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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7Wbm4fbNcSVr4WDVysk9BdQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040122</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140122</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left Atrial Volume Index and Prediction of Events in Acute
               Coronary Syndrome: Solar Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Baptista de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Camile Bittencourt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Allyson Matos Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Karine Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Augusto Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
               Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
               Ecocardiografia ECOLAB do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Alves Secundo J&#250;nior,</bold> Rua Terencio Sampaio, 215.
               Ap. 1102, Grageru. Postal Code 49025-700, Aracaju, SE - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>jrsecundo@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>282</fpage>
      <lpage>291</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>According to some international studies, patients with acute coronary syndrome
                  (ACS) and increased left atrial volume index (LAVI) have worse long-term
                  prognosis. However, national Brazilian studies confirming this prediction are
                  still lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate LAVI as a predictor of major cardiovascular events (MCE) in patients
                  with ACS during a 365-day follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective cohort of 171 patients diagnosed with ACS whose LAVI was calculated
                  within 48 hours after hospital admission. According to LAVI, two groups were
                  categorized: normal LAVI (&#8804; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) and increased LAVI (&gt; 32
                     mL/m<sup>2</sup>). Both groups were compared regarding clinical and
                  echocardiographic characteristics, in- and out-of-hospital outcomes, and
                  occurrence of ECM in up to 365 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Increased LAVI was observed in 78 patients (45%), and was associated with older
                  age, higher body mass index, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction and
                  previous angioplasty, and lower creatinine clearance and ejection fraction. During
                  hospitalization, acute pulmonary edema was more frequent in patients with
                  increased LAVI (14.1% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.024). After discharge, the occurrence of
                  combined outcome for MCE was higher (p = 0.001) in the group with increased LAVI
                  (26%) as compared to the normal LAVI group (7%) [RR (95% CI) = 3.46 (1.54-7.73)
                  vs. 0.80 (0.69-0.92)]. After Cox regression, increased LAVI increased the
                  probability of MCE (HR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.28-7.40, p = 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Increased LAVI is an important predictor of MCE in a one-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular mortality in
            the modern world, left ventricular function being an important prognostic marker for
            patients with that syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Patients with ACS
            and clinical signs of congestive heart failure have worse prognosis, and, in general,
            should be referred to an interventional cardiology service to undergo reperfusion.
            Asymptomatic individuals with evidence of subclinical dysfunction also have worse
               prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In addition, it is speculated that proper treatment might benefit
            that subgroup of patients. Thus, the development and identification of early markers of
            left ventricular dysfunction are required to select ideal candidates for invasive
               therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular diastolic function assessed by use of Doppler echocardiography,
            complementary to systolic function, provides important prognostic information, after
            acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Left atrial volume index (LAVI) is less sensitive to
            acute variations, reflecting subacute or chronic changes in diastolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Individuals with increased LAVI, i.e., with significant diastolic
            dysfunction, are at high risk for complications and could benefit from choosing the most
            appropriate treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several clinical studies have reported the usefulness of left atrial volume (LAV) in the
            prognosis of several diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Regarding ACS, almost all studies have assessed
            the prognostic influence of LAVI only on AMI, without approaching its importance in
            unstable angina (UA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, despite those international studies, we
            have not succeeded in identifying studies on that specific topic in Brazil. It is worth
            noting that study findings are not always reproducible for different sociodemographic
            and anthropometric contexts or even for different health care conditions. Nevertheless,
            a study should be reproducible so that its results could be more widely validated.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the major objective of this study is to assess the role of LAVI as a
            predictor of late cardiovascular events in patients with ACS followed up for one year at
            a referral hospital for cardiology in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This is a prospective cohort of the "Solar Registry" (Acute Coronary Syndrome
               Registry of the Hospital S&#227;o Lucas), carried out at Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, a referral
               center for cardiology in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, which meets accreditation
               standards (level 3) (IQG - <italic>Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o</italic>).</p>
        <p>From May 2008 to April 2012, individuals of both sexes admitted to the chest pain
               unit with ACS findings were selected for investigation and treatment at that
               hospital. All patients originated from the center for supplementary health
               services.</p>
        <p>It was a non-random convenience sample consecutively obtained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>In the period studied, 519 patients had UA or AMI, the latter subdivided into
               ST-segment elevation AMI and non-ST-segment elevation AMI. Those three categories
               were defined according to clinical history (symptoms consistent with acute ischemia)
               or gradual increase in heart necrosis markers (in the case of AMI), in addition to at
               least one of the following tests: electrocardiography; transthoracic Doppler
               echocardiography; and coronary angiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.
               Of the initial population, only 171 patients had their LAVI measured by use of
               echocardiography, being included in the study. The other patients were excluded due
               to either lack of that measurement, or presence of a malignancy or severe valvar
               heart disease.</p>
        <p>Within the first 48 hours from hospital admission, all patients included in this
               study underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at rest. The patients were
               distribut (&#8804; 32 mL/ed into two groups according to LAVI values, determined by
               Simpson's method, as follows: 1) normal LAVIm<sup>2</sup>); and 2) increased LAVI
               (&gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials">
      <title>Materials</title>
      <p>To determine the clinical and laboratory profile and the in-hospital outcome of patients
            with ACS, a standardized assessment was performed by the examiner and confirmed with
            data from the medical records. The groups were compared based on the following
            parameters: a) baseline clinical characteristics; b) creatinine clearance on admission;
            c) comorbidities, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus,
            dyslipidemia, previous cardiovascular disease; d) diagnosis; e) echocardiographic data;
            f) treatment in the acute phase (only clinical treatment, angioplasty or myocardial
            revascularization); and g) in-hospital outcome regarding cardiovascular events (acute
            pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, shock, re-infarction, cardiorespiratory arrest, or
            death).</p>
      <p>Patients were classified as smokers, when reporting current smoking habit, or
            ex-smokers, when reporting quitting smoking for at least one year. Diabetic patients
            were those with a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and/or who were on oral
            anti-diabetic agents or whose fasting glycemia was &gt; 126 mg/dL during
            hospitalization. Systemic arterial hypertension was considered in those who had been
            diagnosed prior to hospitalization and/or were on antihypertensive agents or who had
            systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg.
            Dyslipidemia was determined by the presence of high serum levels of LDL-C (&gt; 130
            mg/dL) and/or low serum levels of HDL-C (&lt; 40 mg/dL) and/or increased serum levels of
            triglycerides (&gt; 150 mg/dL). Patients with body mass index (BMI) &gt; 25
               kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered overweight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.
            Renal function was estimated based on glomerular filtration rate by using the Cockcroft
            &amp; Gault formula: (140 - age in years) x body weight (kg) / 72 x creatinine (mg/dL),
            corrected for the 0.85 factor for women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Acute pulmonary edema was defined as the presence of clinical signs of left ventricular
            failure, dyspnea, and signs of hypoxia and of fluid in the lungs (rales on pulmonary
            auscultation, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography consistent with
               congestion)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Stroke was defined as the fast
            development of clinical signs of focal or global cerebral function disorder for more
            than 24 hours, with no other apparent cause than vascular origin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Reinfarction was defined as the presence of ischemic symptoms,
            new electrocardiographic changes and/or subsequent elevation in heart necrosis markers
            after a decrease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Cardiogenic shock was defined
            as the presence of arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mmHg or 30 mmHg
            below the baseline value) and evidence of tissue hypoperfusion, such as oliguria,
            cyanosis, cold extremities, changes in the levels of consciousness, pulmonary capillary
            pressure &gt; 18 mmHg, cardiac index &lt; 1.8 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, systemic vascular
            resistance index &gt; 2000 dyn.s/cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>/m<sup>2</sup>, and increased arteriovenous oxygen difference &gt; 5.5
               mL/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>The patients with ACS assessed in this study were followed up for up to 365 days
               after hospital admission, by use of medical record investigation or telephone contact
               with them or a close relative. After hospital discharge, they were assessed regarding
               the appearance of any major cardiovascular event, such as stroke, AMI or death due to
               any cause. For the statistical analysis purpose, only the first event occurring after
               hospital discharge was considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation. The
               Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the assumption of sample normality. Then,
               Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test was used for independent groups,
               according to the sample normality pattern. Regarding the categorical variables,
               absolute frequency and percentage were used. To compare the characteristics of the
               categorical variables between the two groups, the chi-square test or Fisher exact
               test, when more appropriate, was used.</p>
        <p>Survival was assessed by use of the Kaplan-Meier curve and the differences between
               the two groups were quantified with the log-rank test. To assess the influence of
               in-hospital events, a landmark analysis was performed excluding that period. In
               addition, the relative risk (RR) was calculated for the combined out-of-hospital
               outcome with a maximum follow-up of one year.</p>
        <p>Cox proportional hazards regression was performed according to the Breslow method
               with adjustments to the following variables: age; sex; type of ACS; diabetes
               mellitus; dyslipidemia; SAH; ejection fraction; and LAVI. Hazard ratio (HR) values
               and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were provided. The assumptions of
               hazards proportionality were tested by calculating the Schoenfeld residuals and by
               analyzing the coefficients.</p>
        <p>The Stata software, version 13.0, was used for statistical analysis, and the
               significance level adopted for all tests was two-tailed p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>A questionnaire was applied to the patients after they were informed about the
               study's objective and after they provided written informed consent. This study is
               part of the "Solar Registry", which had already been approved by the local ethics
               committee.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        <p>During the period assessed, 171 patients (mean age, 66 &#177; 13 years; 73 women) were
               included in this study. The LAVI was &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> in 78 patients (45%).
               Comparing with individuals with LAVI &#8804; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, those patients were
               older, had higher BMI and higher prevalence of SAH, history of AMI and previous
               angioplasty. In addition, they had a lower estimated creatinine clearance. No
               significant difference was observed regarding the following characteristics: sex; and
               history of smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, previous stroke, previous
               myocardial revascularization, and type of ACS on hospital admission (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with acute coronary syndrome according
                     to left atrial volume index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th>LAVI &#8804; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 93)</th>
                <th>LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 78)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sex, female</td>
                <td align="center">35 (37.6)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (48.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine clearance <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">0.004 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">44 (47.8)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (42.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">34 (36.5)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (48.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">60 (64.5)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (75.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td align="center">63 (67.7)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (87.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous AMI</td>
                <td align="center">18 (19.4)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (37.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous stroke</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8.6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">20 (21.5)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (43.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous MR</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12.9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (19.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>ACS type</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>UA</td>
                <td align="center">24 (25.8)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (33.3)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">46 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (51.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">23 (24.7)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (15.4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t01">
              <p>Data shown as numbers (%) or mean and standard deviation (SD). ACS: acute
                        coronary syndrome; BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial
                        hypertension; LAVI: left atrial volume index; AMI: acute myocardial
                        infarction; MR: myocardial revascularization; UA: unstable angina; NSTEMI:
                        non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST elevation acute
                        myocardial infarction;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t01">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t01">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>Student t test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t01">
              <label>(&#8225;)</label>
              <p>value estimated with the Cockroft &amp; Gault formula and corrected for body
                        mass index (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn05t01">
              <label>(&#167;)</label>
              <p>Smoker or ex-smoker.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
        <p>LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> is significantly associated with lower left ventricular
               ejection fraction (0.56 vs. 0.61; p = 0.021) and with the restrictive pattern, which
               is the most severe manifestation of diastolic dysfunction, obtained by use of the
               mitral flow (p = 0.004). However, higher frequency of mild diastolic dysfunction was
               observed in the group with normal LAVI. The presence of artificial pacemaker
               accounted for the occurrence of indeterminate pattern in the sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiography characteristics of patients with acute coronary syndrome
                     according to left atrial volume index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th>LAVI &lt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 93)</th>
                <th>LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 78)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LA size</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.56 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Mitral flow</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6.4)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Relaxation deficit</td>
                <td align="center">63 (67.7)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (47.4)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pseudonormal</td>
                <td align="center">24 (25.8)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (24.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Restrictive</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (14.1)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminate</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t02">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7.6) //</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <p>Data shown as numbers (%) or mean and standard deviation. LA: left atrial;
                        EF: ejection fraction; LAVI: left atrial volume index.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Student t test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t02">
              <label>(&#8225;)</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t02">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>data lost in the group with LAVI &gt;32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn05t02">
              <label>(&#167;)</label>
              <p>one due to impaired analysis and one due to atrial fibrillation; (//) four
                        due to pacemaker and two due to impaired analysis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment and hospital outcome</title>
        <p>The groups did not differ statistically regarding the treatment used (only clinical
               treatment, percutaneous intervention or surgical myocardial revascularization).
               Regarding the in-hospital complications, acute pulmonary edema was more frequent in
               patients with LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> [11/78 (14.1%) vs. 4/93 (4.3%); p =
               0.024]. No difference was observed regarding the occurrence of atrial fibrillation,
               shock, reinfarction, cardiorespiratory arrest and death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In-hospital treatment and outcome of patients with acute coronary syndrome
                     according to left atrial volume index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th> </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>LAVI &#8804; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 93)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 78)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>In-hospital treatment</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Only clinical treatment</td>
                <td align="center">42 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (51.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">47 (50.5)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (46.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MR</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.68 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Complications</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APE</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (14.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.17 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Re-infarction</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (14.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRA</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.62 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <p>Data shown as numbers (%) or mean and standard deviation. MR: myocardial
                        revascularization; APE: acute pulmonary edema; CRA: cardiorespiratory
                        arrest; LAVI: left atrial volume index.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t03">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Fisher exact test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population follow-up</title>
        <p>During the out-of-hospital follow-up (up to 365 days from hospital admission), the
               occurrence of the first major cardiovascular event was higher in individuals with
               LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. In that group, stroke, AMI and death were observed in
               10, 8 and 2 patients, respectively. Conversely, in the group with normal LAVI, those
               events were observed in only 1, 5 and 1 patients, respectively. Thus, the comparison
               between groups regarding combined out-of-hospital outcomes, by using the log-rank
               test, shows a significantly higher frequency in those with increased LAVI [20/76
               (26%) vs. 7/92 (7%), p = 0.001], as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
                  1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of events for out-of-hospital combined outcome in 365 days.
                     Combined outcome: stroke, acute myocardial infarction or death. LAVI: left
                     atrial volume index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Still considering the combined outcome, the Kaplan-Meier curve clearly showed (p &lt;
               0.001, log-rank test) that the group with increased LAVI underwent unfavorable change
               200 days after hospital admission. The higher occurrence of stroke accounted for that
               finding (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for out-of-hospital combined outcome in 365 days between
                     the group with LAVI &#8804; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, considered normal, and the group
                     with LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, considered high. Log-rank test: p = 0.001.
                     LAVI: left atrial volume index. Events: stroke, acute myocardial infarction or
                     death</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows the increase in the RR for
               combined outcome in 365 days in patients with increased LAVI (RR = 3.459; 95% CI =
               1.54-7.73) as compared with the group of patients with normal LAVI (RR = 0.798; 95%
               CI = 0.69-0.92).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Forest plot of relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for
                     out-of-hospital combined outcome in 365 days, according to left atrial volume
                     index (LAVI). The estimates found for the groups with high LAVI and normal LAVI
                     were, respectively, RR = 3.5 (CI: 1.54-7.73) and RR = 0.79 (CI:
                     0.68-0.92)&#8221;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Several Cox proportional hazards regression models were used, always with significant
                  "<italic>p</italic>" values for the variable LAVI. In the complete model
               comprising eight variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>), LAVI
               increased by more than 200% the probability of outcomes (HR = 3.08; 95% CI = 1.28-
               7.40; p = 0.012).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&gt;Cox regression adjusted by use of the Breslow method for left atrial
                     volume index in acute coronary syndrome with combined outcome<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref> in 365 days</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>95% CI</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 - 1.04</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sex</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                <td align="center">0.38 - 1.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACS type <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.79 - 2.47</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">1.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.73 - 1.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
                <td align="center">0.32 - 1.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td align="center">3.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.69 - 13.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.04 - 15.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVI</td>
                <td align="center">3.08</td>
                <td align="center">1.28 - 7.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <p>HR: hazard ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus;
                        SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; EF: ejection fraction; ACS: acute
                        coronary syndrome; LAVI: left atrial volume index.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t04">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>combined outcome: stroke, acute myocardial infarction or death;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t04">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>subdivided into unstable angina, ST elevation acute myocardial infarction
                        and non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In addition, similar results were obtained in the landmark analysis performed in
               association with Cox regression, adjusted for the same predictors, and excluding
               in-hospital outcomes. The assessment of the assumptions of hazards proportionality
               for covariables was considered satisfactory, with p values &gt; 0.05 for all items (p
               value for the global test = 0.70). Similarly, when plotting Schoenfeld residuals, the
               horizontal curve showed the high properness of the model.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> shows superposition of the
               Kaplan-Meier curves and the adjusted Cox regression curves, confirming the predictive
               capacity of the LAVI for outcomes.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted Cox regression curves compared with Kaplan-Meier curves for
                     out-of-hospital combined outcomes in 365 days between the group with LAVI &#8804; 32
                        mL/m<sup>2</sup>, considered normal, and the group with LAVI &gt; 32
                        mL/m<sup>2</sup>, considered high. KM - Kaplan-Meier; LAVI: left atrial
                     volume index. Events: stroke, acute myocardial infarction or death</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This prospective study confirmed that increased LAVI, obtained in the first 48 hours
            from admission of patients with ACS, is an important predictor of major cardiovascular
            events. Patients with LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> had worse prognosis regarding
            in-hospital outcome. In addition, they had a higher number of major cardiovascular
            events in the 365-day follow-up, in which the occurrence of stroke was important.</p>
      <p>Similarly to this study, Beinart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have
            prospectively assessed, in a five-year follow-up, 395 patients, correlating increased
            LAVI with mortality. By comparing clinical characteristics and previous history, those
            authors have reported that patients with increased LAVI showed the following significant
            differences: more advanced age and a higher frequency of history of smoking, SAH and
            stroke. The present study showed a significant difference regarding higher BMI and
            history of previous AMI and angioplasty, in addition to confirming the more advanced age
            and higher prevalence of SAH in patients with increased LAVI. However, none of those
            studies could differentiate between the groups with normal and increased LAVI regarding
            the presentation form of ACS.</p>
      <p>Similarly to this study, Beinart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have
            found no significant difference for the hospital treatment between those two groups;
            however, regarding complications during hospitalization, those authors have shown a
            higher frequency of congestive heart failure in patients with increased LAVI.
            Nevertheless, this study did not assess that outcome because of difficulty in
            standardizing the diagnostic method. It is worth noting that the group with increased
            LAVI had a significantly higher frequency of acute pulmonary edema, probably reflecting
            similar pathophysiological processes.</p>
      <p>Barnes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have shown the importance of LAV
            as an independent predictor of first ischemic stroke and of death in individuals with no
            prior atrial fibrillation. Regarding out-of-hospital outcome, the present study found
            that patients with increased LAVI had a higher frequency of stroke, apparently not
            related to the presence of atrial fibrillation, whose occurrence was equal in both
            groups. The increase in LAVI, reflecting the lack of a pattern of atrial architecture,
            certainly contributes to thrombus formation, independently of the presence of atrial
            fibrillation.</p>
      <p>Regarding echocardiographic characteristics, patients with increased LAVI had lower
            ejection fraction and more severe diastolic dysfunction as compared with those with
            normal LAVI. Confirming those data, the study by Moller et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> has found similar results.</p>
      <p>Tsang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have reported that a 30% increase
            in LAV was accompanied by a 43% increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation in an
            elderly population at the beginning of the investigation, with sinus rhythm and no
            significant heart disease. It is worth noting that, in the present study, although
            patients with LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> had higher frequency of atrial fibrillation
            during hospitalization, no significant difference was observed [6/78 (7%) vs. 2/93 (2%),
            p = 0.14].</p>
      <p>Moller et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have shown for the first time the
            importance of LAV as a predictor of survival after AMI. In that study, during a 15-month
            follow-up, LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> was a powerful independent predictor of
            all-cause mortality. Similarly, although without significance, mortality was higher
            among patients with increased LAVI. Maybe because of the relatively younger population
            sample (mean age, 66 vs. 70 years) and the shorter follow-up, the present study showed
            no significant difference. Recently, in a cohort of 1886 African Americans, left atrial
            size was a predictor of all-cause mortality after adjusting for traditional
            cardiovascular risk factors, left ventricular hypertrophy and low ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding out-of-hospital outcome, major adverse cardiovascular events (stroke, AMI or
            death) were significantly more frequent in patients with LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>.
            In a recent publication, Gunasekaran et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have
            also reported that an increased LAVI (cut-off point of 28 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) is an
            independent risk factor for major cardiovascular event (except for mortality) six months
            after ACS.</p>
      <p>In this study, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves for combined outcome in 365 days
            evidenced significant discrepancy between the groups. By using RR, it is evident that
            belonging to the group with LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> represents a three-fold
            increase in the risk of having a cardiovascular event. On the contrary, belonging to the
            group with normal LAVI is a mild protective factor against those events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Beinart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, assessing LAVI &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> as an independent
            predictor of mortality in five years in patients with AMI, have found a RR of 2.05 (95%
            CI: 1.02-4.11; p=0.044).</p>
      <p>On univariate analysis to predict mortality, Moller et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have found a 500% increased risk when comparing increased LAVI and normal
            LAVI (HR = 6.1; 95% CI: 2.8-13.0; p &lt; 0.001). Later, Beinart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have found a risk increased by almost 190% on
            univariate analysis for mortality in five years in patients with increased LAVI (HR =
            2.78; 95% CI: 1.63-4.72; p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, in our study, Cox regression with
            eight variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>) showed that increased
            LAVI increased by more than 200% the probability of outcomes (HR = 3.67; 95% CI:
            1.45-9.26; p = 0,006).</p>
      <p>Several resources of analysis of sensitivity were used to assess the properness of the
            parameters. Similarly, our model proved to have no violations and to be compatible with
            the assumptions necessary to validate the survival analyses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limitations</title>
      <p>Our study has some limitations. The patients were selected at a single center. This was
            a non-probability sample selection from a registry, from where only individuals whose
            LAVI values were measured were extracted.</p>
      <p>In addition, it is worth noting that the number of variables assessed as compared with
            the sample size might have reduced the power to identify other factors. The loss to
            follow-up rate, 7 patients (7%) with normal LAVI and 8 patients (10%) with increased
            LAVI, can also be associated with bias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In our study, increased LAVI was an important predictor of major cardiovascular events
            in the one-year follow-up. Because it is easily obtained on echocardiography, and
            because it provides important information for clinical practice, LAVI measurement should
            be incorporated as routine to the assessment of patients suspected of having or
            diagnosed with ACS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et
               al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics
               Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2012 update: a report from the
               American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):e2-220. Erratum in: Circulation.
               2012;125(22):e1002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA, Oliveira JLM,
               Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS; Acquisition of data: Secundo Junior JA, Faro GBA,
               Soares CB, Silva AMP, Secundo PFC, Teixeira CKC; Analysis and interpretation of the
               data: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS; Statistical
               analysis: Santos MAA; Writing of the manuscript: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA, Faro
               GBA, Soares CB, Silva AMP, Secundo PFC, Teixeira CKC, Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS;
               Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Secundo Junior JA,
               Santos MAA, Faro GBA, Soares CB, Silva AMP, Secundo PFC, Teixeira CKC, Oliveira JLM,
               Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Erratum</label>
        <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Left Atrial Volume Index and
Prediction of Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Solar Registry&#8221;, pages 282-291, by authors Jose Alves Secundo Junior, Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos, Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro, Camile Bittencourt Soares, Allyson Matos Porto Silva, Paulo Fernando Carvalho Secundo, Clarissa Karine Cardoso Teixeira, Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira, Jose Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa,
please be aware that the correct spelling for Allysson Matos 11Porto Silva is Allyson Matos Porto Silva.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">&#205;ndice de Volume Atrial Esquerdo e Predi&#231;&#227;o de Eventos em
               S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda: Registro Solar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Jose Alves</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
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            <surname>Santos</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Allyson Matos Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Karine Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Augusto Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
               Ecocardiografia ECOLAB</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
               Ecocardiografia ECOLAB do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Alves Secundo J&#250;nior,</bold> Rua Terencio Sampaio, 215.
               Ap. 1102, Grageru. CEP 49025-700, Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>jrsecundo@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Portadores de s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) com aumento do &#237;ndice de volume
                  atrial esquerdo (IVAE) apresentam pior progn&#243;stico em longo prazo segundo alguns
                  estudos internacionais. Todavia, h&#225; car&#234;ncia de estudos nacionais ratificando esta
                  predi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o IVAE como preditor de evento cardiovascular maior (ECM) em seguimento
                  tardio de pacientes com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coorte prospectiva de 171 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA e com IVAE calculado
                  dentro de 48 horas ap&#243;s evento &#237;ndice. Portadores de IVAE normal (&#8804; 32
                     ml/m<sup>2)</sup> e de IVAE aumentado (&gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2)</sup> foram
                  comparados quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, evolu&#231;&#227;o intra
                  e extra-hospitalar e ocorr&#234;ncia, em at&#233; 365 dias, de ECM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Um total de 78 pacientes (45%) apresentaram IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m2. Ocorreu associa&#231;&#227;o
                  entre IVAE aumentado e maior idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, hipertens&#227;o
                  arterial, hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e angioplastia pr&#233;via, assim como
                  menor clearance de creatinina e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o edema
                  agudo de pulm&#227;o foi mais frequente em pacientes com IVAE aumentado (14,1% vs.
                  4,3%, p = 0,024). Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho composto para
                  ECM foi significativamente superior (p = 0,001) no grupo com IVAE aumentado (26%)
                  quando comparado ao grupo de IVAE normal (7%) [RR (IC 95%) = 3,46 (1,54-7,73) vs.
                  0,80 (0,69-0,92)]. Na regress&#227;o de Cox, IVAE aumentado elevou a probabilidade de
                  ECM (HR = 3,08; IC 95% = 1,28-7,40; p = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O aumento do IVAE &#233; importante preditor de ECM em um ano de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="introdu&#231;&#227;o">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) constitui uma das principais causas de mortalidade
               cardiovascular do mundo moderno e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; importante marcador
               de progn&#243;stico nesses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Pacientes
               portadores de SCA e sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) t&#234;m
               pior progn&#243;stico. De maneira geral, recomenda-se que esses pacientes sejam
               encaminhados ao servi&#231;o de cardiologia intervencionista para se submeterem a t&#233;cnicas
               de reperfus&#227;o. Assintom&#225;ticos, por&#233;m com evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica, tamb&#233;m
               t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Adicionalmente, especula-se que o tratamento
               adequado possa beneficiar esse subgrupo. Em consequ&#234;ncia, h&#225; necessidade de
               desenvolvimento e identifica&#231;&#227;o de marcadores precoces de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo (VE) para selecionar candidatos ideais &#224; terapia invasiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, avaliada por meio da ecodopplercardiografia, fornece
               importantes informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, adicionais &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, ap&#243;s infarto
               agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). O &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE) &#233; menos sens&#237;vel
               a varia&#231;&#245;es agudas, refletindo altera&#231;&#245;es subagudas ou cr&#244;nicas da fun&#231;&#227;o
                  diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Portadores de IVAE alterado, i.e., com
               importante disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, apresentam alto risco para complica&#231;&#245;es e poderiam
               se beneficiar da escolha de tratamento adequado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m atestado a utilidade do volume atrial esquerdo no
               progn&#243;stico de diversas enfermidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. No &#226;mbito da SCA,
               quase todos os trabalhos avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica do IVAE apenas no IAM,
               n&#227;o abordando, portanto, a sua import&#226;ncia na angina inst&#225;vel (AI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Entretanto, a despeito desses estudos internacionais, nacionalmente
               n&#227;o logramos identificar trabalhos publicados acerca dessa quest&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Com
               efeito, nem sempre os achados s&#227;o replic&#225;veis se mudarmos o contexto
               sociodemogr&#225;fico, antropom&#233;trico ou mesmo o cen&#225;rio local das condi&#231;&#245;es de
               assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de. Um estudo precisa ser reprodut&#237;vel para que seus achados sejam
               mais amplamente validados.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo &#233; avaliar o eventual papel do IVAE como
               preditor de eventos tardios em pacientes com SCA, acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo de
               um ano em hospital de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva do "Registro SOLAR" (Registro de S&#237;ndrome
                  Coronariana Aguda do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas), realizada no Hospital S&#227;o Lucas,
                  considerado refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica em Sergipe, Brasil, e possuidor de acredita&#231;&#227;o
                  n&#237;vel tr&#234;s (IQG - Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o).</p>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de maio de 2008 a abril de 2012, foram selecionados sujeitos de
                  ambos os g&#234;neros, que deram entrada na unidade de dor tor&#225;cica com quadro de SCA e
                  foram internados para investiga&#231;&#227;o e tratamento no referido hospital. Todos os
                  pacientes eram oriundos da sa&#250;de suplementar.</p>
          <p>Obteve-se amostra de forma n&#227;o aleat&#243;ria, por conveni&#234;ncia e consecutiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o e Exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo analisado, 519 pacientes apresentaram quadro de AI ou IAM, este &#250;ltimo
                  subdividido em IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST e IAM sem supradesnivelamento de
                  ST. A categoriza&#231;&#227;o em tr&#234;s grupos foi definida mediante hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica
                  (sintomas consistentes de isquemia aguda) ou aumento seriado nos marcadores de
                  necrose card&#237;aca (em caso de IAM), acrescidos de pelo menos um dos seguintes
                  exames: eletrocardiograma, ecodoplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico e
                     cinecoronariografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Da popula&#231;&#227;o
                  inicial, apenas 171 tiveram o IVAE medido por ecocardiograma e foram inclu&#237;dos no
                  estudo. Os demais pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o apresentar tal medida, ou por
                  apresentar malignidade ou valvopatia grave.</p>
          <p>Dentro das primeiras 48 horas da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos
                  no estudo foram submetidos &#224; ecodoplercardiografia transtor&#225;cica de repouso. O
                  m&#233;todo de Simpson foi utilizado para obten&#231;&#227;o do IVAE e os pacientes foram
                  distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos de acordo com o valor do IVAE: 1) grupo com IVAE &#8804; 32
                     mL/m<sup>2</sup>, considerado normal; e 2) grupo com IVAE &gt; 32
                     mL/m<sup>2</sup>, considerado aumentado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Materiais</title>
        <p>Para determinar o perfil cl&#237;nico e laboratorial e a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar dos
               pacientes com SCA, foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o padronizada, administrada pelo
               pesquisador, corroborada com os dados do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Os grupos foram
               comparados quanto aos seguintes par&#226;metros: a) caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais; b)
                  <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina na admiss&#227;o; c) comorbidades, como
               hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes melito, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a
               cardiovascular pr&#233;via; d) diagn&#243;stico; e) dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos; f) tratamento na
               fase aguda (se cl&#237;nico isolado, angioplastia ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica); e g)
               evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar quanto ao surgimento de evento cardiovascular (edema agudo
               de pulm&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), choque, reinfarto, parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ou
               &#243;bito).</p>
        <p>Foram definidos como tabagistas os pacientes que informaram ter o h&#225;bito de fumar, e
               como ex-tabagistas os que haviam suspendido o cigarro h&#225;, pelo menos, um ano no
               momento da an&#225;lise. Foram classificados como diab&#233;ticos os que tinham o diagn&#243;stico
               pr&#233;vio da doen&#231;a e/ou estavam em uso de hipoglicemiantes ou aqueles que, em exames
               durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentassem n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL. A HAS
               foi considerada naqueles que tinham este diagn&#243;stico previamente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e/ou
               faziam uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas ou que apresentassem press&#227;o arterial
               sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg. Dislipidemia foi
               determinada pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de LDL-C (&gt; 130 mg/dL) e/ou
               n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos baixos de HDL-C (&lt; 40 mg/dL) e/ou aumento s&#233;rico de triglicer&#237;deos
               (&gt; 150 mg/dL). Excesso de peso foi considerado nos pacientes com &#237;ndice de massa
               corporal (IMC) &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.
               Fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi estimada atrav&#233;s da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular pela f&#243;rmula de
               Cockcroft &amp; Gault: (140 - idade em anos) x peso corporal (kg) / 72 x creatinina
               (mg/dL), corrigida por um fator de 0,85 para mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Edema agudo de pulm&#227;o foi definido como a presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos de
               insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, manifesta&#231;&#227;o de dispneia, sinais de hip&#243;xia e
               fluido nos pulm&#245;es, isto &#233;, ausculta pulmonar revelando estertores e radiografia de
               t&#243;rax com infiltrados pulmonares bilaterais consistentes com congest&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) foi
               definido como o desenvolvimento r&#225;pido de sinais cl&#237;nicos de dist&#250;rbio focal (ou
               global) da fun&#231;&#227;o cerebral que duram mais de 24 horas sem outra causa aparente que
               n&#227;o origem vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. O diagn&#243;stico de
               reinfarto baseou-se em sintomas isqu&#234;micos, novas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas
               e/ou subsequente eleva&#231;&#227;o do marcador de necrose card&#237;aca ap&#243;s diminui&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Choque cardiog&#234;nico foi definido na presen&#231;a
               de hipotens&#227;o arterial (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90 mmHg ou 30 mmHg abaixo do
               valor basal), evid&#234;ncias de hipoperfus&#227;o tissular, tais como olig&#250;ria, cianose,
               extremidades frias e altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis da consci&#234;ncia, press&#227;o capilar pulmonar
               &gt; 18 mmHg, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 1,8 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia
               vascular sist&#234;mica &gt; 2000 dina.s/cm5/m<sup>2</sup> e aumento da diferen&#231;a
               arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio &gt; 5,5 mL/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento</title>
          <p>Os pacientes com SCA admitidos no estudo foram seguidos at&#233; 365 dias da admiss&#227;o
                  hospitalar, por meio de investiga&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio ou contato telef&#244;nico com
                  paciente ou familiar pr&#243;ximo. Os indiv&#237;duos foram investigados ap&#243;s a alta
                  hospitalar para verificar o aparecimento de evento cardiovascular maior, como AVE,
                  IAM ou &#243;bito por qualquer causa. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram
                  considerados apenas eventos ocorridos ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, valorizando aquele que
                  ocorreu primeiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de Dados</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Foi
                  aplicado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar o pressuposto de normalidade
                  amostral. Em seguida, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste
                  de Mann-Whitney para grupos independentes, de acordo com padr&#227;o de normalidade da
                  amostra. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e
                  percentagem. Para comparar caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os dois
                  grupos, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher quando mais
                  adequado.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da sobrevida foi realizada por interm&#233;dio da curva de Kaplan-Meier e as
                  diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos foram quantificadas pelo teste de log-rank. Para
                  avaliar eventual influ&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares, realizou-se uma
                     <italic>landmark analysis</italic> excluindo esse per&#237;odo. Calculou-se, tamb&#233;m,
                  o risco relativo (RR) para o desfecho composto extra-hospitalar com tempo m&#225;ximo
                  de seguimento igual a um ano.</p>
          <p>Efetuou-se uma regress&#227;o de Cox pelo m&#233;todo de Breslow com ajustes para as
                  vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, tipo de SCA, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, HAS, fra&#231;&#227;o de
                  eje&#231;&#227;o e IVAE. Foram apresentados os valores de <italic>hazard ratio
                  (HR)</italic>, acompanhados do intervalo de confian&#231;a de (IC 95%). Os pressupostos
                  de proporcionalidade dos <italic>hazards</italic> foram testados mediante o
                  c&#225;lculo dos res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld e an&#225;lise dos coeficientes.</p>
          <p>Para realizar os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos, recorreu-se ao programa Stata, vers&#227;o
                  13.0, sendo considerado como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para todos os testes um p
                  &lt; 0,05, bicaudal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio aos pacientes foi realizada mediante esclarecimento
                  quanto ao objetivo do estudo e assinatura do termo de consentimento. Este estudo &#233;
                  parte integrante do "Registro SOLAR", que j&#225; obteve valida&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica
                  local.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo analisado, 171 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia 66 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 73
                  mulheres, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O IVAE foi &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> em 78
                  pacientes (45%). Comparando-se com indiv&#237;duos com IVAE &#8804; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, eles
                  eram mais idosos, tiveram maior IMC e maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS, hist&#243;ria de IAM e
                  angioplastia pr&#233;via. Al&#233;m disso, apresentaram menor <italic>clearance</italic> de
                  creatinina estimado. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa para g&#234;nero, hist&#243;ria de
                  tabagismo, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, AVE pr&#233;vio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica
                  pr&#233;via e tipo de SCA na admiss&#227;o hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda de
                        acordo com o &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th>IVAE &#8804; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 93)</th>
                  <th>IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 78)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo, feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (37,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (48,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t05">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance de Creatinina <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t05">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t05">&#167;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (42,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (36,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (48,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (64,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (75,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (67,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (87,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (37,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVE pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (21,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (43,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tipo de SCA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AI</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (25,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (33,3)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMSST</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (49,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (51,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAMCST</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (24,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (15,4)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t05">
                <p>Dados s&#227;o mostrados em n&#250;meros (%) ou m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). IVAE:
                           &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa
                              corp&#243;rea<sup>2</sup>; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM:
                           infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; RM:
                           revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; AI: angina
                           inst&#225;vel; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra ST; IAMCST:
                           infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra ST;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t05">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Teste Mann-Whitney;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t05">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t05">
                <label>(&#8225;)</label>
                <p>valor estimado com f&#243;rmula de Cockroft &amp; Gault e corrigido para
                           &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, em mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn05t05">
                <label>(&#167;)</label>
                <p>Tabagista ou ex-tabagista</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>O IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> se associa, de forma significativa, com a fra&#231;&#227;o
                  de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE mais baixa (0,56 vs. 0,61; p = 0,021) e tamb&#233;m ao padr&#227;o
                  restritivo (p = 0,004) que constitui a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave da disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  diast&#243;lica, obtido pelo fluxo mitral. Todavia, verificou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia de
                  disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve no grupo com IVAE normal. A presen&#231;a de marca-passo
                  artificial foi o principal respons&#225;vel pela ocorr&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o indeterminado na
                  amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria
                        aguda de acordo com o &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th>IVAE &#8804; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 93)</th>
                  <th>IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 78)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Tamanho AE</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FE <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t06">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fluxo Mitral</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6,4)</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">D&#233;ficit Relaxamento</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (67,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (47,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Pseudonormal</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (25,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (24,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Restritiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (14,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Indeterminada</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t06">&#167;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7,6) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn06t06">//</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t06">
                <p>Dados s&#227;o apresentados em n&#250;meros (%) ou m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. IVAE:
                           &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de
                           eje&#231;&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t06">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t06">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>houve perda de um dado no grupo IVAE &gt;32 ml/m<sup>2</sup>;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t06">
                <label>(&#8225;)</label>
                <p>Teste Mann-Whitney;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn05t06">
                <label>(&#167;)</label>
                <p>sendo um por "an&#225;lise prejudicada" e um por fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn06t06">
                <label>(//)</label>
                <p>sendo quatro por marca-passo e dois por "an&#225;lise prejudicada".</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          <p>Os grupos n&#227;o se diferenciaram estatisticamente quanto &#224; forma de tratamento
                  (cl&#237;nico isolado, interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do
                  mioc&#225;rdio) utilizada. Quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares, o edema agudo de
                  pulm&#227;o foi mais frequente em pacientes com IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (11/78
                  [14,1%] vs. 4/93 [4,3%], p = 0,024). N&#227;o foi constatada diferen&#231;a quanto &#224;
                  ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, choque, reinfarto, parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tratamento e evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria
                        aguda de acordo com o &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th>IVAE &#8804; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 93)</th>
                  <th>IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 78)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento Hospitalar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cl&#237;nico isolado</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (51,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (50,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (46,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RM</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EAP</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reinfarto</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t07">
                <p>Dados s&#227;o mostrados em n&#250;meros (%) ou m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. IVAE: &#237;ndice
                           de volume atrial esquerdo; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; EAP: Edema
                           Agudo de Pulm&#227;o; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t07">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>Teste Exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento populacional</title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento extra-hospitalar at&#233; 365 dias do evento-&#237;ndice, a
                  ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro evento cardiovascular maior foi superior em portadores de
                  IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. Foram contabilizados nesse grupo, respectivamente,
                  AVE, IAM e &#243;bito em 10, 8 e 2 pacientes. J&#225; no grupo com IVAE normal, observou-se,
                  apenas, AVE, IAM e &#243;bito em 1, 5 e 1 pacientes, respectivamente. Portanto, a
                  compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto aos desfechos compostos extra-hospitalares,
                  mediante o teste de log-rank, evidencia frequ&#234;ncia significativamente maior
                  naquele com IVAE aumentado (20/76 [26%] vs. 7/92 [7%], p = 0,001), conforme
                  apresentando na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de eventos para desfecho composto extra-hospitalar em 365
                        dias. Desfecho composto: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do
                        mioc&#225;rdio ou &#243;bito. IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho composto, a an&#225;lise da curva de Kaplan-Meier
                  demonstrou, com clareza (p &lt; 0,001 pelo teste de log-rank), que o grupo IVAE
                  aumentado sofre modifica&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, decorridos 200 dias do evento-&#237;ndice. A
                  maior ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE foi a principal respons&#225;vel por esse achado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para desfecho composto extra-hospitalar em 365
                        dias entre os grupos IVAE &#8804; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, considerado normal, e IVAE
                        &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, considerado alto. Teste de log rank: p = 0,001. IVAE:
                        &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo. Eventos: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico,
                        infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou &#243;bito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>, fica demonstrado o aumento do
                  RR para desfecho composto em 365 dias nos portadores de IVAE aumentado (RR =
                  3,459; IC 95% = 1,54-7,73), comparativamente ao grupo de pacientes com IVAE normal
                  (RR = 0,798; IC 95% = 0,69-0,92).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o em forest plot do risco relativo (RR) e intervalos de
                        confian&#231;a 95% (IC) para o desfecho composto extra-hospitalar em 365 dias, de
                        acordo com o volume atrial indexado (IVAE). As estimadas encontradas para os
                        grupos IVAE elevado versus IVAE normal foram, respectivamente: RR = 3,5 ( IC
                        = 1,54 &#8211; 7,73) e RR = 0,79 (IC 0,68-0,92).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Foram empregados diversos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox, sempre com valores
                  significativos de "<italic>p</italic>" para a vari&#225;vel IVAE. No modelo completo,
                  incluindo oito vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>), o
                  IVAE aumentou em mais de 200% a probabilidade de desfechos (HR = 3,08; IC 95% =
                  1,28 - 7,40; p = 0,012).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o ajustada de Cox pelo m&#233;todo de Breslow para o &#237;ndice de volume
                        atrial esquerdo em s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, com desfecho composto<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">*</xref> em 365 dias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 - 1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38 - 1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tipo de SCA <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t08">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 - 2,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 - 1,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 - 1,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">3,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 - 13,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 - 15,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVAE</td>
                  <td align="center">3,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28 - 7,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t08">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; SCA: s&#237;ndrome
                           coron&#225;ria aguda; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo; DM: diabetes
                           melito; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t08">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>desfecho composto: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do
                           mioc&#225;rdio ou &#243;bito;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t08">
                <label>(&#8224;)</label>
                <p>subdivido em angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra ST e
                           infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra ST.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m foi realizada uma <italic>landmark analysis</italic> associada &#224; regress&#227;o
                  de Cox ajustada para os mesmos preditores, desta vez com exclus&#227;o de desfechos
                  intra-hospitalares, onde se obtiveram resultados semelhantes. O teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  do pressuposto de proporcionalidade dos <italic>hazards</italic> para as
                  covari&#225;veis foi considerado satisfat&#243;rio, com valores de p &gt; 0,05 para todos os
                  itens (valor de p para o teste global = 0,70). Igualmente, a plotagem dos res&#237;duos
                  de Schoenfeld, com curva horizontalizada, indicou elevado grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o do
                  modelo.</p>
          <p>O gr&#225;fico da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref> mostra que as curvas
                  de Kaplan-Meier em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s curvas ajustadas pela regress&#227;o de Cox s&#227;o
                  superpon&#237;veis, corroborando a capacidade preditora de desfechos do IVAE.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas ajustadas de regress&#227;o de Cox comparadas com curvas de
                        Kaplan-Meier para desfecho composto extra-hospitalar em 365 dias entre os
                        grupos IVAE &#8804; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, considerado normal e IVAE &gt; 32
                           ml/m<sup>2</sup>, considerado alto. KM: Kaplan-Meier; IVAE: &#237;ndice de
                        volume do &#225;trio esquerdo. Eventos: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto
                        agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou &#243;bito no seguimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0282-40122-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo prospectivo confirmou que o IVAE aumentado, obtido nas primeiras 48 horas
               da admiss&#227;o de pacientes com SCA, &#233; um importante preditor de evento cardiovascular
               maior. Pacientes com IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> tiveram pior progn&#243;stico na
               evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, tiveram maior n&#250;mero de eventos
               cardiovasculares maiores no seguimento at&#233; 365 dias, sendo importante a ocorr&#234;ncia de
               AVE.</p>
        <p>Semelhante a esse estudo, Beinart e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
               analisaram, em seguimento de at&#233; cinco anos, tamb&#233;m de forma prospectiva, 395
               pacientes e correlacionaram IVAE aumentado e mortalidade. Comparando caracter&#237;sticas
               cl&#237;nicas e hist&#243;ria pregressa, pacientes com IVAE alterado apresentaram,
               significativamente, idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, HAS e AVE. J&#225; o
               presente estudo demonstrou, significativamente, maiores IMC, hist&#243;ria de IAM e
               angioplastia pr&#233;vios, al&#233;m de ratificar a presen&#231;a de idade mais avan&#231;ada e maior
               preval&#234;ncia de HAS em pacientes com IVAE alterado. Todavia, em nenhum dos dois
               estudos foi poss&#237;vel diferenciar os grupos de IVAE normal e alterado quanto &#224; forma
               de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de SCA.</p>
        <p>Corroborando com esta pesquisa, Beinart e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa para o tratamento
               hospitalar dos dois grupos. Com respeito a complica&#231;&#245;es durante internamento, o
               primeiro estudo evidencia maior frequ&#234;ncia de ICC nos portadores de IVAE aumentado.
               Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi utilizado este desfecho em decorr&#234;ncia da
               dificuldade da padroniza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico. Vale ressaltar que o grupo de
               portadores de IVAE alterado apresentou, significativamente, maior frequ&#234;ncia de edema
               agudo de pulm&#227;o, refletindo, provavelmente, processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos
               semelhantes.</p>
        <p>Barnes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> demonstraram a import&#226;ncia do
               VAE como preditor independente para primeiro AVE isqu&#234;mico e para morte, em
               indiv&#237;duos sem FA pr&#233;via. No presente estudo, na evolu&#231;&#227;o extra-hospitalar, pacientes
               com IVAE aumentado tiveram maior frequ&#234;ncia de AVE, aparentemente n&#227;o relacionada &#224;
               presen&#231;a de FA, j&#225; que essa ocorre igualmente nos dois grupos. O aumento do IVAE,
               traduzindo a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o da arquitetura atrial, seguramente contribui para
               a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo, independente da arritmia supracitada.</p>
        <p>Sobre as caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, pacientes com IVAE aumentado tiveram
               fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixa e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mais grave em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles
               com IVAE normal. Ratificando tais dados, o estudo de Moller e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> encontrou resultados semelhantes.</p>
        <p>Tsang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observaram que um aumento de
               30% do VAE era acompanhado de incremento de 43% no risco de apresentar FA, numa
               popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos em in&#237;cio de investiga&#231;&#227;o, com ritmo sinusal e sem doen&#231;as
               card&#237;acas significativas. No presente estudo, vale destacar que, apesar de pacientes
               com IVAE &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> apresentarem maior frequ&#234;ncia de FA na evolu&#231;&#227;o
               hospitalar, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa (6/78 [7%] vs. 2/93 [2%], p =
               0,14).</p>
        <p>Moller e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostraram pela primeira vez a
               import&#226;ncia do VAE como um preditor de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s IAM. Nesse estudo, durante
               um seguimento m&#233;dio de 15 meses, o IVAE &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> foi um poderoso
               preditor independente de mortalidade por todas as causas. De forma semelhante, embora
               sem signific&#226;ncia, a mortalidade foi maior em pacientes com IVAE aumentado. Talvez
               por ser relativamente mais jovem (m&#233;dia de idade 66 vs. 70) e pelo curto seguimento,
               o presente estudo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa. Recentemente, em uma coorte de
               1886 pacientes americanos de origem africana, o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo foi
               preditor de morte por todas as causas, ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco
               cardiovascular tradicionaisl, hipertrofia do VE e baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o extra-hospitalar, a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares
               maiores (AVE, IAM ou &#243;bito) foi significativamente mais frequente nos portadores de
               IVAE &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente, Gunasekaran e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o IVAE aumentado
               (ponto de corte de 28 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) constitui fator de risco independente para
               evento cardiovascular maior (com exclus&#227;o de mortalidade), decorridos seis meses de
               SCA.</p>
        <p>As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para desfecho composto em 365 dias evidenciam
               discrep&#226;ncia significativa entre os grupos. Pelo c&#225;lculo do RR, percebe-se que
               pertencer ao grupo IVAE &gt; 32 mL/m<sup>2</sup> representa risco tr&#234;s vezes maior de
               um evento cardiovascular. Ao contr&#225;rio, pertencer ao grupo IVAE normal constitui,
               discretamente, fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para tais eventos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). Beinart e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,
               analisando IVAE &gt; 32 ml/m<sup>2</sup> como preditor independente de mortalidade em
               cinco anos em pacientes com IAM, encontraram RR de 2,05 (IC 95%, 1,02-4,11;
               p=0,044).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, Moller e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> obtiveram risco aumentado em 500% na
               compara&#231;&#227;o entre IVAE aumentado e IVAE normal (HR = 6,1; IC 95% = 2,8 - 13,0; p &lt;
               0,001). Posteriormente, Beinart e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.
               encontraram risco aumentado em quase 190% pela an&#225;lise univariada para mortalidade em
               cinco anos em pacientes com IVAE aumentado (HR = 2,78; IC 95% 1,63 - 4,72; p &lt;
               0,001). De forma semelhante, em nosso estudo, a regress&#227;o de Cox incluindo oito
               vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>) demonstrou que o IVAE
               alterado aumentou em mais de 200% a probabilidade de desfechos (HR = 3,67; IC 95% =
               1,45 - 9,26; p = 0,006).</p>
        <p>Diversos recursos de an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foram realizados para avaliar a
               adequa&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros. Da mesma forma, nosso modelo se revelou isento de viola&#231;&#245;es
               e compat&#237;vel com os pressupostos necess&#225;rios a valida&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises de
               sobrevida.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes foram selecionados em um
                  &#250;nico centro. Trata-se de uma amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica sob a forma de
                  registro, de onde, por sua vez, extraiu-se apenas a parcela de indiv&#237;duos cujos
                  valores de IVAE foram mensurados.</p>
          <p>H&#225; que se ponderar, tamb&#233;m, que a quantidade de vari&#225;veis analisadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
                  tamanho da amostra pode ter reduzido o poder para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de outros
                  fatores. O &#237;ndice de perda de seguimento, 7 pacientes (7%) com IVAE normal e 8
                  pacientes (10%) com IVAE alterado, tamb&#233;m pode associar-se a potencial vi&#233;s.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O IVAE elevado foi importante preditor de eventos cardiovasculares maiores no
               seguimento de um ano em nosso estudo. Por se tratar de um par&#226;metro facilmente obtido
               no ecocardiograma e acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es importantes para pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a
               medida do IVAE deveria ser incorporada como rotina na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com
               suspeita ou diagn&#243;stico de SCA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA, Oliveira JLM,
                  Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Secundo Junior JA, Faro GBA,
                  Soares CB, Silva AMP, Secundo PFC, Teixeira CKC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA, Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Santos MAA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA,
                  Faro GBA, Soares CB, Silva AMP, Secundo PFC, Teixeira CKC, Barreto Filho JAS,
                  Sousa ACS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Secundo Junior JA, Santos MAA, Faro GBA, Soares CB, Silva AMP, Secundo
                  PFC, Teixeira CKC, Oliveira JLM, Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Errata</label>
          <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;&#205;ndice de Volume Atrial Esquerdo e
Predi&#231;&#227;o de Eventos em S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda: Registro Solar&#8221;, p&#225;ginas 282-291, dos autores Jose Alves Secundo Junior, Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos, Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro, Camile Bittencourt Soares, Allyson Matos
Porto Silva, Paulo Fernando Carvalho Secundo, Clarissa Karine Cardoso Teixeira, Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira, Jose Augusto Soares Barreto Filho, Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa, considerar correta a grafia Allysson Matos Porto Silva para o
nome do autor Allyson Matos Porto Silva.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
