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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wp3HmYnymY7PnjYZN4g6TSk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140129</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 4/2014 - A 66-Year-Old Man with Acute Myocardial
               Infarction and Death in Asystole after Primary Coronary Angioplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Addres: Vera Demarchi Aiell,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de
               Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e31</fpage>
      <lpage>e36</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Balloon</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 66-year-old man sought medical care at the hospital due to severe chest pain lasting for
         24 hours. The patient was aware of being hypertensive and was a smoker. Without any prior
         symptom, he started to have severe chest pain and sought emergency medical care after about
         24 hours, due to pain persistence.</p>
    <p>At physical examination (August 13, 2005, 10 PM) he had a heart rate of 90 bpm and blood
         pressure of 110/70 mmHg. Lung examination showed no alterations. Heart assessment showed a
         systolic murmur in the lower left sternal border and mitral area.</p>
    <p>The initial electrocardiogram (August 13, 2005, 22 h) showed HR of 100 bpm, sinus rhythm,
            1<sup>st</sup>-degree atrioventricular block (PR 240 ms), low-voltage QRS complexes in
         the frontal plane, QRS complex electrical alternans and extensive ongoing anterior wall
         infarction (QS V1 to V6, ST elevation in the same leads and QS in the inferior wall, II,
         III and aVF) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: low QRS voltage in the frontal plane, electrical alternans of QRS complexes,
               electrically inactive lower wall area and extensive ongoing myocardial
               infarction.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Acetylsalicylic acid by oral route and 5 mg of intravenous metoprolol were administered.
         The patient had bradycardia and cardiorespiratory arrest in pulseless electrical activity,
         reversed after five minutes. He developed hypotension and peripheral hypoperfusion and was
         transferred to InCor (The Heart Institute).</p>
    <p>On admission he had received heparin and continuous intravenous norepinephrine. BP was
         60/30 mmHg.</p>
    <p>The ECG (August 13, 2005, 11:36 PM) disclosed heart rate of 116 bpm, junctional escape
         rhythm with sinus arrest and atrial extrasystoles); low-voltage QRS complex in the frontal
         plane, extensive ongoing anterior acute myocardial infarction, inactive area in the
         inferior wall; presence of ST elevation at V1 to V5 and ST depression in leads I, II and
         aVF; ST elevation in aVR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>ECG: low QRS voltage in the frontal plane, electrically inactive lower wall area
               and anterior myocardial infarction with increased ST elevation, still with positive T
               waves, "hyperacute phase of myocardial infaction".</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Coronary angiography was indicated, which disclosed anterior interventricular branch
         occlusion and images suggestive of intracoronary thrombus, lesion of 70% in the circumflex
         artery, 50% in the right coronary artery and 70% in the ostium of the right posterior
         descending branch. Angioplasty was performed with stent implant in the anterior
         interventricular artery, but distal flow was not restored. This was followed by cardiac
         arrest in asystole, which did not respond to treatment and the patient died.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical Aspects</title>
      <p>This clinical case reports on a 66-year-old hypertensive patient, long-term smoker, who
            sought medical care due to acute chest pain. The main diagnostic hypothesis for this
            clinical case is of acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      <p>Chest pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking emergency care and remains a
            challenge for the clinician, due to the difficulty in differentiating between
            non-emergency diagnoses and those of high morbidity and mortality, such as acute
            coronary syndrome (ACS), aortic dissection and pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>In the assessment of acute chest pain, there are three basic parameters for its
            management: clinical examination (clinical history and physical examination),
            electrocardiogram (ECG) and myocardial necrosis markers. They should be analyzed
            together to provide a safer approach to the patient, especially when it is necessary
            ruling out ACS. Chest radiography, chest Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA),
            echocardiography and other tests may be useful in the differential diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Approximately 15-25% of patients presenting in the ER with chest pain are diagnosed with
            acute coronary syndrome, and this represents its more frequent clinical
               manifestation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Therefore, in the first step
            of the evaluation, which is the clinical examination, the greater determinant of an
            ischemic etiology is the characteristic presence of angina.</p>
      <p>Angina is often described as a burning or compression sensation or difficulty breathing,
            located in the precordial region or any other region of the chest, radiating to the
            neck, shoulder and left arm. It usually increases in intensity within minutes and may be
            accompanied by symptoms such as nausea and sweating. It can be triggered by physical or
            emotional stress and relieved by rest or use of nitrates. It should also be remembered
            that ACS can occur without obvious precipitating factors and be asymptomatic or present
            as ischemic equivalent, especially in the elderly and diabetic patients with autonomic
            dysfunction (dyspnea, syncope and pre-syncope).</p>
      <p>On the other hand, there are characteristics of pain that make the diagnosis of ACS
            unlikely, such as pleuritic pain (reproduced by respiratory movements) located with the
            fingertip, pain in meso/hypogastrium region and reproduction of pain with local
            palpation or movement. These features raise the suspicion of other differential
            diagnoses such as pericarditis, pleuritis, gastrointestinal or musculoskeletal
            diseases.</p>
      <p>In the present case report, the patient presented with prolonged chest pain, which does
            not rule out acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but raises the possibility of some condition
            associated with this coronary picture, such as pericarditis or mechanical
            complications.</p>
      <p>Among the most important risk factors for atherosclerotic disease risk are dyslipidemia,
            diabetes mellitus, hypertension, male gender, older age, obesity/metabolic syndrome,
            smoking, sedentary lifestyle, chronic kidney disease, depression and stress. This
            patient had some risk factors that contributed to the development of coronary artery
            disease: age, male gender, hypertension and smoking.</p>
      <p>Patients with chest pain and ACS often have a nonspecific physical examination, with
            less than 20% of them showing significant alterations in the initial evaluation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This becomes important by helping in the
            detection of differential diagnoses (e.g., pericardial friction rub in pericarditis) or
            by inferring the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (abdominal or
            carotid murmur, among others).</p>
      <p>However, when findings resulting from an ACS are present, they indicate a worse
            prognosis due to mechanical complications or due to a large area of myocardium at risk
            and ventricular dysfunction (hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema and mitral
            regurgitation murmur secondary to ischemia).</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram is important in the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic
            approach and must be obtained within 10 minutes after the presentation of patients with
            ongoing chest pain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A normal
            electrocardiographic tracing does not exclude the possibility of ACS and a serial ECG is
            indicated, which increases its sensitivity and helps differentiating between acute and
            chronic alterations.</p>
      <p>The patient reported in this clinical case had, at the admission ECG performed at
            another service, ST-segment elevation in the anterior wall, suggesting the hypothesis of
            acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation. However, this ECG also showed low
            voltage and electrical alternans of the QRS complex, which suggests large pericardial
            effusion or even cardiac tamponade.</p>
      <p>The main hypothesis for this pericardial effusion is a mechanical complication of
            myocardial infarction: left ventricular free wall rupture. It occurs within 24 hours
            after infarction or between the third and fifth day, has an incidence of 0.8 to 6.2% and
            is more common in an extensive myocardial infarction, in the elderly, women and
            hypertensive patients. Its clinical course is variable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and may be acute and severe, leading to sudden death or subacute, with
            nonspecific clinical manifestations.</p>
      <p>Other mechanical complications that may be present in myocardial infarction are
            papillary muscle and interventricular septum rupture. These complications do not present
            with significant pericardial effusion and normal pulmonary auscultation in this patient
            also makes the diagnosis of papillary muscle rupture less likely. This clinical
            condition presents with pulmonary congestion due to volume overload secondary to acute
            mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Another diagnostic hypothesis for this patient presenting with chest pain and
            pericardial effusion would be aortic dissection. Pain, in these cases, is usually of
            sudden onset and strong intensity since the beginning (unlike angina pain, which often
            increasingly escalates). It is often described as excruciating and its location reflects
            the site and progression of the dissection. Autonomic signs (pallor, profuse sweating)
            are greatly associated.</p>
      <p>In aortic dissection, physical examination may disclose hypertensive crisis, differences
            between limb pulses, signs of pleural and pericardial effusion, diastolic murmur of
            aortic regurgitation, different from the systolic murmur detected in this clinical case.
            The extension of the dissection to other vessels can lead to other symptoms
            corresponding to ischemia of the organs irrigated by them: cerebrovascular accident,
            acute myocardial infarction, mesenteric ischemia, etc.</p>
      <p>Another diagnostic hypothesis for the clinical case is pulmonary embolism. The absence
            of pulmonary symptoms, mainly dyspnea, makes this hypothesis less likely. It is the most
            common symptom of this disease, occurring in over 78% of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Sudden chest pain of sudden onset and very often
            pleuritic, affects up to 44% of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Cough
            and hemoptysis may also occur. Additionally, there was no mention is made on admission
            at the other service, of right ventricular dysfunction manifestations, such as jugular
            stasis and hypotension.</p>
      <p>The patient, an hour and 36 minutes after his admission at the Heart Institute, was
            submitted to coronary angiography with left anterior descending artery angioplasty.
            However, he developed asystole and cardiac arrest.</p>
      <p>The main diagnoses for the final clinical picture are cardiogenic shock and/or
            distributive shock due to cardiac tamponade, discussed below.</p>
      <p>The hypothesis of cardiogenic shock should be considered, as the patient had an
            extensive acute myocardial infarction without culprit artery reperfusion even after
            percutaneous revascularization attempt. However, this diagnosis cannot fully explain the
            patient's clinical condition, such as the absence of pulmonary congestion, which usually
            follows an acute myocardial failure.</p>
      <p>Considering the patient's history, late cardiac tamponade seems to have been the main
            precipitating factor of the final clinical picture in this case. The
            electrocardiographic findings commonly observed in cardiac tamponade are low voltage and
            electrical alternans of the QRS complex, observed in the case. Although physical
            examination made no reference to clinical findings suggestive of tamponade, such as
            jugular stasis or muffled heart sounds, we cannot exclude this diagnostic
            hypothesis.</p>
      <p>An echocardiography could have been performed to confirm this diagnosis, which is the
            most widely used noninvasive method for diagnostic investigation of this pathology. The
            ventriculography in this context would not be informative, as it was a free wall rupture
            with cardiac tamponade and thus, it would not allow the visualization of contrast
            leakage into the pericardial cavity.</p>
      <p>This is a patient with myocardial infarction that came at the emergency room more than
            24 hours after the onset of the event and who probably had a mechanical complication of
            myocardial infarction: ventricular free wall rupture.</p>
      <p>Most deaths from myocardial infarction occur in the first hours of disease onset, with
            40-65% occurring within the first hour and approximately 80% in the first 24 hours<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The recently implemented therapies for MI treatment have been proven to
            modify patient evolution and prognosis. However, the effectiveness of most of these
            measures is time-dependent and delay in seeking medical care may have been the factor
            that likely contributed to the clinical outcome of the patient in this case report.
               <bold>(Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> Acute myocardial infarction with mixed shock
            (cardiogenic - distributive) by mechanical complication - free wall rupture with
            tamponade <bold>(Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 414 g. The myocardium of the left ventricular anterosseptal wall and
            right ventricular anterior wall was softened, slightly yellowish in color,
            characterizing extensive transmural acute myocardial infarction. There was an obvious
            narrowing of the affected anterosseptal wall, with ventricular septum rupture in the
            anterior region of its mid portion, with a ventricular septal defect measuring 10 mm in
            its longest axis. The other left ventricular walls showed to be slightly hypertrophic
            and there was a small area of fibrosis in the postero-inferior region of the ventricular
            septum. There was also moderate right ventricular dilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cross-section of the ventricles showing left ventricular transmural infarction
                  of the anterosseptal wall (asterisks) and of the right ventricular anterior wall
                  (arrows). The explorer shows the VSD secondary to septal rupture. Observe the
                  ventricular wall thinning and the small area of fibrosis in the ventricular septum
                  (arrowhead).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Histological analysis confirmed the presence of myocardial infarction, with marked
            neutrophil infiltration, confirming histological dating of 24-48 hours of onset. Another
            small ongoing microinfarction was observed in the posterior region of the ventricular
            septum, in addition to the previously described small area of fibrosis (healed
            infarction), compatible with approximately 7-10 days of evolution.</p>
      <p>There was superficial fibrin deposition in the epicardium, with the presence of reactive
            inflammatory infiltrate. Examination of the initial segment of the left anterior
            descending artery showed fatty atherosclerotic plaques with areas of marked thinning of
            the fibrous cap that covered the lipid core and 80% of obstruction.</p>
      <p>There were also areas of plaque rupture and hemorrhage, with acute thrombosis in the
            first and second centimeters of that artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figs.
               4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histological section of the first centimeter of the left anterior descending
                  artery showing large lipid-core atherosclerotic plaque, with internal area of
                  fibrin deposition and hemorrhage (asterisk). Observe the area with marked thinning
                  of the fibrous cap of the lipid core plaque (arrow), site of potential rupture and
                  thrombosis. Hematoxylin-eosin, 2.5&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histological section of the second centimeter of the anterior interventricular
                  artery showing large lipid-core atherosclerotic plaque with ruptured area (arrows)
                  and occlusive luminal thrombosis (asterisk). Hematoxylin-eosin, 2.5&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The lungs weighed 1,208 g together and showed alveolar edema. The kidneys showed
            irregular surface and retention cysts, with hyaline arteriolosclerosis on histological
            examination. The aorta showed mild / moderate degree of atherosclerosis. <bold>(Dr. Luiz
               Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses.</bold> Coronary atherosclerosis; acute myocardial
            infarction involving the left ventricular anterosseptal wall and the right ventricular
            anterior wall; rupture of the ventricular septum, with VSD; acute pulmonary edema (cause
            of death) <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>This is the case report of a 66-year-old man with systemic hypertension and a chronic
            smoker that presented with acute severe chest pain. After medical assessment, he was
            diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and the patient underwent coronary
            angiography, which disclosed proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery
            with images suggesting the presence of thrombi. He was submitted to balloon-angioplasty
            in the affected segment without restoration of distal coronary flow (unsuccessful
            procedure) and the patient developed irreversible cardiac arrest and died.</p>
      <p>The autopsy confirmed acute myocardial infarction, which was very extensive, affecting
            the left ventricular anterosseptal wall and the right ventricular anterior wall.
            Histological dating was 24-48 hours of onset, consistent with the clinical history. It
            is noteworthy the fact that the detailed examination of the ventricular septum showed
            the presence of two previous microinfarctions, an old (healed) one and an ongoing
            one.</p>
      <p>The presence of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries was identified, with massive
            plaques in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery, which resulted
            in chronic obstruction of 80% of the lumen. The fatty plaques had extensive lipid cores
            and there were areas of marked thinning of the fibrous cap that covered the cores, as
            well as areas of rupture associated with acute thrombosis of the remaining lumen in the
            first two centimeters of the left anterior descending artery. It is known that acute
            coronary occlusions with luminal thrombosis are usually associated with large lipid-core
            plaques, which undergo rupture due to the instability of their thin fibrous cap<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, as observed in this case.</p>
      <p>Aside from the great extent of the infarcted area, the patient developed an important
            mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction, the occurrence of ventricular
            septal rupture with the establishment of VSD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> -
            which certainly aggravated his hemodynamic condition, progressing to cardiogenic shock
            -, acute pulmonary edema and death. It should be emphasized that the patient had two
            classic risk factors for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: systemic
            hypertension and chronic smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. <bold>(Dr.
               Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
            (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated Editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
               (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA01" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4/2014 - Homem de 66 Anos com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio e Morte em
               Assistolia ap&#243;s Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as
               de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 66 anos de idade procurou atendimento m&#233;dico no hospital em raz&#227;o de dor
            precordial intensa de 24 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o. O paciente sabia ser portador de hipertens&#227;o
            arterial e era tabagista. Sem sentir nada antes, apresentou dor precordial intensa e,
            ap&#243;s cerca de 24 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o, devido &#224; sua persist&#234;ncia procurou atendimento m&#233;dico
            de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (13 de agosto de 2005; 22 h) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 90 bpm e
            press&#227;o arterial de 110/70 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar n&#227;o demonstrou altera&#231;&#245;es. O
            exame do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou sopro sist&#243;lico em borda esternal esquerda baixa e &#225;rea
            mitral.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma inicial (13 de agosto de 2005; 22 h) demonstrou frequ&#234;ncia de 100
            bpm, ritmo sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular de 1.&#186; grau (PR 240 ms), baixa voltagem
            dos complexos QRS no plano frontal, altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica de complexos QRS e infarto
            anterior extenso em evolu&#231;&#227;o (QS V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>6,</sub> ST supra nas mesmas
            deriva&#231;&#245;es e QS em parede inferior, II, III e aVF) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: baixa voltagem de QRS no plano frontal, altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica de complexos
                  QRS, &#225;rea eletricamente inativa de parede inferior e infarto anterior extenso em
                  evolu&#231;&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Foram administrados &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por via oral e 5 mg de metoprolol por via
            endovenosa. O paciente apresentou bradicardia e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em atividade
            el&#233;trica sem pulso, revertida ap&#243;s cinco minutos. Evoluiu ent&#227;o em hipotens&#227;o e
            hipoperfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica e foi transferido para o InCor.</p>
      <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o estavam sendo administradas heparina e noradrenalina endovenosas cont&#237;nuas. A
            press&#227;o arterial era de 60/30 mmHg.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (13 de agosto de 2005; 23h36) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 116
            bpm, ritmo de escape juncional com captura sinusal e extrass&#237;stoles atriais); baixa
            voltagem de complexos QRS no plano frontal, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em evolu&#231;&#227;o
            anterior extenso, &#225;rea inativa de parede inferior; presen&#231;a de supradesn&#237;vel de ST
               V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>5</sub> e infradesn&#237;vel ST em I, II e aVF; ST supradesnivelado
            em aVR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG: baixa voltagem de QRS no plano frontal, &#225;rea eletricamente inativa de
                  parede inferior e infarto anterior, com aumento do supradesnivelamento de ST,
                  ainda com ondas T positivas, fase "superaguda do infarto".</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Foi indicada cinecoronariografia, que revelou oclus&#227;o do ramo interventricular anterior,
            com imagens sugestivas de trombo intracoron&#225;rio, les&#227;o de 70% em circunflexa, 50% em
            coron&#225;ria direita e 70% em &#243;stio de ramo descendente posterior direito. Foi realizada
            angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> na interventricular anterior,
            contudo o fluxo distal n&#227;o foi restabelecido. Seguiu-se parada card&#237;aca em assistolia, a
            qual n&#227;o respondeu ao tratamento, e o paciente faleceu.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Nesse caso cl&#237;nico &#233; apresentado um paciente de 66 anos, hipertenso e tabagista, que
               procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por dor tor&#225;cica aguda. A principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica
               para o caso cl&#237;nico &#233; de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
        <p>A dor tor&#225;cica representa uma das causas mais frequentes de procura ao pronto-socorro
               e permanece um desafio para o cl&#237;nico devido &#224; dificuldade de diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre os
               diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o emergenciais e os de alta morbimortalidade, como s&#237;ndrome
               coronariana aguda (SCA), dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta e tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica aguda, existem tr&#234;s par&#226;metros fundamentais para o seu
               manejo: exame cl&#237;nico (anamnese e exame f&#237;sico), eletrocardiograma (ECG) e marcadores
               de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Eles devem ser analisados conjuntamente, para fornecer uma
               abordagem mais segura do paciente, principalmente quando se trata de descartar SCA.
               Radiografia de t&#243;rax, angiotomografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma e outros exames podem
               ser de grande utilidade no diagn&#243;stico diferencial.</p>
        <p>Aproximadamente 15-25% dos pacientes que se apresentam no pronto-socorro com dor
               tor&#225;cica t&#234;m o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, e esta representa sua
               manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais frequente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
               Portanto, na primeira etapa da avalia&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; o exame cl&#237;nico, o maior determinante
               de uma etiologia isqu&#234;mica &#233; a sua caracter&#237;stica anginosa.</p>
        <p>A angina &#233; geralmente descrita como queima&#231;&#227;o, opress&#227;o ou dificuldade para respirar,
               localizada no prec&#243;rdio ou qualquer outra regi&#227;o do t&#243;rax, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para
               pesco&#231;o, ombro e bra&#231;o esquerdo. Costuma ter intensidade crescente em poucos minutos
               e pode vir acompanhada de sintomas como n&#225;useas e sudorese. Pode ser desencadeada por
               estresse f&#237;sico ou emocional e aliviar com o repouso ou uso de nitratos. Deve-se
               lembrar que a SCA pode ocorrer sem fatores precipitantes &#243;bvios e se apresentar
               oligossintom&#225;tica ou como equivalente isqu&#234;mico, principalmente em idosos e
               diab&#233;ticos com disautonomia (dispneia, s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope).</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, h&#225; caracter&#237;sticas da dor que tornam o diagn&#243;stico de SCA pouco
               prov&#225;vel, como dor pleur&#237;tica (reproduzida pelos movimentos respirat&#243;rios) localizada
               com a ponta do dedo, dor em meso/hipog&#225;strio e reprodu&#231;&#227;o do quadro com palpa&#231;&#227;o
               local ou movimentos. Essas caracter&#237;sticas levantam a suspeita de outros diagn&#243;sticos
               diferenciais, como pericardite, pleurite, doen&#231;as gastrointestinais ou
               musculoesquel&#233;ticas.</p>
        <p>No presente caso cl&#237;nico, o paciente apresentou quadro de dor tor&#225;cica prolongada, o
               que n&#227;o exclui a hip&#243;tese de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mas suscita a presen&#231;a
               de alguma condi&#231;&#227;o associada a esse quadro coronariano, como pericardite ou
               complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas.</p>
        <p>Entre os fatores de risco mais importantes para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana
               est&#227;o: dislipidemia, diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, sexo masculino,
               idade avan&#231;ada, obesidade/s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, tabagismo, sedentarismo, doen&#231;a renal
               cr&#244;nica, depress&#227;o, estresse. Esse paciente apresentava alguns dos fatores de risco
               que contribu&#237;ram para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana: idade, sexo
               masculino, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e tabagismo.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e SCA costumam apresentar exame f&#237;sico inespec&#237;fico,
               com menos de 20% deles apresentando altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Isso se torna importante por
               auxiliar na detec&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais (como, por exemplo, atrito
               peric&#225;rdico na pericardite) ou inferir a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a
               arterial coronariana (sopro abdominal ou carot&#237;deo, entre outros).</p>
        <p>No entanto, quando presentes achados consequentes a uma SCA, eles indicam pior
               progn&#243;stico devido &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o com complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas ou com grande &#225;rea de
               mioc&#225;rdio em risco e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (hipotens&#227;o, taquicardia, edema pulmonar e
               sopro de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral secund&#225;rio a isquemia).</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma tem import&#226;ncia na abordagem diagn&#243;stica, progn&#243;stica e
               terap&#234;utica, e deve ser obtido em at&#233; 10 minutos ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com
               dor tor&#225;cica em evolu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Tra&#231;ado
               eletrocardiogr&#225;fico normal n&#227;o exclui a possibilidade de SCA, sendo indicada sua
               realiza&#231;&#227;o seriada, o que aumenta sua sensibilidade e auxilia na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre
               altera&#231;&#245;es agudas e cr&#244;nicas.</p>
        <p>O paciente do caso cl&#237;nico relatado apresentava, no ECG de admiss&#227;o do outro servi&#231;o,
               supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede anterior, sugerindo a hip&#243;tese de
               s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Entretanto, tamb&#233;m
               foram observadas nesse exame baixa voltagem e altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica do complexo QRS, o
               que levanta a hip&#243;tese de grande derrame peric&#225;rdico ou mesmo tamponamento
               card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A principal hip&#243;tese para esse derrame peric&#225;rdico &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do
               infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: ruptura de parede livre do ventr&#237;culo. Ocorre dentro das 24
               horas p&#243;s-infarto ou entre o terceiro e o quinto dia, tem incid&#234;ncia de 0,8-6,2% e &#233;
               mais comum no infarto anterior extenso, em idosos, mulheres e em pacientes
               hipertensos. Sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,
               podendo ser aguda e grave, levando a morte s&#250;bita ou subaguda, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es
               cl&#237;nicas inespec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>Outras complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas que podem estar presentes no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o
               rupturas de m&#250;sculo papilar e de septo interventricular. Estas n&#227;o cursam com derrame
               peric&#225;rdico importante, e a ausculta pulmonar normal nesse paciente torna tamb&#233;m
               menos prov&#225;vel o diagn&#243;stico de ruptura de m&#250;sculo papilar. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica se
               apresenta com congest&#227;o pulmonar por sobrecarga de volume secund&#225;ria &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o
               mitral aguda.</p>
        <p>Outra hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica para o quadro desse paciente de dor tor&#225;cica com derrame
               peric&#225;rdico seria dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Sua dor costuma ser de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito, de forte
               intensidade desde o in&#237;cio (diferente da dor anginosa, que muitas vezes &#233; em
               crescendo). Muitas vezes, &#233; descrita como excruciante, e sua localiza&#231;&#227;o reflete o
               local e a progress&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o. Sinais auton&#244;micos (palidez cut&#226;nea, sudorese
               profusa) est&#227;o muito associados.</p>
        <p>Na dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, o exame f&#237;sico pode revelar crise hipertensiva, diferen&#231;a de
               pulsos entre membros, sinais de derrame pleural e de derrame peric&#225;rdico, sopro
               diast&#243;lico de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, diferentemente do sopro sist&#243;lico detectado no
               presente caso cl&#237;nico. A extens&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o para outros vasos pode gerar outros
               sintomas correspondentes &#224; isquemia dos &#243;rg&#227;os irrigados pelos mesmos: acidente
               vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, isquemia mesent&#233;rica etc.</p>
        <p>Outra hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica para o caso cl&#237;nico &#233; tromboembolia pulmonar. A aus&#234;ncia
               de sintomas pulmonares, principalmente dispneia, torna essa hip&#243;tese menos prov&#225;vel.
               Esse &#233; o sintoma mais frequente nessa doen&#231;a, ocorrendo em mais de 78% dos
                  doentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A dor tor&#225;cica, s&#250;bita em origem
               e muitas vezes pleur&#237;tica, acomete at&#233; 44%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.
               Tosse e hemoptise tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o &#233; feita men&#231;&#227;o, na admiss&#227;o
               no outro servi&#231;o, a manifesta&#231;&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, como estase de
               jugular e hipotens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O paciente, ap&#243;s uma hora e 36 minutos da admiss&#227;o no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, foi
               submetido a cinecoronariografia com angioplastia da art&#233;ria interventricular
               anterior. Entretanto, evoluiu com assistolia e parada card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Os principais diagn&#243;sticos para o quadro cl&#237;nico final s&#227;o choque cardiog&#234;nico e/ou
               choque distributivo por tamponamento card&#237;aco, discutidos a seguir.</p>
        <p>A hip&#243;tese de choque cardiog&#234;nico deve ser considerada, pois o paciente apresentou
               infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdico extenso e sem reperfus&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada mesmo ap&#243;s
               tentativa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Entretanto, esse diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o consegue
               explicar completamente o quadro apresentado pelo paciente, como, por exemplo, a
               aus&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o pulmonar, que normalmente se sucede a uma fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica
               aguda.</p>
        <p>Pela hist&#243;ria apresentada, o fator que parece ter sido o principal precipitante do
               quadro cl&#237;nico final desse paciente foi um tamponamento card&#237;aco. Os achados
               eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos comumente observados no tamponamento card&#237;aco s&#227;o baixa voltagem
               e altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica do complexo QRS, presentes no caso. Embora, no exame f&#237;sico,
               n&#227;o tenha sido feita refer&#234;ncia a achados cl&#237;nicos sugestivos de tamponamento, como
               estase de jugular ou abafamento de bulhas, n&#227;o podemos excluir essa hip&#243;tese
               diagn&#243;stica.</p>
        <p>Para a confirma&#231;&#227;o desse diagn&#243;stico poderia ter sido realizado ecocardiograma, que &#233;
               o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo mais utilizado para elucida&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dessa patologia. A
               ventriculografia, nesse contexto, n&#227;o seria elucidativa porque, como se tratava de
               uma ruptura de parede livre tamponada, n&#227;o permitiria a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do
               extravasamento de contraste para a cavidade peric&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Trata-se de um paciente com quadro de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio que se apresentou no
               pronto-socorro com mais de 24 horas do in&#237;cio do evento e que provavelmente
               apresentou uma complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica desse infarto: ruptura de parede livre de
               ventr&#237;culo.</p>
        <p>A maioria das mortes por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ocorre nas primeiras horas de
               manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, sendo 40-65% dos casos na primeira hora e, aproximadamente,
               80% nas primeiras 24 horas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. As terapias recentemente implementadas para o
               seu tratamento v&#234;m comprovadamente modificando a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico dos
               pacientes. Entretanto, a efetividade da maioria dessas medidas &#233; tempo-dependente e a
               demora em procurar atendimento m&#233;dico pode ter sido o prov&#225;vel fator que contribuiu
               para o desfecho cl&#237;nico do paciente deste caso cl&#237;nico. <bold>(Dra. Wilma Noia
                  Ribeiro, Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas.</bold> Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com choque misto
               (cardiog&#234;nico - distributivo), por complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica - ruptura de parede livre com
               tamponamento. <bold>(Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro, Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 414 g. O mioc&#225;rdio da parede anterosseptal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e
               anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito encontrava-se amolecido, de colora&#231;&#227;o levemente
               amarelada, caracterizando infarto agudo transmural extenso. Havia n&#237;tido afilamento
               da parede anterosseptal acometida, com ruptura do septo ventricular na regi&#227;o
               anterior de sua por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia, com estabelecimento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular
               medindo 10 mm no maior eixo. As demais paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostravam-se
               discretamente hipertr&#243;ficas e havia pequena &#225;rea de fibrose na regi&#227;o posteroinferior
               do septo ventricular. Notava-se, ainda, dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada do ventr&#237;culo direito
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte transversal dos ventr&#237;culos exibindo infarto transmural da parede
                     anterosseptal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (asteriscos) e da parede anterior do
                     ventr&#237;culo direito (setas). O explorador demonstra a comunica&#231;&#227;o
                     interventricular secund&#225;ria &#224; ruptura do septo. Note o afilamento das paredes
                     ventriculares acometidas e a pequena &#225;rea de fibrose no septo ventricular
                     (cabe&#231;a de seta).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio confirmou a presen&#231;a do infarto na regi&#227;o citada, j&#225;
               com n&#237;tida infiltra&#231;&#227;o neutrof&#237;lica, conferindo data&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica de 24-48 horas de
               evolu&#231;&#227;o. Na regi&#227;o posterior do septo ventricular observou-se, al&#233;m da pequena &#225;rea
               de fibrose j&#225; descrita (infarto cicatrizado), outra de pequeno microinfarto em
               organiza&#231;&#227;o, compat&#237;vel com cerca de 7-10 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Havia deposi&#231;&#227;o superficial de fibrina no epic&#225;rdio, com presen&#231;a de infiltrado
               inflamat&#243;rio reacional. O exame do segmento inicial da art&#233;ria interventricular
               anterior revelou placas ateroscler&#243;ticas gordurosas, com &#225;reas de acentuado
               afilamento da capa fibrosa que revestia o n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico e obstru&#231;&#227;o de 80%.</p>
        <p>Havia, ainda, &#225;reas de hemorragia e ruptura da placa, com trombose aguda do primeiro
               e segundo cent&#237;metros dessa art&#233;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figuras 4</xref>
               e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do primeiro cent&#237;metro da art&#233;ria interventricular
                     anterior evidenciando grande placa ateroscler&#243;tica gordurosa, com &#225;rea interna
                     de deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrina e hemorragia (asterisco). Note a &#225;rea de acentuado
                     afilamento da capa fibrosa do n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico da placa (seta), local de
                     potencial ruptura e trombose. Hematoxilina-eosina, 2,5&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do segundo cent&#237;metro da art&#233;ria interventricular
                     anterior evidenciando grande placa ateroscler&#243;tica gordurosa, com &#225;rea de
                     ruptura (setas) e trombose luminal oclusiva (asterisco). Hematoxilina-eosina,
                     2,5&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0e31-40129-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os pulm&#245;es pesaram 1.208 g em conjunto e apresentavam edema alveolar. Os rins exibiam
               superf&#237;cie irregular e cistos de reten&#231;&#227;o, havendo arterioloesclerose hialina ao
               exame histol&#243;gico. A aorta apresentava aterosclerose de grau discreto/moderado.
                  <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
            </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos.</bold> Aterosclerose coronariana; infarto
               agudo do mioc&#225;rdio acometendo a parede anterosseptal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e
               anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito; ruptura do septo ventricular, com estabelecimento de
               comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es (causa terminal do &#243;bito).
                  <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold>
            </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Caso de homem de 66 anos de idade portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e
               tabagista cr&#244;nico, que apresentou quadro agudo de dor precordial intensa. Ap&#243;s
               investiga&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, diagnosticou-se infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo o paciente
               submetido a cineangiocoronariografia, que revelou oclus&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria
               interventricular anterior com imagens sugestivas de trombos. Foi submetido a
               angioplastia com bal&#227;o no segmento afetado, sem restabelecimento do fluxo coronariano
               distal (procedimento sem sucesso), tendo o paciente evolu&#237;do com parada card&#237;aca
               irrevers&#237;vel e &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>A necropsia confirmou o infarto agudo, que era muito extenso, acometendo a parede
               anterosseptal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito. A data&#231;&#227;o
               histol&#243;gica foi de 24-48 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, compat&#237;vel com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. &#201;
               interessante ressaltar que o exame detalhado do septo ventricular mostrou a presen&#231;a
               de dois microinfartos pr&#233;vios, um antigo (cicatrizado) e outro em organiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Havia aterosclerose das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com placas volumosas no segmento
               proximal da interventricular anterior, que acarretavam obstru&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de 80% da
               luz. As placas eram gordurosas, com extenso n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico, e havia &#225;reas de
               acentuado afilamento da capa fibrosa que recobria tal n&#250;cleo, al&#233;m de &#225;reas de
               ruptura associada a trombose aguda da luz remanescente nos dois primeiros cent&#237;metros
               da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior. Sabe-se que as oclus&#245;es coronarianas agudas,
               com trombose luminal, est&#227;o geralmente associadas a placas com extenso n&#250;cleo
               lip&#237;dico, que se rompem devido &#224; instabilidade de sua fina capa fibrosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, como observado no presente caso.</p>
        <p>Afora a grande extens&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada, o paciente apresentou uma tem&#237;vel
               complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do infarto agudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de ruptura do septo ventricular
               com estabelecimento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> o que certamente agravou ainda mais sua condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, com
               evolu&#231;&#227;o para choque cardiog&#234;nico -, edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es e &#243;bito. Cumpre
               ressaltar que o paciente apresentava dois fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para
               aterosclerose e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e
               tabagismo cr&#244;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto
                  Benvenuti)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
                  (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
                  (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
