<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">btwhQwZ4XbK85KsZDtBYZsz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of Postprandial Lipemia between Women who
					are on Oral Contraceptive Methods and Those who are not</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petto</surname>
            <given-names>Jefferson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Monique Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giesta</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Carlos Nery dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mansueto</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de
					P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
					Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Social da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Social da Bahia, Grupo de Pesquisa em
					Cardiologia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jefferson Petto</bold>, Av. Dom Jo&#227;o VI, 275 - Brotas.
					Postal Code: 44657-086 - Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>gfpecba@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>245</fpage>
      <lpage>250</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Postprandial Lipemia (PPL) is a physiological process that reflects the
						ability of the body to metabolize lipids. Even though the influence of oral
						contraceptives (OC) on PPL is not known, it is a known fact that their use
						increases fasting lipid values. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the PPL between women who are on OC and those who are not. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective analytical study which assessed eutrophic women, aged between
						18 and 28 years old, who were irregularly active and with fasting
						triglycerides &#8804;150 mg/dL. They were divided into two groups: oral
						contraceptive group (COG) and non-oral contraceptive group (NCOG).
						Volunteers were submitted to the PPL test, in which blood samples were
						collected in time 0 (12-hour fasting) and after the intake of lipids in
						times 180 and 240 minutes. In order to compare the triglyceride deltas,
						which reflect PPL, the two-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used for independent
						samples between fasting collections and 180 minutes (&#916;1) and between fasting
						and 240 minutes (&#916;2). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Forty women were assessed and equally divided between groups. In the fasting
						lipid profile, it was observed that HDL did not present significant
						differences and that triglycerides in COG were twice as high in comparison
						to NCOG. Medians of &#916;1 and &#916;2 presented significant differences in both
						comparisons (p &#8804;0.05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The results point out that women who are irregularly active and use OC
						present more PPL in relation to those who do not use OC, which suggests that
						in this population, its chronic use increases the risk of heart
						conditions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Contraceptives, Oral</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is a physiological process defined as the increased plasma
				triglyceride and esterified lipoprotein concentration after the intake of fats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It reflects the ability of the body to
				metabolize lipids, being also known as postprandial clearance. In healthy adults,
				its peak is reached in the third or fourth hour after the intake of fats, and its
				cycle is completed between the sixth and the eighth hour<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>It began to be studied in the 1950s, however, it was first described in 1979, by
				Zilversmit, who reported the existence of a strong connection between PPL and the
				atherosclerotic process<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Currently, this
				relationship is well established, and the atherosclerotic disease is defined as a
				postprandial event<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>The magnitude and the amplitude of PPL are multifactorial, usually being prolonged
				for men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, showing increasing tendency with
					age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, in carbohydrate-rich diets<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, among smokers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and obese people<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. It is less
				common in physically active individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and
				more present among diabetic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14 </xref>and dyslipidemic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Even though up until now the influence of oral contraceptives (OC) on PPL is not
				known, some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>show that its use causes triglycerides to
				increase, as well as total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein, even at
					low-doses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Therefore, this study aimed
				at comparing PPL of women who use OC and those who do not use it.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A prospective analytical study which assessed eutrophic women aged from 18 to 28
				years old, classified as being irregularly active by the long version of the
				International Physical Activity Questionnaire<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, with fasting triglycerides &#8804; 150 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Diabetic women, those who are dyslipidemic on drug treatment, with renal disease,
				with diagnosed hypo/hyperthyroidism, history of drunkenness or smoking, in a
				hypo/hypercaloric diet and on corticosteroids, diuretics or beta blockers were
				excluded. Sample calculation was conducted by considering alpha = 0.05
				(bidirectional) and beta = 0.80, adopting a significant difference of 20% for PPL
				between groups. Considering that the coefficient of variation of the triglyceride
				dose in the laboratory is 5%, and that a difference four times higher than the
				expected one invalidates this analytical coefficient of variation, 36 volunteers
				were necessary, that is, 18 volunteers in each group. Sample calculation was
				performed with GraphPad StatMate 2.0 for Windows.</p>
      <p>The sample was composed in accordance with the pre-established criteria, being
				divided into two groups: oral contraceptive group (COG), formed by volunteers who
				had been on low-dose estradiol OC (15-30 mcg) for at least one year, and the
				non-oral contraceptive group (NCOG), composed by women who had not been on any type
				of hormone-based contraceptives for at least six months.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>The selected volunteers answered a standard questionnaire and were submitted to
					physical examinations, both aiming at collecting general information about the
					sample characteristics. The physical examination was comprised of measurements
					of heart rate and blood pressure at rest, as well as total body mass, height and
					waist circumference.</p>
        <p>A pulse heart meter from Polar was used to measure heart rate. Blood pressure
					measurement was in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of
						Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, and the instrument
					used was a tensiometer for mid-sized adult, calibrated by the National Institute
					of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro), and a duo-sonic
					stethoscope, both from BD.</p>
        <p>Height was measured by a Sanny professional stadiometer, 0.1 cm accuracy.
					Participants were barefoot, with gluteus and shoulders leaning on a vertical
					support. Total body mass was measured by a digital Filizola scale, with maximum
					capacity of 150 kg, verified by Inmetro, certified to establish the margin of
					error of &#177;100 g.</p>
        <p>Waist circumference was obtained by a metallic and non-elastic measuring tape
					from Starrett, with measurement definition of 0.1 cm. The smallest curvature
					located between the last rib and the iliac crest was measured, without
					compressing the tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Body mass index (BMI) was calculated with measurements of mass and height,
					according to Quetelet's equation: BMI = mass (kg)/height<sup>2</sup> (m). The
					adopted cutoff points were the ones recommended by the IV Brazilian Guideline
					for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis prevention, by the Department of
					Atherosclerosis of Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, that is, low weight (BMI &lt;18.5), eutrophic (18.5
					&lt; BMI &lt; 24.9), overweight (25 &lt; BMI &lt; 29.9) and obesity (BMI
					&#8805;30).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Postprandial lipemia test</title>
        <p>All volunteers were submitted to a PPL test. After the cannulation of the
					antecubital vein, blood samples were collected to measure triglycerides in time
					0 (12-hour fasting) and after the intake of a substance containing 25 g of fat
					and of a diet cereal bar, in times 180 and 240 minutes. Lipoprotein, glutamic
					pyruvic transaminase, glycemia and total cholesterol were measured only in the
					fasting period. All collections were performed by a trained professional in a
					laboratory adapted for this type of procedure.</p>
        <p>The lipid compound was provided by Tecnovida and, from the 25 g of lipids, 15 g
					were monounsaturated, 8 g were poly-unsaturated and 2 g were saturated, which
					corresponds to 45% of the daily recommended intake of fats for a 2,000 kcal
					diet. The cereal bar had 0 g of carbohydrates, 1.2 g of proteins and 0.8 g of
					lipids. The bar was administered so that the intake of the lipid compound would
					be more palatable and so it would not cause gastric discomfort.</p>
        <p>In the PPL test, volunteers were advised not to change their diet in the week of
					the test and not to practice any unusual physical effort, and also not to
					consume alcohol in the 24 hours prior to the test. The test was conducted
					between the fifth and the tenth day of the menstrual cycle, considering the
					lower hormone flows, and/or on the 28<sup>th</sup> day without medication
					(inactive phase), as recommended by Casazza et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>The values of triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein were
					obtained by the enzymatic method. Values of low-density and very-low density
					lipoproteins were calculated by the Friedewald equation. Glutamic pyruvic
					transaminase was measured by the colorimetric method (Reitman-Frankel).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical criteria</title>
        <p>During the study, the guidelines concerning the research on human beings in the
					Declaration of Helsinki and in Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council
					were observed. This study was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics
					Committee of the Science and Technology School of Salvador (protocol 3390).</p>
        <p>All of the participants received detailed information about the objectives of the
					study, as well as about the risks and benefits involved in the procedures. They
					signed the informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>In order to verify data distribution, the symmetry and the kurtosis tests were
					conducted, as well as Shapiro-Wilk. Deltas (&#916;) that reflect PPL, that is, the
					variation of triglycerides between collection in the fasting period and at 180
					min (&#916;1) and 240 min (&#916;2), did not present normal distribution, and were
					described as median and quartile interval. Therefore, in order to compare &#916;1 and
					&#916;2, the two-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used for independent samples.</p>
        <p>The other variables and the peak points of PPL in 180 and 240 minutes presented
					normal distribution, being described as mean and standard-deviation. The
					two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test was applied to compare these variables.</p>
        <p>All of the analyses were conducted with the statistical package BioEstat 5.0,
					with a 5% significance level.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Forty-six women were assessed, out of whom six were excluded for presenting fasting
				triglycerides higher than 150 mg/dL; two of them were in NCOG and four were in COG,
				so there were forty women who were equally divided in both groups.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> presents the general data of the
				sample. It is possible to observe that groups were homogeneous, so there were no
				differences concerning age, BMI, waist circumference and glycemia. Out of the OC
				used by the volunteers, 100% had ethinyl estradiol; 50% had gestoden; 33.3%,
				levonorgestrel; 5.6%, chlormadinone acetate; 5.6%, drospirenone; and 5.6%,
				desogestrel.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the studied groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">NCOG (mean &#177; SD)</th>
              <th align="center">COG (mean &#177; SD)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">23 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.5421</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">21 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">22 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.2575</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.9705</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">107 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.7364</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.2466</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">82 &#177; 5.9</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.4622</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">16 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.1462</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Time of oral contraceptive (years)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard-deviation; COG: oral contraceptive group; NCOG: non-oral
							contraceptive group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> presents the comparison of the
				fasting lipid profile between groups. It is possible to observe that only HDL had no
				significant differences. Fasting triglycerides in COG were approximately twice as
				high as those in the NCOG.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of fasting lipid profile (mg/dL) of the studied groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">COG (mean &#177; SD)</th>
              <th align="center">NCOG (mean &#177; SD)</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 22.7</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 15.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">208 &#177; 43.6</td>
              <td align="center">157 &#177; 37.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">50 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.1872</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 33.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.0153</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VLDL</td>
              <td align="center">21 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">11 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>COG: oral contraceptive group; NCOG: non-oral contraceptive group; SD:
							standard-deviation; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density
							lipoprotein; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>two-tailed unpaired Student's t test..</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The values of mean and standard-deviation of triglycerides in times 180 and 240
				minutes, respectively for NCOG and COG, were 85 &#177; 24.4 &#215; 156 &#177; 41.1 and 82 &#177; 21.0 &#215;
				147 &#177; 36.5, which can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graphic
				1</xref>, with significant difference between points (p = 0.0001). As with fasting,
				the difference between mean values of triglycerides in collection points was
				approximately 100% higher in COG. It is also possible to observe, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graphic 1</xref>, that the amplitude of PPL was similar
				in both groups. The peak occurred in the third hour, and the plateau remained until
				the fourth hour.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Graph 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Postprandial lipemia in the contraceptive group and in the
						non-contraceptive group.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0245-40080-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The median and the quartile interval of deltas 1 and 2 are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>, in which is possible to observe a
				significant difference (p &#8804; 0.05) for both comparisons.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of postprandial lipemia between NCOG and COG</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">NCOG</th>
              <th align="center">COG</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">**</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Delta 1 of TG</td>
              <td align="center">35 (21 - 45)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (40 - 55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0152</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Delta 2 of TG</td>
              <td align="center">28 (20 - 38)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (20 - 70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0417</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Delta 1: difference of serum triglycerides between time 0 and 180 min;
							delta 2: difference of serum triglycerides between time 0 and 240 min;
							COG: oral contraceptive group; NCOG: non-oral contraceptive group; TG:
							triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Described in median and quartile interval.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t03">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Two-tailed Mann-Whitney test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Even though it is not possible to establish an independent causality relation between
				the use of OC and PPL, based on the results of this study, it was verified that PPL
				is more present among women who are on OC in comparison to those who are not. This
				information is reinforced by the homogeneity of the sample, whose factors that
				interfere directly on PPL were minimized at the time of group formation. The
				limitation of homogeneity focuses on the lack of control concerning dietary habits
				and the social status of the studied women. The influence of regionalism is also
				discussed. Since all of the volunteers were from the same region, it was not
				possible to establish the influence of local culture on the found results, which
				would have been possible if women from other regions had been evaluated.</p>
      <p>It is important to mention that millions of women in the world use OC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, and new formulas have been developed in
				order to reduce its adverse effects, especially those related to lipid
					metabolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In Brazil, the most
				prevalent contraceptive method until the age of 30 is the hormone pill<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Even at low doses, the use of OC increases
				the values of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and fasting triglycerides
				among healthy women at reproductive age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.
				The longer the time of use, the stronger its effect on lipid profile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Some studies report that three months are
				sufficient to cause changes in lipid metabolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mean time of OC use among the volunteers in this study was higher in comparison
				to other investigations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. This possibly had reflections on the
				fasting lipid profile, which was higher in comparison to previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The higher value of triglycerides can be
				one of the explanations for PPL to be more frequent in COG than in NCOG, once it is
				directly related to serum values of fasting triglycerides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>The conventional modifiable risk factors for the atherosclerostic disease include
				smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity and
				sedentary lifestyle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Even though PPL is not
				considered to be a conventional risk factor, studies show that less than half of the
				cardiovascular events are associated with conventional factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Since the 1990s, PPL has stood out as the best predictor of
				cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, once it is correlated to several factors
				that triggering factors for cardiovascular diseases, even in normotriglyceridemic
					individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>The decreasing lipid clearance leads to the increasing exposure of endothelial cells
				to esterified lipoproteins, and such an exposure causes changes in vascular
				reactivity associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular
				events. In the postprandial state, the increasing elevation of triglycerides can
				cause not only endothelial dysfunction, but also the lower availability of nitric
				oxide and the increasing oxidative stress, and such changes are strongly involved in
				the genesis of atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, even though the amplitude of PLL in both groups is similar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref>), the highest value of PPL in COG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>) suggests that, chronically, these
				women have a potentially more atherogenic postprandial lipid curve, and,
				consequently, they present with higher risks of developing cardiovascular diseases.
				To strengthen this idea, it is observed that even though both groups present
				triglyceride values within normality levels, COG presented higher values of fasting
				lipid profile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>) and peak PPL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref>) in comparison to NCOG.</p>
      <p>In this context, the meta-analysis conducted by Hokanson and Austin in 1996 showed
				that the magnitude of PPL in women is associated with an increase of 76% in the risk
				of developing a coronary disease, while among men this risk was of 32%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Some studies point out that approximately
				40% of individuals with premature coronary artery disease present with normal
				fasting lipid profile, but with delayed clearance during PPL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>Also based on the results of this study, it is plausible to infer that women in COG
				are more prone to forming arterial and venous thrombi. OC and the increased PPL,
				independently, increase the activation of the blood-coagulation factor VII and
				inhibit the action of plasminogen, and these factors are proven to favor the
				formation of venous and arterial thrombi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>Facing the exposed, it is recommended to assess the risks and benefits related to the
				prescription of this contraceptive method, as well as to conduct a strict clinical
				follow-up, especially concerning cardiovascular risks in this population. In order
				for the results in this study to be elucidated, some prospective cohort studies that
				measure the clinical outcomes and other variables of inflammatory response should be
				conducted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Results indicate that, among young, healthy and physically inactive women, PPL is
				more present for those who are on oral contraceptives than for those who are not,
				which suggests that, in this population, the chronic use of oral contraceptives,
				even at low dosages, increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Petto J, Ladeia AMT; Acquisition of data,
					Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Petto J,
					Vasques LMR, Pinheiro RL, Giesta BA, Santos ACN, Gomes Neto M, Ladeia AMT;
					Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
					content: Petto J, Gomes Neto M, Ladeia AMT.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESB by awarding a PhD scholarship to Jefferson
					Petto.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctorate submitted by Jefferson Petto from
					Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>To the Laboratory of Clinical Pathology of Salvador (BA), where all blood samples
				were collected for this study.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Petto J, Batista AKMS, Oliveira CS, Ladeia AMT. Efeito agudo do
					exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na lipemia p&#243;s-prandial: revis&#227;o. Rev Bras Fisiologia
					Exerc&#237;cio. 2012;11:111-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batista</surname>
              <given-names>AKMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladeia</surname>
              <given-names>AMT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeito agudo do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na lipemia
						p&#243;s-prandial: revis&#227;o</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Fisiologia Exerc&#237;cio</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>114</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Petto J, Pereira JA, Britto RP, S&#225; CK, Souza LA, Ladeia AM.
					Efeito agudo imediato de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a lipemia
					p&#243;s-prandial em jovens irregularmente ativos. Rev Bras Cardiol.
					2013;26(2):100-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britto</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladeia</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeito agudo imediato de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio
						f&#237;sico sobre a lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em jovens irregularmente
						ativos</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Lima JG, N&#243;brega ML, Bandeira F, Sousa AG. Dislipidemia
					p&#243;s-prandial como achado precoce em indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco cardiovascular.
					Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 46(3): 249-254.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandeira</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Dislipidemia p&#243;s-prandial como achado precoce em
						indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco cardiovascular</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>249</fpage>
          <lpage>254</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Zilversmit DB. Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon.
					Circulation. 1979;60(3):473-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zilversmit</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Atherogenesis: a postprandial
						phenomenon</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1979</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>485</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Santos SC, Canashiro JA, Gebara OC, Aldrighi GJ, Vieira N,
					Nussbacher A, et al. Efeitos agudos dos estrog&#234;nios associados a progestog&#234;nios
					sobre a trigliceridemia e reatividade vascular p&#243;s-prandial. Arq Bras Cardiol.
					2004;83(5):385-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canashiro</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebara</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aldrighi</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeitos agudos dos estrog&#234;nios associados a
						progestog&#234;nios sobre a trigliceridemia e reatividade vascular
						p&#243;s-prandial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>390</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Alipour A, Elite JW, Van Zaanen HC, Rietveld AP, Cabezas MC.
					Postprandial inflammation and endothelial dysfuction. Biochem Soc Trans.
					2007;35(Pt 3):466-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alipour</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elite</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Zaanen</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rietveld</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabezas</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Postprandial inflammation and endothelial
						dysfuction</article-title>
          <source>Biochem Soc Trans</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>Pt 3</issue>
          <fpage>466</fpage>
          <lpage>469</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Roche HM, Gibney MJ. Effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated
					fatty acids on fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism. Am J Clin
					Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):232S-7S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roche</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibney</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
						acids on fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>232S</fpage>
          <lpage>237S</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Issa J, Diament J, Forti N. Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial: influ&#234;ncia do
					envelhecimento. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;85(1):15-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diament</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forti</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial: influ&#234;ncia do
						envelhecimento</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Harrison M, O'Gorman DJ, McCaffrey N, Hamilton MT, Zderic TW,
					Carson BP, et al. Influence of acut exercise with and whithout carbohydrate
					replacement on postprandial lipid metabolism. J Appl Phisiol (1985).
					2009;106(3):943-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Gorman</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCaffrey</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zderic</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carson</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of acut exercise with and whithout
						carbohydrate replacement on postprandial lipid metabolism</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Phisiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>949</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Axelsen M, Eliasson B, Joheim E, Lenner RA, Taskinen MR, Smith
					U. Lipid intolerance in smokers. J Intern Med.
					1995;237(5):449-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Axelsen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eliasson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joheim</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taskinen</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Lipid intolerance in smokers</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>237</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>449</fpage>
          <lpage>455</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Couillard C, Bergeron N, Prud'homme D, Bergon J, Tremblay A,
					Boachard C, et al. Postprandial triglyceride response in visceral obesity in
					men. Diabetes. 1988;47(6):953-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Couillard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergeron</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prud'homme</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boachard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Postprandial triglyceride response in visceral
						obesity in men</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>953</fpage>
          <lpage>960</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Herd SL, Lawrence JE, Malkova D, Murphy MH, Mastana S, Hardman
					AE. Postprandial lipemia in young men and woman of contrasting training status.
					J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;89(5):2049-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herd</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lawrence</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malkova</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mastana</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hardman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Postprandial lipemia in young men and woman of
						contrasting training status</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2049</fpage>
          <lpage>2056</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Signori LU, Plentz RD, Irigoyen MC, Schaan BD. O papel da
					lipemia p&#243;s-prandial na g&#234;nese da aterosclerose: particularidades do diabetes
					melittus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(2):222-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Signori</surname>
              <given-names>LU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plentz</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaan</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">O papel da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial na g&#234;nese da
						aterosclerose: particularidades do diabetes melittus</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Enkhmaa B, Ozturk Z, Anuurad E, Berglund L. Postprandial
					lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab
					Rep. 2010;10(1):61-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enkhmaa</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anuurad</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berglund</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Postprandial lipoproteins and cardiovascular
						disease risk in diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Curr Diab Rep</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Van Oostrom AJ, Alipour A, Plokker TW, Sniderman AD, Cabezas CM.
					The metabolic syndrome in relation to complement component 3 and postprandial
					lipemia in patients from an outpatient lipid clinic and healthy volunteers.
					Atherosclerosis. 2007;190(1):167-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Oostrom</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alipour</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plokker</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sniderman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabezas</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The metabolic syndrome in relation to complement
						component 3 and postprandial lipemia in patients from an outpatient lipid
						clinic and healthy volunteers</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>190</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Santos MC, Rebelo AC, Zuttin RS, C&#233;sar MC, Catai AM, Silva E.
					Influ&#234;ncia do uso de contraceptivos orais nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e nas respostas
					cardiorrespirat&#243;rias de mulheres saud&#225;veis e sedent&#225;rias. Rev Bras Fisioter.
					2008;12(3):188-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rebelo</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuttin</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catai</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Influ&#234;ncia do uso de contraceptivos orais nos
						n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e nas respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias de mulheres saud&#225;veis
						e sedent&#225;rias</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Fisioter</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Coelho VG, Caetano LF, Liberatore Junior Rdel R, Cordeiro JA,
					Souza DR. Perfil lip&#237;dico e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em
					estudantes de medicina. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;85(1):57-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caetano</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberatore</surname>
              <given-names>Rdel R</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
              <given-names>J&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Perfil lip&#237;dico e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as
						cardiovasculares em estudantes de medicina</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Virdis A, Pinto S, Versari D, Salvetti G, Bernini G, Fruzzetti
					F, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on endothelial function in the
					peripheral microcirculation of healthy women. J Hypertens.
					2003;21(12):2275-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Virdis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Versari</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvetti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fruzzetti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of oral contraceptives on endothelial
						function in the peripheral microcirculation of healthy women</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2275</fpage>
          <lpage>2280</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Gaspard U, Endrikat J, Desager JP, Buicu C, Gerlinger C,
					Heithecker R. A randomized study on the influence of oral contraceptives
					containing ethinylestradiol combined with drospirenone or desogestrel on lipid
					and lipoprotein metabolism over a period of 13 cycles. Contraception.
					2004;69(4):271-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaspard</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Endrikat</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desager</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buicu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerlinger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heithecker</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A randomized study on the influence of oral
						contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol combined with drospirenone or
						desogestrel on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism over a period of 13
						cycles</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>271</fpage>
          <lpage>278</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Machado RB, Fabrini P, Cruz AM, Maia E, da Cunha Bastos A.
					Clinical and metabolic aspects of the continuous use of a contraceptive
					association of ethinyl estradiol (30 microg) and gestodene (75 microg).
					Contraception. 2004;70(5):365-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabrini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maia</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha Bastos</surname>
              <given-names>A da</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and metabolic aspects of the continuous
						use of a contraceptive association of ethinyl estradiol (30 microg) and
						gestodene (75 microg)</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>365</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Wiegratz I, Stahlberg S, Manthey T, Sanger N, Mittmann K,
					Palombo-Kinne E, et al. Effects of an oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg
					ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg dienogest on lipid metabolism during 1 year of
					conventional or extended-cycle use. Contraception.
					2010;81(1):57-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegratz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stahlberg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manthey</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanger</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mittmann</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palombo-Kinne</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of an oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg
						ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg dienogest on lipid metabolism during 1 year of
						conventional or extended-cycle use</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Matsudo S, Ara&#250;jo T, Matsudo V, Andrade D, Andrade E, Oliveira
					LC, et al. Question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica (IPAQ): estudo de
					validade e reprodutibilidade no Brasil. Atividade F&#237;sica &amp; Sa&#250;de.
					2001;6(2):5-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matsudo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsudo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica
						(IPAQ): estudo de validade e reprodutibilidade no Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Atividade F&#237;sica &amp; Sa&#250;de</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de
					Hipertens&#227;o, Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. VI Diretrizes brasileiras de
					hipertens&#227;o. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1 supl. 1):1-51. Erratum in: Arq Bras
					Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">VI Diretrizes brasileiras de
						hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>supl. 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):553</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: preventing and manging
					the global epidemic - report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva;
					2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">Obesity: preventing and manging the global epidemic -
						report of a WHO consultation on obesity</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <year>2000</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Sposito AC, Caramelli B, Fonseca FA, Bertolami MC, Afiune Neto
					A, Souza AD, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. IV Diretriz brasileira
					sobre dislipidemias e preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(supl
					1):1-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sposito</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caramelli</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertolami</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e
						preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <supplement>supl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Casazza GA, Suh SH, Miller BF, Navazio FM, Brooks GA. Effects of
					oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985).
					2002;93(5):1698-702.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Casazza</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suh</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Navazio</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise
						capacity</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1698</fpage>
          <lpage>1702</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Burkman RT. Current perspectives on OCs. Dialogues in
					contraception. 2001. Summer,6(8):15-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burkman</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Current perspectives on OCs</article-title>
          <source>Dialogues in contraception</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <comment>Summer</comment>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Giribela CR, Rubira MC, Melo NR, Plentz RD, Angelis K, Moreno H,
					et al. Effect of a low-dose oral contraceptive on venous endothelial function in
					healthy young women: preliminary results. Clinics (Sao Paulo).
					2007;62(2):151-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giribela</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plentz</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of a low-dose oral contraceptive on venous
						endothelial function in healthy young women: preliminary
						results</article-title>
          <source>Clinics (Sao Paulo)</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Vieira EM, Badiani R, Fabbro AL, Rodrigues Junior AL.
					Caracter&#237;sticas do uso de m&#233;todos anticoncepcionais no estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Rev
					Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2001;36(3):263-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badiani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabbro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Caracter&#237;sticas do uso de m&#233;todos anticoncepcionais
						no estado de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>270</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Foulon T, Payen N, Laporte F, Bijaoui S, Dupont G, Roland F, et
					al. Effects of two low-dose oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol and
					either desogestrel or levonorgestrel on serium lipds and lipoproteins with
					particular regard to LDL size. Contraception. 2001;64(1):11-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foulon</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Payen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laporte</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bijaoui</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dupont</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roland</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of two low-dose oral contraceptives
						containing ethinylestradiol and either desogestrel or levonorgestrel on
						serium lipds and lipoproteins with particular regard to LDL
						size</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. O'Meara NM, Lweis GF, Cabana VG, Iverius PH, Getz GS, Polonsky
					KS. Role of basal triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein in determination of
					postprandial lipid and lipoprotein responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
					1992;75(2):465-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Meara</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lweis</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabana</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iverius</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Getz</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polonsky</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Role of basal triglyceride and high-density
						lipoprotein in determination of postprandial lipid and lipoprotein
						responses</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>471</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Oliveira GH, Farmer JA. Novos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.
					Rev SOCERJ. 2003;16(3):183-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farmer</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Novos fatores de risco
						cardiovasculares</article-title>
          <source>Rev SOCERJ</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>183</fpage>
          <lpage>193</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Lewis GF, O'Meara NM, Soltys PA, Blackman JD, Iverius PH,
					Druetzler AF, et al. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normal and obese
					subjects: comparison after the vitamin A fat-loadging test. J Clin Endocrinol
					Metab. 1990;71(4):1041-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Meara</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soltys</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackman</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iverius</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Druetzler</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normal and
						obese subjects: comparison after the vitamin A fat-loadging
						test</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1041</fpage>
          <lpage>1050</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Mekki N, Christofilis MA, Charbonnier M, Atlan-Gepner C, Defoot
					C, Juhel C, et al. Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on
					postprandial lipemia and triglyceride- rich lipoproteins in adult women. J Clin
					Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(1):184-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mekki</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christofilis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charbonnier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atlan-Gepner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defoot</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juhel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on
						postprandial lipemia and triglyceride- rich lipoproteins in adult
						women</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>184</fpage>
          <lpage>191</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Patsch JR, Miesenb&#246;ck G, Hopferwieser T, M&#252;hlberger V, Knapp E,
					Dunn JK, et al. Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease:
					studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb.
					1992;12(11):1336-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patsch</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miesenb&#246;ck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopferwieser</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;hlberger</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knapp</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunn</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary
						artery disease: studies in the postprandial state</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1336</fpage>
          <lpage>1345</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM.
					Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events
					in women. JAMA. 2007;298(3):309-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bansal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buring</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rifai</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mora</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacks</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and
						risk of cardiovascular events in women</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>298</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Hokason JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk
					factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein
					cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J
					Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3(2):213-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hokason</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for
						cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
						level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective
						studies</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Risk</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>219</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Genest JJ, McNamara JR, Salem DN, Schafer EJ. Prevalence of risk
					factors in men with premature coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol.
					1991;67(15):1185-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Genest</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salem</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schafer</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of risk factors in men with premature
						coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1185</fpage>
          <lpage>1189</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Roche HM, Gibney MJ. The impact of postprandial lipemia in
					accelerating atherothombosis. J Cardiovasc Risk.
					2000;7(5):317-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roche</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibney</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The impact of postprandial lipemia in accelerating
						atherothombosis</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Risk</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Compara&#231;&#227;o da Lipemia P&#243;s-Prandial de Mulheres que
					Utilizam e N&#227;o Utilizam Contraceptivo Oral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petto</surname>
            <given-names>Jefferson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Monique Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giesta</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Carlos Nery dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mansueto</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de
					P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
					Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Social da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Social da Bahia, Grupo de Pesquisa em
					Cardiologia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jefferson Petto</bold>, Av. Dom Jo&#227;o VI, 275 - Brotas.
					CEP: 44657-086 - Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>gfpecba@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial (LPP) &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico que reflete a capacidade
						do organismo de metabolizar lip&#237;deos. Embora n&#227;o seja conhecida a influ&#234;ncia
						dos contraceptivos orais (CO) na LPP, sabe-se que o seu uso eleva os valores
						lip&#237;dicos de jejum. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar LPP entre mulheres que utilizam e n&#227;o utilizam CO. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo anal&#237;tico prospectivo, no qual foram avaliadas mulheres eutr&#243;ficas,
						com idade entre 18 e 28 anos, irregularmente ativas e com triglicer&#237;deos de
						jejum &#8804;150 mg/dL divididas em dois grupos: grupo contraceptivo (GCO) e grupo
						sem contraceptivo (GSCO). As volunt&#225;rias foram submetidas ao teste de LPP,
						no qual amostras sangu&#237;neas foram coletadas no tempo 0 (jejum de 12 h) e
						ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de lip&#237;dios nos tempos 180 e 240 minutos. Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos
						deltas dos triglicer&#237;deos, que refletem a LPP, entre as coletas de jejum e
						180 min (&#916;1) e jejum e 240 min (&#916;2), foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney
						bidirecional para amostras independentes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliadas 40 mulheres divididas igualmente entre os grupos. No perfil
						lip&#237;dico de jejum, observou-se que a HDL n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a
						significativa e que os triglicer&#237;deos do GCO foram o dobro do GSCO. As
						medianas de &#916;1 e &#916;2 apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa nas duas
						compara&#231;&#245;es (p &#8804;0,05). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados apontam que mulheres irregularmente ativas que utilizam CO
						apresentam LPP maior que aquelas que n&#227;o utilizam CO, sugerindo que nessa
						popula&#231;&#227;o seu uso cr&#244;nico aumenta o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anticoncepcionais Orais</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A lipemia p&#243;s-prandial (LPP) &#233; um processo fisiol&#243;gico definido como o aumento da
					concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de triglicer&#237;deos e lipoprote&#237;nas esterificadas, ap&#243;s a
					ingest&#227;o de gorduras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Reflete a
					capacidade do organismo de metabolizar os lip&#237;deos, sendo tamb&#233;m chamada de
						<italic>clearance</italic> p&#243;s-prandial. Em adultos saud&#225;veis atinge seu
					pico na terceira ou quarta hora ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de gorduras e completa seu ciclo
					entre a sexta e a oitava hora<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Come&#231;ou a ser estudada na d&#233;cada de 1950, por&#233;m foi descrita pela primeira vez em
					1979 por Zilversmit, que relatou existir forte liga&#231;&#227;o da mesma com o processo
						ateroscler&#243;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Atualmente essa
					rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; bem estabelecida, sendo a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica definida como um
					evento p&#243;s-prandial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A magnitude e a amplitude da LPP s&#227;o multifatoriais, geralmente mais prolongadas
					nos homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, tendendo a aumentar com a
						idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, em dietas ricas em
						carboidratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, em tabagistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e em obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. &#201; menor nos indiv&#237;duos fisicamente ativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e mais elevada em diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e dislipid&#234;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora at&#233; o momento n&#227;o seja conhecida a influ&#234;ncia dos contraceptivos orais
					(CO) na LPP, alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mostram que o seu uso causa eleva&#231;&#227;o
					dos triglicer&#237;deos, do colesterol total e da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade,
					mesmo quando em baixas dosagens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Logo,
					este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a LPP de mulheres que utilizam e n&#227;o
					utilizam CO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo anal&#237;tico prospectivo no qual foram avaliadas mulheres eutr&#243;ficas, com
					idade entre 18 e 28 anos, classificadas como irregularmente ativas pelo
					Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica, vers&#227;o longa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, e com triglicer&#237;deos de jejum &#8804; 150
					mg/dL.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;das mulheres diab&#233;ticas, dislipid&#234;micas em tratamento medicamentoso,
					com doen&#231;a renal, com hipo/hipertireoidismo diagnosticado, hist&#243;rico de etilismo
					ou tabagismo, em dieta hipo/hipercal&#243;rica e em uso de corticoides, diur&#233;ticos ou
					betabloqueadores.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado considerando alfa = 0,05 (bidirecional) e beta =
					0,80, adotando como significativa uma diferen&#231;a de 20% para a LPP entre os
					grupos. Tendo em vista que o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial da dosagem dos
					triglicer&#237;deos &#233; de 5% e que uma diferen&#231;a quatro vezes maior que a esperada
					anula o vi&#233;s desse coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o anal&#237;tica, foram necess&#225;rias 36
					volunt&#225;rias, ou seja, 18 volunt&#225;rias em cada grupo. O c&#225;lculo amostral foi
					realizado no GraphPad StatMate 2.0 for Windows.</p>
        <p>A amostra foi composta de acordo com os crit&#233;rios preestabelecidos e dividida em
					dois grupos: grupo contraceptivo (GCO), formado por volunt&#225;rias que utilizavam
					CO de baixa dosagem de estradiol (15-30 mcg) h&#225; pelo menos um ano, e grupo sem
					contraceptivo (GSCO), composto por mulheres que n&#227;o utilizavam nenhum tipo de
					contraceptivo &#224; base de horm&#244;nios h&#225; pelo menos seis meses.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta dos dados</title>
          <p>As volunt&#225;rias selecionadas responderam a um question&#225;rio-padr&#227;o e foram
						submetidas a exame f&#237;sico, ambos com a fun&#231;&#227;o de coletar informa&#231;&#245;es gerais
						sobre as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra. O exame f&#237;sico foi composto por medidas
						de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial em repouso, massa corporal total,
						estatura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
          <p>Para mensura&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca utilizou-se cardiofrequenc&#237;metro de
						pulso da marca Polar. Na aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, foram seguidas as
						recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, sendo utilizado um tensi&#244;metro para adulto m&#233;dio
						devidamente calibrado pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia (Inmetro) e
						estetosc&#243;pio <italic>duo-sonic</italic>, ambos da marca BD.</p>
          <p>A estatura foi medida com aux&#237;lio de estadi&#244;metro profissional Sanny com
						precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, executada com os sujeitos descal&#231;os, com os gl&#250;teos e
						ombros apoiados em encosto vertical. A massa corporal total foi mensurada
						com balan&#231;a digital Filizola de capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 kg, aferida pelo
						Inmetro, com certificado pr&#243;prio especificando margem de erro de &#177; 100
						g.</p>
          <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi obtida com fita m&#233;trica met&#225;lica e inel&#225;stica,
						marca Starrett, com defini&#231;&#227;o de medida de 0,1 cm. Foi mensurada na menor
						curvatura localizada entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca sem comprimir
						os tecidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado com as medidas de massa e
						altura, de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Quetelet: IMC = massa
							(kg)/altura<sup>2</sup> (m). Os pontos de corte adotados foram os
						preconizados pela IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da
						Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de
							Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, ou seja, baixo
						peso (IMC &lt; 18,5), eutrofia (18,5 &lt; IMC &lt; 24,9), sobrepeso (25 &lt;
						IMC &lt; 29,9) e obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial</title>
          <p>Todas as volunt&#225;rias foram submetidas a um teste de LPP. Ap&#243;s canulada a veia
						antecubital, amostras sangu&#237;neas foram coletadas para dosagem dos
						triglicer&#237;deos no tempo 0 (jejum de 12 h) e ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de um composto
						contendo 25 g de gordura e de uma barra de cereal <italic>diet</italic>, nos
						tempos 180 e 240 minutos. As lipoprote&#237;nas, a transaminase glut&#226;mica
						pir&#250;vica, a glicemia e o colesterol total foram dosados apenas no jejum.
						Todas as coletas foram realizadas por profissional capacitado e em ambiente
						laboratorial pr&#243;prio para esse tipo de procedimento.</p>
          <p>O composto lip&#237;dico utilizado foi fornecido pela Tecnovida, sendo que, dos 25
						g de lip&#237;dios, 15 g eram monoinsaturados, 8 g eram poli-insaturados e 2 g
						eram saturados, correspondendo a 45% da ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria recomendada de
						gorduras para uma dieta de 2.000 kcal. A barra de cereal continha 0 g de
						carboidratos, 1,2 g de prote&#237;nas e 0,8 g de lip&#237;dios. A barra foi
						administrada para que a inget&#227;o do composto lip&#237;dico fosse mais palat&#225;vel e
						n&#227;o provocasse desconforto g&#225;strico.</p>
          <p>No teste de LPP, as volunt&#225;rias foram orientadas a n&#227;o alterar sua dieta na
						semana do teste e a n&#227;o praticar nenhum esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico diferente do
						habitual, bem como a n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas nas 24 h antecedentes ao
						teste. O teste foi realizado entre o quinto e o d&#233;cimo dia do ciclo
						menstrual, considerando as menores flutua&#231;&#245;es hormonais, e/ou no 28.&#186; dia
						sem medica&#231;&#227;o (fase inativa), conforme recomendado por Casazza e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os valores de triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total e lipoprote&#237;na de alta
						densidade foram obtidos pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. J&#225; os valores da
						lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade e de muito baixa densidade foram calculados
						pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. A transaminase glut&#226;mica pir&#250;vica foi dosada
						pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico (Reitman-Frankel).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Durante todo o estudo foram observadas as diretrizes sobre a pesquisa com
						seres humanos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho
						Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Este estudo foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa
						da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Salvador e aprovado (protocolo
						3390).</p>
          <p>Todas as participantes receberam detalhadamente as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os
						objetivos do estudo, riscos e benef&#237;cios envolvidos nos procedimentos, e
						assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foram aplicados testes de simetria e
						curtose, e o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os deltas (&#8710;) que refletem a LPP, ou
						seja, a varia&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos entre a coleta de jejum e os pontos 180
						min (&#8710;1) e 240 min (&#8710;2), n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo
						descritos em mediana e intervalo quartil. Portanto, para compara&#231;&#227;o de &#8710;1 e
						&#8710;2 foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney bidirecional para amostras
						independentes.</p>
          <p>As demais vari&#225;veis e os pontos de pico da LPP em 180 e 240 minutos
						apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.
						Foi aplicado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado bidirecional
						para a compara&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no pacote estat&#237;stico BioEstat 5.0,
						adotando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliadas 46 mulheres, das quais seis foram exclu&#237;das por apresentarem
					triglicer&#237;deos de jejum acima de 150 mg/dL, duas do GSCO e quatro do GCO,
					restando 40 mulheres divididas igualmente entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os dados
					gerais da amostra. Observa-se que os grupos foram homog&#234;neos, n&#227;o havendo
					diferen&#231;as na idade, no IMC, na circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e na glicemia. Dos CO
					utilizados pelas volunt&#225;rias, 100% apresentavam a subst&#226;ncia etinilestradiol,
					50% gestodeno, 33,3% levonorgestrel, 5,6% acetato de clormadinona, 5,6%
					drospirenona e 5,6% desogrestrel.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">GSCO (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                <th align="center">GCO (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">23 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,5421</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,2575</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9705</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,7364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,2466</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,4622</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transaminase glut&#226;mica pir&#250;vica (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">16 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,1462</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de contraceptivo oral (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; GCO: grupo contraceptivo oral; GSCO: grupo sem
								contraceptivo oral.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student bidirecional n&#227;o pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o do
					perfil lip&#237;dico de jejum entre os grupos. Observa-se que somente o valor da HDL
					n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa. Os triglicer&#237;deos de jejum do GCO foram
					aproximadamente duas vezes maiores que os do GSCO.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico de jejum (mg/dL) dos grupos
							estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">GCO (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                <th align="center">GSCO (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 22,7</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 15,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">208 &#177; 43,6</td>
                <td align="center">157 &#177; 37,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> HDL</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,1872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> LDL</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 33,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,0153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> VLDL</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>GCO: grupo contraceptivo oral; GSCO: grupo sem contraceptivo oral;
								DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; HDL: lipoprotema de alta densidade; LDL:
								lipoprotema de baixa densidade; VLDL: lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa
								densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student bidirecional n&#227;o pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores das m&#233;dias e do desvio-padr&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos nos tempos 180 e 240
					minutos, respectivamente para o GSCO e o GCO, foram de 85 &#177; 24,4 &#215; 156 &#177; 41,1 e
					82 &#177; 21,0 &#215; 147 &#177; 36,5, observados no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico
						1</xref>, com diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pontos (p = 0,0001). Da mesma
					forma que no jejum, a diferen&#231;a entre os valores das m&#233;dias dos triglicer&#237;deos
					nos pontos de coleta foi aproximadamente 100% maior no GCO. Observa-se ainda, no
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>, que a amplitude da LPP se
					comportou de forma semelhante nos grupos. O pico ocorreu na terceira hora, e o
					plat&#244; se manteve at&#233; a quarta hora.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial do grupo contraceptivo oral e do grupo sem
							contraceptivo oral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0245-40080-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A mediana e o intervalo quartil dos deltas 1 e 2 est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>, na qual se observa diferen&#231;a
					significativa (p &#8804; 0,05) para as duas compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial entre o GSCO e o GCO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">GSCO</th>
                <th align="center">GCO</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">**</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Delta 1 dos TG</td>
                <td align="center">35 (21 - 45)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (40 - 55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Delta 2 dos TG</td>
                <td align="center">28 (20 - 38)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (20 - 70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0417</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Delta 1: diferen&#231;a dos triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos entre o tempo 0 e 180
								min; delta 2: diferen&#231;a dos triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos entre o tempo 0 e
								240 min; GCO: grupo contraceptivo oral; GSCO: grupo sem
								contraceptivo oral; TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Descrita em mediana e intervalo quartil.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t06">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann Whitney bidirecional para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causalidade independente
					entre o uso de CO e a LPP, verificou-se com base nos resultados deste estudo que
					a LPP das mulheres que utilizam CO &#233; maior que a das mulheres que n&#227;o o
					utilizam. Esse dado &#233; refor&#231;ado pela homogeneidade da amostra, cujos fatores que
					interferem diretamente na LPP foram minimizados na forma&#231;&#227;o dos grupos. A
					limita&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade foca a aus&#234;ncia do controle dos h&#225;bitos alimentares e
					da classe social das mulheres estudadas. Aventa-se tamb&#233;m a influ&#234;ncia da
					regionalidade. Como todas as volunt&#225;rias pertencem &#224; mesma regi&#227;o, n&#227;o foi
					poss&#237;vel estabelecer a influ&#234;ncia da cultura local nos resultados encontrados, o
					que seria poss&#237;vel se mulheres de outras regi&#245;es fossem avaliadas.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante salientar que milh&#245;es de mulheres no mundo utilizam CO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, e novas f&#243;rmulas foram desenvolvidas na
					tentativa de reduzir seus efeitos adversos, principalmente os relacionados ao
					metabolismo lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. No Brasil, o
					m&#233;todo contraceptivo com maior preval&#234;ncia at&#233; a faixa et&#225;ria de 30 anos &#233; a
					p&#237;lula hormonal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Mesmo em baixas
					dosagens, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do CO eleva os valores do colesterol total, das
					lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade e dos triglicer&#237;deos de jejum em mulheres
					saud&#225;veis na idade reprodutiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Quanto
					maior o tempo de uso, maior o seu efeito sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Alguns trabalhos relatam que tr&#234;s
					meses s&#227;o suficientes para provocar mudan&#231;as no metabolismo dos lip&#237;deos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de uso do CO das volunt&#225;rias desta pesquisa foi superior ao de
					outras investiga&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Isso possivelmente refletiu no perfil
					lip&#237;dico de jejum, que, comparado a estudos anteriores, foi maior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O valor mais elevado dos
					triglicer&#237;deos pode ser uma das explica&#231;&#245;es da LPP no GCO ser maior que no GSCO,
					uma vez que a mesma est&#225; diretamente relacionada aos valores s&#233;ricos de jejum
					dos triglicer&#237;deos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco convencionais modific&#225;veis para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica
					incluem tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica,
					obesidade e sedentarismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Ainda que a
					LPP n&#227;o seja considerada fator de risco convencional, pesquisas evidenciam que
					menos da metade dos eventos cardiovasculares associa-se aos fatores
						convencionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Desde a d&#233;cada de
					1990, a LPP tem se destacado como melhor preditor de risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, uma vez que se correlaciona a v&#225;rios
					fatores desencadeantes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos
						normotriglicerid&#234;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o do <italic>clearance</italic> dos lip&#237;deos leva a exposi&#231;&#227;o
					aumentada das c&#233;lulas endoteliais &#224;s lipoprote&#237;nas esterificadas, e essa
					exposi&#231;&#227;o causa altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular fortemente associada &#224;
					progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e a eventos cardiovasculares. No estado
					p&#243;s-prandial, a maior eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos pode causar, al&#233;m da disfun&#231;&#227;o
					endotelial, menor disponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e aumento do estresse
					oxidativo, altera&#231;&#245;es fortemente envolvidas na g&#234;nese da aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, embora a amplitude da LPP dos dois grupos seja semelhante
						(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>), o maior valor da LPP no
					GCO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>) sugere que de forma
					cr&#244;nica tais mulheres apresentam curva lip&#237;dica p&#243;s-prandial potencialmente mais
					aterog&#234;nica e, consequentemente, maior risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as
					cardiovasculares. Fortalecendo essa ideia, observa-se que, embora os dois grupos
					tenham valores de triglicer&#237;deos dentro dos limites de normalidade, o GCO
					apresentou tanto o perfil lip&#237;dico de jejum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>) como o valor pico da LPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) maiores que o GSCO.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, na metan&#225;lise realizada por Hokanson e Austin em 1996 foi
					evidenciado que a magnitude da LPP em mulheres est&#225; associada a aumento de 76%
					no risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a coronariana, enquanto nos homens esse
					risco foi de 32%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Alguns estudos
					apontam que aproximadamente 40% dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana
					prematura apresentam o perfil lip&#237;dico de jejum normal, mas com retardo no
						<italic>clearance</italic> durante a LPP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ainda com base nos resultados deste estudo, &#233; plaus&#237;vel inferir que as mulheres
					do GCO estejam mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos arteriais e venosos. O CO
					e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da LPP, de forma independente, aumentam a ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator VII da
					cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e inibem a a&#231;&#227;o do plasminog&#234;nio, fatores que
					comprovadamente favorecem a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos venosos e arteriais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, &#233; desej&#225;vel avaliar os riscos e benef&#237;cios na prescri&#231;&#227;o desse
					m&#233;todo contraceptivo, bem como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico rigoroso,
					especialmente do risco cardiovascular, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Para que sejam mais bem
					elucidados os resultados deste estudo, tamb&#233;m devem ser realizadas pesquisas
					prospectivas de coorte que mensurem desfechos cl&#237;nicos e outras vari&#225;veis de
					resposta inflamat&#243;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados apontam que, entre mulheres jovens, saud&#225;veis e fisicamente
					inativas, a LPP &#233; maior nas que fazem uso de contraceptivos orais do que nas que
					n&#227;o fazem uso desse f&#225;rmaco, sugerindo que nessa popula&#231;&#227;o o uso cr&#244;nico de
					contraceptivos orais, mesmo de baixa dosagem, aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento
					de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Petto J, Ladeia AMT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,
						An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Petto J, Vasques
						LMR, Pinheiro RL, Giesta BA, Santos ACN, Gomes Neto M, Ladeia AMT; An&#225;lise
						estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
						importante: Petto J, Gomes Neto M, Ladeia AMT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESB atrav&#233;s da concess&#227;o de bolsa de
						doutorado a Jefferson Petto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Jefferson Petto pela Escola
						Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Ao Laborat&#243;rio de Patologia Cl&#237;nica de Salvador (BA), local de realiza&#231;&#227;o de
					todas as coletas de sangue deste estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
