom&#233;trico), como velocidade,
               inclina&#231;&#227;o, carga, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Na predi&#231;&#227;o ou estimativa, &#233;
               importante saber as caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e locais da popula&#231;&#227;o em que a
               equa&#231;&#227;o foi criada ou validada para atingir o VO<sub>2pico</sub> mais pr&#243;ximo do real
                  consumo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O VO<sub>2pico</sub> medido diretamente pelo TCPE &#233; comparado
               ao VO<sub>2pico </sub>previsto para a faixa populacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. &#201; digno de nota que a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico </sub>para
               normalidade &#233; comumente realizada por meio de equa&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o foram validadas na
               popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. As duas mais frequentemente utilizadas em
                  <italic>softwares</italic> de TCPE no Brasil s&#227;o a citada por Jones e
                  Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, a qual &#233; modificada para
               esteira, e o algoritmo para predi&#231;&#227;o de VO<sub>2pico </sub>de Wasserman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. H&#225; indicativo observacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> de que as mesmas superestimam o valor do
                  VO<sub>2pico </sub>predito quando comparadas as medidas diretas realizadas pelo
               TCPE.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo construir e validar uma equa&#231;&#227;o
               derivada da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira para predizer o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, comparando a
               mesma com as equa&#231;&#245;es citadas por Jones e Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e com o algoritmo de Wasserman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 5.382 indiv&#237;duos oriundos de todo o estado da Para&#237;ba,
                  encaminhados a uma cl&#237;nica privada de refer&#234;ncia em TCPE da cidade de Jo&#227;o Pessoa
                  (PB) para avalia&#231;&#227;o e realiza&#231;&#227;o de TCPE, no per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2007 a
                  janeiro de 2013. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxo
                  de recrutamento da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo do recrutamento da popula&#231;&#227;o.</title>
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; GC:
                        grupo de constru&#231;&#227;o; GV: grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                        sist&#234;mica; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; prob. t&#233;c.: problemas
                        t&#233;cnicos; sem crit. m&#225;x.: sem crit&#233;rio para TCPE m&#225;ximo; TCPE: teste
                        cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0299-40137-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos 2.066 indiv&#237;duos pelos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 227 n&#227;o realizaram
                  hemograma e ecocardiograma Doppler em cores com mapeamento de fluxo bidimensional
                  no per&#237;odo da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE e 1.839 pacientes tinham diagn&#243;stico de
                  hipertens&#227;o arterial em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o (41,71%), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana
                  (26,97%), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (8,48%), valvopatia (8,05%), anemia (7,01%),
                  doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (6,20%) e asma (1,57%). A popula&#231;&#227;o de
                  indiv&#237;duos normais foi composta de 3.316, sendo exclu&#237;dos 188 por n&#227;o atingirem o
                  crit&#233;rio de teste m&#225;ximo e/ou n&#227;o haver concord&#226;ncia na determina&#231;&#227;o do
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub> entre os avaliadores e nove por decorr&#234;ncia de problemas
                  t&#233;cnicos.</p>
          <p>Compuseram a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo 3.119 indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, sem uso de
                  medica&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, com hemograma, eletrocardiograma em repouso com
                  12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiograma Doppler em cores com mapeamento de fluxo
                  bidimensional, espirometria pr&#233;-teste normais e TCPE sem altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas.
                  Todos assinaram o termo de informa&#231;&#227;o e consentimento para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.
                  O estudo foi aprovado pela Plataforma Brasil e pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa do
                  Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, tendo sido aprovado sob o n&#250;mero 13-0474. Da
                  popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada, 2.495 indiv&#237;duos (80%) compuseram o grupo de constru&#231;&#227;o
                  (GC) da equa&#231;&#227;o e 624 (20%) foram alocados aleatoriamente pelo pr&#243;prio programa do
                  SPSS para compor o grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o interna independente (GV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>A aparelhagem utilizada para a mensura&#231;&#227;o dos gases expirados foi o Metalyzer 3B
                  Cortex (Leipzig, Alemanha), com medidas a cada respira&#231;&#227;o, associado ao ErgoPC
                  Elite (Micromed, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil). Todos os exames foram realizados na mesma
                  sala, com ambiente monitorado por uma esta&#231;&#227;o meteorol&#243;gica de marca Oregon BAR
                  208 HGA, com m&#233;dias de 24, 22&#186;C de temperatura, 63,73 de umidade relativa do ar e
                  1.009,25 hPa (757 mmHg) de press&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi feita
                  periodicamente com seringa de tr&#234;s litros, para empregar o fator de corre&#231;&#227;o que
                  determina o volume respirat&#243;rio. As fra&#231;&#245;es expiradas de oxig&#234;nio
                  (FEO<sub>2</sub>) foram medidas por uma c&#233;lula eletroqu&#237;mica de resposta r&#225;pida e
                  elevada precis&#227;o (0,1 vol.%), e as fra&#231;&#245;es expiradas de di&#243;xido de carbono
                     (FECO<sub>2</sub>), por um analisador ND infravermelho de alta precis&#227;o. A
                  calibra&#231;&#227;o dos analisadores do equipamento foi feita com mistura gasosa conhecida
                  de O<sub>2</sub> (12%) e CO<sub>2</sub> (4,99%), balanceada com nitrog&#234;nio
                     (N<sub>2</sub>). As vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias foram registradas instantaneamente
                  e, em momento posterior, calculadas para o tempo m&#233;dio de 10 segundos.</p>
          <p>Todos os testes foram realizados em esteira ergom&#233;trica (Centurion-200 Micromed,
                  Bras&#237;lia, Brasil) pelo mesmo investigador, com aplica&#231;&#227;o de carga crescente em
                  protocolo de rampa, o qual foi ajustado para cada indiv&#237;duo, prevendo a conclus&#227;o
                  do teste em 8-12 minutos. Todos os sujeitos receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias sobre a
                  metodologia do TCPE e realizaram teste sintoma-limitado, sendo observados os
                  crit&#233;rios de maximalidade, escala de Borg modificada entre 9-10, al&#233;m de
                  coeficiente respirat&#243;rio (R) &gt; 1,09<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consumo de oxig&#234;nio</title>
          <p>O consumo de oxig&#234;nio foi determinado pela concord&#226;ncia entre dois especialistas
                  em TCPE, ambos independentes e cegos para o estudo. O VO<sub>2pico</sub> foi
                  mensurado no ponto mais alto, nos instantes finais do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, considerando
                  um intervalo de amostragem de 20 segundos extrapolado para um minuto (a grande
                  maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o testada). Por esse motivo, utilizamos o termo
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub> em todo o texto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Cabe salientar que alguns indiv&#237;duos
                  atingiram o mais alto VO<sub>2</sub> no plat&#244; da curva, independentemente do
                  aumento da carga de trabalho (VO<sub>2 m&#225;ximo</sub>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Equa&#231;&#245;es utilizadas para compara&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> modificada
                  para esteira &#233;: sexo masculino - VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> previsto = [60,0 - (0,55 &#215;
                  idade)] &#215; 1,11; sexo feminino - VO<sub>2 m&#225;x </sub>previsto = [48,0 - (0,37 &#215;
                  idade)] &#215; 1,11.</p>
          <p>O algoritmo de Wasserman para previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> em homens e mulheres
                  foi colocado em planilha do <italic>software</italic> Microsoft Excel Windows
                  2007, conforme a sequ&#234;ncia de condicionais recomendadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
          <p>Para constru&#231;&#227;o da EB utilizamos um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada Y = &#946;<sub>o
                  </sub>+ &#946;<sub>1</sub>X<sub>1</sub> + &#946;<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> +
                     &#946;<sub>3</sub>X<sub>3</sub> + &#946;<sub>4</sub>X<sub>4</sub> + &#949; para as vari&#225;veis
                  g&#234;nero, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, sendo
                  realizadas an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia e estimativa da regress&#227;o atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo
                  Stepwise, al&#233;m de coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>) individualizado dos
                  fatores para determinar a import&#226;ncia, a ordem e o percentual de participa&#231;&#227;o das
                  mesmas na constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo para previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub>. Os valores
                  foram codificados no modelo para: sexo masculino = 1; sexo feminino = 2. A
                  avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi determinada de acordo com as
                  recomenda&#231;&#245;es do ACSM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, modificadas pelos
                  autores, sendo assim definidas: a) sedent&#225;rios s&#227;o aqueles sujeitos que n&#227;o
                  praticam nenhum exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular ou em frequ&#234;ncia inferior a tr&#234;s dias na
                  semana ou cujas atividades di&#225;rias ou laborais geram gasto energ&#233;tico inferior a
                  3,2 METs; b) ativo &#233; o sujeito que se exercita de forma regular, 3-6 dias na
                  semana h&#225; mais de tr&#234;s meses, ou cujas atividades di&#225;rias ou laborais geram gasto
                  energ&#233;tico entre 3,2-10,2 METs; c) atleta &#233; o indiv&#237;duo que pratica esporte em
                  n&#237;vel competitivo, com treinamento di&#225;rio regular acima de duas horas e que tenha
                  gasto energ&#233;tico superior a 10,3 METs. Os indiv&#237;duos eram alocados em uma dessas
                  defini&#231;&#245;es, de acordo com as respostas do question&#225;rio pr&#233;-TCPE abordando o
                  hist&#243;rico do exerc&#237;cio: tempo de exerc&#237;cio, regularidade, frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o e
                  intensidade, hist&#243;rico do trabalho e de atividades f&#237;sicas no lar, enfatizando a
                  demanda de exerc&#237;cio requerido. Na equa&#231;&#227;o, os valores foram codificados para:
                  sedent&#225;rios = 1; ativos = 2; atletas = 3. O modelo ficou estabelecido assim: Y =
                     &#946;<sub>o </sub>+ &#946;<sub>1</sub>X<sub>1</sub> + &#946;<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub> +
                     &#946;<sub>3</sub>X<sub>3</sub> + &#946;<sub>4</sub>X<sub>4</sub> + &#949;; onde Y = VO<sub>2
                     m&#225;x</sub>; &#946; = coeficientes da equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o com vari&#225;veis
                  independentes; X<sub>1</sub> = g&#234;nero; X<sub>2</sub> = idade; X<sub>3</sub> = IMC;
                     X<sub>4</sub> = atividade f&#237;sica; &#949; = erro aleat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados foram digitados por um &#250;nico investigador treinado e independente
                  das coletas, em uma base de dados para posterior an&#225;lise. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados se
                  efetuou com o programa estat&#237;stico IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (IBM Company, Estados
                  Unidos). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas com m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, e as
                  vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em percentuais. Os res&#237;duos da regress&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>
                  mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal no teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p = 0,097). Para
                  escolha das vari&#225;veis na constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo da equa&#231;&#227;o usamos o m&#233;todo Stepwise,
                  que formalizou a escolha aplicando o crit&#233;rio para entrada de uma vari&#225;vel com
                  signific&#226;ncia menor ou igual a 5% no teste F e 10% na signific&#226;ncia para sua
                  remo&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o e R<sup>2</sup> de cada vari&#225;vel. Na constru&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o
                  foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o multivariado, e na compara&#231;&#227;o das suas m&#233;dias
                  foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. As avalia&#231;&#245;es das equa&#231;&#245;es
                  foram feitas pelo erro-padr&#227;o da estimativa (EPE), erro total [ET = raiz quadrada
                  da &#8721; do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> medido - VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> predito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>/n], percentual do erro total [%ET = 100 (ET/m&#233;dia
                     VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> medido)] e a associa&#231;&#227;o pela correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI).
                  Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as equa&#231;&#245;es foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> de
                  Student emparelhado e o teste de Wilcoxon. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos positivos e
                  negativos das equa&#231;&#245;es foi apresentada em valores absolutos e percentuais. Para
                  avalia&#231;&#227;o da valida&#231;&#227;o interna foi utilizada a medida estat&#237;stica de alfa de
                  Crombach. Considerou-se significativa uma probabilidade de erro &#945; &lt; 5%.</p>
          <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis atividade f&#237;sica (31,70%), idade (26,70%), g&#234;nero
                  (23,90%) e IMC (11,10%) foi importante na determina&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub> pela
                  an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,001) e com grau de import&#226;ncia na ordem decrescente
                  acima colocada. Pelo m&#233;todo Stepwise, as vari&#225;veis peso e altura n&#227;o tiveram
                  signific&#226;ncia, sendo exclu&#237;das da constru&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o. O modelo de regress&#227;o
                  multivariado aplicado no GC gerou a EB: VO<sub>2pico</sub> = 53,478 + (-7,518 &#215;
                  sexo) + (-0,254 &#215; idade) + (-0,430 &#215; IMC) + (6,132 &#215; atividade f&#237;sica) com
                     R<sup>2</sup> de 0,679 e p &lt; 0,001.</p>
          <p>Como descrito na se&#231;&#227;o "M&#233;todos" e mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>, o grupo exclu&#237;do (n total = 2.263) n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as
                  relacionados a g&#234;nero, idade e medidas antropom&#233;tricas quando comparado aos grupos
                  constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o do GC e do GV
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">2</xref>) mostram m&#233;dia de idade de 42 anos com discreta
                  predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, sendo a maioria com sobrepeso, al&#233;m de
                  predomin&#226;ncia de sedent&#225;rios em ambos os grupos. Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o sexo
                  masculino (1.624) mostrou m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2pico</sub> medido de 33,88 &#177; 9,28
                     mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e no feminino (1.495) 24,47 &#177; 7,24
                     mL.kg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.min<sup>-1</sup>. Considerando
                  apenas os indiv&#237;duos ativos do sexo masculino (942), a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2pico</sub>
                  medido foi de 37,66 &#177; 9,04 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e do sexo feminino
                  (579) foi de 28,51 &#177; 8,36 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. Nos indiv&#237;duos
                  sedent&#225;rios do sexo masculino (682), o VO<sub>2pico</sub> medido foi de 28,66 &#177;
                  6,74 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e no sexo feminino (916) foi de 21,92 &#177;
                  4,96 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
                     2</xref> mostra o diagrama de dispers&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub> com correla&#231;&#227;o
                  inversa e moderada com a idade, considerando-se ambos os sexos (R<sup>2</sup> =
                  0,268, p &lt;0,001). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref> mostra
                  valores dos resultados de exames (hemograma, ecocardiograma Doppler em cores com
                  mapeamento do fluxo em cores, espirometria e do TCPE) que nortearam a sele&#231;&#227;o da
                  popula&#231;&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m demonstra o crit&#233;rio de teste m&#225;ximo alcan&#231;ado.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0299-40137-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o do grupo de constru&#231;&#227;o (n =
                        2.495)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center"> </th>
                  <th align="center">Dados (M&#233;dia &#177; DP ou %)</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">42,57 &#177; 15,00</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.286 (51,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.209 (48,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">73,71 &#177; 16,02</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5</td>
                  <td align="center">149,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">27,15 &#177; 5,00</td>
                  <td align="center">14,53</td>
                  <td align="center">66,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="3" align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.280 (51,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ativo</td>
                  <td align="center">1.107 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Atleta</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t07">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o do grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o (n =
                        624)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th>Dados (M&#233;dia &#177; DP ou %)</th>
                  <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>M&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>41,28 &#177; 14,47</td>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td>84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td>338 (54,2)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">286 (45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>74,10 &#177; 15,85</td>
                  <td>36,8</td>
                  <td>134,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>1,65 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  <td>1,38</td>
                  <td>1,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>27,10 &#177; 5,02</td>
                  <td>16,20</td>
                  <td>51,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="3" align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td>318 (51,0)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Ativo</td>
                  <td>278 (44,6)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Atleta</td>
                  <td>28 (4,5)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t08">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores do hemograma, ecodopplercardiograma, espirometria e TCPE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Constru&#231;&#227;o (n = 2.495)</th>
                  <th style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid"> </th>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Valida&#231;&#227;o (n = 624)</th>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>&#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">M&#225;ximo</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>&#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>M&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td>13,65</td>
                  <td>0,97</td>
                  <td>12,00</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">16,90</td>
                  <td>13,60</td>
                  <td>0,96</td>
                  <td>12,00</td>
                  <td>15,90</td>
                  <td>0,307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                  <td>42,45</td>
                  <td>3,35</td>
                  <td>37,00</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">50,80</td>
                  <td>42,63</td>
                  <td>3,13</td>
                  <td>38,00</td>
                  <td>51,80</td>
                  <td>0,183</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o %</td>
                  <td>67,02</td>
                  <td>6,05</td>
                  <td>56,00</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">79,00</td>
                  <td>66,95</td>
                  <td>6,18</td>
                  <td>55,00</td>
                  <td>80,00</td>
                  <td>0,808</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">CVF (L)</td>
                  <td>3,67</td>
                  <td>0,97</td>
                  <td>1,76</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">6,83</td>
                  <td>3,66</td>
                  <td>0,99</td>
                  <td>1,81</td>
                  <td>6,71</td>
                  <td>0,859</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VEF<sub>1</sub> (L)</td>
                  <td>3,15</td>
                  <td>0,80</td>
                  <td>1,66</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">5,65</td>
                  <td>3,14</td>
                  <td>0,81</td>
                  <td>1,74</td>
                  <td>5,32</td>
                  <td>0,719</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (%)</td>
                  <td>87,18</td>
                  <td>4,79</td>
                  <td>80,12</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">95,85</td>
                  <td>87,07</td>
                  <td>4,71</td>
                  <td>80,20</td>
                  <td>95,39</td>
                  <td>0,589</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Velocidade (km/h)</td>
                  <td>7,72</td>
                  <td>1,66</td>
                  <td>3,20</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">17,20</td>
                  <td>7,84</td>
                  <td>1,72</td>
                  <td>4,0</td>
                  <td>15,50</td>
                  <td>0,117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td>9,68</td>
                  <td>3,02</td>
                  <td>1,50</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">19,00</td>
                  <td>9,65</td>
                  <td>2,98</td>
                  <td>2,00</td>
                  <td>21,00</td>
                  <td>0,908</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o esfor&#231;o (s)</td>
                  <td>535,55</td>
                  <td>124,0</td>
                  <td>313</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">1169</td>
                  <td>531,53</td>
                  <td>125,0</td>
                  <td>312</td>
                  <td>1090</td>
                  <td>0,472</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;x (bpm)</td>
                  <td>173,26</td>
                  <td>15,44</td>
                  <td>119</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">209</td>
                  <td>175,12</td>
                  <td>16,90</td>
                  <td>125</td>
                  <td>208</td>
                  <td>0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAS m&#225;x (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>185,82</td>
                  <td>23,86</td>
                  <td>122</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">257</td>
                  <td>184,36</td>
                  <td>22,76</td>
                  <td>131</td>
                  <td>254</td>
                  <td>0,157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAD m&#225;x (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>89,78</td>
                  <td>12,11</td>
                  <td>64</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">126</td>
                  <td>88,84</td>
                  <td>11,03</td>
                  <td>66</td>
                  <td>123</td>
                  <td>0,063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Coef. resp. &#8212; R</td>
                  <td>1,15</td>
                  <td>0,06</td>
                  <td>1,10</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">1,38</td>
                  <td>1,16</td>
                  <td>0,07</td>
                  <td>1,10</td>
                  <td>1,35</td>
                  <td>0,356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VEm&#225;x (L/min)</td>
                  <td>75,32</td>
                  <td>15,78</td>
                  <td>33,10</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">121,9</td>
                  <td>74,99</td>
                  <td>15,55</td>
                  <td>39,50</td>
                  <td>118,10</td>
                  <td>0,639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub> abs (L/min)</td>
                  <td>2,16</td>
                  <td>0,82</td>
                  <td>1,02</td>
                  <td style="border-right:thin;border-right-style:solid">4,82</td>
                  <td>2,22</td>
                  <td>0,84</td>
                  <td>0,99</td>
                  <td>4,98</td>
                  <td>0,087</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t09">
                <p>CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FCm&#225;x: freq&#252;&#234;ncia
                           card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; PADm&#225;x: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#225;xima; PASm&#225;x:
                           press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima; R: coeficiente respirat&#243;rio; VEF1:
                           volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo; VEm&#225;x: ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima
                           minuto; VO<sub>2pico</sub> abs: consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico absoluto.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2pico
                  </sub>previsto pela EB bem pr&#243;ximo ao medido pelo TCPE, enquanto o algoritmo de
                  Wasserman &#233; mais distante e a equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones superestima os valores do
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub>. Os menores valores de EPE, ET e %ET mostram o melhor
                  desempenho da EB em prever o VO<sub>2pico</sub> em ambos os grupos. A compara&#231;&#227;o
                  das m&#233;dias entre o VO<sub>2pico </sub>medido e o previsto pela EB n&#227;o mostra
                  diferen&#231;a. J&#225; o algoritmo de Wasserman e a equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones evidenciam
                  diferen&#231;as significativas no GC e no GV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela
                     5</xref>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos das equa&#231;&#245;es mostra comportamento
                  equilibrado dos valores negativos e positivos para a EB e valores
                  predominantemente negativos para o algoritmo de Wasserman e para a equa&#231;&#227;o citada
                  por Jones, evidenciando que ambas superestimam os valores m&#233;dios do
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>). A
                  an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse mostrou boa rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2pico
                  </sub>medido e as equa&#231;&#245;es EB (0,894), Wasserman (0,846) e Jones (0,766) no GC,
                  com comportamento similar no GV. A EB apresentou excelente valida&#231;&#227;o interna por
                  meio de alfa de Crombach de 0,826.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores das medidas estat&#237;sticas das equa&#231;&#245;es no GC e no GV</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fase</th>
                  <th>Medidas estat&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>VO<sub>2</sub> medido</th>
                  <th>EB</th>
                  <th>Jones</th>
                  <th>Wasserman</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="left">Constru&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">29,22</td>
                  <td align="center">29,22</td>
                  <td align="center">38,41</td>
                  <td align="center">32,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">12,93</td>
                  <td align="center">12,78</td>
                  <td align="center">13,32</td>
                  <td align="center">13,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">65,56</td>
                  <td align="center">58,81</td>
                  <td align="center">61,72</td>
                  <td align="center">65,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Desvio-padr&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">9,57</td>
                  <td align="center">7,88</td>
                  <td align="center">8,39</td>
                  <td align="center">8,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">EPE</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4,46</td>
                  <td align="center">6,54</td>
                  <td align="center">5,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5,38</td>
                  <td align="center">12,07</td>
                  <td align="center">7,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">%ET</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">18,43</td>
                  <td align="center">41,30</td>
                  <td align="center">25,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="left">Valida&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">29,92</td>
                  <td align="center">29,80</td>
                  <td align="center">39,23</td>
                  <td align="center">33,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">12,21</td>
                  <td align="center">11,23</td>
                  <td align="center">15,32</td>
                  <td align="center">16,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">66,52</td>
                  <td align="center">54,32</td>
                  <td align="center">59,27</td>
                  <td align="center">59,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Desvio-padr&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">9,82</td>
                  <td align="center">7,87</td>
                  <td align="center">8,27</td>
                  <td align="center">8,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">EPE</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4,32</td>
                  <td align="center">6,44</td>
                  <td align="center">5,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5,40</td>
                  <td align="center">12,23</td>
                  <td align="center">7,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">%ET</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">18,05</td>
                  <td align="center">40,87</td>
                  <td align="center">25,55</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t10">
                <p>EB: equa&#231;&#227;o derivada de popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira; EPE: estimativa-padr&#227;o do
                           erro; ET: erro total; %ET: percentual do erro total; VO<sub>2</sub>:
                           consumo de oxig&#234;nio. Valores do VO<sub>2pico</sub> expressos em
                              mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2 pico</sub> medido e o previsto pelas equa&#231;&#245;es no
                        GC e no GV</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">GC</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">GV</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor p</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t11">*</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#215; nacional</td>
                  <td>-0,213 a 0,213</td>
                  <td>0,999</td>
                  <td>-0,302 a 0,547</td>
                  <td>0,571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#215; Wasserman</td>
                  <td>-3,568 a -3,047</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td>-3,877 a 2,794</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#215; Jones</td>
                  <td>9,492 a -8,877</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td>-9,937 a -8,690</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste t de Student pareado.</p>
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VO<sub>2pico</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio de
                           pico; GC: grupo de constru&#231;&#227;o; GV: grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos negativos e positivos das equa&#231;&#245;es no GC e no
                        GV</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="3" align="left">Res&#237;duos</th>
                  <th colspan="6">GC</th>
                  <th colspan="6">GV</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Nacional</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Wasserman</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Jones</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Nacional</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Wasserman</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Jones</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Negativo</td>
                  <td>1.243</td>
                  <td>49,82</td>
                  <td>1.805</td>
                  <td>72,34</td>
                  <td>2.186</td>
                  <td>87,62</td>
                  <td>315</td>
                  <td>50,48</td>
                  <td>441</td>
                  <td>70,67</td>
                  <td>547</td>
                  <td>87,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Positivo</td>
                  <td>1.252</td>
                  <td>50,18</td>
                  <td>690</td>
                  <td>27,66</td>
                  <td>309</td>
                  <td>12,38</td>
                  <td>309</td>
                  <td>49,52</td>
                  <td>183</td>
                  <td>29,33</td>
                  <td>77</td>
                  <td>12,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Valor p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t12">*</xref></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,857</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,810</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste qui-quadrado. GC: grupo de constru&#231;&#227;o; GV: grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Analisou-se o comportamento das equa&#231;&#245;es nos subgrupos conforme a faixa et&#225;ria
                  (at&#233; 20; 21 a 30; 31 a 40; 41 a 50; 51 a 60; 61 a 70; 71 a 80; &gt; 81 anos), sexo
                  (masculino e feminino), IMC (&lt; 18,5 abaixo do peso; 18,5 a 24,9, normal; 25 a
                  29,9, sobrepeso; 30 a 39,9, obesidade I e II; &#8805; 40, obesidade III) e atividade
                  f&#237;sica (sedent&#225;rio, ativo, atleta). A EB mostrou o melhor desempenho em prever o
                     VO<sub>2pico</sub> nos subgrupos quando comparada tanto com o algoritmo de
                  Wasserman quanto com a equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A EB envolveu faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica,
               sendo capaz de predizer o VO<sub>2pico</sub> com muito boa acur&#225;cia quando o consumo
               m&#225;ximo previsto foi comparado ao VO<sub>2pico</sub> mensurado diretamente atrav&#233;s do
               TCPE. Ela foi constru&#237;da a partir de uma amostra de 2.495 indiv&#237;duos aparentemente
               saud&#225;veis, com ampla varia&#231;&#227;o de peso, assim como faixa et&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, os
               sujeitos que compuseram essa amostra populacional apresentaram diferentes n&#237;veis de
               atividade f&#237;sica. Mesmo nesse cen&#225;rio, a EB mostrou-se superior a equa&#231;&#245;es
               consagradas na literatura internacional, como aquela citada por Jones e conhecida
               como Jones modificada, assim como foi mais acurada que o algoritmo de Wasserman.</p>
        <p>Prever o VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#233; desafiador, principalmente porque diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas,
               &#233;tnicas, h&#225;bitos, tamanho do corpo e n&#237;veis distintos de atividade f&#237;sica de uma
               popula&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica podem diferir daquela popula&#231;&#227;o em que a equa&#231;&#227;o foi
                  testada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Tanto a equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o quanto a equa&#231;&#227;o
               de estima&#231;&#227;o podem ser uma superestimativa do real consumo. Aqui se faz necess&#225;rio a
               diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o e a equa&#231;&#227;o de estima&#231;&#227;o do
                  VO<sub>2pico.</sub> Na primeira, VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#233; vari&#225;vel dependente das
               caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas pr&#233;-teste, como faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal,
               n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. Na segunda (de estima&#231;&#227;o), o VO<sub>2pico</sub> &#233;
               dependente das vari&#225;veis obtidas durante um teste de exerc&#237;cio baseado em velocidade,
               inclina&#231;&#227;o, carga e dura&#231;&#227;o do teste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Cabe
               salientar que tanto a equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones e Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> quanto o algoritmo de Wasserman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> s&#227;o equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o e que nenhuma delas foi previamente
               validada no Brasil. Por sinal, um problema real que nossos achados denotam &#233; que a
               superestimativa dos valores previstos induz a erro sistem&#225;tico no laudo final do
               TCPE, e esse fato deve estar ocorrendo corriqueiramente em nosso pa&#237;s, j&#225; que os
                  <italic>softwares</italic> de TCPE comercializados no mercado se utilizam dessas
               equa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Ressaltamos que v&#225;rios fatores interferem na determina&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub>, como
               idade, sexo, tamanho corporal, n&#237;vel de atividade usual e tipo de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Bruce e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliaram 295 sujeitos normais (138 homens) e usaram an&#225;lise de
               regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para identificar se g&#234;nero, idade, atividade f&#237;sica, peso e altura
               auxiliavam na previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub> durante o exerc&#237;cio na esteira com
               protocolo escalonado, determinando que g&#234;nero e idade eram as vari&#225;veis mais
               importantes seguidas de atividade f&#237;sica, peso e altura. Em nosso estudo, a
               import&#226;ncia em seu ordenamento decrescente foi de atividade f&#237;sica, idade, g&#234;nero e
               IMC. A explica&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a com o estudo de Bruce e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> talvez se deva, primeiro, &#224; diferen&#231;a de protocolos
               utilizados, onde Myers e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23 </xref>demonstraram
               que o protocolo de Bruce estima maiores valores de VO<sub>2pico</sub> quando
               comparado com o protocolo de rampa individualizado; segundo: &#224; bem definida
               caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica quanto ao modo, frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o, intensidade e
               sua distribui&#231;&#227;o uniforme nos fatores sexo, idade e IMC no nosso estudo; terceiro: &#224;
               grande popula&#231;&#227;o com maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com caracter&#237;sticas similares &#224;s do
               paciente avaliado, permitindo melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o dessas diferen&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Aspenes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, em uma coorte de 4.631
               indiv&#237;duos com predomin&#226;ncia de ativos e atletas (91%), mostraram VO<sub>2pico
               </sub>no g&#234;nero masculino de 44,32 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e no sexo
               feminino de 35,88 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. Essa diferen&#231;a, quando
               comparada aos sujeitos classificados como ativos em nossa amostra, pode ser explicada
               principalmente pelo analisador de g&#225;s utilizado no estudo noruegu&#234;s (MetaMax
               port&#225;til), que no seu estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o mediu valores 8% mais altos do que o
               padr&#227;o-ouro (sistema de saco de Douglas)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A
               maior estatura da popula&#231;&#227;o e quest&#245;es gen&#233;ticas tamb&#233;m podem ter impactado. Outro
               estudo noruegu&#234;s (Edvardsen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>), com
               indiv&#237;duos predominantemente ativos, mostrou valores de VO<sub>2pico</sub> de 39,74
                  mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> (masculino) e 32,20
                  mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> (feminino) discretamente mais elevados que nos
               sujeitos classificados como ativos por n&#243;s. Nelson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, em homens canadenses ativos, obtiveram VO<sub>2pico</sub>
               semelhante ao da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m classificada como ativa. Estudo americano de
               Davis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios
               pedalando em cicloerg&#244;metro, corrigido pelo fator 1,11 para esteira, mostrou
                  VO<sub>2pico</sub> 10% mais elevado que o da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o geral (37,26 e 28,10
                  mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente). Tal
               achado pode ser explicado pelo IMC mais alto da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m pelo uso
               do fator de corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em estudo brasileiro realizado por Neder e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> foi arrolada uma pequena amostra de indiv&#237;duos da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.
               A amostra testada era composta por sedent&#225;rios que pedalaram no cicloerg&#244;metro para
               os quais, quando foi aplicado fator de corre&#231;&#227;o para esteira, o VO<sub>2pico
               </sub>foi de 31,24 e 23,65 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> para homens e
               mulheres, respectivamente, sendo um pouco abaixo das m&#233;dias encontradas em nosso
               estudo. Em outra equa&#231;&#227;o desenvolvida por Jones e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> = (0,046[altura] - 0,021[idade] -
               0,62[sexo] - 4,31), sendo 0 para g&#234;nero masculino e 1 para feminino) -, encontramos
               valores negativos para o VO<sub>2pico</sub> em idosos com baixa estatura, sendo
               inadequado para esse segmento da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou superestimativa
               do VO<sub>2pico</sub> em 87% dos indiv&#237;duos, sendo 31,4% acima da m&#233;dia do
                  VO<sub>2</sub> medido. Em uma s&#233;rie do mesmo autor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, sendo avaliados 1.071 indiv&#237;duos (731 homens), a predi&#231;&#227;o da
               capacidade de trabalho m&#225;xima demonstrou valores mais pr&#243;ximos da capacidade medida.
               No entanto, n&#227;o houve men&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2pico</sub> nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Quando a equa&#231;&#227;o
               citada por Jones foi avaliada nos extremos da faixa et&#225;ria (&gt; 71 anos), o
               percentual do erro total foi maior que 210. Isso se deve ao fato de tanto a predi&#231;&#227;o
               quanto a estimativa apresentarem maior varia&#231;&#227;o com o envelhecimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Ainda assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel esperar um razo&#225;vel poder de predi&#231;&#227;o quando a
               equa&#231;&#227;o &#233; aplicada na popula&#231;&#227;o para a qual foi derivada; entretanto, quando
               analisada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a superestimativa foi significativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o com o algoritmo de Wasserman tamb&#233;m mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas
               com a nossa equa&#231;&#227;o, mostrando que superestima o VO<sub>2pico </sub>em 71% dos
               indiv&#237;duos, sendo 11,3% acima da m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub> medido quando aplicado &#224;
               nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Isso se deve, provavelmente, a fatores como as diferen&#231;as entre as
                  popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>que originaram as equa&#231;&#245;es. A popula&#231;&#227;o de
               Wasserman &#233; menos sadia e de faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada. A da EB, al&#233;m de ser a
               popula&#231;&#227;o da qual a equa&#231;&#227;o foi derivada, apresenta como medida adicional o n&#237;vel de
               atividade f&#237;sica que, por ordem de import&#226;ncia, representou a vari&#225;vel de maior
               influ&#234;ncia no VO<sub>2pico</sub>.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, a equa&#231;&#227;o citada por Jones e o algoritmo de Wasserman foram derivados de
               teste em cicloerg&#244;metro, contando com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do fator de corre&#231;&#227;o de 1,11 para
               prever o VO<sub>2pico</sub> em esteira, o que por si s&#243; pode estar contribuindo para
               o maior erro da previs&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo foi realizado com a popula&#231;&#227;o do estado da Para&#237;ba, o que
                  poderia ser um fator limitante para extrapola&#231;&#227;o nacional. Entretanto, essa
                  popula&#231;&#227;o tem a composi&#231;&#227;o das etnias branca, negra e ind&#237;gena, como da sua
                  miscigena&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de indiv&#237;duos de outros estados e regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s. &#201; importante
                  frisar que, ao se compararem os dados do nosso estudo com dados nacionais do
                     IBGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> por emparelhamento das faixas
                  et&#225;rias (%), n&#227;o se observa diferen&#231;a (p = 0,401). Constata-se distribui&#231;&#227;o
                  similar relacionada ao g&#234;nero quando h&#225; compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados do IBGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o tem maior preval&#234;ncia de
                  indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso, o que corresponde aos dados publicados pelo Vigitel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> (51% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira). Por fim, o
                  n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica pela pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio e deslocamento para o
                  trabalho soma 47,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira - Vigitel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> -, dados semelhantes aos dos ativos da nossa amostra
                  populacional. Portanto, h&#225; certa similaridade entre a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e a
                  brasileira como um todo. Entretanto, &#233; mais do que pertinente a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um
                  estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o externa envolvendo a popula&#231;&#227;o das demais regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s para
                  confirma&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados.</p>
          <p>Cabe salientar que o IMC &#233; um par&#226;metro pouco preciso em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; constitui&#231;&#227;o
                  corporal, pois n&#227;o descreve a quantidade de massa magra que &#233; fundamental para o
                  aporte energ&#233;tico. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de import&#226;ncia das vari&#225;veis para compor a
                  equa&#231;&#227;o, pelo m&#233;todo Stepwise, o IMC apresentou maior relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do
                  que o peso e a altura, sendo assim incorporado na equa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o derivada da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; capaz de predizer o VO<sub>2pico</sub>,
               apresentando muito bom desempenho no teste de valida&#231;&#227;o interna. Ela contribui para a
               diminui&#231;&#227;o do erro sistem&#225;tico que ocorre quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equa&#231;&#245;es que
               superestimam o VO<sub>2pico</sub> no laudo final do TECP, como acontece com as
               equa&#231;&#245;es de Jones e de Wasserman. Tais equa&#231;&#245;es, quando empregadas na popula&#231;&#227;o
               brasileira, devem ser analisadas com senso cr&#237;tico e sob a &#243;tica da compara&#231;&#227;o com
               equa&#231;&#245;es realizadas diretamente com a popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Stefani CM, Nascimento JA,
                  Santos AC, Ribeiro JP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida AEM, Almeida NM; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida AEM, Stein R, Stefani CM, Nascimento JA, Santos
                  AC, Ribeiro JP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida AEM, Stefani CM, Nascimento JA, Stein
                  R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Stein R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Almeida AEM, Stein
                  R, Stefani CM, Almeida NM, Nascimento JA, Santos AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
                  quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida AEM, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
          <p>Ricardo Stein &#233; investigador n&#237;vel 2 do CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Charles de Moraes Stefani pela
                  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
