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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tntcvpr6j4qPKZVMJmPddKh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sudden Cardiac Death and Short QT Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria L&#237;cia Ribeiro Cury</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ono</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arfelli</surname>
            <given-names>Elerson</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
                  Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Departamento de
                  Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto
                  da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Andr&#233; Schmidt, Avenida dos Bandeirantes
               n 3900 Bairro Campus Universitario Monte Alegre. Postal Code 14048-900 Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>andreschmidtfmrp@gmail.com</email>,
               aschmidt@usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e37</fpage>
      <lpage>e40</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Death, sudden</kwd>
        <kwd>short QT syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>concealed accessory atrioventricular pathway</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The evaluation of patients recovered from sudden death (SD) is based on diagnostic
            investigation aiming to identify structural heart diseases or exclusion of noncardiac
            diseases and metabolic disorders. After exclusion of these pathologies, one is faced
            with sudden cardiac death (SCD) without structural heart disease, in which electrical
            and latent heart diseases account for up to 56% of cases, while the remaining is
            considered idiopathic disease <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. This latter
            group has been gradually reduced due to the increasing characterization of molecular
            mechanisms that generate potentially lethal arrhythmias. We report the case of a young
            patient recovered from SCD, with no apparent structural heart disease, probably due to
            electrical heart disease associated with occult anomalous bundle and both diagnoses
            being possible according to the available means in clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Male patient, Caucasian, 23 years old, single, printing technician, referred with a
            three-month history of intense palpitations and loss of consciousness during a soccer
            match. According to the reports of witnesses, the patient was taken to the nearest Basic
            Health Unit (BHU), a five-minute trajectory, as he was unconscious and unresponsive to
            stimuli and cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in asystole was verified by the physician
            present at the BHU. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated, with total CPR time of
            25 minutes. The patient was then taken to the local ICU, where he was treated with
            induced hypothermia (32-34&#186;C) for 24 h. There was complete neurological recovery and he
            was discharged in five days.</p>
      <p>The patient reported having palpitations triggered by great exertion lasting 30-40
            minutes, with no associated symptoms, which improved with rest since the age of 14
            years. He reported two episodes of loss of consciousness: at 18, while swimming, he had
            palpitations, no other associated symptoms; right after leaving the pool, he lost
            consciousness, with rapid recovery and no mental confusion or sphincter release; at 19,
            while playing soccer, he had an episode of syncope with the same characteristics.</p>
      <p>He had no other known diseases or history of SD in the family. He denied alcoholism,
            smoking, use of illicit drugs or medications. On physical examination, no abnormalities
            were observed, especially in the cardiovascular system. He was admitted for
            investigation and the following test results were obtained:</p>
      <p><bold>- Electrocardiogram (ECG)</bold>: Sinus rhythm, 55 bpm, PR interval: 130 ms, QRS:
            60 ms, QTc: 349 ms (maximum slope method and Framingham formula), J-point to T-wave-peak
            interval: 220 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Panel A: Electrocardiogram obtained on admission. Sinus rhythm (SR),
                  bradycardia with 55 bpm, PR interval = 130 ms, QRS = 60 ms and QTc = 349 ms,
                  inferior early repolarization. Below, detail of elongated DII and QTc intervals
                  calculated by the formulas of Bazett and Framingham. Panel B: Electrocardiogram
                  obtained during electrophysiological study. Atrioventricular reentry tachycardia
                  with HR = 167 bpm. Below: Ventricular stimulation showing left lateral accessory
                  pathway. PCS: proximal coronary sinus. DCS: distal coronary sinus.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e37-40133-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>- Stress test</bold>: Treadmill Ramp Protocol (4.5km/h to 9 km/h/ 6% to 16%); 15.7
            MET. Maximum HR: 200 bpm. No arrhythmias. Pre-stress HR and QTc intervals, peak and
            recovery, respectively: 94 bpm, 431 ms, 200 bpm, 422 ms, 130 bpm, 404 ms.</p>
      <p><bold>- Holter</bold>: Sinus rhythm. Mean HR: 79 bpm, minimum, 53 bpm (sleep) and
            maximum of 179 bpm (watching a game). Normal RR range. Two isolated ventricular
            extrasystoles. Rare atrial extrasystoles.</p>
      <p><bold>- Echocardiogram</bold>: Cardiac chambers of normal dimensions; ejection fraction
            of 77%, preserved segmental motility.</p>
      <p><bold>- Cardiac MRI</bold>: Ejection fraction: 67% (left ventricle) and 60% (right
            ventricle). Morphologically normal heart. Absence of regional alterations in
            contractility. No areas of delayed myocardial enhancement after paramagnetic
            contrast.</p>
      <p><bold>- Cardiac catheterization</bold>: Coronary arteries with normal origin and
            trajectory and free of obstructive lesions.</p>
      <p><bold>- Electrophysiological study:</bold> normal AH and HV intervals (AH = 70 ms; HV =
            38 ms)</p>
      <p><bold>Atrial stimulation:</bold> ventricular activation through AV node; Normal
            Wenckebach point (350 ms). Atrioventricular induction by orthodromic reentrant
            tachycardia (AVT) with retrograde atrial activation starting earlier in the distal
            coronary sinus electrogram (accessory pathway with exclusively retrograde conduction in
            the lateral portion of the mitral annulus) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
               1</xref>).</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><bold>Ventricular stimulation</bold>: eccentric retrograde atrial activation,
               starting earlier in the distal coronary sinus electrogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Radiofrequency ablation performed via accessory pathway.</p>
        <p>QTc interval measurements (Bazett's formula): 338 msec (pre-ablation), 388 ms
               (post-ablation) and 342 ms after isoproterenol (3 mcg/kg/min).</p>
        <p><bold>Programmed ventricular stimulation (after ablation of the accessory
                  pathway):</bold> right ventricular stimulation (apex) protocols with basic cycles
               of 600, 500 and 430 ms and up to 3 extra-stimuli (minimal coupling interval: 200 ms)
               with no induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Ventricular refractory period &lt;
               200 ms.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>A Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) was implanted, considering a documented episode of
            SCD in a patient with short QTc. To date (nine months of follow-up), the patient has
            shown no new events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Sudden cardiac death in patients without structural heart disease constitutes a big
            challenge in clinical practice. In recent decades, new knowledge has been added to this
            subject, allowing the identification of the underlying cause in many cases. It is
            essential to recognize the situations and characteristics that predispose to SCD and
            once overt structural cardiovascular diseases are excluded, electrical heart disease and
            latent structural causes should be investigated. It is estimated that up to 10% of
            survivors of SCD have electrical heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present case report has, according to standard criteria, high probability of falling
            into the diagnosis of short QT syndrome (SQTS). This entity was characterized in
               2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> as an autosomal dominant hereditary
            disorder of electrical channels, which typically displays abnormally short QT-intervals
            and propensity to develop potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Five genes encoding the normal or abnormal
            functioning of potassium ion channels (KCNH2, KCNQ1, KCNJ2) and calcium (CACNA1C,
            CACNB2b) involved in the generation of the action potential have been described to
               date<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The ECG is the main diagnostic tool; however, the appropriate QTc cutoff is
            controversial. The prevalence of short QTc pattern in the general population has been
            evaluated in several studies and there is an intersection between the values found in
            the general population and in patients with SQTS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Thus, diagnostic criteria have been suggested in order to increase the
            accuracy of disease recognition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, considering
            ECG, medical history, family history and genotype (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The patient described in this case report scored 4 points,
            indicating high probability according to the points related to QTc (&lt; 350 ms) and
            SCD. In 33% of cases, the initial presentation is the SCD and 80% of patients have a
            personal or family history of SCD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagnostic criteria proposed by Giustetto et al. (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="left">
              <th>Criteria</th>
              <th align="center">Points</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>QTC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 370</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 350</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 330</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Point J- T-wave peak Interval &lt; 120 ms</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Clinical History</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>History of cardiac sudden death</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Documented polymorphic VT or VF</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Unexplained Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Family History</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>First or second-degree relative with high probability of SQTS</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>First or second-degree relative with negative autopsy for SCD</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Genotype</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Positive genotype</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Culprit gene mutation of undetermined significance</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>&#8805; 4 points: high probability; 3 points: intermediate probability; &#8805; 2 points:
                     low probability. A minimum of 1 point must be obtained in the ECG criterion.
                     Clinical history: points only for 1 of the 3 first characteristics. Family
                     history: points can only be obtained once in this section.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Holter monitoring is useful in the prognostic evaluation, due to the documentation of
            ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (AF). The role of the EPS in risk
            stratification still requires further investigation and short refractory periods during
            programmed stimulation indicate the vulnerability in presenting polymorphic VT/
            spontaneous VF. In the follow-up of SQTS patients, polymorphic VT/VF were induced in
            only 60%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>The treatment mainstay is the ICD, based on a high percentage of cases showing SCD, even
            if empirically. In the longitudinal follow-up study of 53 patients, Giustetto et al.
            found an annual recurrence rate of 4.9% of arrhythmic events. Furthermore,
            administration of hydroquinidine showed to be effective to increase the QTc interval and
            prevent VF. It is also worth mentioning that the presence of early repolarization in
            patients with SQTS is more prevalent in the general population and shows higher risk of
            arrhythmic events <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of an associated left lateral occult accessory pathway has never been
            described previously in association with SQTS and there is no description in the
            literature of SCD by AVT mediated by an accessory pathway of retrograde conduction only,
            due to the consequent impossibility of producing pre-excited AF. It is noteworthy that
            patients with SQTS have a high incidence of AF, not detected in this patient. However,
            it should be considered that in this particular case, the accessory pathway-mediated
            tachycardia in adrenergic situation may have contributed to the occurrence of SCD.</p>
      <p>The increase in HR can promote reduction in ventricular refractory period, enabling the
            emergence of potentially lethal arrhythmia. The shortening of QT interval by adrenergic
            stimulation, altering the autonomic balance, has also been described in the literature,
            in this case probably due to release of catecholamines during exertion. Another
            possibility is that the accessory pathway is just a physiopathological detail,
            coincident, but not contributing to the SCD. Moreover, the patient remained asymptomatic
            after ablation, a fact that sets the AVT as the most likely mechanism responsible for
            the palpitations.</p>
      <p>Thus, the case reported here is unique considering the likely association of SQTS with
            early repolarization pattern and left lateral occult accessory pathway. It should also
            be noted that the appropriate assessment of ventricular repolarization is of utmost
            importance for the diagnosis of abnormal repolarization syndromes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>Author contributions</p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Cury-Pavao MLR, Schmidt A; Acquisition of
               data: Cury-Pavao MLR, Ono VC, Arfelli E; Writing of the manuscript: Cury-Pavao MLR;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data: Arfelli E, Schmidt A; Critical revision of
               the manuscript for intellectual content: Sim&#245;es MV, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca e S&#237;ndrome do QT Curto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria L&#237;cia Ribeiro Cury</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ono</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arfelli</surname>
            <given-names>Elerson</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
                  Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Departamento de
                  Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto
                  da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Schmidt,</bold> Avenida dos Bandeirantes
               n 3900 Bairro Campus Universitario Monte Alegre. CEP 14048-900 Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>andreschmidtfmrp@gmail.com</email>,
               aschmidt@usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Morte s&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome do QT curto</kwd>
        <kwd>via acess&#243;ria oculta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abordagem de pacientes recuperados de morte s&#250;bita (MS) baseia-se em investiga&#231;&#227;o
               diagn&#243;stica visando &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias estruturais e &#224; exclus&#227;o de
               dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos ou doen&#231;as n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dessas patologias,
               depara-se com a morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, na qual
               doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cardiopatias latentes respondem por at&#233; 56% dos casos,
               com o restante permanecendo como de causa idiop&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Este &#250;ltimo grupo tem sido progressivamente reduzido em virtude da
               crescente caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos moleculares geradores de arritmias
               potencialmente letais. Relata-se o caso de jovem recuperado de MSC, sem cardiopatia
               estrutural evidente, por prov&#225;vel doen&#231;a el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o associada a feixe
               an&#244;malo oculto, sendo ambos os diagn&#243;sticos poss&#237;veis por meios dispon&#237;veis na
               pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Masculino, branco, 23 anos, solteiro, t&#233;cnico em impress&#227;o, encaminhado com hist&#243;ria
               de, h&#225; tr&#234;s meses, ter apresentado palpita&#231;&#245;es intensas e logo ap&#243;s perda da
               consci&#234;ncia durante partida de futebol de que participava. Segundo relato de
               testemunhas, o paciente foi levado &#224; Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de (trajeto de cinco
               minutos) por estar inconsciente e sem resposta a est&#237;mulos, sendo constatada parada
               cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) em assistolia, conforme relat&#243;rio de m&#233;dico presente ao
               evento. Manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar foram iniciadas, com tempo total
               descrito de PCR de 25 minutos. Encaminhado &#224; UTI de sua cidade, onde foi tratado com
               hipotermia induzida (32-34&#186;C) por 24 h. Houve recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica completa e
               recebeu alta hospitalar em cinco dias.</p>
        <p>Paciente relatou que desde os 14 anos apresentava palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas
               desencadeadas por grandes esfor&#231;os com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30-40 minutos, sem sintomas
               associados e que melhoravam com o repouso. Relatou ainda dois epis&#243;dios de perda da
               consci&#234;ncia: aos 18 anos, enquanto nadava, apresentou palpita&#231;&#245;es, sem outros
               sintomas associados; logo ap&#243;s sair da piscina perdeu a consci&#234;ncia, com r&#225;pida
               recupera&#231;&#227;o e sem confus&#227;o mental ou libera&#231;&#227;o esfincteriana; aos 19 anos, enquanto
               jogava futebol, apresentou s&#237;ncope com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o apresentava outras doen&#231;as conhecidas ou hist&#243;ria de MS na fam&#237;lia. Negava
               etilismo, tabagismo, uso de drogas il&#237;citas ou medica&#231;&#245;es. Ao exame f&#237;sico, n&#227;o foram
               observadas anormalidades, especialmente no aparelho cardiovascular. Internado para
               investiga&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou os resultados:</p>
        <p><bold>- Eletrocardiograma (ECG)</bold>: Ritmo sinusal, 55 bpm, intervalo PR 130 ms,
               QRS 60 ms, QTc 349 ms (m&#233;todo de m&#225;xima inclina&#231;&#227;o e f&#243;rmula de Framingham),
               intervalo ponto J- pico onda T 220 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
               1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Painel A: Eletrocardiograma obtido na admiss&#227;o. Ritmo sinusal (RS)
                     bradic&#225;rdico com 55 bpm, intervalo PR = 130 ms, QRS = 60 ms e QTc = 349 ms,
                     repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce inferior. Abaixo, apresentado detalhe de DII alongado e
                     intervalos QTc calculados pelas f&#243;rmulas de Bazett e Framingham. Painel B:
                     Eletrocardiograma obtido durante estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Taquicardia por
                     reentrada atrioventricular FC 167 bpm. Abaixo: Estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                     demonstrando via acess&#243;ria lateral esquerda. SCp: seio coron&#225;rio proximal. SCd:
                     Seio coron&#225;rio distal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e37-40133-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>- Teste ergom&#233;trico:</bold> Protocolo Rampa (4,5 km/h a 9 km/h/ 6% a 16%); 15,7
               MET. FC m&#225;xima: 200 bpm. Aus&#234;ncia de arritmias. FC e Intervalos QTc pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o, pico
               e recupera&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente: 94 bpm, 431 ms; 200 bpm, 422 ms; 130 bpm, 404 ms.</p>
        <p><bold>- Holter:</bold> Ritmo sinusal. FC m&#233;dia: 79 bpm; m&#237;nima, 53 bpm (sono) e
               m&#225;xima de 179 bpm (assistindo a jogo). Variabilidade RR normal. Duas extrass&#237;stoles
               ventriculares isoladas. Extrass&#237;stoles atriais raras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">40</xref>.</p>
        <p><bold>- Ecocardiograma:</bold> C&#226;maras card&#237;acas dentro dos limites da normalidade,
               fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 77%, mobilidade segmentar preservada.</p>
        <p><bold>- Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o: 67% (ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo) e 60% (ventr&#237;culo direito). Cora&#231;&#227;o morfologicamente normal. Aus&#234;ncia de
               altera&#231;&#245;es regionais de contratilidade. Aus&#234;ncia de &#225;reas de realce tardio no
               mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s contraste paramagn&#233;tico.</p>
        <p><bold>- Cateterismo card&#237;aco</bold>: Art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com origem e trajeto normais
               e isentas de les&#245;es obstrutivas.</p>
        <p><bold>- Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico</bold>: Intervalos de condu&#231;&#227;o AH e HV normais (AH =
               70 ms; HV = 38 ms)</p>
        <p><bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial:</bold> ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s do n&#243; AV; Ponto de
               Wenckebach normal (350 ms). Indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular
               (TAV) ortodr&#244;mica com ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada com maior precocidade no eletrograma
               do seio coron&#225;rio distal (via acess&#243;ria de condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada exclusiva em por&#231;&#227;o
               lateral de anel mitral) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular</bold>: ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada exc&#234;ntrica, com
                  maior precocidade no eletrograma do seio coron&#225;rio distal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Realizada abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia da via acess&#243;ria.</p>
          <p>Medidas de intervalo QTc (f&#243;rmula de Bazett): 338 ms (pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o), 388 ms (ap&#243;s
                  abla&#231;&#227;o) e 342 ms ap&#243;s isoproterenol (3 mcg/kg/min).</p>
          <p><bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada (ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da via acess&#243;ria):</bold>
                  protocolos de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (&#225;pice) com ciclos b&#225;sicos de 600,
                  500 e 430 ms e com at&#233; 3 extra-est&#237;mulos (intervalo de acoplamento m&#237;nimo: 200 ms)
                  sem indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ventriculares. Per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio ventricular &lt;
                  200 ms.</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Implantado cardiodesfibrilador (CDI), tendo em vista epis&#243;dio documentado de MSC em
               paciente com QTc curto. At&#233; o momento (nove meses de seguimento), paciente n&#227;o
               apresentou novos eventos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em pacientes sem cardiopatia estrutural constitui grande
               desafio da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, adicionaram-se novos conhecimentos a
               este tema, permitindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa subjacente em muitos casos. &#201;
               essencial o reconhecimento de condi&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas que predisp&#245;em &#224; MSC e, uma
               vez exclu&#237;das patologias cardiovasculares estruturalmente manifestas, doen&#231;as
               el&#233;tricas do cora&#231;&#227;o e causas estruturais latentes devem ser pesquisadas. Estima-se
               que at&#233; 10% dos sobreviventes de MSC possuam doen&#231;a el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O caso cl&#237;nico apresentado possui, por crit&#233;rios padronizados, alta probabilidade de
               se enquadrar no diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome do QT curto (SQTC). Esta entidade foi
               caracterizada em 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> como um dist&#250;rbio de
               canais el&#233;tricos, de base heredit&#225;ria autoss&#244;mica dominante, onde tipicamente se
               detecta intervalo QT anormalmente curto e propens&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de arritmias
               ventriculares potencialmente letais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. J&#225; foram
               descritos cinco genes codificadores de funcionamento normal ou anormal dos canais
               i&#244;nicos de pot&#225;ssio (<italic>KCNH2, KCNQ1, KCNJ2)</italic> e c&#225;lcio (<italic>CACNA1c,
                  CACNB2b</italic>) envolvidos na gera&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>O ECG &#233; a principal ferramenta diagn&#243;stica, por&#233;m o <italic>cut-off</italic>
               apropriado do intervalo QTc &#233; controverso. A preval&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o de QTc curto na
               popula&#231;&#227;o geral foi avaliada em diversos estudos e verificou-se uma intersec&#231;&#227;o entre
               valores da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e pacientes com SQTC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Assim, crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos foram sugeridos no intuito de aumentar a
               acur&#225;cia do reconhecimento da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>,
               considerando ECG, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, hist&#243;ria familiar e gen&#243;tipo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). O paciente deste relato atingiu 4
               pontos, indicativo de alta probabilidade pela soma dos pontos relativos ao QTc (&lt;
               350 ms) e MSC. Em 33% dos casos, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial &#233; a MSC e 80% dos pacientes
               possuem hist&#243;ria familiar ou pessoal de MSC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos propostos por Giustetto e cols. (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="left">
                <th>Crit&#233;rios</th>
                <th align="center">Pontos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>QTC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 370</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 350</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 330</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo ponto J- pico onda T &lt; 120 ms</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria Cl&#237;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria de Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV polim&#243;rfica ou FV documentadas</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope inexplicada</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parente de primeiro ou segundo grau com alta probabilidade de SQTC</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parente de primeiro ou segundo grau com aut&#243;psia negativa para MSC</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome da MS do infante</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gen&#243;tipo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gen&#243;tipo positivo</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Muta&#231;&#227;o de significado indeterminado em gene culpado</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>&gt;= 4 pontos: alta probabilidade; 3 pontos: probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria;
                        &lt;= 2 pontos: baixa probabilidade. M&#237;nimo de 1 ponto no crit&#233;rio de ECG
                        deve ser obtido. Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica: pontos somente para 1 das 3 primeiras
                        caracter&#237;sticas. Hist&#243;ria familiar: pontos s&#243; podem ser obtidos uma vez
                        nessa se&#231;&#227;o</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O Holter &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, pela documenta&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia
               ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). O papel do EEF na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ainda
               requer maior investiga&#231;&#227;o e per&#237;odos refrat&#225;rios curtos durante estimula&#231;&#227;o
               programada indicam a vulnerabilidade em apresentar TV polim&#243;rfica/FV espont&#226;nea. No
               seguimento dos pacientes com SQTC, TV polim&#243;rfica/ FV foram induzidas em apenas
                  60%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tratamento tem como esteio o CDI, com base no elevado percentual de casos que
               apresentam MSC, ainda que empiricamente. Em estudo de seguimento longitudinal com 53
               pacientes, Giustetto e cols. verificaram taxa de recorr&#234;ncia anual de 4,9% de eventos
               arr&#237;tmicos. Al&#233;m disso, a administra&#231;&#227;o de hidroquinidina mostrou-se efetiva em
               aumentar o intervalo QTc e prevenir FV. Cabe ainda comentar que a presen&#231;a de
               repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce em pacientes com SQTC &#233; mais prevalente que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral
               e denota maior risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de uma via acess&#243;ria oculta lateral esquerda associada nunca foi
               previamente descrita em associa&#231;&#227;o com SQTC e n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de MSC
               por TAV mediada por via acess&#243;ria de condu&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente retr&#243;grada, pela
               consequente impossibilidade de apresentar FA pr&#233;-excitada. &#201; relevante destacar que
               os pacientes com SQTC apresentam alta incid&#234;ncia de FA, n&#227;o detectado no paciente
               deste relato. Contudo, h&#225; que se considerar que, neste caso particular, a taquicardia
               mediada por via acess&#243;ria em situa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica pode ter contribu&#237;do para a
               ocorr&#234;ncia da MSC. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC pode promover redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio
               ventricular, possibilitando o surgimento de arritmia potencialmente letal. Est&#225;
               tamb&#233;m descrito na literatura o encurtamento do intervalo QT por estimula&#231;&#227;o
               adren&#233;rgica alterando o equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, neste caso provavelmente devido &#224;
               libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas durante o esfor&#231;o. Outra possibilidade &#233; a via acess&#243;ria
               ser apenas um detalhe fisiopatol&#243;gico coincidente, mas n&#227;o contribuinte para a MSC.
               Ademais, o paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o, fato que coloca a TAV como
               prov&#225;vel mecanismo respons&#225;vel pelas palpita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Assim, o caso cl&#237;nico apresentado &#233; singular, tendo em vista a associa&#231;&#227;o de muito
               prov&#225;vel SQTC, com padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce e via acess&#243;ria lateral esquerda
               oculta. Deve-se tamb&#233;m ressaltar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada da repolariza&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico das s&#237;ndromes de
               repolariza&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cury-Pavao MLR, Schmidt A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Cury-Pavao MLR, Ono VC, Arfelli E; Rascunho do manuscrito: Cury-Pavao MLR; An&#225;lise
                  e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Arfelli E, Schmidt A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
                  quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sim&#245;es MV, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt
                  A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
