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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cySDJNvKYmN4rpPbTFjssJB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040112</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relevance of Target-Organ Lesions as Predictors of
					Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forti</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Introcaso</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Hermes T&#243;ros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faludi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Arpad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp),
					S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de
					Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas
					(PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diabetes e Hipertens&#227;o de
					Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diabetes e Hipertens&#227;o de Fortaleza,
					Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#226;nia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#226;nia, GO -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de
					Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de Bras&#237;lia,
					Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio
					Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto,
					S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de
					Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de Santos,
					Santos, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
					Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP
					- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco,</bold> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 276,
					Vila Clementino. Postal Code 04039-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>272</fpage>
      <lpage>281</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular
						events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2
						diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of
						Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical
						and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and
						confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from
						cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male
						gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left
						ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR &lt;60 mL/min. These factors, in addition
						to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was
						adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR =
						3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95%
						CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR &lt; 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p =
						0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left
						ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total
						mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030);
						smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction
						(HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95%
						CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ
						lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are significantly more prevalent in
				patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In
				these patients, cardiovascular event-free survival is greatly reduced, leading to
				premature loss of work capacity in middle-aged individuals and incapacity to lead a
				more active life among the elderly. However, although associated with a higher event
				rate, the traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as hypertension,
				smoking and high cholesterol, can only partly explain this excess cardiovascular
				risk in this population.</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization estimated that there were 30 million adults with
				diabetes mellitus worldwide in 1985, with an estimated population of 300 million
				individuals with DM in 2030 and major socio-economic impact, especially in
				developing countries such as Brazil, where the epidemiological force seems to be of
				greater intensity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Many of these individuals
				(four in five individuals) live in low-income countries, according to a report from
				the International Diabetes Federation of 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Brazil currently occupies the uncomfortable fourth position among
				countries with the highest prevalence, with approximately 13.4 million affected
				individuals, corresponding to 6.5% of the adult population.</p>
      <p>In the beginning of the century, regarding mortality rate, 5.2% of all deaths
				worldwide were attributed to diabetes, confirming that the disease is the fifth
				leading cause of death, with an estimate that approximately 4.6 million adults died
				from this cause in 2011 worldwide, representing 8.2% of overall mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil it is estimated that diabetes is underreported on death certificates,
				probably because the affected individuals, most often die due to ischemic
				complications or kidney disease, and not as a consequence of direct metabolic
				complications of diabetes, such as ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia.</p>
      <p>Diabetic patients have comorbidities such as obesity, arterial hypertension and
				dyslipidemia, which contribute to the worsening of cardiovascular risk, indicating a
				40% rate of hypertension at the diagnosis of diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Recommendations from several guidelines advise stricter lipid
				targets, considering this population at a greater risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Thus, our study aimed to assess the main predictors of mortality in patients with
					diabetes mellitus.</p>
        <p>The study included patients with type 2 diabetes, as defined by the American
					Diabetes Association (ADA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Patients
					were included based on the established diagnosis of myocardial infarction, but
					clinically stable at baseline (1/3 of the sample) or without diagnosis of
					previous myocardial infarction, as well as no evidence of other prior clinical
					manifestations of atherosclerosis, such as cerebrovascular accident, peripheral
					obstructive vascular disease or other manifestations of coronary heart disease
					(2/3 of patients). These patients came from 10 research centers in nine cities
					of the North (Bel&#233;m-PA); South (Curitiba-PR); Southeast (S&#227;o Paulo, Santos,
					Campinas and S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto); Midwest (Goi&#225;s) and Northeast
					(Fortaleza-CE) regions of Brazil and were consecutively included in the study.
					Patients with signs or symptoms of heart failure or scheduled percutaneous or
					surgical myocardial revascularization were excluded.</p>
        <p>Of the subjects initially included in 10 research centers, complete data were
					obtained from 323 individuals by the end of the study, after a median follow-up
					of 9.2 years and were used in this study. The characteristics of these subjects
					were similar to that of the initial cohort, with the exception of body mass
					index, fasting glucose and HDL-C.</p>
        <p>The study protocol was approved by the central and local ethics committees and
					the signed informed consent form was obtained from all participants or their
					legal guardians.</p>
        <p>The data collected at baseline included medical history, physical examination, 12
					lead-resting electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood samples after a 12-hour fasting.
					Outcomes were reported annually during the follow-up. In case of death or
					patient's incapacity to come to the research center, a family member was
					contacted. Only deaths clearly confirmed by hospital records or witnessed as
					attributed to cardiovascular causes or CVA were reported as cardiovascular
					mortality. The study endpoints were assessed by two experienced investigators.
					The primary outcomes analyzed in the study were cardiovascular and all-cause
					mortality. Secondary outcomes included fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events
					(myocardial infarction, CVA, hospitalization for unstable angina or myocardial
					revascularization).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory assessment</title>
        <p>Laboratory tests were performed on samples obtained at baseline and used after
					adequate bio-freezer storage under ultra-low temperature (-80&#176;C), being measured
					in the Central Laboratory of Hospital da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo
					(Unifesp).</p>
        <p>Glucose was measured in serum by the enzymatic colorimetric method, after fasting
					for 12 hours, in mg/dL. Components of the lipid profile were analyzed by the
					enzymatic colorimetric method in serum for total cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL and
					triglycerides in mg/dL. LDL-C was estimated by Friedewald's equation, for
					triglycerides &lt; 400 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
					Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured by the
					immunoturbidimetric method (Vitros (r) 5600, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Johnson
					&amp; Johnson) in mg/L. The analysis of homocysteine was performed by the
					two-point kinetic method (Fusion(r), Clinical Diagnosis) and expressed in
					micromoles/L.</p>
        <p>The analysis of troponin I (ultrasensitive) was performed by immunoassay method
					(chemiluminescence) and expressed in ng / mL (Vitros (r) 5600, Ortho Clinical
					Diagnostics, Johnson &amp; Johnson). Serum creatinine was analyzed by
					colorimetric kinetics (Opera (r) Bayer) and expressed in mg/dL.</p>
        <p>The glomerular filtration rate was estimated (estimated Glomerular Filtration
					Rate - eGFR) using three different equations: Cockcroft-Gault<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
						(MDRD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Chronic Kidney
					Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and expressed in mL/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> . The MDRD and
					CKD-EPI formulas were used due to assumption of great miscegenation among the
					Brazilian population, considering the incorporation of the racial component in
					these equations.</p>
        <p>Patients with glomerular filtration rate &#8805; 90 mL / min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> or
					between 60-89 mL / min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> were considered normal or having
					mild reduction in renal function, respectively. CKD was defined as eGFR &#8804; 60 mL
					/ min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> , and the patients were classified as having
					moderately decreased kidney function (stage III) when eGFR was 30-59 mL / min
					per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and severe (stage IV) when eGFR was 30 mL / min per 1.73
						m<sup>2</sup> . Rates of 15 mL/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> were considered as
					kidney failure, according to the National Kidney Foundation classification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic variables</title>
        <p>The 12-lead resting ECG was performed in certified equipment calibrated for 1.0
					mV/cm, with the patient in the supine position, at a standard velocity of 25 mm
					/ s and interpreted by experienced cardiologists, who were blinded to the
					baseline characteristics and outcomes of participants. Axis and QRS duration,
					the amplitude of R waves in leads D1, aVL, V5 and V6, the amplitude of the S
					wave in V1, V2 and V3 and the strain pattern were quantified, as well as the
					largest amplitude of R and S waves in the horizontal plane leads. The strain
					pattern is defined as convex ST segment depression with asymmetric T-wave
					inversion (opposite to the QRS complex) in leads V5 and V6.</p>
        <p>Bazett's formula was used to correct the QT interval, measured in milliseconds
					(ms) from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave, using the following
					equation: QTc = QT/RR 1/2 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>The Perugia score was used for the evaluation of ventricular hypertrophy, as
					determined by the presence of one or more of the following findings: Cornell
					criteria, considering values &#8805; 20 and 24 mm as limits for women and men,
					respectively; Romhilt-Estes score; presence of strain pattern<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Data are shown as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variables
					or as medians and interquartile ranges for quantitative variables with
					non-normal distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as number (n) and
					percentage (%); continuous variables were compared by analysis of variance for
					repeated data followed by Tukey-Kramer contrast test, when appropriate.
					Variables with non-Gaussian distribution were compared by Wilcoxon test.</p>
        <p>The logistic regression analyses were performed for all potential predictor
					variables of interest, with the values shown as hazard ratios (HR) within the
					95% confidence interval (95% CI) and shown Kaplan-Meier curves. The potential
					predictors were allocated simultaneously and Cox regression was performed for
					the significant ones. A significance level of 5% was used in all tests. In the
					multivariate analysis for cardiovascular and total mortality outcomes,
					adjustments were performed for age and gender for the significant variables in
					the univariate analysis. All tests were performed using the statistical software
					program (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographics and population characteristics at baseline</title>
        <p>Data were collected between March 2001 and December 2011, with a median follow-up
					of 9.2 years. The mean age of participants was 60 years (at the start), and 59%
					were females. The study population included individuals with the following
					racial characteristics: Caucasian (69.2%), African descendants (23.0%, with 6%
					of blacks and 17% of mixed race), Asians (6.3%) and Native Brazilians (1.5%).
					The study included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, both in the primary
					prevention of cardiovascular disease (63%), as after documented previous
					myocardial infarction (37%). The epidemiological, clinical and laboratory
					characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
					1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients
							at baseline</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics and variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Studied cohort (n = 323)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Initial cohort (n = 434)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Epidemiological data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)<sup>msd</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60(52-66)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (53-66)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male gender<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">132 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">179 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">24 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medical history</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arterial hypertension<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">276 (85)</td>
                <td align="center">354(82)</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM duration (years)<sup>msd</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6(2-11)</td>
                <td align="center">6(3-11)</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Family history (CF)<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">90 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous myocardial infarction<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">108 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>m</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Overweight/obesity<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">172 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">347(80)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glycemia (mg/d)<sup>md</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">146 (120-192)</td>
                <td align="center">154 (123-202)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)<sup>m</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">196 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">198 &#177; 49</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)<sup>m</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)<sup>m</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">124 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)<sup>msd</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">174 (120-226)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (111-248)</td>
                <td align="center">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP (mmHg)<sup>m</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0.051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP (mmHg)<sup>m</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Used medications</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypoglycemiant agents<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">323 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">434 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulin therapy<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">59 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lipid-lowering therapy<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">119 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antihypertensive therapy<sup>n</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">261 (81)</td>
                <td align="center">343(80)</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (msd), as median
								and interquartile range (m), and absolute number and percentage (n).
								DM: diabetes mellitus; CF: coronary failure; BMI: body mass index;
								DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Medians and interquartile ranges were also obtained for the following laboratory
					variables: homocysteine (10.1 [7.0 to 14.2] mM); hsC-reactive protein (2.2
					[1.0-5.0] mg/L); highly sensitive troponin (50 [20-170] pg/mL); creatinine (0.83
					[0.64 to 1.02] mg/dL).</p>
        <p>For glomerular filtration rates, the following medians and interquartile ranges
					(mL/min/1, 73 m2) were obtained: Cockcroft-Gault: (91 [69-121]); MDRD: ([87
					[71-113]); CKD-EPI: (90 [74-106]).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> classifies patients according to
					estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in functional stages, according to
					the creatinine clearance, using the CKD-EPI equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patient staging according to glomerular filtration rate</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Functional stage (impairment)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>eGFR mL/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Patients by CKD-EPI (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>I </bold>(normal)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 90 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">51.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>II </bold>(mild)</td>
                <td align="center">60-89 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">34.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>III </bold>(moderate)</td>
                <td align="center">30-59 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">12.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>IV </bold>(severe)</td>
                <td align="center">15-29 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>V </bold>(failure)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology; eGFR; estimated
								Glomerular Filtration Rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiogram</title>
        <p>All patients were submitted to a 12-lead electrocardiogram. Baseline
					characteristics of ECGs in the study and the initial cohort population were
					similar in all variables.</p>
        <p>At baseline, the analysis of electrocardiographic tracings showed the presence of
					sinus rhythm in 99%. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by
					Perugia criteria at ECG was observed in 28% of patients, whereas prolonged QT
					interval was observed in 17%, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
						3</xref>. Other characteristics, such as atrial fibrillation and artificial
					rhythm (pacemaker) showed low incidence (&lt; 1%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiographic characteristics of patients at baseline</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Studied population</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Initial population</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Electrocardiographic variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 323)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 434)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinus rhythm</td>
                <td align="center">321 (99)</td>
                <td align="center">430 (99)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>First degree AV block</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">8(1.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left bundle branch block</td>
                <td align="center">14 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventricular ectopia</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (2.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left ventricular hypertrophy</td>
                <td align="center">87(28)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Long QT interval <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (15.8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Data are expressed as number (n) and percentage (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>QTc: cutoff value of 450 and 470 ms for men and women,
								respectively.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>During the 10-year study follow-up, 94 fatal and nonfatal events were reported,
					including 33 deaths (17 from cardiovascular causes). In relation to overall
					mortality, the mean age of the subjects and the mean duration of exposure to
					diabetes (from diagnosis to the reported event) were 70.6 and 13.7 years,
					respectively. In relation to cardiovascular mortality, the mean age of patients
					and the mean duration of exposure to diabetes (from reported diagnosis to date
					of the event) were 72.2 and 13.41 years respectively. Data on biological markers
					associated with fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes, as well as mortality
					from all causes, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
					4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association of biological markers with fatal and nonfatal
							cardiovascular outcomes, and for mortality from all causes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th> </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Events</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Mortality</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Coronary</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 (1.6-4.1)</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 (1.8-5.4)</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 (1.6-14.8)</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-4.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.006</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 (0.7-1.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 (0.5-1.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 (0.9-8.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 (1.1-5.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0.66</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.51</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 (0.8-3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 (0.5-2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">4.2 (1.4-12.9)</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 (1.3-7.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.74</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.012</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Previous infarction</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 (3.0-8.0)</td>
                <td align="center">6.0 (3.4-10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 (3.6-69.2)</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 (2.1-9.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Age &gt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 (0.8-0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 (0.6-1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">5.1 (1.9-13.9)</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 (1.7-6.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.74</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>eGFR &lt; 60mL/min</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Cockroft-Gault</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 (1.2-4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 (1.5-6.2)</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 (1.8-21.7)</td>
                <td align="center">3.8 (1.5-9.7) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> p = 0.02</td>
                <td align="center"> p = 0.001</td>
                <td align="center"> p = 0.004</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> MDRD</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 (2.4-8.6)</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 (2.4-9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">9.2 (2.6-32.8)</td>
                <td align="center">4.7 (1.9-11.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> CKD-EPI</td>
                <td align="center">4.2 (2.2-8.1)</td>
                <td align="center">4.5(2.2-9.1)</td>
                <td align="center">9.7 (2.7-34.4)</td>
                <td align="center">4.9 (2.0-12.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> Long QTc</td>
                <td align="center">2.6 (1.4-5.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2.8 (1.4-5.5)</td>
                <td align="center">5.2 (1.7-15.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 (1.2-7.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.002</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.003</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2"> LVH</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.2-3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9(1.1-3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">5.0 (1.8-13.5)</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-4.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0.004</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.002</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Ventricular ectopia</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 (1.6-9.7)</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 (1.2-9.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 (0.3-18.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2.7(0.6-11.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p = 0.003</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.019</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.38</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Non-adjusted data and analyzed using Cox proportional regression
								model. Hazard ratios (HR), 95% CI and p values are shown.</p>
              <p>eGFR: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate by Cockroft-Gault formula,
								MDRD formula and by the CKD-EPI equation; LVH: left ventricular
								hypertrophy.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>In the multivariate analysis adjusted for gender and age, cardiovascular
					mortality was associated with smoking (HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.3 to 11.8, p =
					0.019), prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5, 95% CI = 1.8 to 39.9, p = 0.007),
					glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (HR = 9.5, 95% CI =
					2.7 -33.7, p = 0.001), long QT syndrome (HR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.7 to 15.2, p =
					0.004) and when positive, according to electrocardiographic criteria, with left
					ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.3 to 9.7, p = 0.002). Applying the
					same adjustments, mortality from all causes was associated with overweight and
					obesity (HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1 to 5.1, p = 0.030), smoking (HR = 2.5 95% CI =
					1.0 to 6.1; p = 0.046), previous infarction ((HR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.4-6.1; p =
					0.005), and long QT interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.4-6.1; with p = 0.017), as
					seen in the Kaplan-Meier curves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
					1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curves for mortality from all causes. A) Smoking. B)
							Overweight / obesity. C) Prior myocardial infarction. D) Long QT
							Interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0272-40112-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Moreover, according to the Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD and CKD-EPI equations, values
					&lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> were independent predictors of mortality from
					all causes. Interestingly, when using the formulas proposed by the CKD-EPI, we
					observed that those with eGFR &#8805; 60 mL/min, only 3% died <italic>versus</italic>
					26% of patients with eGFR &lt; 60 mL/min (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
						2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between mortality and impaired renal function</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0272-40112-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our cohort of individuals with diabetes, some easy-to-determine biomarkers,
				especially those expressing target-organ lesions, allowed the identification of a
				subgroup at higher risk of death. In fact, we showed that the long QTc interval, the
				presence of LVH by ECG criteria, previous myocardial infarction and impaired renal
				function (glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> ) were
				significant predictors of mortality. Moreover, the classical risk factors such as
				old age, male gender, obesity and smoking were also associated with higher rates for
				this outcome.</p>
      <p>Some tested biomarkers, such as troponin, C-reactive protein and homocysteine were
				not associated with mortality, a fact probably explained by the low levels found for
				these variables in this cohort. However, according to literature data, the
				association with higher rates of cardiovascular outcomes of relevance has yet to be
					wel-established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our results are in agreement with those reported in studies on the contribution of
				ECG abnormalities, including long QT interval, for prediction of mortality in
				individuals with DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In individuals with diabetes,
				hypoglycemia may be followed by sympathoadrenal stimulation with subsequent increase
				in QT interval, thus predisposing to severe and complex arrhythmias
					(<italic>torsades de pointes</italic>).</p>
      <p>Hypoglycemia causes a cascade of pathological effects that can induce both oxidative
				stress and the onset of cardiac arrhythmias, which undoubtedly contribute to higher
				rates of death from cardiovascular causes. Literature has demonstrated that plasma
				concentration of endothelin 1 (ET-1), a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, increases
				sharply after hypoglycemia episodes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hypoglycemia can increase circulating levels of C-reactive protein through the
				mobilization and activation of neutrophils and platelet activation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. The possibility of hypokalemia, a common
				finding in patients with diabetes, may also predispose to changes in QT interval.
				Therefore, we believe that the analysis of QT interval should be incorporated into
				routine clinical practice, especially in individuals with diabetes. Its application
				allows better accuracy in relation to risk stratification, contributing to the
				selection of individuals at higher risk.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy is another parameter that seems to be associated with
				cardiovascular mortality. In the Framingham study, electrocardiographic evidence of
				LVH was associated with a two-fold increase in mortality compared to that resulting
				from hypertension alone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. However, this
				marker was less often reported among diabetic populations, although the association
				of LVH with cardiovascular risk in normal or hypertensive populations is already
					well-established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hemodynamic stress, as well as humoral and genetic processes, plays a crucial role in
				LVH onset<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Although some studies associated age with
				this onset, we can also enumerate other factors that contribute to the increase in
				left ventricular mass, especially during the aging process, such as increased
				pressure levels, the progressive increase in peripheral arterial resistance and the
				gradual replacement of myocytes by connective tissue. Individuals with LVH have a
				higher incidence of complex ventricular arrhythmias, as well as a higher incidence
				of atrial fibrillation; this may be the association between LVH and the occurrence
				of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). In the classic Framingham study, the odds ratio
				after adjusting for other variables for transient ischemic attacks and CVA was
				1.2-1.8 for each quartile of increase in left ventricular mass<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Prior myocardial infarction has been associated with higher rates of recurrent events
				and mortality when compared with non-diabetic individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. The incidence of infarction in patients with hypertension
				and LVH is higher due to the increased oxygen consumption and also the
				disproportionate growth of the myocardial mass in relation to the capillary network,
				resulting in relative ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a multicenter national study, from which part of our study population originated,
				the GOLD (Genetics, Outcomes and Lipids in type 2 Diabetes) study assessed the
				influence of risk factors and several polymorphisms in genes related to lipoprotein
				metabolism with potential dyslipidemia worsening, in the occurrence of myocardial
				infarction in patients with type 2 DM. This case-control study showed that male
				gender, presence of LVH at the ECG, smoking and D9N polymorphism of the gene
				encoding LPL (lipoprotein lipase) were independent predictors of the risk of
				myocardial infarction in this population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>The analyses of the results of several studies, especially in diabetic patients,
				confirmed the usefulness of estimated glomerular filtration rate as a predictive
				value for cardiovascular disease and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a risk factor for all-cause
				cardiovascular mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Currently, CKD
				screening is recommended for all patients at high risk, including those with
				aggravating factors for cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Our findings, in agreement with literature data, draw attention to
				the fact that chronic kidney disease, especially in individuals with diabetes,
				should perhaps be added to the list of criteria that define individuals at increased
				risk for future events.</p>
      <p>The use of formulas that estimate glomerular filtration rate, which include ethnic
				factors, seems to be more appropriate, especially in countries such as Brazil, where
				high rates of miscegenation are observed. Furthermore, our results are in agreement
				with the use of the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations as valuable tools to estimate
				cardiovascular risk in this population.</p>
      <p>Recently, two large studies compared the values for the estimated glomerular
				filtration rate obtained by the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations. Although the MDRD
				classified a few individuals as having chronic kidney disease, the formula proposed
				by the CKD-EPI showed good accuracy in predicting mortality or progression to
				end-stage kidney disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Finally, the overweight/obesity variable also was independently associated with total
				mortality in our series. In fact, obesity is associated with higher levels of
				inflammatory markers and multiple pathophysiological mechanisms in atherogenesis.
				Many of them meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome, which is also associated with
				increased coronary atherosclerosis and increased levels of oxidized LDL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our study therefore reinforces the importance of identification of target-organ
				lesions in the population of individuals with type 2 DM, as we systematically
				evaluated a composite of individuals of both genders living in different
				geographical regions of a developing country with continental dimensions, where high
				rates of miscegenation are present. With the aid of easy to determine and relatively
				low-cost biological markers, we believe in the broad applicability of these methods
				in low-income countries, contributing to the adoption of appropriate strategies
				aiming at a decrease in deaths, particularly early deaths, among the
				individuals.</p>
      <p>Recently, a guideline from the American Heart Association / American College of
					Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> considered diabetic patients
				at different risk levels, also proposing differentiated therapeutic strategies
				regarding the use of statins of moderate or high intensity. Thus, not all diabetic
				patients should be classified as high risk, which justifies searching for biomarkers
				that can identify those of higher cardiovascular risk even in this group of
				patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>As in every observational study, it was not possible to have complete control of
					the variables over time. Although this population was designed to represent a
					specific group of individuals who live in a large country, the number of
					monitored patients was small. In comparison with the initial cohort, we observed
					some differences, such as lower rates of overweight / obesity and fasting
					glucose in the studied cohort, which constitute potential bias in the sample
					selection. Glycemic control influences the rate of myocardial infarction and
					overall mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, but this cohort
					included only data from blood glucose at baseline. However, both populations had
					similar age and gender distribution, duration of diabetes, hypertension
					prevalence and blood pressure levels, as well as previous myocardial infarction
					rates and baseline LDL-cholesterol levels.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The study showed that the use of biological markers of simple measurement and
				analysis, especially those that indicate target-organs lesions, helps to identify
				individuals with type 2 diabetes and higher mortality risk.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Bianco HT, Izar MC, Fonseca FA;
					Acquisition of data: Bianco HT, Izar MC, P&#243;voa RM, Saraiva JF, Forti A,
					Introcaso L, Yugar-Toledo J, Xavier HT, Faludi AA; Analysis and interpretation
					of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Bianco HT,
					Fonseca FA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bianco
					HT, Izar MC, P&#243;voa RM, Fonseca FA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Henrique Tria Bianco,
					from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The present study included the participation of other collaborators: Dr. Mario S&#233;rgio
				Cerci (Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;); Dr. Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau (Universidade de S&#227;o
				Paulo); Dr. Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto (Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s); Dr. Claudine Maria
				A. Feio (Universidade Federal do Par&#225;), whom we would like to thank for their
				invaluable participation.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Relev&#226;ncia de Les&#245;es em &#211;rg&#227;os-Alvo como Preditores de
					Mortalidade em Pacientes com Diabetes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forti</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Introcaso</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Hermes T&#243;ros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faludi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Arpad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp),
					S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de
					Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas
					(PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diabetes e Hipertens&#227;o de
					Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diabetes e Hipertens&#227;o de Fortaleza,
					Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#226;nia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#226;nia, GO -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de
					Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de Bras&#237;lia,
					Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio
					Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto,
					S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de
					Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de Santos,
					Santos, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
					Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP
					- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco,</bold> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 276,
					Vila Clementino. CEP 04039-030, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos
						cardiovasculares fatais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os principais preditores associados &#224;s taxas de mortalidade em
						pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2,
						de v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do Brasil, acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados cl&#237;nicos,
						laboratoriais e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos no per&#237;odo basal e
						aplicados no modelo Cox de regress&#227;o, para examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o dessas
						vari&#225;veis com as taxas de mortalidade e determina&#231;&#227;o de hazard ratio (HR) e
						intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por
						causas cardiovasculares). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a
						g&#234;nero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, intervalo QTc
						longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG)
						&lt;60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores, al&#233;m da obesidade, tamb&#233;m foram
						preditores para mortalidade total. Ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e g&#234;nero, a
						mortalidade cardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC
						95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio (HR = 8,5; IC 95%
						1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG &lt; 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p =
						0,001), intervalo QTc longo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004),
						hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). A
						mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p =
						0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5; IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto pr&#233;vio do
						mioc&#225;rdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo (HR =
						3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Biomarcadores de simples mensura&#231;&#227;o, particularmente os que traduzem les&#245;es
						de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, foram preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes
						tipo 2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da aterosclerose s&#227;o substancialmente mais prevalentes
					em pacientes com diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Nesses pacientes, a sobrevida livre de
					eventos cardiovasculares &#233; bastante reduzida, levando a uma prematura perda da
					capacidade para o trabalho em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade e incapacidade para uma
					vida mais ativa entre os idosos. Entretanto, embora associados a maior taxa de
					eventos, os tradicionais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a coronariana, como a
					hipertens&#227;o arterial, o tabagismo e a eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, explicam apenas
					parte do excesso de risco cardiovascular presente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de estimou, em 1985, haver 30 milh&#245;es de adultos com
					diabetes no mundo, com proje&#231;&#245;es para 300 milh&#245;es em 2030 e grande impacto
					socioecon&#244;mico, sobretudo nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, onde a
					for&#231;a epidemiol&#243;gica parece ter maior intensidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Grande parte desses indiv&#237;duos (quatro em cada cinco pessoas)
					vive em pa&#237;ses de baixa renda, conforme relat&#243;rio da International Diabetes
					Federation de 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O Brasil ocupa
					atualmente a inc&#244;moda quarta posi&#231;&#227;o entre os pa&#237;ses com maior preval&#234;ncia, com
					aproximadamente 13,4 milh&#245;es de pessoas afetadas, o correspondente &#224; taxa de
					6,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.</p>
        <p>No in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XXI, no que se refere &#224; mortalidade, foi atribu&#237;da a taxa de
					5,2% de todos os &#243;bitos no mundo ao diabetes, referendando essa doen&#231;a como a
					quinta principal causa de morte, com estimativa de que, em todo o mundo, cerca
					de 4,6 milh&#245;es de adultos morreram por essa causa em 2011, representando 8,2% da
					mortalidade global<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil estima-se que o diabetes esteja subnotificado nos certificados de
					&#243;bito, provavelmente em raz&#227;o de os indiv&#237;duos afetados, na maioria das vezes,
					morrerem em virtude de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ou por doen&#231;a renal, e n&#227;o em
					consequ&#234;ncia de agravos metab&#243;licos diretos do diabetes, como a cetoacidose ou a
					hipoglicemia.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com diabetes apresentam comorbidades, como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o
					arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia, que contribuem para o agravo do risco
					cardiovascular, apontando para a taxa de 40% de hipertens&#227;o arterial no
					diagn&#243;stico do diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. As orienta&#231;&#245;es
					emanadas de v&#225;rias diretrizes aconselham metas lip&#237;dicas rigorosas, considerando
					essa popula&#231;&#227;o sob maior risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, nosso estudo teve como objetivo examinar os principais preditores de
					mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o da
						American Diabetes Association (ADA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
						Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos com base no diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de infarto
						do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, mas clinicamente est&#225;veis na condi&#231;&#227;o basal (1/3 da
						amostra) ou sem diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e tamb&#233;m sem
						nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;vias da aterosclerose,
						como acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a vascular obstrutiva perif&#233;rica ou
						outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a coronariana (2/3 dos pacientes). Esses
						pacientes eram procedentes de 10 centros de pesquisa distribu&#237;dos em nove
						cidades das regi&#245;es Norte (Bel&#233;m-PA); Sul (Curitiba-PR); Sudeste (S&#227;o Paulo,
						Santos, Campinas e S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto); Centro-Oeste (Goi&#225;s) e Nordeste
						(Fortaleza-CE). Esses pacientes foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos no estudo.
						Exclu&#237;ram-se pacientes com sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou
						programa&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica.</p>
          <p>Dos sujeitos inicialmente inclu&#237;dos em 10 centros de pesquisa, os dados
						completos de 323 indiv&#237;duos foram obtidos at&#233; o final do estudo, ap&#243;s
						per&#237;odo de seguimento mediano de 9,2 anos, e foram usados no presente
						estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas desses indiv&#237;duos eram semelhantes &#224;s da coorte
						inicial, com exce&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corporal, glicemia de jejum e
						HDL-C.</p>
          <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica central e locais,
						sendo que a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi
						obtida de todos os participantes ou de seus representantes legais.</p>
          <p>Nos dados coletados na visita inicial inclu&#237;mos hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame
						f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (ECG) e amostras de
						sangue em jejum de 12 horas. Os desfechos foram anualmente relatados durante
						o seguimento. No caso de morte ou na impossibilidade de o paciente
						comparecer ao centro de pesquisa, um membro da fam&#237;lia era contatado.
						Somente foram relatadas como mortalidade de origem cardiovascular as mortes
						claramente confirmadas pelos registros hospitalares ou testemunhadas como
						atribu&#237;das a causas cardiovasculares ou acidente vascular cerebral. Os
						desfechos do estudo foram julgados por dois investigadores experientes. Os
						desfechos prim&#225;rios analisados foram a mortalidade cardiovascular e por
						todas as causas. Nos desfechos secund&#225;rios foram inclu&#237;dos os eventos
						cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente
						vascular cerebral, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina inst&#225;vel ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
						mioc&#225;rdica).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises laboratoriais foram realizadas em amostras obtidas no per&#237;odo
						basal e utilizadas ap&#243;s acondicionameno adequado em
							<italic>bio-freezer</italic> sob temperatura ultrabaixa (- 80&#176;C), sendo
						mensuradas no laborat&#243;rio central do Hospital da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o
						Paulo (Unifesp).</p>
          <p>A glicemia foi dosada em soro por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico, ap&#243;s jejum
						de 12 horas, em mg/dL. Foram analisados os componentes do perfil lip&#237;dico
						por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico, em soro, para o colesterol total,
						HDL-C, VLDL e triglic&#233;rides em mg/dL. O LDL-C foi estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de
						Friedewald, para valores de triglic&#233;rides &lt; 400 mg/dL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A an&#225;lise da prote&#237;na C reativa
						ultrassens&#237;vel (PCRus) foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de imunoturbidimetria
							(Vitros<sup>&#174;</sup> 5600, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Johnson &amp;
						Johnson) em mg/L. A an&#225;lise da homociste&#237;na foi realizada por m&#233;todo de
						cin&#233;tica de dois pontos (Fusion<sup>&#174;</sup>, diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico) e expressa
						em micromol/L. A an&#225;lise da troponina I (ultrassens&#237;vel) foi realizada por
						m&#233;todo de imunoensaio (quimioluminesc&#234;ncia) e expressa em ng/mL
							(Vitros<sup>&#174;</sup> 5600, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Johnson &amp;
						Johnson). A creatinina s&#233;rica foi analisada por cin&#233;tica colorim&#233;trica
						(Opera, Bayer<sup>&#174;</sup>) e expressa em mg/dL.</p>
          <p>A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi estimada (<italic>estimated
							Glomerular</italic>
						<italic>Filtration Rate</italic> eGFR) utilizando-se tr&#234;s equa&#231;&#245;es distintas
							Cockcroft-Gault<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,
							<italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic> (MDRD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e <italic>Chronic Kidney
							Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration</italic> (CKD-EPI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e expressa em mL/min por 1,73
							m<sup>2</sup> . As f&#243;rmulas da MDRD e da CKD-EPI foram utilizadas pela
						suposi&#231;&#227;o de grande miscigena&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, tendo ci&#234;ncia da
						incorpora&#231;&#227;o do componente racial nessas equa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Pacientes com taxas de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &#8805; 90 mL/min por 1,73
							m<sup>2</sup> ou entre 60-89 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup> eram
						considerados normais ou tendo discreta redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal,
						respectivamente. Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica era definida como eGFR &#8804;60 mL/min por
						1,73 m<sup>2</sup> ,sendo os pacientes classificados como de moderada
						redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (est&#225;gio III) se a eGFR estivesse entre 30-59 mL/min
						por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e graves (est&#225;gio IV) se a eGFR estivesse 30 mL/min
						por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup> . Taxas 15 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup> foram
						consideradas como fal&#234;ncia renal, segundo documento da National Kidney
							Foundation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Os ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram realizados em aparelhos certificados
						e calibrados para 1,0 mV/cm, com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, na
						velocidade-padr&#227;o de 25 mm/s e interpretados por cardiologistas
						experimentados, que desconheciam as caracter&#237;sticas basais e os desfechos
						dos participantes. Foram quantificados o eixo e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS,
						a amplitude das ondas R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D<sub>1</sub>, aVL, V<sub>5</sub> e
							V<sub>6</sub>, a amplitude das ondas S em V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub> e
							V<sub>3</sub>, o padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic>, bem como a maior
						amplitude das ondas R e S nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano horizontal. O padr&#227;o
							<italic>strain</italic> &#233; definido como depress&#227;o convexa do segmento
						S-T e com invers&#227;o assim&#233;trica das ondas T (oposta aos complexos QRS) nas
						deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>.</p>
          <p>A f&#243;rmula de Bazett foi utilizada para corrigir o intervalo QT, mensurado em
						milissegundos (ms), a partir do in&#237;cio da onda Q at&#233; o fim da onda T
						utilizando-se a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: QTc = QT/RR 1/2 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>A pontua&#231;&#227;o pelo escore de Perugia foi utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de
						hipertrofia ventricular, conforme determinado pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais
						dos seguintes achados: crit&#233;rios de Cornell, considerando-se valores &#8805;20 e
						24 mm como limites para as mulheres e homens, respectivamente; pontua&#231;&#227;o de
						Romhilt-Estes; presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis de
						distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou como medianas e intervalos interquartis para as
						vari&#225;veis quantitativas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas
						foram expressas como n&#250;mero (n) e percentual (%); vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram
						comparadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncias para dados repetidos, seguidas por
						teste de contraste de Tukey-Kramer, quando apropriado. Vari&#225;veis de
						distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana foram comparadas por teste de Wilcoxon.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises de regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas foram efetuadas para todas as potenciais
						vari&#225;veis preditoras de interesse, com os valores apresentados em raz&#227;o de
						risco <italic>hazardratios</italic> (HR) dentro do intervalo de confian&#231;a de
						95% (IC 95%) e apresentadas graficamente nas curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Os
						preditores em potencial eram alocados simultaneamente, e a regress&#227;o Cox foi
						realizada para as significantes. Em todos os testes foi adotado o n&#237;vel de
						signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Na an&#225;lise multivariada para os desfechos mortalidade
						cardiovascular e total, foram realizados ajustes para idade e g&#234;nero para as
						vari&#225;veis significantes na an&#225;lise univariada. Todos os testes foram
						realizados utilizando-se o programa do pacote estat&#237;stico (SPSS) vers&#227;o 17.0
						(SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Demografia e caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo basal</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados entre mar&#231;o de 2001 e dezembro de 2011, com mediana
						de seguimento de 9,2 anos. A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes foi de 60 anos
						(na entrada), sendo 59% do g&#234;nero feminino. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo incluiu
						indiv&#237;duos com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas raciais: brancos (69,2%),
						afro-descendentes (23,0%, sendo 6% de indiv&#237;duos negros e 17% mesti&#231;os),
						asi&#225;ticos (6,3%) e nativos (1,5%). O estudo incluiu pacientes com diabetes
						tipo 2, tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (63%) como
						ap&#243;s infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio documentado (37%). As caracter&#237;sticas
						cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas e laboratoriais podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos
								pacientes no per&#237;odo basal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas e vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Coorte estudada (n = 323)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Coorte inicial (n = 434)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)<sup>md</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">60(52-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (53-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero masculino<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">276 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center">354(82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM dura&#231;&#227;o (anos)<sup>md</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6(2-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(3-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar (ICo)<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>m</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso/obesidade<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">347(80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (mg/d)<sup>md</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (120-192)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (123-202)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)<sup>m</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">196 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">198 &#177; 49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)<sup>m</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)<sup>m</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">124 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)<sup>md</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (120-226)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (111-248)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)<sup>m</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)<sup>m</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Agentes hipoglicemiantes<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">323 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">434 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia insul&#237;nica<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia redutora lip&#237;dica<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia anti-hipertensiva<sup>n</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">343(80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (md), como mediana e
									intervalo interquartil (m), e n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual (n).
									DM: diabetes mellitus; ICo: insufici&#234;ncia coronariana; IMC:
									&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS:
									press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Medianas e intervalos interquartis tamb&#233;m foram obtidos para as seguintes
						vari&#225;veis laboratoriais: homociste&#237;na (10,1 [7,0-14,2] &#181;M); prote&#237;na C
						reativa us (2,2 [1,0-5,0] mg/L); troponina altamente sens&#237;vel (50 [20-170]
						pg/mL); creatinina (0,83 [0,64-1,02] mg/dL).</p>
          <p>Para as taxas de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foram obtidas as seguintes medianas e
						intervalos interquartis (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> ):Cockcroft-Gault (91
						[69-121]); MDRD <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic> ([87
						[71-113]); CKD-EPI <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology
							Collaboration</italic> (90 [74-106]).</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref> classifica os pacientes de
						acordo com a estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (eGFR) em est&#225;gios
						funcionais, de acordo com o <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina,
						utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o da CKD-EPI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estadiamento dos pacientes de acordo com a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o
								glomerular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Est&#225;gio funcional (comprometimento)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>eGFR mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Pacientes pela CKD-EPI (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>I </bold>(normal)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 90 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">51,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>II </bold>(discreto)</td>
                  <td align="center">60-89 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">34,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>III </bold>(moderado)</td>
                  <td align="center">30-59 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">12,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>IV </bold>(grave)</td>
                  <td align="center">15-29 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>V </bold>(fal&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 15 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology; eGFR; estimated
									Glomerular Filtration Rate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram eletrocardiograma em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. As
						caracter&#237;sticas basais dos ECGs na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e da coorte inicial
						foram semelhantes em todas as vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, a an&#225;lise dos tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos revelou a
						presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal em 99%. A presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular
						esquerda (HVE) pelo crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Perugia foi observada em
						28% dos pacientes, e o intervalo QT prolongado foi detectado em 17%,
						conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>.
						Outras caracter&#237;sticas do ECG, como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e o ritmo de comando
						artificial (marca-passo), tiveram baixa incid&#234;ncia (&lt;1%).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes no per&#237;odo
								basal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o inicial</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 323)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 434)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ritmo sinusal em comando</td>
                  <td align="center">321 (99)</td>
                  <td align="center">430 (99)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio AV do primeiro grau</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(1,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ectopia ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">87(28)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo QT longo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (15,8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como n&#250;mero (n) e porcentagem (%).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t07">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Intervalo QTc: valor de corte de 450 e 470 ms para homens e
									mulheres, respectivamente.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Durante os 10 anos de acompanhamento do estudo, foram registrados 94 eventos
						fatais e n&#227;o fatais, incluindo 33 mortes (17 por causas cardiovasculares).
						Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade geral, a idade m&#233;dia dos sujeitos e o tempo m&#233;dio
						de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao diabetes (a partir do diagn&#243;stico relatado at&#233; o evento)
						foram 70,6 e 13,7 anos, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade
						cardiovascular, a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes e o tempo m&#233;dio de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao
						diabetes (do diagn&#243;stico relatado at&#233; o momento do evento) foram,
						respectivamente, 72,2 e 13,41 anos. Dados de marcadores biol&#243;gicos
						associados aos desfechos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais, assim como a
						mortalidade por todas as causas, podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores biol&#243;gicos aos desfechos
								cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais, e para a mortalidade por todas
								as causas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th> </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Eventos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiovasculares</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Coronarianos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Cardiovascular</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 (1,6-4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (1,8-5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 (1,6-14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-4,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 (0,7-1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,5-1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 (0,9-8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 (1,1-5,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,8-3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 (0,5-2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (1,4-12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 (1,3-7,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Infarto pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 (3,0-8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 (3,4-10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 (3,6-69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (2,1-9,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Idade &gt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 (0,8-0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 (0,6-1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 (1,9-13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 (1,7-6,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>eGFR&lt;60mL/min</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Cockroft-Gault</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (1,2-4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (1,5-6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 (1,8-21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 (1,5-9,7) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"> p = 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center"> p = 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center"> p = 0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">MDRD</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (2,4-8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 (2,4-9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2 (2,6-32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (1,9-11,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">CKD-EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (2,2-8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5(2,2-9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 (2,7-34,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 (2,0-12,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">QTc longo</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6 (1,4-5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8 (1,4-5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (1,7-15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 (1,2-7,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">HVE</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,2-3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9(1,1-3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 (1,8-13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-4,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Ectopia ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (1,6-9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 (1,2-9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 (0,3-18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7(0,6-11,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Dados n&#227;o ajustados e analisados pelo modelo de regress&#227;o
									proporcional de Cox. Hazard ratios (HR), IC 95% e valores de p
									s&#227;o apresentados.</p>
                <p>eGFR: estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate pela f&#243;rmula de
									Cockroft-Gault, pela f&#243;rmula da MDRD e pela equa&#231;&#227;o da CKD-EPI;
									HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada para o g&#234;nero e para a idade, a mortalidade
						cardiovascular esteve associada ao tabagismo (HR = 3,8; 95% IC = 1,3-11,8; p
						= 0,019), ao infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio (HR = 8,5; 95% IC = 1,8-39,9; p =
						0,007), &#224; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (HR
						= 9,5; 95% IC = 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), ao intervalo QT longo (HR = 5,1; 95%
						IC = 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004) e &#224; positividade, pelos crit&#233;rios
						eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; 95% IC
						=1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). Aplicando os mesmos ajustes, a mortalidade por todas
						as causas esteve associada ao sobrepeso e &#224; obesidade (HR = 2,3; 95% IC =
						1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), ao tabagismo (HR = 2,5; 95% IC = 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046),
						ao infarto pr&#233;vio (HR = 3,1; 95% IC = 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e ao intervalo QT
						longo (HR = 3,1; 95% IC = 1,4-6,1; com p = 0,017), conforme visto nas curvas
						de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade por todas as causas. A)
								Tabagismo. B) Sobrepeso/obesidade. C) Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio.
								D) Intervalo QT longo</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0272-40112-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, pelas equa&#231;&#245;es de Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI, valores
						inferiores a 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> foram preditores independentes de
						mortalidade por todas as causas. De forma interessante, utilizando-se a
						formula&#231;&#227;o proposta pela CKD-EPI notamos que, entre aqueles com eGFR &#8805; 60
						mL/min, apenas 3% morreram <italic>versus</italic> 26% dos pacientes com
						eGFR &lt; 60 mL/min (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a mortalidade e o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o
								renal</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-04-0272-40112-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nossa coorte de indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, alguns biomarcadores de determina&#231;&#227;o
					f&#225;cil, especialmente os que expressam as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, permitiram
					identificar um subgrupo sob maior risco de morte. De fato, evidenciamos que o
					intervalo QTc longo, a presen&#231;a de HVE por crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, o
					infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio e o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (taxa de
					filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular inferior a 60 mL/min por 1,73 m<sup>2)</sup> foram
					importantes preditores de mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, os fatores de risco
					cl&#225;ssicos, como senilidade, g&#234;nero masculino, obesidade e tabagismo, tamb&#233;m
					estiveram associados a maiores taxas para esse desfecho.</p>
        <p>Alguns biomarcadores testados, como a troponina, a prote&#237;na C reativa e a
					homociste&#237;na, n&#227;o estiveram associados com mortalidade, fato provavelmente
					explicado pelos baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos encontrados para essas vari&#225;veis nessa
					coorte. Entretanto, conforme dados de literatura, a associa&#231;&#227;o com maiores taxas
					de desfechos cardiovasculares de relev&#226;ncia n&#227;o se encontra ainda bem
						estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados em estudos sobre a
					contribui&#231;&#227;o de anomalias no ECG, incluindo o intervalo QT longo, para predi&#231;&#227;o
					de mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, a
					hipoglicemia pode ser seguida por estimula&#231;&#227;o simpatoadrenal com posterior
					aumento do intervalo QT, predispondo dessa forma a arritmias graves e complexas
						(<italic>torsades de pointes</italic>).</p>
        <p>A hipoglicemia provoca uma cascata de efeitos patol&#243;gicos que podem induzir tanto
					ao estresse oxidativo como ao aparecimento de arritmias card&#237;acas, que
					contribuem indubitavelmente para maiores taxas de morte por causa
					cardiovascular. H&#225; demonstra&#231;&#245;es na literatura de que a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica
					de endotelina 1 (ET-1), potente vasoconstritor end&#243;geno, aumenta agudamente ap&#243;s
					epis&#243;dios de hipoglicemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>A hipoglicemia pode aumentar os n&#237;veis circulantes da prote&#237;na C reativa atrav&#233;s
					da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos e da ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. A possibilidade de hipocalemia, um
					achado comum em pacientes com diabetes, tamb&#233;m pode predispor a altera&#231;&#245;es no
					intervalo QT. Por conseguinte, acreditamos que a an&#225;lise do intervalo QT deva
					ser incorporada &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de forma rotineira, sobretudo em indiv&#237;duos
					com diabetes. A sua aplica&#231;&#227;o permite melhor acur&#225;cia no tocante &#224;
					estratifica&#231;&#227;o, colaborando para a sele&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que estariam sob maior
					risco.</p>
        <p>A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda &#233; outro par&#226;metro que se apresentou associado
					com a mortalidade cardiovascular. No estudo de Framingham, evid&#234;ncia
					eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de HVE esteve associada a aumento de duas vezes na
					mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; que resulta da hipertens&#227;o isolada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. No entanto, esse marcador esteve menos relatado entre
					popula&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas, embora a associa&#231;&#227;o de HVE com o risco cardiovascular em
					popula&#231;&#245;es normais ou hipertensas encontre-se j&#225; bem estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>O estresse hemodin&#226;mico, bem como os processos humorais e gen&#233;ticos, tem papel
					crucial no aparecimento da HVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Embora alguns estudos relacionem a
					idade para esse aparecimento, tamb&#233;m podemos enumerar outros fatores
					contribuintes para o aumento da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sobretudo durante
					o processo de senesc&#234;ncia, como o aumento dos n&#237;ves press&#243;ricos, o aumento
					progressivo da resist&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica e a substitui&#231;&#227;o gradativa dos
					mi&#243;citos por tecido conectivo. Indiv&#237;duos com HVE apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de
					arritmias ventriculares complexas, assim como maior ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o
					atrial, podendo esse ser o elo entre a HVE e a ocorr&#234;ncia dos acidentes
					vasculares cerebrais (AVC). No cl&#225;ssico estudo de Framingham, a raz&#227;o de chance
					ap&#243;s ajustes de outras vari&#225;veis para ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios e AVC foi
					de 1,2-1,8 para cada quartil de aumento da massa ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>O infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio tem sido relacionado a maiores taxas de eventos
					recorrentes e de mortalidade, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de infarto nos pacientes
					com hipertens&#227;o e HVE &#233; maior em virtude do consumo aumentado de oxig&#234;nio e
					tamb&#233;m pelo crescimento desproporcional da massa mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; rede
					capilar, resultando em isquemia relativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em estudo nacional multic&#234;ntrico, de onde derivou parte da popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso
					estudo, o GOLD STUDY (<italic>Genetics, Outcomes and Lipids in type 2
						Diabetes</italic>) avaliou a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco e de v&#225;rios
					polimorfismos em genes relacionados ao metabolismo das lipoprote&#237;nas de
					potencial agravo &#224; dislipidemia, na ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em
					portadores de diabetes do tipo 2. Esse estudo caso-controle demonstrou que o
					g&#234;nero masculino, a presen&#231;a de HVE pelo ECG, o tabagismo e o polimorfismo D9N
					do gene codificador da LPL (lipase lipoproteica) foram preditores independentes
					do risco de infarto nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises dos resultados de v&#225;rios estudos, sobretudo em pacientes diab&#233;ticos,
					confirmaram a utilidade da estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular como tendo
					valor preditivo para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) tem sido reconhecida como fator de risco para todas
					as causas de mortalidade cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Atualmente, a triagem de detec&#231;&#227;o de DRC &#233; recomendada em todos os
					pacientes com alto risco, incluindo aqueles com fatores agravantes para as
					doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Nossos
					achados, em concord&#226;ncia com dados da literatura, chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para que a
					doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, sobretudo em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, talvez deva ser
					adicionada &#224; lista de crit&#233;rios que definem indiv&#237;duos em maior risco de eventos
					futuros.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de f&#243;rmulas que estimam a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, nas quais
					s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos os fatores &#233;tnicos, parece ser mais apropriada, sobretudo em
					pa&#237;ses como o Brasil, onde altas taxas de miscigena&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o presentes. Al&#233;m
					disso, nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com o uso das equa&#231;&#245;es da MDRD e da
					CKD-EPI como ferramentas valiosas para estimar o risco cardiovascular nessa
					popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, dois grandes estudos compararam os valores para a estimativa da
					taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular obtidos pelas equa&#231;&#245;es da MDRD e CKD-EPI. Embora a
					MDRD tenha classificado poucos indiv&#237;duos como portadores de doen&#231;a renal
					cr&#244;nica, a formula&#231;&#227;o proposta pela CKD-EPI mostrou boa precis&#227;o na predi&#231;&#227;o de
					mortalidade ou na progress&#227;o para o est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a renal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, a vari&#225;vel sobrepeso/obesidade tamb&#233;m se mostrou independentemente
					associada com a mortalidade total em nossa casu&#237;stica. De fato, a obesidade est&#225;
					relacionada com n&#237;veis mais elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e com m&#250;ltiplos
					mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos na aterog&#234;nese. Muitos deles preenchem os crit&#233;rios
					para a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, que est&#225; tamb&#233;m associada com o aumento da
					aterosclerose coronariana e o incremento nos n&#237;veis da LDL oxidada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo refor&#231;a, portanto, a relev&#226;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es em
					&#243;rg&#227;os-alvo na popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 2, pois de forma
					sistem&#225;tica avaliamos uma popula&#231;&#227;o composta por indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros
					que vivem em distintas regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas de um pa&#237;s com dimens&#245;es continentais
					e em fase de desenvolvimento, onde altas taxas de miscigena&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o presentes.
					Com o aux&#237;lio de marcadores biol&#243;gicos de determina&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e de relativo baixo
					custo, acreditamos na ampla aplicabilidade desses m&#233;todos em pa&#237;ses de baixa
					renda, contribuindo para a ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias adequadas vislumbrando a
					redu&#231;&#227;o de mortes, sobretudo em indiv&#237;duos em idades prematuras. Recentemente,
					diretriz da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> considerou os pacientes diab&#233;ticos em
					diferentes n&#237;veis de risco, propondo estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas tamb&#233;m
					diferenciadas quanto ao uso de estatinas de moderada ou alta intensidade. Assim,
					nem todos os diab&#233;ticos devem ser classificados como de alto risco, validando
					mesmo nesse grupo de pacientes a busca de biomarcadores que possam identificar
					aqueles de mais alto risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Como todo estudo observacional, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel ter o controle completo das
						vari&#225;veis ao longo do tempo. Embora essa popula&#231;&#227;o tenha sido concebida para
						representar um grupo espec&#237;fico de indiv&#237;duos que vivem em um grande pa&#237;s, o
						n&#250;mero de pacientes acompanhados foi pequeno. Na compara&#231;&#227;o com a coorte
						inicial, observamos algumas diferen&#231;as, como menor taxa de
						sobrepeso/obesidade e glicemia de jejum na coorte estudada, que constituem
						potencial vi&#233;s na sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra. O controle glic&#234;mico influencia a taxa
						de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e de mortalidade global<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, mas nessa coorte foram considerados apenas os dados
						de glicemia na condi&#231;&#227;o basal. Entretanto, ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es tiveram
						similar distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade e g&#234;nero, dura&#231;&#227;o de diabetes, preval&#234;ncia de
						hipertens&#227;o arterial e n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, bem como taxas de infarto
						do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e valores basais de LDL-colesterol.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O estudo mostrou que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marcadores biol&#243;gicos de simples mensura&#231;&#227;o
					e an&#225;lise, especialmente os que traduzem les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, auxilia na
					identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 2 com maior risco de
					mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bianco HT, Izar MC, Fonseca FA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
						dados: Bianco HT, Izar MC, P&#243;voa RM, Saraiva JF, Forti A, Jardim PCBV,
						Introcaso L, Yugar-Toledo J, Xavier HT, Faludi AA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
						dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bianco HT, Fonseca
						FA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
						Bianco HT, Izar MC, P&#243;voa RM, Fonseca FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Henrique Tria Bianco pela
						Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A condu&#231;&#227;o deste estudo tamb&#233;m teve a participa&#231;&#227;o de outros colaboradores: Dr.
					Mario S&#233;rgio Cerci (Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;); Dr. Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau
					(Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo); Dr. Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto (Universidade Federal de
					Goi&#225;s); Dra. Claudine Maria A. Feio (Universidade Federal do Par&#225;), para os
					quais prestamos nossos mais sinceros e cordiais agradecimentos.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
