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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pVnqpv85jPTSQJw5MWKV4Nv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140126</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Healthcare-Associated Infective Endocarditis: a Case Series
               in a Referral Hospital from 2006 to 2011</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francischetto</surname>
            <given-names>Oslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Almenara Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senna</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Marie Sim&#245;es e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanna Ferraiuoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Grandelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Golebiovski</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal do Campo Limpo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal do Campo Limpo, S&#227;o
               Paulo-SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso, Rio de
               Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de
               Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense,
               Niter&#243;i-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Grande Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio, Rio de
               Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro
               Chagas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas -
               Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Oslan Francischetto,</bold> Estrada de Itapecerica, n&#186; 1661,
               5&#186; andar, Vila Maracan&#227;. Postal Code 05835-005. S&#227;o Paulo, SP-Brazil. Email:
                  <email>oslanf@hotmail.com</email>; <email>oslanf@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>292</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (HCA-IE), a severe complication of
                  medical care, shows a growing incidence in literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate epidemiology, etiology, risk factors for acquisition, complications,
                  surgical treatment, and outcome of HCA-IE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational prospective case series study (2006-2011) in a public hospital in
                  Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Fifty-three patients with HCA-IE from a total of 151 cases of infective
                  endocarditis (IE) were included. There were 26 (49%) males (mean age of 47 &#177; 18.7
                  years), 27 (51%) females (mean age of 42 &#177; 20.1 years). IE was acute in 37 (70%)
                  cases and subacute in 16 (30%) cases. The mitral valve was affected in 19 (36%)
                  patients and the aortic valve in 12 (36%); prosthetic valves were affected in 23
                  (43%) patients and native valves in 30 (57%). Deep intravenous access was used in
                  43 (81%) cases. Negative blood cultures were observed in 11 (21%) patients,
                     <italic>Enterococcus faecalis </italic>in 10 (19%), <italic>Staphylococcus
                     aureus </italic>in 9 (17%), and Candida sp. in 7 (13%). Fever was present in 49
                  (92%) patients, splenomegaly in 12 (23%), new regurgitation murmur in 31 (58%),
                  and elevated C-reactive protein in 44/53 (83%). Echocardiograms showed major
                  criteria in 46 (87%) patients, and 34 (64%) patients were submitted to cardiac
                  surgery. Overall mortality was 17/53 (32%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In Brazil HCA-IE affected young subjects. Patients with prosthetic and native
                  valves were affected in a similar proportion, and non-cardiac surgery was an
                  infrequent predisposing factor, whereas intravenous access was a common one. S.
                  aureus was significantly frequent in native valve HCA-IE, and overall mortality
                  was high.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Bacterial/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis Bacterial/etiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross Infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease and is potentially lethal if not treated
            with antimicrobials or with surgical therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A
            close association between IE and medical care, especially hospitalization and invasive
            procedures, has been observed since the 1950s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A
            study done in the United Kingdom showed a seven-fold increase in the incidence of
            nosocomial or health-care associated IE (HCA-IE) between 1985 and 1996<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.This increase has been credited to advances in
            invasive medical procedures, especially the use of intravenous catheters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>HCA-IE is an important public health problem and represents 10-34% of all cases of
               IE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. It is a severe complication of hospitalization and is associated with
            higher morbidity and mortality when compared to community acquired IE. Chen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> (1992) described a higher incidence of congestive
            heart failure and hypotension in HCA-IE than in community acquired IE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In-hospital mortality of HCA-IE was also
            significantly higher (40% vs 18%, p = 0.02) than community acquired IE mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, consecutive cases of HCA-IE at a public Brazilian cardiac surgery
            hospital, from 2006 to 2011, were evaluated, focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors,
            complications, and surgical outcome.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational prospective case series study performed between 2006 and 2011,
            in a public federal hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the Instituto Nacional de
            Cardiologia (INC). INC is a referral center for cardiac surgery, and it receives a large
            number of cases of IE from other hospitals in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as well as
            cases originating from its several outpatient units, especially the Valve
            Department.</p>
      <p>Cases were enrolled consecutively when they filled definite or possible criteria for IE,
            as per the modified Duke criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>HCA-IE was defined as IE that developed more than 72 hours following hospital admission,
            or IE acquired as a result of an invasive procedure within the previous eight weeks
            before the development of signs and symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Early prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) was
            defined as endocarditis manifesting up to one year following valve surgery and
            classified as <italic>healthcare-associated</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. When IE was
            associated to pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, it was considered
            hospital-acquired if it occurred within one year from the insertion of the device<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Patients above the age of 14 years with definite diagnosis of HCA-IE who agreed to
            participate in the study (or their parents or legal guardian did) were included. All
            patients or guardians signed an informed consent form and had a case report form (CRF)
            filled. The CRF used is the model from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis,
            as INC has been a collaboration site since 2006. Selected data obtained from the CRF
            were collected and analyzed (descriptive statistics) in Excel charts
               (Microsoft<sup>&#174;</sup>). Data were described as mean &#177; standard deviation. The
            Statcalc program, CDC's EpiInfo<sup>&#174;</sup> version 7.1.1.0 was used for chi-square or
            Fishers' exact tests, as appropriate. Odds ratio and 95% intervals were estimated; a p
            value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee from INC under the number 0171/2006.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2006, and December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2011, 151 patients
            with IE were admitted to the INC. Of these, 53 (35%) met the criteria for HCA-IE. The
            ratio of HCA-IE and all cases of IE per year between 2006 and 2011 are represented in
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref>. The proportions were as follows: 33%,
            29%, 29%, 42%, 33%, and 38%, respectively, for the years 2006-2011.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Graph 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Number of cases of HCA-IE and non- HCA-IE, 2006&#8211;2011, INC. HCA-IE -
                  healthcare-associated infective endocarditis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0292-40126-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>According to the modified Duke criteria, cases were definite and possible, in 42 (79%)
            and 11 (21%) of the cases, respectively. Of the HCA-IE cases, 26 (49%) were males with a
            mean age of 47 &#177; 18.7 years, and 27 (51%) were females with a mean age of 42 &#177; 20.1
            years. Age range varied from 14 to 78 years. Distribution of cases by age range is shown
            in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of cases by age range in 53 cases of HCA-IE, INC,
                  2006-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Age group (years)</th>
              <th>Number of cases</th>
              <th>Percent (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">10-20</td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">21-30</td>
              <td>8</td>
              <td>15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">31-40</td>
              <td>7</td>
              <td>13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">41-50</td>
              <td>9</td>
              <td>17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">51-60</td>
              <td>8</td>
              <td>15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">61-70</td>
              <td>10</td>
              <td>19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&gt;70</td>
              <td>6</td>
              <td>11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the referral status of the patients, 18 (34%) were referred from other
            hospitals, and 35 (66%) were patients from the INC.</p>
      <p>Clinical presentation of IE was acute in 37 (70%) patients and subacute in 16 (30%).
            Affected structures are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">table
            2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Affected structures in 53 cases of HCA-IE, INC, 2006-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Affected structure</th>
              <th>Number of cases</th>
              <th>Percent (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mitral Valve</td>
              <td>19</td>
              <td>36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic Valve</td>
              <td>12</td>
              <td>23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mitral + Aortic valves (concomitant)</td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ID<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref> +
                        Tricuspid valve (concomitant)</td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ID</td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Tricuspid valve</td>
              <td>3</td>
              <td>6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">"Patch" in VSD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td>2</td>
              <td>4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mitral + Tricuspid valves (concomitant)</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Assist Device<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref></td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mitral valve + ID</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ID: implanted devices</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>VSD: ventricular septal defect; Patch: bovine pericardial patch</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t02">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Assist device: device for biventricular myocardial support.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the valve status at the beginning of the episode, 23 (43%) patients had
            prosthetic valves and 30 (57%) had native valves; two of these patients had native
            valves and patches for ventricular septal defect repair, and one had a biventricular
            assist device (he was a candidate for cardiac transplantation due to a non-specified
            myocarditis). Of the patients with prosthetic valves, 13 (57%) had had valve surgery
            less than 2 months prior to the episode of IE, 7 (30%) had valve surgery within the last
            2 to 12 months and 3 (13%) had valve surgery more than 1 year prior to the IE. Most
            episodes affecting prosthetic valves were early PVE (20/23, 87%).</p>
      <p>Regarding the most prevalent comorbidities, patients with HCA-IE with chronic renal
            failure in their past medical history were 12 (23%), and half of these patients were on
            hemodialysis. Nine patients (17%) were affected by diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>Microbiological agents are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. Chi
            square tests were applied comparing all different etiologies between native and
            prosthetic valves, and the only significant difference in proportion was found for
               <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, which was predominant in native valve HCA-IE
            (30 vs 0%, p &lt; 0.005, OR undefined).</p>
      <p>Of the 11 patients with blood culture negative endocarditis, seven had their excised
            valves submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers to identify <italic>C.
               burnetii, Bartonella spp, Tropheryma whipplei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
               oralis group, Streptococcus bovis group, Enterococcus spp, Mycoplasma spp</italic>,
            and fungi. Of these seven patients, only one had the agent identified:
               <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> group and <italic>S. gallolyticus</italic>
            (cross-amplification was likely). This was part of another project in INC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Bartonella and Coxiella serologies are not
            routinely performed in our center and were not performed for any of the patients in this
            study.</p>
      <p>Regarding clinical manifestations, fever was present in 49 (92%) patients and
            splenomegaly of recent onset in 12 (23%) patients. A new regurgitation murmur was
            observed in 31 (58%) patients. Elevated C reactive protein was found in 44/53 (83%), and
            elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 14/24 (58%) patients.</p>
      <p>Major complications were the following: cardiac failure in 28 (53%) patients, pulmonary
            embolism in 15 (28%), visceral abscess in 8 (15%), and persistent bacteremia in 5 (8%)
            patients.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography was performed in all cases and showed major criteria in 46/53 (87%) of
            the patients; transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 47/53 (89%) patients,
            and transthoracic echos in 18/53 (34%). Transesophageal echocardiography was most
            contributory, with 38/46 (83%) showing major criteria. Vegetations were observed in
            42/46 (91%) scans with major criteria, new regurgitation in 27 (59%), paraprosthetic
            leak in 8 (17%), paravalvular abscess in 5 (11%), valve dehiscence in 5 (11%), leaflet
            perforation in 4 (9%), and intracardiac fistula in 1 (2%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Microbiological agents in HCA-IE, INC, 2006-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom:hidden">Microbiology</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Native Valve</th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center">Prosthetic Valve</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">General</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">0-2 months</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">2-12 months</th>
              <th> </th>
              <th> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th> </th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>30</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>20</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>3</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>53</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
                        </italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">30%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">17%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CoNS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">15%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">11%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">13%</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">19%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Gram-positive not identified</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">7%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Enterobacter sp.</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3%</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Acinetobacter sp.</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Gram-negative not identified</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">7%</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Candida sp.</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">20%</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">13%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Not identified</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">17%</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">20%</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">67%</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>S. aureus 9 (5 were methicillin resistant, MRSA)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t03">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>CoNS: coagulase-negative staphylococcus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Thirty-four (64%) patients were submitted to cardiac surgery for the current episode of
            HCA-IE, four of which had their intracardiac device removed by an open procedure. Of the
            patients submitted to surgery, 24/34 (71%) were discharged from the hospital. Nineteen
            patients (19/53, 36%) were not operated, and 12/19 (63%) were discharged. Overall
            mortality was 17/53 (32%). There was no statistical difference between the mortality of
            the patients who underwent surgery and those who did not.</p>
      <p>Positive histopathology of the excised valves was observed 14/34 (41%) of the patients
            who underwent cardiac surgery. Lesions suggestive of IE were observed by the surgeon
            during cardiac surgery in 24/34 (71%) of the operated patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The incidence of HCA-IE has been growing in the last decades representing 10-34% of all
            IE cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The incidence
            of our HCA-IE cases (35%) was in the upper limit described in reported series from the
            international literature, probably because the hospital where the study was done is a
            cardiac referral center, with daily insertion of cardiac prosthesis and intracardiac
            devices, as well as occasional heart transplantation. No previous studies on HCA-IE were
            found in Brazil. However, a large general series of 300 episodes of IE from INCOR, S&#227;o
            Paulo, from 1978 to 1986, describes that in 15/282 episodes (16.5%), the use of
            intravascular catheters in patients was a predisposing procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In the same study, prosthetic valves (age of valve not given)
            were listed as predisposing in 23% of the cases, and mortality was high in this group
            (43%). A more recent study of 180 episodes of IE from Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, from
            1992 to 1997, describes 23 patients with PVE (3 early, 20 late); mortality was high for
            both early and late PVE (2 of 3 in early, 5 of 20 or 25% in late PVE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. These are not exactly comparable data, but can
            be used to extrapolate some information on HCA-IE in Brazil. The proportion of
            prosthetic valves affected varies from 11.8% to 45.5% in published HCA-IE series and is
            43% in ours<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Despite the number of prosthetic valves involved, the rate of early PVE
            in our institution is within the one described by the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mean age of patients was 47.2 years, lower when compared with the mean age of HCA-IE
            in the literature, which varies between 60.1 and 69 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, in
            Terpenning et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Lamas et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, the mean age was comparable to that in our
            series, 47.8 and 53.8 years, respectively.</p>
      <p>Gender distribution was proportional in HCA-IE (1:1), differently from
            community-acquired IE (1.7:1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This is due to
            other predisposing factors such as prosthetic valves and intravascular catheters that
            are independent of gender.</p>
      <p>The incidence of 11% of patients on hemodialysis (HD) and 17% of patients with diabetes
            is in accordance with the literature, where it is 11.9%-19.3% for HD and 19-30.9% for
               diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. It has been reported
            in a study on intravenous catheters from INC that devices used for HD, especially
            femoral catheters, are a particular risk for bacteremia and endocarditis, thus being an
            important issue not only for patients with prosthetic valves but also for those with
            native valves<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding etiological agents, microbes were not identified in the majority of the cases
            (21%): a high proportion comparing to other series, where blood cultures are negative in
            only 2.4%-9.5% of HCA-IE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The previous use of
            antibiotics is the main cause for this result; indeed patients frequently received
            antimicrobial therapy, and patients in the post-operative period often had presumptive
            diagnosis of other infections (pneumonia, blood stream infection). However, some
               studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> only included patients with positive
            blood cultures, as case definition was based on positive blood cultures identified in
            the Microbiology Laboratory, not by echocardiographical or clinical definitions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. As part of a PCR study of valves between 1998 and
            2009 in collaboration with the Unite' des Rickettsies (Marseille, France), some patients
            in the present study had their valves analyzed for several pathogens, and only one of 11
            valves was positive for <italic>S. oralis/S. gallolyticus</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Bartonella and Coxiella serologies are not routinely performed
            in our center, and they are not relevant for HCA-IE.</p>
      <p>The incidence of <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> (19%) in our study is similar to
            that in the literature, 17.3%-47%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. This is a
            interesting data, since INC is a surgical hospital, not a general one, and the incidence
            of gastrointestinal or urinary tract diseases are not high. Therefore, as shown in a
            study by our group, these enterococci are arising primarily from intravenous lines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. There was no difference in the proportion of
            enterococci in native or prosthetic valves in the series.</p>
      <p><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> accounted for 17% of microbes isolated, and over
            half of them were methicillin resistant (MRSA). This is a lower incidence than that of
            other series (20%-36.5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. However,
            Giannitsioti et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, Massoure et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, and Mart&#237;n-D&#225;vila et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> had lower rates of <italic>S. aureus</italic>, varying between 11%
            and 20%. The incidence of MRSA in the literature varies from 26 to 85%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Curiously, no <italic>S. aureus</italic> was
            seen in patients with early prosthesis infection; we believe this occurs because of
            routine pre-operative decolonization with topical mupirocin and chlorexidine for cardiac
            surgery at INC.</p>
      <p>The incidence of HCA-IE caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus in our study was
            11%, low when compared to the literature where it varies between 21.7% and 27.6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Sy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> found a similar incidence to ours (5%).</p>
      <p>Gram-negative rods are present in 0%-3% of HCA-IE in published series, but we found them
            in 16% of the cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. This incidence was
            not different in native and prosthetic cases, and we hypothesize cefazolin, used as
            prophylaxis, was insufficient to deter wound contamination with Gram-negatives; also, in
            developing countries, Gram-negatives are a significant cause of line-associated
               bacteremia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Since April 2012, institutional protocol on antibiotic
            prophylaxis has changed, including cefuroxime, with or without vancomycin, the last
            pending number of days in hospital (&gt; 7 days), body mass index &gt; 30, and MRSA
            colonization (CL, personal communication)</p>
      <p><italic>Candida sp</italic>. is present in 0% to 11% of HCA-IE cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The overall incidence was 13% and 10% of native
            valves in this series. According to Fran&#231;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, the higher incidence of fungi in hospital infections is due to prior
            antibiotic use and use of intravenous lines, very frequently associated in the studied
               patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Fever is present in 81 to 94 % of patients with HCA-IE and was present in 92% of our
               patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Splenomegaly, though
            not considered a major criterion, was found in 23% of the patients. A new cardiac murmur
            or worsening of a previous murmur was found in 58% of the patients, similar to Benito et
            al (2009), who found this manifestation in 60% of patients with native valve HCA-IE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Therefore, the finding of fever and murmur in a
            hospitalized patient should be considered as possible endocarditis.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is a frequent and serious complication, and was observed in 53% of the
            cases; Fern&#225;ndez-Hid&#225;lgo et al (2008) found a similar rate in their study (47%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In other series, heart failure was described in
            18%-37% of the cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Embolic phenomena
            occurred in 28% of the cases, similar to the literature, where it is described to occur
            in 11%-27.7% of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Giannitsioti et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> found a 45.2%
            rate of embolic complications.</p>
      <p>Surgical treatment was offered to 34 (64%) patients; in other series, this varied from
            19% to 44.1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, the
            number of cardiac surgeries in our study is high because the INC is a surgical center.
            Also the four cardiac devices removed by open surgery were included in this number.</p>
      <p>Patients who underwent surgery for treatment of HCA-IE were discharged more often from
            the hospital than the other patients, but this was not statistically significant.
            However, no follow up at one year was done for this cohort. In-hospital mortality was
            32%, which is similar to the literature (22%-50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Mortality in community acquired IE is less frequent: 18% and 18.6% in
            Giannitsioti et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and Chen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, respectively, demonstrating greater severity of
            HCA-IE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>HCA-IE affected younger patients in this Brazilian series compared to other series
            described in the literature. This is possibly due to a high incidence and prevalence of
            rheumatic heart disease, which is predominant in children and teenagers, in our
               country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Differently from IE acquired in the community, where there is a higher (2:1 to 3:1)
            ratio of male to female patients affected, HCA-IE does not show a difference in gender
            distribution.</p>
      <p>In this series, non-cardiac surgeries did not predispose to HCA-IE, but this may be due
            to the fact that the INC is a cardiac surgery hospital, with few non-cardiovascular
            surgeries performed.</p>
      <p>Blood culture negativity was more frequent than in other series, probably due to
            referral bias and prior use of antibiotics. Moreover, the cases were often detected by
            clinical and echocardiographic findings.</p>
      <p>There was a low incidence of <italic>S. aureus</italic> for early PVE; probably because
            of routine decolonization with topical mupirocin and chlorexidine at INC. <italic>S
               .aureus</italic> was significantly more frequent in patients with native valves who
            were admitted for non-surgical causes, such as congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>The high incidence of Gram-negatives and fungi (Candida sp) infections may be related to
            prior or concurrent use of antibiotics and to the presence of intravenous catheters.</p>
      <p>Despite INC is not a general hospital, the incidence of <italic>E. faecalis </italic>was
            similar to that of other series, probably because of intravenous catheter use,
            especially HD catheters inserted in femoral veins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>HCA-IE is a condition with significant morbidity and mortality. It was associated with
            major complications such as heart failure and embolic phenomena, and it also showed high
            mortality.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We acknowledge the entire medical, surgical, nursing, and other staff at the Instituto
            Nacional de Cardiologia who looked after the patients included in this study.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript
               and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Francischetto O,
               Silva LAP, Senna KMS, Vasques MR, Barbosa GF, Weksler C, Ramos RG, Golebiovski WF,
               Lamas CC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Francischetto O, Barbosa GF,
               Weksler C, Ramos RG, Golebiovski WF, Lamas CC; Statistical analysis: Lamas CC;
               Obtaining financing: Francischetto O, Lamas CC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Endocardite Infecciosa Associada aos Cuidados de Sa&#250;de:
               S&#233;rie de Casos em Hospital de Refer&#234;ncia entre 2006 e 2011</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francischetto</surname>
            <given-names>Oslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Almenara Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senna</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Marie Sim&#245;es e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanna Ferraiuoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Grandelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Golebiovski</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal do Campo Limpo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal do Campo Limpo, S&#227;o
               Paulo-SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso, Rio de
               Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de
               Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense,
               Niter&#243;i-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Grande Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio, Rio de
               Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro
               Chagas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas -
               Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Oslan Francischetto, </bold>Estrada de Itapecerica, 1661, 5&#186;
               andar, Vila Maracan&#227;. CEP 05835-005. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Email:
                  <email>oslanf@hotmail.com</email>; <email>oslanf@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A endocardite infecciosa associada aos cuidados de sa&#250;de (EI-ACS) &#233; uma
                  complica&#231;&#227;o grave associada aos cuidados m&#233;dico-hospitalares, com uma incid&#234;ncia
                  crescente na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a EI-ACS com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua epidemiologia, etiologia, fatores de risco de
                  aquisi&#231;&#227;o, complica&#231;&#245;es, tratamento cir&#250;rgico e quadro cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo de car&#225;ter observacional e prospectivo avaliou uma s&#233;rie de casos
                  reportados entre 2006 e 2011 em um hospital p&#250;blico no Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes com EI-ACS de um total de 151 casos de endocardite
                  infecciosa (EI) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, dos quais 26 (49%) eram do sexo
                  masculino (idade m&#233;dia de 47 &#177; 18,7 anos), e 27 (51%) eram sexo feminino (idade
                  m&#233;dia de 42 &#177; 20,1 anos). Quadros cl&#237;nicos agudos de EI ocorreram em 37 casos
                  (70%) e quadros subagudos em 16 casos (30%). A v&#225;lvula mitral foi afetada em 19
                  casos (36%), e a valva a&#243;rtica em 12 casos (36%). As v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas
                  foram afetadas em 23 casos (43%), e as v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas nativas em 30 casos
                  (57%). O acesso venoso profundo foi usado em 43 pacientes (81%). Hemoculturas
                  negativas foram observadas em amostras de 11 pacientes (21%). Nas hemoculturas
                  positivas, <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> foi identificado em 10 casos
                  (19%), <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> em 9 casos (17%) e <italic>Candida
                  </italic> sp. em 7 casos (13%). Febre ocorreu em 49 pacientes (92%),
                  esplenomegalia em 12 pacientes (23%), novo sopro de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar em 31
                  pacientes (58%) e prote&#237;na C reativa elevada em 44 pacientes (83%). O
                  ecocardiograma apresentou crit&#233;rios principais em 46 casos (87%). Trinta e quatro
                  pacientes (64%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. A mortalidade ocorreu em 17
                  casos (32%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>EI-ACS afeta pacientes mais jovens no Brasil. As v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas e
                  nativas foram afetadas em propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante. A cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca foi um
                  fator predisponente pouco frequente, ao passo que o acesso intravenoso foi um
                  fator predisponente comum. Infec&#231;&#245;es por <italic>S. aureus</italic> foram
                  significativamente mais frequentes em casos de EI-ACS envolvendo a v&#225;lvula
                  card&#237;aca nativa. A mortalidade por EI-ACS &#233; elevada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Endocardite Bacteriana/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite Bacteriana/etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave e potencialmente letal se n&#227;o for
               tratada adequadamente com antibioticoterapia e muitas vezes com tratamento
                  cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre EI
               e os cuidados m&#233;dicos, durante os per&#237;odos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e procedimentos
               invasivos, tem sido observada desde a d&#233;cada de 1950.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> Um estudo realizado no Reino Unido mostrou um aumento de 7 vezes na
               incid&#234;ncia de EI nosocomial ou associada aos cuidados de sa&#250;de entre 1985 e 1996<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Este aumento foi atribu&#237;do aos avan&#231;os em
               procedimentos m&#233;dicos invasivos, especialmente o uso de cateteres intravenosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A EI associada aos cuidados de sa&#250;de (EI-ACS) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de
               p&#250;blica, e representa 10% a 34% de todos os casos de EI em s&#233;ries de casos
                  recentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. &#201; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e est&#225; associada a
               maior morbidade e mortalidade quando comparado a EI adquirida na comunidade. Chen e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> descreveram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e hipotens&#227;o resultante de EI-ACS quando comparada
               &#224; EI adquirida na comunidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a
               mortalidade hospitalar de EI-ACS foi significativamente maior do que a EI adquirida
               na comunidade (40% e 18%, respectivamente, p = 0,02)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, foram avaliados os casos consecutivos de EI-ACS em um hospital p&#250;blico
               refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia card&#237;aca no Brasil, ocorridos entre 2006 a 2011, com &#234;nfase na
               epidemiologia, etiologia, fatores de risco, complica&#231;&#245;es, e desfecho cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo de car&#225;ter prospectivo e observacional analisou uma s&#233;rie de casos
               cl&#237;nicos ocorridos entre 2006 e 2011 no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC), um
               hospital p&#250;blico federal localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. INC &#233; um centro de
               refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia card&#237;aca, e atende muitos casos de EI de outros hospitais do
               estado do Rio de Janeiro, bem como casos provenientes de v&#225;rias unidades
               ambulatoriais afiliadas, especialmente o Departamento de V&#225;lvulas Card&#237;acas.</p>
        <p>Os casos foram analisados consecutivamente quando os crit&#233;rios definidos ou poss&#237;veis
               para EI foram preenchidos, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A EI-ACS foi caracterizada como EI ocorrida h&#225; mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o
               hospitalar, ou adquirida por meio de um procedimento invasivo realizado nas &#250;ltimas 8
               semanas antes do desenvolvimento de sinais e sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A endocardite infecciosa precoce (EIP) de
               v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica foi definida como aquela que se manifesta em at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s a
               cirurgia de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca e tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada aos cuidados de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A EI relacionada a marcapassos (MP) e cardioversor-desfibrilador
               implant&#225;vel foi considerada adquirida em ambiente hospitalar quando ocorreu em at&#233; um
               ano ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes maiores de 14 anos com diagn&#243;stico
               definitivo de EI-ACS que concordaram em participar do estudo (ou autorizados por seus
               pais ou respons&#225;veis legais). Todos os pacientes ou respons&#225;veis assinaram um termo
               de consentimento informado e preencheram um formul&#225;rio de relat&#243;rio de caso (FRC). O
               FRC utilizado foi o modelo proposto pela Colabora&#231;&#227;o Internacional em Endocardite
               (CIE), visto que o INC trabalha em colabora&#231;&#227;o com o CIE desde 2006. Os dados
               presentes no FRC foram analisados utilizando o programa Microsoft Excel, e a
               estat&#237;stica descritiva foi realizada utilizando estes dados. Os resultados foram
               representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. O programa StatCalc-CDC-Epi
                  Info,<sup>(r)</sup> vers&#227;o 7.1.1.0, foi usado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes de
               qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. A rela&#231;&#227;o de
               probabilidade (RP) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% foram estimados e o valor de p
               &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do INC sob protocolo n&#250;mero
               0171/2006.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre 1 de Janeiro de 2006 e 31 de Dezembro de 2011, 151 pacientes com EI foram
               admitidos no INC. Destes, 53 (35%) preencheram os crit&#233;rios de EI-ACS. A propor&#231;&#227;o de
               EI-ACS e todos os casos anuais de IE entre 2006 e 2011 est&#227;o representados no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. Estas propor&#231;&#245;es foram de 33%, 29%, 29%,
               42%, 33%, e 38%, para os anos de 2006 a 2011, respectivamente.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#250;mero de casos de EI-ACS e de outras patologias em pacientes admitidos no
                     INC entre 2006 e 2011. EI-ACS: Endocardite infecciosa associada aos cuidados de
                     sa&#250;de.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0292-40126-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Quarenta e dois casos (79%) foram classificados como definidos e 11 (21%)
               considerados poss&#237;veis, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados. Dos 53
               pacientes com EI-ACS, 26 (49%) eram do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 47,0 &#177; 18,7
               anos, e 27 (51%) eram do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,0 &#177; 20,1 anos. A faixa
               et&#225;ria deste grupo variou entre 14 e 78 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos casos por faixa
               et&#225;ria est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o por faixa et&#225;ria dos 53 casos de EI-ACS ocorridos no INC entre
                     2006 e 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de casos</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">10-20</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">21-30</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">31-40</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">41-50</td>
                <td>9</td>
                <td>17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">51-60</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">61-70</td>
                <td>10</td>
                <td>19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&gt;70</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; origem dos pacientes admitidos no INC, 18 pacientes (34%) foram trazidos de
               outros hospitais, e 35 (66%) eram do pr&#243;prio INC.</p>
        <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico agudo de EI foi observado em 37 casos (70%) e o quadro subagudo em
               16 casos (30%). As estruturas card&#237;acas afetadas est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estruturas card&#237;acas afetadas de 53 pacientes com EI-ACS admitidos no INC
                     entre 2006 e 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Estrutura afetada</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de casos</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula mitral</td>
                <td>19</td>
                <td>36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td>12</td>
                <td>23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula mitral + v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref> +
                           v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DI</td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"><italic>Patch</italic> para DSV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula mitral + v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide (concomitante)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia biventricular<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t05">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">V&#225;lvula mitral + DI</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>DI: dispositivo Implantado</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t05">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>DSV: defeito do septo ventricular; Patch: patch de peric&#225;rdio bovino</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t05">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio do epis&#243;dio de EI, 23 pacientes
               (43%) possu&#237;am v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas, e 30 (57%) possu&#237;am v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas
               nativas. Dois pacientes tinham v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas nativas e <italic>patches</italic>
               para reparo de defeitos do septo ventricular (DSV) e 1 paciente possu&#237;a dispositivo
               de assist&#234;ncia biventricular (este paciente era candidato a transplante card&#237;aco
               devido &#224; miocardite n&#227;o-especificada). Dos pacientes com v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas
               prot&#233;ticas, 13 (57%) haviam se submetido &#224; cirurgia valvar menos de 2 meses antes do
               epis&#243;dio de EI, 7 (30%) realizaram cirurgia valvar nos &#250;ltimos 2 a 12 meses antes do
               epis&#243;dio de EI e 3 (13%) realizaram cirurgia valvar em per&#237;odo superior a 1 ano antes
               do epis&#243;dio de EI. Al&#233;m disso, 20 epis&#243;dios de EI (87%) que afetaram as v&#225;lvulas
               card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas corresponderam a casos de EIP.</p>
        <p>O acesso venoso profundo foi utilizado em 43 pacientes (81%), e 41 pacientes (77%)
               foram submetidos a procedimentos invasivos antes da EI-ACS, dos quais 30 (73%)
               corresponderam &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca aberta. Outros 7 procedimentos envolveram a
               inser&#231;&#227;o de marcapassos ou cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (13,2%),
               procedimento odontol&#243;gico (2%) e cesariana recente (2%).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades mais prevalentes, 12 pacientes com EI-ACS apresentaram
               insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico (23%), e 50% desses pacientes
               estavam em hemodi&#225;lise. Nove pacientes (17%) apresentaram diabetes
                  <italic>mellitus</italic>.</p>
        <p>Os microrganismos identificados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. O teste de qui-quadrado foi aplicado para comparar as
               diferentes etiologias entre v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas nativas e prot&#233;ticas, e a &#250;nica
               diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada para a infec&#231;&#227;o com <italic>Staphylococcus
                  aureus</italic>, que predominou em casos de EI-ACS em v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas nativas
               (30% vs 0%, p &lt; 0,005, RP indefinido).</p>
        <p>Dos 11 pacientes com EI-ACS que apresentaram hemocultura negativa, 7 tiveram suas
               v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas retiradas e submetidas &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para
               a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes microrganismos: <italic>Coxiella burnetii,
                  Bartonella</italic> spp, <italic>Tropheryma whipplei, Staphylococcus
                  aureus</italic>, o grupo <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic>, o grupo
                  <italic>Streptococcus bovis, Enterococcus</italic> spp,
                  <italic>Mycoplasma</italic> sp, al&#233;m de fungos. Dos 7 pacientes, apenas 1 teve o
               agente identificado: grupo <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> + <italic>S.
                  gallolyticus</italic> (a identifica&#231;&#227;o desta &#250;ltima pode ter sido por amplifica&#231;&#227;o
               cruzada). Estes exames sorol&#243;gicos fazem parte de um outro projeto do INC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Exames sorol&#243;gicos para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de
                  <italic>Bartonella</italic> e <italic>Coxiella</italic> n&#227;o s&#227;o rotineiramente
               realizados no INC e n&#227;o foram realizados em nenhum dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, 49 pacientes (92%) apresentaram febre e 12 (23%)
               apresentaram esplenomegalia de in&#237;cio precoce. Novo sopro de regurgita&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em
               31 pacientes (58%). O aumento da prote&#237;na C reativa foi observado em 44 pacientes
               (83%) e taxa elevada de velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (VHS) em 14 pacientes
               (58%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microrganismos identificados em pacientes com EI-ACS admitidos no INC entre
                     2006 e 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom:hidden">Microrganismo</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">V&#225;lvula nativa</th>
                <th align="center"> </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">V&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Geral</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center"> </th>
                <th align="center"> </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">0 - 2 meses</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">2 - 12 meses</th>
                <th align="center"> </th>
                <th align="center"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left"> </th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>30</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>20</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>3</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>53</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>100%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
                           </italic>
                </td>
                <td>9</td>
                <td>30%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>9</td>
                <td>17%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CoNS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>10%</td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>15%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>11%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>
                </td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>13%</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>25%</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>33%</td>
                <td>10</td>
                <td>19%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Bact&#233;ria gram-positiva n&#227;o identificada</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>7%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Enterobacter sp.</italic>
                </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>3%</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>5%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
                </td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>10%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Acinetobacter sp.</italic>
                </td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>3%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Bact&#233;ria gram-negativa n&#227;o identificada</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>7%</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>5%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Candida sp.</italic>
                </td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>10%</td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>20%</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0%</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>13%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Microrganismo n&#227;o identificado</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>17%</td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>20%</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>67%</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>S. aureus 9 (5 eram meticilino-resistentes)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>CoNS: estafilococos coagulase-negativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 28 pacientes (53%),
               embolismo pulmonar em 15 pacientes (28%), abcessos viscerais em 8 pacientes (15%), e
               bacteremia persistente em 5 pacientes (8%).</p>
        <p>Ecocardiografia foi realizada em todos os pacientes e indicou crit&#233;rios principais em
               46 casos (87%). Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi realizada em 47 pacientes (89%) e
               ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em 18 (34%). A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi a
               mais contributiva, e indicou crit&#233;rios maiores em 38 casos (83%). Vegeta&#231;&#227;o vista ao
               ecocardiograma com crit&#233;rios maiores foi observada em 42 exames (91%), novo sopro de
               regurgita&#231;&#227;o em 27 casos (59%), vazamento paraprot&#233;tico em 8 casos (17%), abscesso
               paravalvular em 5 casos (11%), deisc&#234;ncia de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica em 5 casos (11%),
               perfura&#231;&#245;es no folheto 4 casos (9%), e f&#237;stula intracard&#237;aca em 1 caso (2%).</p>
        <p>Trinta e quatro pacientes (64%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca para o
               tratamento do epis&#243;dio de EI-ACS, 4 dos quais tiveram seu dispositivo implantado (ID)
               removido por procedimento aberto. Dos 34 pacientes, 24 (71%) receberam alta
               hospitalar. Dezenove (36%) n&#227;o foram operados, e destes, 12 (63%) receberam alta
               hospitalar A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 32%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante
               entre a mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia e os n&#227;o submetidos.</p>
        <p>Dos 34 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, 14 (41%) tiveram histopatologia
               positiva das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas, ap&#243;s terem sido retiradas e analisadas pelo
               Departamento de Patologia. As les&#245;es sugestivas de EI de 24 pacientes operados (71%)
               foram identificadas pelo cirurgi&#227;o durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de EI-ACS vem crescendo nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, com taxas variando entre
               10% e 34% de todo os casos de EI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. No presente estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de EI-ACS foi
               de 35%, que corresponde ao limite superior descrito em estudos anteriores. Isto pode
               ser devido a um vi&#233;s de verifica&#231;&#227;o ou &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do INC, que &#233; um centro de
               refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, com a realiza&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para
               inser&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses card&#237;acas e dispositivos intracard&#237;acos, bem como para a
               realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplantes card&#237;acos. Nenhum estudo realizado no Brasil sobre
               endocardite infecciosa adquirida em ambiente hospitalar foi encontrado. No entanto,
               um estudo anterior avaliou uma s&#233;rie de 300 epis&#243;dios de EI em pacientes admitidos no
               INCOR entre 1978 e 1986, e indicou que, em 15 epis&#243;dios (16,5%), o uso de cateteres
               intravasculares em pacientes foi um procedimento predisponente de EI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Neste mesmo estudo, o uso de v&#225;lvulas
               prot&#233;ticas (a idade delas n&#227;o foi informada) foi identificado como fator
               predisponente em 23% dos casos, e a mortalidade foi alta nesse grupo (43%). Um estudo
               mais recente, realizado em Ribeir&#227;o Preto, analisou 180 epis&#243;dios de IE ocorridos
               entre 1992 e 1997, e identificou 23 pacientes com endocardite de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica (3
               precoces e 20 tardias) e a mortalidade foi alta em ambos os grupos (2 &#243;bitos em
               pacientes com endocardite precoce e 5 em pacientes com endocardite tardia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Estes dados n&#227;o s&#227;o compar&#225;veis , mas nos
               fornecem uma ideia do cen&#225;rio brasileiro.</p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas afetadas variou entre 11,8% e 45,5% em
               s&#233;rie publicada em pacientes com EI-ACS e foi de 43% no presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Apesar do n&#250;mero
               de v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas envolvidas, a frequ&#234;ncia de endocardite precoce de v&#225;lvula
               prot&#233;tica no INC est&#225; de acordo com os resultados de estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 47,2 anos, menor que a m&#233;dia de idade de
               indiv&#237;duos com EI-ACS reportada em trabalhos anteriores (60,1 a 69,0 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No entanto, a m&#233;dia de idade obtida por Terpenning e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>(47,8%) e Lamas e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. (53,8%) foi compar&#225;vel &#224; media observada no presente
               estudo.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo foi equitativa em indiv&#237;duos com EI-ACS (1:1), diferentemente
               daquela observada em indiv&#237;duos com EI adquirida na comunidade (1,7:1,0)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Isto &#233; devido a outros fatores
               predisponentes, como v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas e cateteres intravasculares, que s&#227;o
               independentes do sexo.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (11%) e com diabetes (17%) observada no
               presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com dados previamente publicados, que foi de
               11,9%-19,3% e 19,0%-30,9%, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo realizado no INC sobre cateteres intravenosos
               indicou que dispositivos utilizados em hemodi&#225;lise, especialmente os cateteres
               femorais, representam um fator de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de bacteremia e
               endocardite, e esta &#233; uma quest&#227;o importante n&#227;o s&#243; para os pacientes com v&#225;lvulas
               prot&#233;ticas, mas tamb&#233;m para aqueles com v&#225;lvulas naturais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos agentes etiol&#243;gicos, na maioria dos casos (21%) o microrganismo n&#227;o
               foi identificado, o que &#233; uma propor&#231;&#227;o elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras s&#233;ries, em
               que as hemoculturas foram negativas em 2,4% a 9,5% dos casos de EI-ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Deve-se considerar que o uso pr&#233;vio de
               antibi&#243;ticos &#233; a principal causa deste aumento, visto que os pacientes foram
               submetidos com mais frequ&#234;ncia &#224; terapia antimicrobiana, e os pacientes no
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio muitas vezes tinham suposto diagn&#243;stico de outras infec&#231;&#245;es (e.g.,
               pneumonia, bacteremia) e tamb&#233;m receberam tratamento. No entanto, alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> s&#243; inclu&#237;ram pacientes com hemocultura
               positiva, visto que a defini&#231;&#227;o de casos foi baseada em hemoculturas positivas
               identificadas em laborat&#243;rio de microbiologia, e n&#227;o por exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ou
               defini&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A an&#225;lise de 11 v&#225;lvulas
               card&#237;acas de alguns pacientes por PCR, para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pat&#243;genos, fez parte
               de um estudo realizado entre 1998 e 2009 em colabora&#231;&#227;o com o Unite' des Rickettsies
               (Marselha, Fran&#231;a), e foi verificado que apenas 1 v&#225;lvula foi positiva para
                  <italic>S. oralis</italic>/ <italic>S. Gallolyticus</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Exames sorol&#243;gicos para identifica&#231;&#227;o de
                  <italic>Bartonella</italic> e <italic>Coxiella</italic> n&#227;o s&#227;o rotineiramente
               realizados no INC, e tais microrganismos n&#227;o s&#227;o relevantes no estudo da EI-ACS.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> (19%) foi semelhante &#224;
               reportada na literatura (17,3%-47,0%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Este dado &#233;
               interessante, uma vez que o INC &#233; um hospital cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o um hospital geral, e
               doen&#231;as do trato gastrointestinal ou urin&#225;rio n&#227;o apresentam incid&#234;ncia elevada.
               Sendo assim, tais microrganismos s&#227;o decorrentes principalmente de rotas
               intravenosas, como mostrado em um estudo realizado pelo nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o por
               enterococos em v&#225;lvulas nativas ou v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas nesta s&#233;rie.</p>
        <p><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> foi respons&#225;vel por 17% dos microrganismos
               isolados, e mais da metade deles eram meticilino-resistentes. Esta incid&#234;ncia foi
               mais baixa do que a encontrada em outras s&#233;ries (20,0%-36,5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. No entanto, Giannitsioti e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Massoure e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>) e Martin-D&#225;vila e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> observaram taxas mais baixas de <italic>S. aureus</italic>, que variou
               entre 11% e 20%. A incid&#234;ncia de estafilococos meticilino-resistentes reportada na
               literatura variou entre 26% e 85%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Curiosamente, <italic>S. aureus</italic> n&#227;o foi observado em
               pacientes com endocardite de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica precoce, e acreditamos que isso possa
               ter ocorrido devido &#224; descoloniza&#231;&#227;o rotineira no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio utilizando
               mupirocina t&#243;pica e clorexidina para a cirurgia card&#237;aca no INC.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de EI-ACS causada por estafilococos coagulase negativa foi de 11%, que &#233;
               baixa quando comparada com os dados da literatura (21,7%-27,6%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Sy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia semelhante &#224;
               observada no presente estudo (5%).</p>
        <p>Bact&#233;rias Gram-negativas est&#227;o presentes com uma frequ&#234;ncia de 0%-3% em indiv&#237;duos
               com EI-ACS em s&#233;ries publicadas anteriormente, mas uma frequ&#234;ncia de 16% foi
               observada no presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Esta incid&#234;ncia
               foi semelhante entre v&#225;lvulas nativas e prot&#233;ticas, e n&#243;s hipotizamos que cefazolina,
               usado como agente profil&#225;tico, n&#227;o foi suficiente para impedir a contamina&#231;&#227;o de
               ferimentos por bact&#233;rias Gram-negativas. Al&#233;m disso, em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento,
               bact&#233;rias Gram-negativas causam bacteremias relacionadas a cateteres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Desde Abril de 2012, o protocolo institucional foi alterado com
               rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; profilaxia antibi&#243;tica, para incluir cefuroxima, associada ou n&#227;o &#224;
               vancomicina, ao n&#250;mero de dias pendentes no hospital (&gt; 7 dias), &#237;ndice de massa
               corporal &gt; 30, e coloniza&#231;&#227;o por estafilococos meticilino-resistentes (CL,
               comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal)</p>
        <p><italic>Candida</italic> sp. foi identificada em at&#233; 11% dos casos de EI-ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Nesta s&#233;rie, a incid&#234;ncia total foi de 13%, e
               de 10% nas v&#225;lvulas nativas. De acordo com Fran&#231;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, a maior incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es f&#250;ngicas hospitalares &#233;
               devido &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de antibi&#243;ticos e ao uso de linhas intravenosas, e tais
               associa&#231;&#245;es foram muito frequentes no grupo de pacientes avaliados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Febre ocorreu em 81% a 94% dos pacientes com EI-ACS e em 92% dos pacientes no
               presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A esplenomegalia,
               embora n&#227;o seja considerada um crit&#233;rio principal, ocorreu em 23% dos pacientes. Um
               novo sopro card&#237;aco ou agravamento de um sopro anterior ocorreu em 58% dos pacientes,
               semelhante aos resultados obtidos por Benito e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, que diagnosticaram esplenomegalia em 60% dos pacientes com EI-ACS em
               v&#225;lvulas nativas. Portanto, a constata&#231;&#227;o de febre e sopro em pacientes
               hospitalizados refor&#231;a a necessidade de realizar melhores diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos para
               a detec&#231;&#227;o de endocardite.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente e grave, e foi observada em 53%
               dos casos. Esta taxa foi muito semelhante &#224; encontrada por Fern&#225;ndez-Hidalgo e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> (47%). Em outras s&#233;ries, a
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorreu em 18% a 37% dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos ocorreram em 28% dos
               casos, semelhante ao reportado na literatura (11,0%-27,7%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Contudo,
               Giannitsioti e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> encontraram uma taxa de
               complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas de 45,2%.</p>
        <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi oferecido a 34 pacientes (64%). Em outras s&#233;ries, a
               frequ&#234;ncia de cirurgias variou entre 19,0% e 44,1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No entanto, h&#225; um vi&#233;s em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               frequ&#234;ncia elevada observada neste estudo, visto que o INC &#233; um centro cir&#250;rgico.
               Al&#233;m disso, os 4 dispositivos implantados removidos por cirurgia aberta foram
               inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que foram submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para tratamento da
               EI-ACS tiveram alta hospitalar com maior frequ&#234;ncia, mas esta frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi
               significativamente diferente daquela de pacientes tratados clinicamente. No entanto,
               n&#227;o foi realizado acompanhamento superior a 1 ano para esta coorte. A taxa de
               mortalidade hospitalar foi de 32%, o que &#233; semelhante &#224; descrita em trabalhos
               anteriores (22%-50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Giannitsioti e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e Chen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> indicaram valores mais baixos de mortalidade por EI adquirida
               na comunidade, de 18% e 18,6%, respectivamente, o que demonstra a maior gravidade de
               EI-ACS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A endocardite infecciosa associada aos cuidados de sa&#250;de afetaram pacientes mais
               jovens nesta s&#233;rie brasileira, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras s&#233;ries reportadas na
               literatura. Isto pode ser devido &#224; alta incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia
               reum&#225;tica, que caracteristicamente predomina em crian&#231;as e adolescentes no
                  Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diferentemente da EI adquirida na comunidade, em que h&#225; uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens
               acometidos (propor&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres variou entre 2:1 e 3:1), a propor&#231;&#227;o de
               homens e mulheres com EI-ACS foi semelhante.</p>
        <p>Cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas foram predisposi&#231;&#245;es pouco frequentes para EI-ACS nesta
               s&#233;rie, mas isso pode ser devido ao fato de o INC ser um hospital de cirurgia
               card&#237;aca, onde poucas cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas s&#227;o realizadas.</p>
        <p>A hemocultura negativa foi mais frequente do que em outras s&#233;ries. Isto pode ser
               devido ao vi&#233;s de verifica&#231;&#227;o e ao uso pr&#233;vio de antibi&#243;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, muitos
               casos foram detectados atrav&#233;s de exames cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de <italic>S. aureus</italic> como agente etiol&#243;gico de endocardite
               infecciosa precoce foi baixa e isto pode ser devido &#224; rotineira descoloniza&#231;&#227;o
               realizada no INC utilizando mupirocina e clorexidina t&#243;picas. Infec&#231;&#245;es por
                  <italic>S. aureus</italic> ocorreram com maior frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com
               v&#225;lvulas nativas que foram admitidos por causas n&#227;o-cir&#250;rgicas, como a insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
        <p>A alta incid&#234;ncia de bact&#233;rias Gram-negativas e fungos (<italic>Candida</italic> sp)
               pode estar relacionada ao uso pr&#233;vio de antibi&#243;ticos ou ao uso concomitante de
               antibi&#243;ticos e cateteres intravenosos.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de <italic>E. faecalis</italic> foi semelhante ao de outras s&#233;ries
               estudadas, apesar do fato de que o INC n&#227;o ser um hospital geral. Isto pode ser
               atribu&#237;do ao uso de cateteres intravenosos, especialmente os cateteres de hemodi&#225;lise
               inseridos nas veias femorais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>EI-ACS apresenta significativa morbidade e mortalidade e est&#225; associada &#224;
               complica&#231;&#245;es graves, tais como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
                  Francischetto O, Silva LAP, Senna KMS, Vasques MR, Barbosa GF, Weksler C, Ramos
                  RG, Golebiovski WF, Lamas CC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Francischetto O,
                  Barbosa GF, Weksler C, Ramos RG, Golebiovski WF, Lamas CC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
                  Lamas CC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Francischetto O, Lamas CC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a toda a equipe m&#233;dica, cir&#250;rgica, de enfermagem, e todos os outros
               funcion&#225;rios do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, que cuidaram dos pacientes
               participantes deste estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
