<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">z8ccnNHppLYVC8H9z9TYXVx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140134</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cylinder Mania in Valvulopathy Back to the
               Future</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">InCor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">InCor-HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address:</bold> Max Grinberg, Rua Manoel Antonio Pinto,
               4 ap. 21A, Parais&#243;polis. Postal Code 05663-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>max@cardiol.br</email>; <email>grinberg@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e41</fpage>
      <lpage>e44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Stethoscopes / utilization; Heart Auscultation / trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p><italic>I called the instrument a cylinder and experimented ways to build it [...] Paris
               became a center of stetho-acoustic training [...] cylinder mania spread [...]
               patients from many countries preferred to be examined by those who were skilled with
               the cylinder</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <sec>
      <title>Preamble</title>
      <p>The progressive decreasing glamour of being an expert restricted the application of
            cardiac stethoscope auscultation in valvulopathy with excellence (CSAVE).</p>
      <p>Brazil preserves groups of "Stethophyllus sp" (STH), rare specimens of cardiologists who
            form colonies of the CSAVE practice, in environments surrounded by technology all over
            the place. I am part of this group.</p>
      <p>Let's make it clear: STH is not old-fashioned, CSAVE is not Jurassic, and the
            stethoscope is not a piece that is missing from the museum. Being a vassal of sovereign
            clinics, the members of STH believe in the permanence of the stethoscope and in the
            strong integrating power of the starting point of CSAVE, with the other findings from
            the multisensorial physical examination, scientific concepts and information from
               technology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>The members of STH accept that the golden age of the cylinder of La&#235;nnec died with
            William Bart Osler, about 100 years ago<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. But
            they understand that fidelity should persist. There is no reason to conjecture the fate
            of CSAVE in the face of Doppler echocardiography similarly, just because cardiac
            percussion was overcome by the x-ray.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Present from the Past</title>
      <p>CSAVE is an important inheritance. A possible beginning for this patrimony was the
            prophecy by Robert Hooke (1653-1703): "I could clearly hear the human heart beat [...],
            who knows, by the moving sounds of internal organs we may be able to discover the tasks
            performed in several offices and stores of the human body, and then we acknowledge that
            the instrument or machine is broken<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>."</p>
      <p>About one century later, the invention of the stethoscope made it easier to observe that
            varieties of heart sounds were correlated with anatomic valve peculiarities found
               <italic>post mortem</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, and they influenced the way the doctor interacted
            with the patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>La&#235;nnec's cylinder became a symbol of the so called cognitive techniques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. And also of the doctor, since it was a personal
            object available 24 hours a day, every day. It is portable, light and malleable, and it
            does not require a special environment, exteriorizing the noisy sound source that the
            heart becomes due to the occurrence of valvulopathy. Besides, it is not related to
            guidelines for orientations of application. Books summarized the information, but they
            did not despise systematizations.</p>
      <p>The lack of recent original communications about new heart sounds reveals the depletion
            of knowledge generation and has "nothing to add" to the semiology utility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The first one took place after the conduction of studies about
            physiological bases, and there is no prediction of a brand new modality of valvulopathy
            followed by a yet unknown murmur. The second one is known as: "The starting point is the
            conduction of anamnesis and complete physical examinations, especially cardiac
               auscultation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>."</p>
      <p>Certain behaviors of clinical reasoning privation throughout anamnesis and physical
            examination were a result of known alterations in the act of being a doctor and, as a
            consequence, of being a cardiologist<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In the
            five generations that currently live together in Brazilian cardiology, it is not
            difficult to see wide variations in the construction of diagnostic hypotheses
               <italic>pari passu</italic> with each fact or collected data.</p>
      <p>The hasty documentation, without the use of thought for further analysis, put to an end
            the concentration and selective focus on each heart sound, patient after patient. As a
            consequence, the learning curve and the maintenance of skills in propedeutics by hearing
            were highly immobilized. Besides, the "use manuals", detailed books about CSAVE, stopped
            being published decades ago due to the lack of demand, thus leading the knowledge to be
            restricted to professors and general cardiology books.</p>
      <p>A pedagogic premise is cruel: it is impossible to teach what one has not learned. And
            the domino effect stands out among us: the broken Hippocratic transmission from expert
            professors, generation after generation of cardiologists. It is a universal phenomenon.
            In the United States, for instance, the decreasing proficiency in cardiac auscultation
            brought to light the highly potential damage in the expertise of bedside diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. However, it is not clear if the uneasiness has
            brought positive effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Explanations for the declining care with CSAVE involve some factors: time, not enough
            financial compensation and vision of the "outsourced" diagnostic skill for imaging
            tests, such as the Doppler echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the technological enhancement of the stethoscope, with the objective
            of bringing progress to the act of teaching by means of the amplification, recording,
            reproduction, graphic visual and simultaneity of auscultators, is not available for the
            continuity of the learning process.</p>
      <p>It is impossible to deny it, but CSAVE is encouraged by the interest to practice it. The
            "hearing training" supported in other data that are present in the heart physical
            examination reproduces what the older doctors did; by being integrated with other
            available methods, it is an advantage in relation to old school<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Therefore, CSAVE is the bedside guide for "dialogues" with
            complementary methods.</p>
      <p>In the early XXI century, Brazil experiences non-increasing rheumatic heart disease in
            adolescents, and increasing aortic stenosis among the elderly in outpatient clinics of
            valvulopathy. The CSAVE provides observational standards to the several age groups. It
            is one of the reasons why CSAVE was careless and downgraded: a) explanation for data in
            the anamnesis; b) referral after positive diagnoses; c) alert for valvulopathy, which
            was unknown up until then. Besides, the lack of attention with heart sounds abbreviates
            the cozy and pro-therapeutic doctor-patient connection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>The STH</title>
      <p>The STH may analyze diagnoses fast, completely, with high specificity, excellent
            cost-benefit relationship and personal satisfaction - for instance, the important
            insufficiency of the mitral valve caused by the rupture of the chordae tendineae. They
            do not need much propedeutic action to explain acute and severe heart failure, or to
            conjecture etiopathogenic therapy.</p>
      <p>STH is not nostalgic. They see the benefit renewed in the propedeutic patrimony built by
            remarkable masters of semiotics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, many of whom
            were immortalized as eponymous and transformed in metonymy (I auscultated Austin Flint,
            Rivero Carvallo disappeared, Gallavardin cleared it up).</p>
      <p>STH emphasizes that CSAVE may have a relevant role in the application of innovations. In
            the 1980s, the appearance of a systolic murmur during a sequence of dilations in mitral
            valvuloplasty by a balloon cathether began to mark therapeutic conclusion, in order to
            avoid the development of acute mitral insufficiency with the desire to maximize the
            mitral valve area.</p>
      <p>However, the STH recognizes that technological modernity dismisses certain stages of
            classic CSAVE, and it also eliminates them from teaching programs. It is the case of
            quantifying the period of time between the second sound and the mitral opening snap -
            0.04-0.10 s -, as the level of left atrial hypertension and, <italic>ipso
            facto</italic>, the severity of mitral stenosis.</p>
      <p>With this concept, and being aware of the limitations of capturing sounds and the
            silence of form morphologies, such as thrombi and vegetation, the STH works for the
            security of making a statement concerning rare dissociations of information. An example
            of this ethical commitment to "revise" technology is the reasoning about the chances of
            identifying if a discrete valvular regurgitation with Doppler, not auscultated by the
            doctor, is real or false positive.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An Essential Matter</title>
      <p>It is worth to ask: STH, what is the current role of CSAVE in the diagnosis of valvular
            lesion in Brazil (by considering the use of a conventional stethoscope)?</p>
      <p>The STH member who makes "valves", especially the one who associates teaching duties,
            will answer with a categorical 'indispensable'. Of course, he knows their numbers are
            not high in cardiology, but he will justify that, in order to give a solid nucleus to
            the diagnosis, CSAVE is not a complementary test or a superfluous one to admit options
            of application level. Technology is not an enemy of CSAVE, the only concern lies upon
            its poor use<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>STH will take the time to be solidary and available for colleagues who might even be
            outside the island, however, who would respond similarly to them, talking about reasons
            for which they do not have the expertise or how they lost it due to lack of use. But
            they will be reductionist if the argument is the work overload, which sacrifices the
            effort of the cardiologist for CSAVE.</p>
      <p>There are many devil's advocates outside the islands. They publicize that CSAVE defends
            the "excuses" caused by imprecisions with individual variations and acoustic window
               effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; that it is a luxury for only a few,
            and a waste of time for many, and that there is more quality in quantitative and
            hemodynamic information in other methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Due to the opinions about downgrading the hierarchy of CSAVE, the STH reminds us that it
            is complex to attribute causes to a "non-auscultation" or a "weird auscultation", and
            that the unusual and the aphonic will not stop existing. It reinforces the motto of
            professionalism from STH: good auscultation, better diagnosis.</p>
      <p>The subjectivism about veracity and falsehood of CSAVE may be criticizable; however, it
            has always accompanied the state of the art. The fact that CSAVE was originated by truly
            positive isolated cases is historical, and was developed based on the observance of the
            low chances of false negatives in small similar groups of patients; the references were
            necropsy, cardiac catheterism and phonomechanocardiography.</p>
      <p>Obstacles to conjectures of randomized, double-blind and multicenter studies maintain
            the high observational focus on the islands - it is worth to remember that Austin Flint
            (1812-1886) became famous for observing two cases, and Jos&#233; Manuel Rivero Carvallo
            (1905-1993) reported 11 cases, being 10 positive ones.</p>
      <p>A few studies, also because of etiopathogeny-variety biases and diverse patterns of
            reference as to level of severity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, did not provide results for the construction of
            evidence. How to translate the murmur sensitivity of Austin Flint, ranging from 0-50%
            for moderate discrete aortic insufficiency, and from 52-100% for moderate to important
            aortic insufficiency?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></p>
      <p>On the other hand, CSAVE presents high sensitivity and high specificity for the
            identification of asymptomatic patients with valvulopathy with the purposes of check-up,
            release for surgical procedures, admission for work and planning sports activities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>The routine that "pleases" STH rejuvenates CSAVE. Joviality, on the one hand, is a
            magnet for the iron will of youth towards good cardiology practices. The attraction has
            taken promising steps.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Perspectives</title>
      <p>STH is hopeful. It has reasons to believe in the celebrations of the bi-centenary of the
            invention of the stethoscope, which will take place in 2016, besides registering a
            historical reverence to the period between two creative figures: the Breton doctor R&#233;n&#233;
            Th&#233;ophile Hyacinte La&#235;nnec (1721-1826) and the cardiologist David Littmann (1906-1981),
            from Harvard Medical School. The STH predicts space to celebrate the fact that CSAVE has
            reconquered the young strength of being a doctor in Brazil.</p>
      <p>We can retake something that has been taken from us, as taught by Lucius Anneus Seneca
            (4 BC-AD 65). In medicine, the Hippocratic atavism provides it. The STH feels the wind
            moving towards favorable directions, moving the perception that existing as a doctor
            requires studying, in order to extract alone the highest possible number of data from
            the patient. Young students in university or in postgraduate programs seize the
            opportunity of the optional internship and take part in the STH.</p>
      <p>Between March, 2012, and December, 2013, for instance, the expressive number of 175
            young people, among students and interns coming from 70% of the Brazilian states,
            attended <italic>ad libitum</italic> a busy university community of STH, for tertiary
            care to patients with valvulopathy.</p>
      <p>It is known that motivation clears the senses, and that long lasting dedication elevates
            self-esteem. It became clear that such a combination had the ability to waken in the
            apprentices of STH, after each lesson learned by their own senses, the will to reach the
            maximum level of sound capture, to analyze the patient further, to go through focuses,
            to look for positions, to make maneuvers and to be eager to have a STH ear - master to
            discover what is inaudible or to clarify what has been auscultated.</p>
      <p>Brazil has the advantages of prospecting and polishing the several semiotic jewels in
            valvulopathy "straight from the source", and not from cold mannequins with recorders.
            The real circumstances of each examination provoke facilitating points of reference,
            which reinforce retention and memory. Therefore, it is natural to accumulate sound
            quality to present the normality or the abnormality of cardiac rhythm, the opening
            (mitral opening snap, Austin Flint murmur) and the closure of valves (first and second
            sounds), ventricular filling (third and fourth sounds), atrioventricular flow, ejection
            and regurgitation (characteristic murmurs, snaps, Valsalva and Rivero-Carvallo
            maneuvers), atrial contraction (presystolic accentuation) and inflammation (pericardial
            friction, Carey Coombs murmur, continuous murmur in the fistula due to infectious
            endocarditis).</p>
      <p>I wish each one of these young students - and many more - could become a multiplier.
            That their stethoscopes could work as a real metaphor of the art of medicine and
               science<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. It is the Hippocratic contribution
            of STH for the rebirth of CSAVE in Brazil. It will be cylinder mania back to the
            future!</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Author contributions</p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Writing of the manuscript
               and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grinberg M.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
        <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Grinberg M. La&#235;nnec e o estetosc&#243;pio. S&#237;mbolos da cl&#237;nica moderna. Arq
               Bras Cardiol. 1995;65(1):65-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>La&#235;nnec e o estetosc&#243;pio. S&#237;mbolos da cl&#237;nica moderna</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lembo NJ, Dell'Italia LJ, Crawford MH, O'Rourke RA. Bedside diagnosis of
               systolic murmurs. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(24):1572-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lembo</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dell'Italia</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Rourke</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Bedside diagnosis of systolic murmurs</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>318</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1572</fpage>
          <lpage>1578</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Rappaport MB, Sprague HB. Physiologic and physical laws that govern
               auscultation and their clinical application: the acoustic stethoscope and the
               electrical amplifying stethoscope and stethosgraph. Am Heart J.
               1941;21:257-318.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rappaport</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sprague</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Physiologic and physical laws that govern auscultation
                  and their clinical application: the acoustic stethoscope and the electrical
                  amplifying stethoscope and stethosgraph</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1941</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>318</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Markel H. The stethoscope and the art of listening. N Engl J Med.
               2006;354(6):551-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The stethoscope and the art of listening</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>354</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>551</fpage>
          <lpage>553</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>McKusick VA, Sharpe WD, Warner AO. An exhibition oh the history of
               cardiovascular sound including the evolution of the sthetoscope. Bull Hist Med.
               1957;31(5):463-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McKusick</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warner</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">An exhibition oh the history of cardiovascular sound
                  including the evolution of the sthetoscope</article-title>
          <source>Bull Hist Med</source>
          <year>1957</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>487</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Leatham A. Auscultation of the heart. Lancet.
               1958;272(7050):757-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leatham</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Auscultation of the heart</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1958</year>
          <volume>272</volume>
          <issue>7050</issue>
          <fpage>757</fpage>
          <lpage>766</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Reynolds HY. President's address: R.T.H. La&#235;nnec,
               M.D.--clinicopathologic observations using the sthetoscope, made chest Medicine more
               scientific. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2004;115:1-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">President's address: R.T.H. La&#235;nnec,
                  M.D.--clinicopathologic observations using the sthetoscope, made chest Medicine
                  more scientific</article-title>
          <source>Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Vukanovic-Criley JM, Criley S, Warde CM, Boker JR, Guevara-Matheus L,
               Churchill WH et al. Competency in cardiac examination skills in medical students,
               trainees, physicians and faculty: a multicenter study. Arch Intern Med.
               2006;166(6):610-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vukanovic-Criley</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Criley</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warde</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boker</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guevara-Matheus</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Churchill</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Competency in cardiac examination skills in medical
                  students, trainees, physicians and faculty: a multicenter study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>610</fpage>
          <lpage>616</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Hanna IR, Silverman ME. A history of cardiac auscultation and some of
               its contributors. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(3):259-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A history of cardiac auscultation and some of its
                  contributors</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>267</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Grinberg M, Barbosa MR, Pi&#241;eiro DJ, S&#225;nchez
               CR, et al. Diretriz brasileira de valvopatias. SBC 2011 / I Diretriz Interamericana
               de Valvopatias - SIAC 2011. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(5 supl.
               3):1-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pi&#241;eiro</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz brasileira de valvopatias. SBC 2011 / I Diretriz
                  Interamericana de Valvopatias - SIAC 2011</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>supl. 3</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Fred HL. Hyposkillia: deficiency of clinical skills. Tex Heart Inst J.
               2005;32(3):255-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fred</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Hyposkillia: deficiency of clinical
                  skills</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>255</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Mangione S, Nieman LZ, Gracely E, Kaye D. The teaching and practice of
               cardiac auscultation during internal Medicine and cardiology training: A Nationwide
               Survey. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(1):47-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangione</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieman</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gracely</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaye</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The teaching and practice of cardiac auscultation during
                  internal Medicine and cardiology training: A Nationwide Survey</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Mangione S, Nieman LZ. Cardiac auscultation skills of internal medicine
               and family practice trainees: a comparison of diagnostic proficiency. JAMA.
               1997;278(9):712-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangione</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieman</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac auscultation skills of internal medicine and
                  family practice trainees: a comparison of diagnostic proficiency</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>278</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>712</fpage>
          <lpage>722</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Tavel ME. Cardiac auscultation: a glorious past and it does have a
               future! Circulation. 2006;113(9):1255-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavel</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac auscultation: a glorious past and it does have a
                  future!</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1255</fpage>
          <lpage>1259</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Craige E. Should auscultation be rehabilitated? N Engl J Med.
               1988;318(24):1611-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Craige</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Should auscultation be rehabilitated?</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>318</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1611</fpage>
          <lpage>1613</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sackett DL. The rational clinical examination: a primer on the precision
               and accuracy of the clinical examination. JAMA.
               1992;267(19):2638-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sackett</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The rational clinical examination: a primer on the
                  precision and accuracy of the clinical examination</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>267</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2638</fpage>
          <lpage>2644</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sackett DL, Rennie D. The science of the art of the clinical examination
               [Editorial.] JAMA. 1992;267(19):2650-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sackett</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rennie</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The science of the art of the clinical examination
                  [Editorial.]</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>267</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2650</fpage>
          <lpage>2652</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Mangione S. The stethoscope as a metaphor. Cleve Clin J Med.
               2012;79(8):545-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangione</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The stethoscope as a metaphor</article-title>
          <source>Cleve Clin J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>545</fpage>
          <lpage>546</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Babu AN, Kymes SM, Carpenter Fryer SM. Eponyms and the diagnosis of
               aortic regurgitation: what says the evidence? Ann Intern Med.
               2003;138(9):736-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Babu</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kymes</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpenter Fryer</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Eponyms and the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation: what
                  says the evidence?</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>736</fpage>
          <lpage>742</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Roldan CA, Shively BK, Crawford MH. Value of the cardiovascular physical
               examination for detecting valvular heart disease in asymptomatic subjects. Am J
               Cardiol. 1996;77:1327-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roldan</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shively</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Value of the cardiovascular physical examination for
                  detecting valvular heart disease in asymptomatic subjects</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <fpage>1327</fpage>
          <lpage>1331</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA01" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Cilindromania em Valvopatia de Volta para o Futuro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">InCor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">InCor-HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Max Grinberg, Rua Manoel Antonio Pinto,
               4 ap. 21A, Parais&#243;polis. CEP 05663-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>max@cardiol.br</email>; grinberg@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Estetosc&#243;pios / utiliza&#231;&#227;o; Ausculta&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>Chamei o instrumento de cilindro e experimentei modos de construir</italic>
                  [...]<italic> Paris tornou-se um centro de treinamento estetoac&#250;stico</italic>
                  [...]<italic> a cilindromania se espalhou</italic> [...]<italic> pacientes de
                  v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses preferiam ser examinados por quem estivesse capacitado ao
                  cilindro</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <sec>
        <title>Pre&#226;mbulo</title>
        <p>A progressiva queda do <italic>glamour</italic> de ser propedeuta restringiu a
               aplica&#231;&#227;o da cardioestetoausculta de excel&#234;ncia em valvopatia (CEAEV).</p>
        <p>O Brasil preserva grupos de "Stethophyllus sp" (STH), esp&#233;cimes raros de
               cardiologistas que formam col&#244;nias de pr&#225;tica de CEAEV, em ambientes cercados de
               tecnologia por todos os lados. Incluo-me.</p>
        <p>Esclare&#231;a-se: o STH n&#227;o &#233; antiqu&#225;rio, a CEAEV n&#227;o &#233; jur&#225;ssica e o estetosc&#243;pio n&#227;o &#233;
               pe&#231;a que falta no museu. S&#250;dito da cl&#237;nica soberana, o STH cr&#234; na vitaliciedade do
               estetosc&#243;pio e no forte poder integrador do ponto de partida da CEAEV com os demais
               achados do multissensorial exame f&#237;sico, conceitos da ci&#234;ncia e informa&#231;&#245;es pela
                  tecnologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>O STH aceita que a &#233;poca &#225;urea do cilindro de La&#235;nnec morreu junto com William Bart
               Osler, h&#225; cerca de 100 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Mas ele entende
               que a fidelidade deve persistir. N&#227;o h&#225; por que conjeturar que a CEAEV diante da
               ecodopplercardiografia ter&#225; o destino que a percuss&#227;o card&#237;aca teve, superada pela
               radiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Presente do Passado</title>
        <p>A CEAEV &#233; heran&#231;a "tombada". Um in&#237;cio poss&#237;vel da forma&#231;&#227;o do patrim&#244;nio &#233; a
               profecia de Robert Hooke (1653-1703): "Ouvi claramente o batimento do cora&#231;&#227;o humano
               [...] quem sabe, pelos sons dos movimentos dos &#243;rg&#227;os internos possamos descobrir as
               tarefas efetuadas em v&#225;rios escrit&#243;rios e lojas do corpo humano, e da&#237; reconhecermos
               que instrumento ou m&#225;quina est&#225; com defeito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>."</p>
        <p>Cerca de um s&#233;culo depois, a inven&#231;&#227;o do estetosc&#243;pio facilitou observar que
               variedades de ru&#237;dos card&#237;acos correlacionavam-se com peculiaridades anat&#244;micas
               valvares encontradas <italic>post mortem</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e influenciou o modo
               pelo qual o cl&#237;nico passou a interagir com o paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>O cilindro de La&#235;nnec tornou-se s&#237;mbolo das chamadas t&#233;cnicas cognitivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. E do m&#233;dico, por ser objeto pessoal dispon&#237;vel
               24 horas de todos os dias, port&#225;til, leve e male&#225;vel, que dispensa ambiente especial
               e d&#225; presteza &#224; exterioriza&#231;&#227;o da ruidosa fonte sonora em que o cora&#231;&#227;o se transforma
               pela ocorr&#234;ncia de valvopatia. E mais, n&#227;o est&#225; atrelado a orienta&#231;&#245;es de aplica&#231;&#227;o
               em diretrizes. Livros compactaram as informa&#231;&#245;es, mas n&#227;o desprezaram as
               sistematiza&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de comunica&#231;&#245;es originais recentes sobre novos ru&#237;dos card&#237;acos revela
               esgotamento da gera&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento e um "nada a acrescentar" &#224; utilidade
                  semiol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O primeiro aconteceu ap&#243;s pesquisas sobre
               bases fisiol&#243;gicas, e n&#227;o h&#225; previs&#227;o do aparecimento de uma in&#233;dita modalidade de
               valvopatia acompanhada por um sopro ainda desconhecido. O segundo &#233; atestado como: "O
               ponto de partida &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de anamnese e exame f&#237;sico completos, com destaque
               para a ausculta card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>."</p>
        <p>Certos comportamentos de priva&#231;&#227;o do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico, no decorrer .da anamnese e
               do exame f&#237;sico, resultaram de conhecidas mudan&#231;as do ser m&#233;dico e, por conseguinte,
               do ser cardiologista<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. N&#227;o &#233; dif&#237;cil
               perceber, nas cinco gera&#231;&#245;es que convivem atualmente na cardiologia brasileira,
               amplas varia&#231;&#245;es da constru&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas <italic>pari passu</italic>
               com cada fato ou dado recolhido.</p>
        <p>A documenta&#231;&#227;o apressada, sem o uso da raz&#227;o para aprofundamentos, p&#244;s ladeira abaixo
               a concentra&#231;&#227;o e a aten&#231;&#227;o seletiva sobre cada ru&#237;do card&#237;aco, paciente a paciente.
               Em consequ&#234;ncia, a curva do aprendizado e a linha de manuten&#231;&#227;o das habilidades em
               proped&#234;utica por audi&#231;&#227;o ficaram altamente imobilizadas. Al&#233;m disso, os "manuais de
               uso", livros detalhados sobre a CEAEV, deixaram de ser reeditados h&#225; d&#233;cadas por
               car&#234;ncia de demanda, levando &#224; conting&#234;ncia do conhecimento ao saber do professor e
               aos livros gerais de cardiologia.</p>
        <p>Uma premissa pedag&#243;gica &#233; cruel: o que n&#227;o se aprendeu n&#227;o h&#225; como ensinar. E o
               efeito domin&#243; ficou not&#243;rio entre n&#243;s: a derrubada, gera&#231;&#227;o sobre gera&#231;&#227;o de
               cardiologistas, da hipocr&#225;tica transmiss&#227;o por professores refer&#234;ncias. &#201; fen&#244;meno
               universal. Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, a queda da profici&#234;ncia na ausculta
               card&#237;aca alertou para o alto potencial de preju&#237;zos na <italic>expertise</italic>
               para o diagn&#243;stico &#224; beira do leito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. &#201;
               obscuro, contudo, se houve efeitos positivos da inquieta&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Explica&#231;&#245;es para a deca&#237;da do zelo com a CEAEV giram em torno do fator tempo, da n&#227;o
               compensa&#231;&#227;o financeira e da vis&#227;o de "terceiriza&#231;&#227;o" da destreza diagn&#243;stica para
               exames de imagem, como a ecodopplercardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a amplia&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica do estetosc&#243;pio, com o objetivo de trazer
               ganho ao ensino por meio de amplifica&#231;&#227;o, grava&#231;&#227;o, reprodu&#231;&#227;o, visual gr&#225;fico e
               simultaneidade de auscultadores, n&#227;o se tornou dispon&#237;vel para a continuidade
               assistencial do aprendizado.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; como negar, a CEAEV nutre-se do interesse em pratic&#225;-la. O "treino do ouvido"
               apoiado em outros dados do exame f&#237;sico cardiovascular reproduz como os antigos
               faziam e, integrado com os demais m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis, &#233; vantagem sobre os
                  antigos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A CEAEV, pois, &#233; guia da beira
               do leito para "di&#225;logos" com m&#233;todos complementares.</p>
        <p>O Brasil do in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XXI presencia a conviv&#234;ncia da cardiopatia reum&#225;tica do
               jovem, n&#227;o decrescente, e da estenose a&#243;rtica do idoso, crescente, nos ambulat&#243;rios
               de valvopatia. A CEAEV d&#225; padroniza&#231;&#227;o observacional &#224;s v&#225;rias faixas et&#225;rias. &#201; uma
               das raz&#245;es pelas quais a CEAEV desatenciosa deprecia: a) explica&#231;&#227;o para dados da
               anamnese; b) encaminhamento da positividade diagn&#243;stica; c) alerta de valvopatia at&#233;
               ent&#227;o desconhecida. Ademais, desaten&#231;&#227;o com os ru&#237;dos card&#237;acos abrevia, por tabela,
               o acolhedor e pr&#243;-terap&#234;utico v&#237;nculo m&#233;dico-paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O STH</title>
        <p>O STH pode esgotar um diagn&#243;stico com rapidez, completude, alta especificidade,
               excelente rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-benef&#237;cio e satisfa&#231;&#227;o pessoal - por exemplo, a
               insufici&#234;ncia importante da valva mitral causada pela rotura de corda tend&#237;nea. Ele
               n&#227;o tem necessidade de muito mais a&#231;&#227;o proped&#234;utica para explicar a insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca aguda e grave, e para conjeturar a terap&#234;utica etiopatog&#234;nica.</p>
        <p>O STH n&#227;o &#233; saudosista. Ele enxerga benef&#237;cio renovado no patrim&#244;nio proped&#234;utico
               constru&#237;do por not&#225;veis mestres da semi&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,
               muitos deles eternizados como ep&#244;nimos e transformados em meton&#237;mia (auscultei um
               Austin Flint, o Rivero Carvallo desapareceu, o Gallavardin esclareceu).</p>
        <p>O STH destaca que a CEAEV pode ter papel relevante na aplica&#231;&#227;o de inova&#231;&#245;es. Na
               d&#233;cada de 1980, foi o aparecimento de um sopro sist&#243;lico no decorrer da sequ&#234;ncia de
               dilata&#231;&#245;es na valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o que passou a marcar a finaliza&#231;&#227;o
               terap&#234;utica, a fim de evitar o desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda no af&#227;
               de maximizar a &#225;rea valvar mitral.</p>
        <p>O STH reconhece, todavia, que a modernidade tecnol&#243;gica dispensa certas etapas da
               CEAEV cl&#225;ssica e, inclusive, as elimina dos programas de capacita&#231;&#227;o. &#201; o caso da
               quantifica&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de tempo entre a segunda bulha e o estalido de abertura da
               mitral - 0,04-0,10 s -, como &#237;ndice do grau de hipertens&#227;o atrial esquerda e,
                  <italic>ipso facto</italic>, da gravidade da estenose mitral.</p>
        <p>Com esse conceito, e ciente das limita&#231;&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o dos ru&#237;dos e do sil&#234;ncio de
               morfologias de vulto, como trombos e vegeta&#231;&#245;es, o STH empenha-se pela seguran&#231;a em
               se posicionar sobre n&#227;o raras dissocia&#231;&#245;es de informa&#231;&#245;es. Exemplo desse compromisso
               &#233;tico "revisor" da tecnologia &#233; o ju&#237;zo sobre a chance de uma identifica&#231;&#227;o de
               regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar discreta ao Doppler, n&#227;o por ele auscultada, ser achado
               verdadeiro ou falso positivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Uma Quest&#227;o Essencial</title>
        <p>Vale formular: STH, qual &#233; o papel atual da CEAEV no diagn&#243;stico da les&#227;o valvar no
               Brasil (subtendendo o uso do estetosc&#243;pio convencional)?</p>
        <p>O STH que faz "v&#225;lvula", especialmente o que associa deveres de ensino, responder&#225;
               com um categ&#243;rico indispens&#225;vel. Claro, ele sabe que &#233; minoria na cardiologia, mas
               justificar&#225; que, para dar um s&#243;lido n&#250;cleo ao diagn&#243;stico, a CEAEV n&#227;o &#233; nem um exame
               complementar nem um exame sup&#233;rfluo para admitir op&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;vel de aplica&#231;&#227;o. A
               tecnologia n&#227;o &#233; um inimigo da CEAEV, a preocupa&#231;&#227;o &#233; com o mau uso da mesma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>O STH aproveitar&#225; a ocasi&#227;o e se manifestar&#225; solid&#225;rio e &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o de colegas que,
               embora fora da ilha, responderiam de modo semelhante a ele, lamentando raz&#245;es pelas
               quais n&#227;o adquiriram a <italic>expertise</italic> ou vieram a atrofiar pelo desuso.
               Mas ele enxergar&#225; reducionista se o argumento for que &#233; a sobrecarga de trabalho que
               sacrifica o empenho do cardiologista pela CEAEV.</p>
        <p>Advogados do diabo n&#227;o faltam fora das ilhas. Eles apregoam que h&#225; apologia da CEAEV
               nas "desculpas" pelas imprecis&#245;es com varia&#231;&#245;es individuais e efeitos de janela
                  ac&#250;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, que ela &#233; um luxo para poucos e
               uma perda de tempo para muitos, e que h&#225; mais qualidade de informa&#231;&#245;es quantitativas
               e hemodin&#226;micas em outros m&#233;todos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diante das opini&#245;es sobre rebaixamento da hierarquia da CEAEV, o STH lembra que &#233;
               complexo atribuir causas a uma "n&#227;o ausculta" ou a uma "ausculta esquisita", que o
               incomum e o &#225;fono nunca deixar&#227;o de existir. E refor&#231;a o lema do profissionalismo do
               STH: boa ausculta, melhor diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>O subjetivismo sobre veracidades e falsidades da CEAEV, embora critic&#225;vel, sempre
               acompanhou o estado da arte. &#201; hist&#243;rico como a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da CEAEV originou-se
               em casos isolados verdadeiramente positivos e se desenvolveu na constata&#231;&#227;o da baixa
               chance de falso negativo em pequenos grupos afins de pacientes, tendo como
               refer&#234;ncias necropsia, cateterismo card&#237;aco e fonomecanocardiografia.</p>
        <p>Empecilhos a conjeturas de estudos randomizados, duplo-cegos, multic&#234;ntricos mant&#234;m o
               clima de alto enfoque observacional nas ilhas - recorde-se que Austin Flint
               (1812-1886) celebrizou-se pela observa&#231;&#227;o de dois casos, e Jos&#233; Manuel Rivero
               Carvallo (1905-1993) relatou 11 casos, 10 positivos.</p>
        <p>Alguns poucos estudos, at&#233; por vieses de variedade de etiopatogenia e de diversidade
               de padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para grau de gravidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, n&#227;o forneceram resultados para a constru&#231;&#227;o
               de evid&#234;ncias. Como traduzir para a pr&#225;tica a sensibilidade do sopro de Austin Flint
               variando de 0-50% em insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica discreta a moderada e de 52-100% em
               insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada a importante?<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a CEAEV apresenta alta sensibilidade e alta especificidade para a
               identifica&#231;&#227;o de portadores assintom&#225;ticos de valvopatia com as finalidades de
                  <italic>check-up</italic>, libera&#231;&#227;o para procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, admiss&#227;o de
               trabalho e planejamento de atividades esportivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>A rotina "que satisfaz" o STH rejuvenesce a CEAEV. A jovialidade, por sua vez, &#233; &#237;m&#227;
               da vontade de ferro da mocidade pelas boas pr&#225;ticas da cardiologia. A atra&#231;&#227;o j&#225; deu
               passos promissores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas</title>
        <p>O STH est&#225; esperan&#231;oso. Ele tem motivos para crer nas comemora&#231;&#245;es do bicenten&#225;rio da
               inven&#231;&#227;o do estetosc&#243;pio, a acontecer em 2016, al&#233;m de uma protocolar rever&#234;ncia
               hist&#243;rica ao per&#237;odo entre dois criativos: o cl&#237;nico bret&#227;o R&#233;n&#233; Th&#233;ophile Hyacinte
               La&#235;nnec (1721-1826) e o cardiologista David Littmann (1906-1981), da Harvard Medical
               School. O STH prev&#234; espa&#231;o para celebrar a reconquista do gosto pela CEAEV na for&#231;a
               jovem do ser m&#233;dico brasileiro.</p>
        <p>Um bem tomado pode ser retomado, nos ensinou L&#250;cio Aneu S&#234;neca (4 a.C.-65 d.C.). Em
               medicina, o atavismo hipocr&#225;tico providencia. O STH sente o sopro de ventos
               favor&#225;veis, dando movimento &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de que existir como m&#233;dico requer a
               capacita&#231;&#227;o para extrair por si pr&#243;prio o maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de informa&#231;&#245;es do
               paciente. Jovens ainda na gradua&#231;&#227;o ou j&#225; na p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o aproveitam a oportunidade
               de est&#225;gio opcional e v&#227;o ao encontro do STH.</p>
        <p>Entre mar&#231;o de 2012 e dezembro de 2013, por exemplo, o expressivo n&#250;mero de 175
               jovens, entre estudantes e residentes provenientes de 70% dos estados brasileiros,
               frequentaram <italic>ad libitum</italic> uma movimentada col&#244;nia universit&#225;ria de STH
               de aten&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria a portadores de valvopatia.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se como a motiva&#231;&#227;o d&#225; agudeza aos sentidos e a dedica&#231;&#227;o diuturna eleva a
               autoestima. Ficou n&#237;tido como essa combina&#231;&#227;o teve o m&#233;rito de despertar nos
               aprendizes de STH, a cada li&#231;&#227;o apreendida com os pr&#243;prios &#243;rg&#227;os dos sentidos, a
               vontade de chegar ao m&#225;ximo da capta&#231;&#227;o dos ru&#237;dos, debru&#231;ar-se mais e mais sobre o
               paciente, percorrer focos, procurar posi&#231;&#245;es, fazer manobras e o anseio pelo ouvido
               do STH - mestre para descobrir o ainda inaud&#237;vel ou esclarecer o j&#225; auscultado.</p>
        <p>O Brasil mant&#233;m as vantagens da garimpagem e da lapida&#231;&#227;o das variadas preciosidades
               semi&#243;ticas em valvopatia "diretamente da fonte" e n&#227;o em frios manequins providos de
               gravadores. As circunst&#226;ncias reais de cada exame provocam pontos de refer&#234;ncia
               facilitadores e refor&#231;adores da reten&#231;&#227;o e recorda&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, torna-se natural
               o ac&#250;mulo da riqueza sonora da representa&#231;&#227;o da normalidade ou anormalidade do ritmo
               card&#237;aco, da abertura (estalido de abertura da mitral, sopro de Austin Flint) e do
               fechamento das valvas (primeira e segunda bulhas), do enchimento ventricular
               (terceira e quarta bulhas), do defl&#250;vio atrioventricular, da eje&#231;&#227;o e da regurgita&#231;&#227;o
               (sopros caracter&#237;sticos, estalidos, manobras de Valsalva e Rivero-Carvallo), da
               contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (acentua&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica) e da inflama&#231;&#227;o (atrito peric&#225;rdico,
               sopro de Carey Coombs, sopro cont&#237;nuo na f&#237;stula por endocardite infecciosa).</p>
        <p>Oxal&#225; cada um desses jovens - e muitos mais - se torne um multiplicador. Que seus
               estetosc&#243;pios sejam real met&#225;fora da medicina arte e ci&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. &#201; a hipocr&#225;tica contribui&#231;&#227;o do STH para o ressurgimento da
               CEAEV pelo Brasil afora. Ser&#225; a cilindromania de volta para o futuro!</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Grinberg
                  M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
