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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yMhxj5hzXnv4j7NYMvFh3sR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Elevated Blood Pressure and Obesity in Childhood: A
					Cross-Sectional Evaluation of 4,609 Schoolchildren</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosaneli</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Filla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakashima</surname>
            <given-names>Alika Terumi Arasaki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Amauri B&#225;ssoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pont&#237;ficia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do
					Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pont&#237;ficia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;,
					Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto,</bold> Escola de Medicina - PUCPR
					- Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155, Prado Velho. Postal Code 80215-901, Curitiba,
					PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>238</fpage>
      <lpage>244</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The incidence of obesity in children is increasing worldwide, primarily in
						urbanized, high-income countries, and hypertension development is a
						detrimental effect of this phenomenon.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the prevalence of excess weight
						and its association with high blood pressure (BP) in schoolchildren.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Here 4,609 male and female children, aged 6 to 11 years, from 24 public and
						private schools in Maringa, Brazil, were evaluated. Nutritional status was
						assessed by body mass index (BMI) according to cutoff points adjusted for
						sex and age. Blood pressure (BP) levels above 90th percentile for gender,
						age and height percentile were considered elevated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of excess weight among the schoolchildren was 24.5%; 16.9%
						were overweight, and 7.6% were obese. Sex and socioeconomic characteristics
						were not associated with elevated BP. In all age groups, systolic and
						diastolic BP correlated with BMI and waist and hip measurements, but not
						with waist-hip ratio. The prevalence of elevated BP was 11.2% in eutrophic
						children, 20.6% in overweight children [odds ratio (OR), 1.99; 95%
						confidence interval (CI), 1.61-2.45], and 39.7% in obese children (OR, 5.4;
						95% CI, 4.23-6.89).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Obese and overweight children had a higher prevalence of elevated BP than
						normal-weight children. Our data confirm that the growing worldwide epidemic
						of excess weight and elevated BP in schoolchildren may also be ongoing in
						Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pediatric Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The incidence of obesity and high blood pressure (BP) has increased considerably in
				children and adolescents and is strongly associated with the development of further
				disease in adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Moreover, because the incidence of obesity
				is rising in early phases of life, certain diseases, such as hypertension and
				diabetes, are becoming a public health issue.</p>
      <p>In the 1990s, the prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents was
				approximately 2 to 3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Currently, the
				prevalence varies from 1 to 13% depending on the methodology used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Because obesity has become epidemic in
				developing countries, the incidence of hypertension also may be increasing.
				Recognition and awareness of this problem are needed to encourage development of
				future preventive strategies against excess weight and its complications.</p>
      <p>Brazil has intrinsic discrepancies and socioeconomic inequalities in common with
				other developing nations. In Brazil, there have been few studies showing a
				correlation between BP and obesity in children. Thus, the purpose of the present
				cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of excess weight and its
				association with high BP in schoolchildren.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was designed using the national register of children enrolled in schools
				in the metropolitan area of Maringa, a city in southern Brazil with a high Human
				Development Index (0.841) and a high Gini Index (0.56). Maringa has an economy
				primarily based on agriculture, commerce, and services. At the time this study was
				planned, Maringa had a population of approximately 356,000 people and 24,723
				students between the ages of 6 and 11 years.</p>
      <p>In 2006, there were 202 schools in the city of Maringa (public and private schools in
				the urban area) with an enrollment of 22,302 children aged 6.0 to 11 years. For
				sample size calculation, considering that the expected prevalence of excess weight
				was unknown because of the lack of previous studies in the area, the prevalence was
				set to 50% as this value would produce the largest sample size (confidence limits 2%
				and confidence level 95%). A clustering sampling was performed considering each
				school as a sampling unit. Accordingly, the city was divided into 4 different
				geographical quadrants by taking the municipal cathedral located in the middle of
				the city as the intersection point of the north-south/east-west dividing line.
				Fifteen percent of the schools in the city were randomly selected and were selected
				according to the proportion of schools in each quadrant; the proportion between
				private and public schools was also considered. In anticipation of possible losses,
				30% more children than the calculated sample size were invited to participate in the
				study (a total of 5,345 children from 24 schools). Data collection occurred between
				March and December 2006.</p>
      <p>This cross-sectional study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade
				Estadual de Maringa (n. 016/2006) according to the norms of Resolution 196/96 of the
				National Health Council regarding research involving human beings.</p>
      <p>The students enrolled in the selected schools and grades were notified of the study
				and instructed to take a term of consent document and questionnaire to their parent
				or guardian to obtain permission to participate in the study. One week later, the
				children were asked to hand in the signed authorization and evaluated at the
				school.</p>
      <p>Children younger than 6 or older than 11 years were evaluated to avoid peer
				resentment, but their data were not entered in the sample. Children who either
				refused, did not receive authorization from their parent or guardian, whose forms
				were not filled out completely, or were absent from class on the day scheduled for
				data collection were excluded from the study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data collection was performed in the school environment (in private classrooms)
					at prescheduled hours during a school day by a team of previously trained
						professionals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; these professionals
					were members of the Studies in Obesity and Exercise Research Group of the
					Universidade Estadual de Maringa (GREPO/UEM).</p>
        <p>BP was measured and classified as proposed by the 4th Report on the Diagnosis,
					Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and
						Adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and was measured after
					the child had been lying down for at least 5 min, with the 2 measurements made
					10 min apart. Values for sex, height, and age below the 90<sup>th</sup>
					percentile were considered normotensive, those between the 90<sup>th</sup> and
						95<sup>th</sup> percentile were considered borderline, and those at the
						95<sup>th</sup> percentile and above were considered to be elevated. The
					outcome measured in this study was elevated BP, which was determined for the
					elevated and borderline groups.</p>
        <p>Weight and height measurements were performed in triplicate, and the mean value
					was used. The procedures used for weight and height evaluation followed those
					proposed by the World Health Organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The equipment used included a Tanita digital scale (Model 2202),
					with a capacity of 136 kg and ability to measure to the nearest 100 g, and a
					SECA stadiometer (Bodymeter 206). The nutritional profile was classified by body
					mass index (BMI) according to cutoff points adjusted for sex and age, as
					proposed by Cole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Waist and hip circumferences were obtained by using a metallic measuring tape
					with an accuracy of 0.1 mm, following the norms described previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. These waist and hip parameters allowed
					construction of the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), which was the quotient obtained by
					dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference.</p>
        <p>Socioeconomic level was determined according to the Brazilian Association of
					Research Firms (ABEP) criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, which
					considered the presence of consumer goods and educational level of the head of
					the household. As proposed in the ABEP criteria, educational level was
					classified as illiterate, primary education, middle education, high school, or
					superior (university). For our analysis, we divided the children into 2 groups
					according to heads of households with lower (illiterate, primary, and middle)
					and higher (high school and university) degree of education. In addition, for
					analysis purposes, the socioeconomic level was regrouped as follows: level A
					(classes A1 and A2), level B (classes B1 and B2), level C (C1 and C2), and level
					D, with A being the highest level and D being the lowest. Inconsistent data in
					the socioeconomic level of the household head were excluded only for these
					items.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive statistical values were described as means &#177; standard deviations
					(SDs) (quantitative variables) or frequencies and percentages (qualitative
					variables). Pearson's correlation coefficients were estimated to evaluate the
					association between systolic and diastolic BP and anthropometric measures. For
					quantitative variables, one-way ANOVA was used to compare groups defined by BMI
					(underweight, eutrophic, overweight, and obese). Student's t test was used to
					compare groups defined by BP levels. The chi-square test was used for comparing
					qualitative variables among groups. The logistic regression model was adjusted
					to assess factors associated with normal or borderline/elevated BP. All
					assumptions of logistic regression were checked and met. Variables with
					statistical significance in the univariate analysis were included in the
					multivariable model, and the results are shown as ORs [95% confidence interval
					(CI)]. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. SPSS v.14.0 software was
					used for data analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The characteristics of the 4,609 schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years of age
				enrolled in the study were analyzed with regard to their nutritional status (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). In this study, 99.8% of the children
				declared their race to be white. Population age, type of school health behaviors,
				and socioeconomic status of the family were recorded.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of the BMI of studied schoolchildren classified by sex, age,
						type of school, educational level, and socioeconomic status of the head of
						household</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>All (n = 4609)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Underweight n = 353 (7.7%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Eutrophic n = 3128 (67.9%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Overweight n = 778 (16.9%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Obese n = 350( 7.6%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td>2455 (53.3%)</td>
              <td>203 (8,2%)</td>
              <td>1695 (69%)</td>
              <td>393 (16%)</td>
              <td>164 (6,6%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td>2154 (46.7%)</td>
              <td>150 (6,0%)</td>
              <td>1433 (66,5%)</td>
              <td>385 (17,8%)</td>
              <td>186 (8,6%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td>8.63 &#177; 1.27</td>
              <td>8.75 &#177; 1.23</td>
              <td>8.63 &#177; 1.28</td>
              <td>8.78 &#177; 1.26</td>
              <td>8.54 &#177; 1.28</td>
              <td>0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of school</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Private</td>
              <td>976 (21.2%)</td>
              <td>44(4,5%)</td>
              <td>639(65,4%)</td>
              <td>217(22,2%)</td>
              <td>76(7,5%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Public</td>
              <td>3633 (78.8%)</td>
              <td>309(8,5%)</td>
              <td>2489(68,5%)</td>
              <td>561(15,4%)</td>
              <td>274(7%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Educational level</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>0.353</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Lower</td>
              <td>1939 (42.1%)</td>
              <td>158 (8,1%)</td>
              <td>1328 (68,4%)</td>
              <td>308 (15,8%)</td>
              <td>145 (7,4%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Higher</td>
              <td>2670 (57.9%)</td>
              <td>195 (7,3%)</td>
              <td>1800 (67,4%)</td>
              <td>470 (17,6%)</td>
              <td>205 (7,6%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Socioeconomic status</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">A/B</td>
              <td>2481 (54.0%)</td>
              <td>162 (6,5%)</td>
              <td>1635 (65,9%)</td>
              <td>480 (19,3%)</td>
              <td>204 (8,2%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">C/D</td>
              <td>2112 (46.0%)</td>
              <td>188 (8,9%)</td>
              <td>1482 (70,1%)</td>
              <td>296 (14%)</td>
              <td>146 (6,9%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Results are expressed as means &#177; standard deviations or frequency
							(%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>One-way ANOVA or chi-square test, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>Socioeconomic status: 16 missing values.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Fifty-three percent of the children were female, and 78% were studying in public
				schools. Excess of weight was found in 24.5% of the sample; 16.9% of the children
				were overweight and 7.6% were obese. Being overweight was more prevalent in males
				than in females (p = 0.008). The prevalence of being overweight was higher in
				private than in public schools (22.2% and 15.4%, respectively, p &lt; 0.001), and
				the distribution of weight varied significantly according to socioeconomic status
				stratum (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows BP by age group and its
				correlation coefficients according to BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference,
				and WHR ratio. In all age groups, systolic and diastolic BP were both positively and
				significantly correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference but
				not with WHR (with a significant but low correlation for the 8-year-old children's
				group). The correlation was stronger for the older age groups than for the younger
				age groups both for systolic and diastolic BP.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation coefficient between BP (systolic and diastolic) and
						anthropometric measures (waist, hips, and waist-hip ratio)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>BP (mmHg)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean &#177; SD</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Waist (cm)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Hips (cm)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Waist-hip ratio</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>16.6 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td>55.1 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td>64.5 &#177; 6.53</td>
              <td>0.9 &#177; 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">(n = 515)</td>
              <td>Systolic</td>
              <td>95.4 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td>0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              <td>Diastolic</td>
              <td>59.3 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td>0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>16.8 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td>56.3 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td>66.5 &#177; 6.74</td>
              <td>0.8 &#177; 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">(n = 1037)</td>
              <td>Systolic</td>
              <td>96.6 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td>0.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              <td>Diastolic</td>
              <td>59.5 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td>0.29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>17.5 &#177; 3</td>
              <td>58.9 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td>70.3 &#177; 7.52</td>
              <td>0.8 &#177; 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">(n = 1108)</td>
              <td>Systolic</td>
              <td>98.9 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>0.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              <td>Diastolic</td>
              <td>60.5 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td>0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>17.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td>60.8 &#177; 8</td>
              <td>73.1 &#177; 8.06</td>
              <td>0.8 &#177; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">(n = 1045)</td>
              <td>Systolic</td>
              <td>100.5 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td>0.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              <td>Diastolic</td>
              <td>60.9 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td>0.35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>18.5 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td>63 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td>76.7 &#177; 8.49</td>
              <td>0.8 &#177; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">(n = 904)</td>
              <td>Systolic</td>
              <td>103.5 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td>0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              <td>Diastolic</td>
              <td>62.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td>0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">All</td>
              <td>Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>17.5 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td>59.1 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td>70.7 &#177; 8.61</td>
              <td>0.8 &#177; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">(n = 4609)</td>
              <td>Systolic</td>
              <td>99.3 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td>0.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              <td>Diastolic</td>
              <td>60.7 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td>0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>0.03</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Denotes p &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The associations between normal and borderline/high BP with sex and socioeconomic
				characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>.
				Elevated BP (borderline levels and high BP combined) was found in 14.4% of the total
				population and was not associated with sex or level of educational or socioeconomic
				status (p = 0.884, p = 0.683, and p = 0.785). However, while the prevalence of
				elevated BP was 11.2% in eutrophic children, in those with overweight the prevalence
				was 20.6% and in the obese children was 39.7%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evaluation of elevated blood pressure (BP) (borderline and high BP)
						according to sex and socioeconomic characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Normal BP n = 3943 (85.6%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Borderline/High BP n = 666 (14.4%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
									(univariate)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td>2455</td>
              <td>2102 (85.6)</td>
              <td>353 (14.4)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td>2154</td>
              <td>1841 (85.5)</td>
              <td>313 (14.5)</td>
              <td>0.884</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Educational level</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Lower</td>
              <td>1939</td>
              <td>1654 (85.3)</td>
              <td>285 (14.7)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Higher</td>
              <td>2670</td>
              <td>2289 (85.7)</td>
              <td>381 (14.3)</td>
              <td>0.683</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td>
                <bold>Socioeconomic status</bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="4">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">A/B</td>
              <td>2481</td>
              <td>2118 (85.4)</td>
              <td>363 (14.6)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">C/D</td>
              <td>2112</td>
              <td>1809 (85.7)</td>
              <td>303 (14.3)</td>
              <td>0.785</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Results expressed as means &#177; standard deviations or frequency (%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t test or Fisher's exact test, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>&#8224;Logistic regression model and Wald test, p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Figure 1 shows the association of elevated BP with age, BMI, and type of school. The
				chance of having elevated BP increased 19% with every year of increase in age (OR,
				1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.27). The eutrophic category was used as a reference, and the OR
				(95% CI) of having elevated BP was 5.40 (4.23-6.89)-fold higher among obese than
				among eutrophic children. Compared with children in public schools, children in
				private schools had a marginally significant chance [OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01-1.50] of
				showing elevated BP.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of elevated blood pressure with age, BMI, and type of school.
						OR: Odds Ratio. <sup>*</sup>Logistic regression model. <sup>&#8224;</sup>p value
						for Wald test; BMI: body mass index.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0238-40104-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we showed that excessive weight was highly prevalent in our population
				of schoolchildren. We also showed that 25% of the evaluated children were overweight
				or obese. Moreover, we found a significant association between being overweight or
				obese and elevated BP in this population.</p>
      <p>Even though the prevalence determined in this study is concerning, it is still lower
				than those found in other national studies. Previous reports of studies conducted in
				Brazil found that the excess weight prevalence among boys in 1974-1975 was 10.9%,
				increased to 15.0% in 1989, and was 34.8% in 2008-2009. A similar pattern was
				observed among girls who showed prevalences for the same periods of 8.6%, 11.9%, and
				32.0%, respectively. Our findings are in the range of those reported from
				international population studies. Gupta et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> reported the prevalences in some other developing countries: 41.8% in
				Mexico 22.0% in India, and 19.3% in Argentina for populations of similar ages as
				those in the present study.</p>
      <p>In 2002, there were more than 155 million schoolchildren with excess weight
				worldwide. The prevalence of being overweight is estimated to be increasing 1% every
				year in developed countries, which affects 15 million children and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Although underweight status due to
				malnutrition can occur in early years of life, excessive weight is prevalent among
				all other ages. Changes in nutritional habits and lack of physical activity in the
				Brazilian population may explain these findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In fact, there is a complex relationship between rapid weight
				changes in childhood and adolescence and various factors, including genetics, social
				environment, parental life style, and dietetic behavior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Therefore, several studies have attempted
				to identify determinants of childhood obesity and associated diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our results showed that obese children had a 5.4% chance of having elevated levels of
				BP relative to eutrophic children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. High or
				borderline BP was almost twice as prevalent in overweight children than in eutrophic
				children, a finding that is consistent with the increasing excess weight and high BP
				epidemics in schoolchildren seen worldwide. Moreover, we demonstrated that there
				were positive and moderate correlations between BMI, hip and waist measurements, and
				BP, mainly systolic, but at present, it is not clear why these correlations with
				diastolic BP were weaker and why there was no correlation with WHR. Further study is
				needed in these areas.</p>
      <p>The association between elevated BP and obesity shown here is more concerning than
				that reported in previous studies in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In the city of Belo Horizonte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,
				overweight and obese children had a 3.6-fold greater risk of having high systolic BP
				and a 2.7-fold greater risk of elevated diastolic BP than normal-weight students. In
				another Brazilian study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, overweight and
				obese students had a 3.3-fold greater risk of having systolic BP and a 1.9-fold
				greater risk of having elevated diastolic BP than other students.</p>
      <p>To date, most studies in Brazil that evaluated hypertension and its association with
				obesity before adulthood limited their research to adolescents or included smaller
				samples of children in the age range assessed in the present research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Our study should help address the
				previous lack of population-based studies in Brazil and may provide useful
				information on nutritional profiles and associated childhood risk factors. Hence our
				findings may have important implications because high BP in childhood is a predictor
				of hypertension in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>Schools provide environments that can promote healthy lifestyle choices, including
				those regarding nutrition and physical activity, which are decisive factors in
				disease causation. In our study, because a marginally but significantly higher
				chance of elevated BP was found for children in private schools, further
				investigations focusing on socioeconomic variables should be conducted to clarify
				this association.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, excessive weight affected 25% of the schoolchildren in our sample.
				Although causality cannot be determined in a cross-sectional study, the strong
				association found between elevated BP and excessive weight, mainly obesity,
				indicates that future studies should investigate both obesity and BP in children,
				especially in those who are overweight. Our results indicate that preventive
				measures targeting young children must be undertaken by those responsible for
				defining and implementing public health policies in this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira- Netto ER, Oliveira
					AB, Faria-Neto JR; Acquisition of data: Rosaneli CF, Auler F, Nakashima ATA,
					Oliveira- Netto ER, Oliveira AB; Analysis and interpretation of the data:
					Rosaneli CF, Auler F, Nakashima ATA, Olandoski M, Oliveira- Netto ER, Oliveira
					AB, Baena CP, Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto JR; Statistical analysis: Olandoski
					M, Baena CP, Faria-Neto JR; Obtaining financing: Oliveira- Netto ER, Oliveira
					AB; Writing of the manuscript: Rosaneli CF, Olandoski M, Faria-Neto JR; Critical
					revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira-
					Netto ER, Baena CP, Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto JR.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Caroline Filla
					Rosaneli, from PUCPR.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Aumento da Press&#227;o Arterial e Obesidade na Inf&#226;ncia:
					Uma Avalia&#231;&#227;o Transversal de 4.609 Escolares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosaneli</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Filla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakashima</surname>
            <given-names>Alika Terumi Arasaki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Amauri B&#225;ssoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto,</bold> Escola de Medicina - PUCPR
					- Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155, Prado Velho. CEP 80215-901, Curitiba, PR -
					Brasil. E-mail: <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de obesidade em crian&#231;as est&#225; aumentando em todo o mundo,
						principalmente em pa&#237;ses industrializados de alta renda, e o desenvolvimento
						de hipertens&#227;o &#233; um efeito negativo desse problema.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo transversal objetivou determinar a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade
						e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da press&#227;o arterial em escolares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo transversal foram avaliadas 4.609 crian&#231;as de ambos os sexos,
						com idade entre 6 e 11 anos, pertencentes a 24 escolas p&#250;blicas e
						particulares de Maring&#225;, Brasil. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo
						&#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de acordo com pontos de corte ajustados para
						sexo e idade. Valores de press&#227;o arterial (PA) acima do 90&#186; percentil para
						g&#234;nero, idade e percentil da altura foram considerados elevados. Resultados:
						A preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso entre os escolares foi de 24,5%, sendo que
						16,9% apresentaram sobrepeso e 7,6% apresentaram obesidade. O g&#234;nero e as
						condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da
						press&#227;o arterial. Em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica
						tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com o IMC, medida da cintura, medida do quadril, mas n&#227;o
						com a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril. A preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada foi de 11,2% em
						crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, 20,6% nas com sobrepeso (OR = 1,99, IC 95% = 1,61-2,45)
						e 39,7% nas obesas (OR = 5,4, IC 95% = 4,23-6,89).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As crian&#231;as obesas e com sobrepeso apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o
						arterial elevada. Nossos dados confirmam que a crescente preval&#234;ncia de
						excesso de peso e press&#227;o arterial elevada em escolares observado
						mundialmente tamb&#233;m pode estar ocorrendo no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade Pedi&#225;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de obesidade e press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada tem aumentado
					consideravelmente em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, e est&#225; fortemente associada ao
					desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as na vida adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, visto que a incid&#234;ncia de
					obesidade tem aumentado nas fases iniciais da vida, doen&#231;as como hipertens&#227;o e
					diabetes est&#227;o se tornando um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>Na d&#233;cada de 1990, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e
					adolescentes foi de aproximadamente 2 a 3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Atualmente, a preval&#234;ncia varia entre 1 a 13%, dependendo da
					metodologia utilizada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Visto que a
					obesidade tem se tornado epid&#234;mica nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, a incid&#234;ncia
					de hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m tende a aumentar. O reconhecimento e sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o para
					este problema s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para o desenvolvimento de futuras estrat&#233;gias
					preventivas focadas no controle do excesso de peso e suas implica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Tal como ocorre em outros pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, o Brasil tamb&#233;m &#233;
					caracterizado por discrep&#226;ncias intr&#237;nsecas e desigualdades socioecon&#244;micas. No
					Brasil, os estudos que relacionaram a press&#227;o arterial e obesidade em crian&#231;as
					s&#227;o limitados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo transversal objetivou avaliar a
					preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o arterial elevada
					em escolares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando o registo nacional de crian&#231;as
					matriculadas em escolas da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Maring&#225;, uma cidade no sul do
					Brasil, com alta pontua&#231;&#227;o no &#237;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (0,841) e alto
					coeficiente de GINI (0,56). A economia de Maring&#225; baseia-se principalmente na
					agricultura, com&#233;rcio e presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os, e no in&#237;cio do desenvolvimento
					deste estudo, apresentava uma popula&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 356.000 pessoas e
					24.723 estudantes, com idade entre 6 e 11 anos.</p>
        <p>Em 2006, havia um total de 202 escolas em Maring&#225; (p&#250;blicas e privadas,
					localizada em &#225;reas urbanas), onde 22.302 crian&#231;as na faixa et&#225;ria entre 6,0 e
					11 anos estavam matriculadas. Visto que a frequ&#234;ncia esperada de crian&#231;as
					matriculadas n&#227;o era conhecida nesta regi&#227;o devido &#224; falta de estudos
					anteriores, para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, a frequ&#234;ncia foi definida como
					50%, pois produziria o maior tamanho amostral (com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de
					2% e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%). Uma amostragem de agrupamento foi realizada
					considerando cada escola como unidade de amostragem. Neste sentido, a cidade foi
					dividida em 4 quadrantes geogr&#225;ficos diferentes, tendo a catedral municipal,
					localizada na regi&#227;o central da cidade, como o ponto de intersec&#231;&#227;o da linha
					divis&#243;ria norte-sul/leste-oeste. Quinze por cento das escolas da cidade foram
					selecionados aleatoriamente, de acordo com a propor&#231;&#227;o de escolas em cada
					quadrante, e considerando a propor&#231;&#227;o entre as escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares.
					Em antecipa&#231;&#227;o a poss&#237;veis perdas amostrais, 30% a mais de crian&#231;as foram
					convidadas a participar do estudo (total de 5.345 crian&#231;as, matriculadas em 24
					escolas). Os dados foram coletados entre Mar&#231;o e Dezembro de 2006.</p>
        <p>Este estudo transversal foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da
					Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225; (protocolo n. 016/2006) de acordo com as normas
					da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de sobre pesquisa cient&#237;fica
					envolvendo seres humanos.</p>
        <p>Os escolares selecionados foram notificados sobre o estudo e instru&#237;dos a
					encaminhar um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e um question&#225;rio a
					seus pais ou respons&#225;veis&#8203;&#8203;, a fim de participar do estudo. Os escolares foram
					instru&#237;dos a entregar a autoriza&#231;&#227;o assinada ap&#243;s uma semana, e foram avaliados
					na escola.</p>
        <p>Crian&#231;as &lt; 6 anos ou &gt; 11 anos tamb&#233;m foram avaliadas, a fim de evitar o
					ressentimentos, mas seus dados n&#227;o foram inseridos na an&#225;lise. Crian&#231;as que
					recusaram a participar, n&#227;o foram autorizadas pelos seus pais ou respons&#225;veis,
					cujos formul&#225;rios n&#227;o foram preenchidos corretamente, ou estavam ausentes da
					escola no dia da coleta de dados foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados nas escolas (em salas de aula particulares) em horas
						pr&#233;-agendadas durante o per&#237;odo escolar, por uma equipe de profissionais
						previamente treinados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, membros do
						Grupo de Pesquisa em Obesidade e Exerc&#237;cio da Universidade Estadual de
						Maring&#225; (GREPO/UEM).</p>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida e classificada como proposto pelo 4&#186; relat&#243;rio
						sobre o diagn&#243;stico, avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da press&#227;o arterial elevada em
						crian&#231;as e adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Este
						par&#226;metro foi medido ap&#243;s a crian&#231;a permanecer deitada por &#8805; 5 minutos, e as
						duas medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas dentro de um intervalo de 10 minutos. De
						acordo com o sexo, altura e idade dos participantes, os valores abaixo do
						nonag&#233;simo percentil foram considerados normotensos, aqueles entre o
						nonag&#233;simo e nonag&#233;simo quinto percentil foram considerados lim&#237;trofes, e
						aqueles acima do nonag&#233;simo quinto percentil foram considerados elevados. A
						vari&#225;vel considerada para este estudo foi a press&#227;o arterial elevada, que
						incluiu os grupos com valores elevados e lim&#237;trofes.</p>
          <p>As medidas de peso e altura foram realizadas em triplicata, e a m&#233;dia foi
						utilizada nas an&#225;lises. Os procedimentos utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de peso
						e altura seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O equipamento utilizado incluiu uma
						escala Tanita digital (modelo 2202), com capacidade de 136 kg e precis&#227;o de
						100 g, e um estadi&#244;metro SECA (Bodymeter 206). O perfil nutricional dos
						participantes foi classificado atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de
						acordo com valores de corte ajustados para sexo e idade, como proposto por
							Cole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>As medidas de cintura e quadril foram obtidas utilizando uma fita m&#233;trica
						met&#225;lica com uma precis&#227;o de 0,1 mil&#237;metros, seguindo normas previamente
							descritas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Estes dois
						par&#226;metros nos permitiram estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ), que
						corresponde &#224; divis&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura pela circunfer&#234;ncia do
						quadril.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico foi determinado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da
						Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, que considerou a presen&#231;a de itens domiciliares de
						conforto e o n&#237;vel de escolaridade do chefe da fam&#237;lia. A escolaridade foi
						classificada em analfabeto/at&#233; 3&#170; s&#233;rie fundamental, ensino fundamental (at&#233;
						4&#170; s&#233;rie), ensino fundamental completo, ensino m&#233;dio completo, e n&#237;vel
						superior completo. Para nossa an&#225;lise, agrupamos aqueles com baixa
						escolaridade (analfabetos, ensino fundamental incompleto, e ensino
						fundamental completo) e alta escolaridade (ensino m&#233;dio completo e n&#237;vel
						superior completo). Al&#233;m disso, para fins de an&#225;lise, o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico
						foi reagrupado da seguinte forma: n&#237;vel A (classes A1 e A2), n&#237;vel B
						(classes B1 e B2), n&#237;vel C (classes C1 e C2) e n&#237;vel D, sendo A o mais alto
						n&#237;vel, e D o menor. Dados inconsistentes dos itens relacionados ao n&#237;vel
						socioecon&#244;mico do chefe da fam&#237;lia foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os valores estat&#237;sticos descritivos foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177;
						desvio-padr&#227;o (vari&#225;veis quantitativas) ou frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens
						(vari&#225;veis qualitativas). Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foram
						determinados para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e
						diast&#243;lica e as medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, o
						teste ANOVA de um fator foi utilizado para comparar os grupos classificados
						de acordo com o IMC (com baixo peso, eutr&#243;ficos, com sobrepeso, e obesos). O
						teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado para comparar os grupos
						classificados de acordo com os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial. O teste do
						qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis qualitativas entre os
						grupos. O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi ajustado para avaliar os fatores
						relacionados &#224; press&#227;o arterial normal ou lim&#237;trofe/elevada. Todos os
						pressupostos da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram verificados e cumpridos. As
						vari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise univariada foram
						inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado, e os resultados foram representados como
							<italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) (IC 95%). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica
						foi estabelecida utilizando-se p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram analisados
						utilizando o programa SPSS v.14.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O perfil de 4.609 escolares entre 6 e 11 anos de idade inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi
					analisado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. Nesta amostra, 99,8% dos
					participantes eram brancos. A idade populacional, o tipo de comportamento de
					sa&#250;de escolar, e o status socioecon&#244;mico da fam&#237;lia tamb&#233;m est&#227;o representados
					na tabela.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do IMC de crian&#231;as em Idade escolar, classificadas por
							sexo, Idade, tipo de escola, bem como o n&#237;vel de escolaridade e n&#237;vel
							socioecon&#244;mico do chefe de fam&#237;lia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Todos (n = 4609)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Abaixo do peso n = 353 (7,7%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Eutroficos n = 3128 (67,9%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Acima do peso n = 778 (16,9%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Obesos n = 350 (7,6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>Valor de
										p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td>2455 (53,3%)</td>
                <td>203 (8,2%)</td>
                <td>1695 (69%)</td>
                <td>393 (16%)</td>
                <td>164 (6,6%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td>2154 (46,7%)</td>
                <td>150 (6,0%)</td>
                <td>1433 (66,5%)</td>
                <td>385 (17,8%)</td>
                <td>186 (8,6%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td>8,63 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td>8,75 &#177; 1,23</td>
                <td>8,63 &#177; 1,28</td>
                <td>8,78 &#177; 1,26</td>
                <td>8,54 &#177; 1,28</td>
                <td>0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de escola</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Particular</td>
                <td>976 (21,2%)</td>
                <td>44(4,5%)</td>
                <td>639(65,4%)</td>
                <td>217(22,2%)</td>
                <td>76(7,5%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">P&#250;blica</td>
                <td>3633 (78,8%)</td>
                <td>309(8,5%)</td>
                <td>2489(68,5%)</td>
                <td>561(15,4%)</td>
                <td>274(7%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td>1939 (42,1%)</td>
                <td>158 (8,1%)</td>
                <td>1328 (68,4%)</td>
                <td>308 (15,8%)</td>
                <td>145 (7,4%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Alto</td>
                <td>2670 (57,9%)</td>
                <td>195 (7,3%)</td>
                <td>1800 (67,4%)</td>
                <td>470 (17,6%)</td>
                <td>205 (7,6%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Status socioecon&#244;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">A/B</td>
                <td>2481 (54,0%)</td>
                <td>162 (6,5%)</td>
                <td>1635 (65,9%)</td>
                <td>480 (19,3%)</td>
                <td>204 (8,2%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">C/D</td>
                <td>2112 (46,0%)</td>
                <td>188 (8,9%)</td>
                <td>1482 (70,1%)</td>
                <td>296 (14%)</td>
                <td>146 (6,9%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou
								freq&#252;&#234;ncia (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ANOVA de um fator ou teste de qui-quadrado, p &lt; 0,05 16 valores
								est&#227;o faltando na categoria de status socioecon&#244;mico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Cinquenta e tr&#234;s por cento das crian&#231;as eram do sexo feminino e 78% estavam
					estudando em escolas p&#250;blicas. O excesso de peso foi observado em 24,5% da
					amostra: 16,9% das crian&#231;as apresentaram sobrepeso e 7,6% eram obesas. O
					sobrepeso foi mais prevalente em homens do que em mulheres (p = 0,008). Al&#233;m
					disso, o sobrepeso foi mais prevalente em crian&#231;as de escolas particulares do
					que de escolas p&#250;blicas (22,2% e 15,4%, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001) e a
					distribui&#231;&#227;o de peso variou significativamente de acordo com o status
					socioecon&#244;mico (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os valores de PA por
					faixa et&#225;ria e seus coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o IMC,
					circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril e a rela&#231;&#227;o
					cintura/quadril. Em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica
					foram positiva e significativamente correlacionadas com o IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da
					cintura e do quadril, mas n&#227;o com a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (embora tenha
					apresentado uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, mas fraca, para o grupo de 8 anos). A
					correla&#231;&#227;o foi mais forte para os grupos et&#225;rios mais velhos do que para os mais
					jovens, tanto para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica quanto para a diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial (sist&#243;lica e
							diast&#243;lica) e medidas antropom&#233;tricas (medida da cintura, medida do
							quadril, e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PA (mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Cintura (cm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Quadril (cm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>16,6 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td>55,1 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td>64,5 &#177; 6,53</td>
                <td>0,9 &#177; 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">(n = 515)</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>95,4 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td>0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td>59,3 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td>0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>16,8 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td>56,3 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td>66,5 &#177; 6,74</td>
                <td>0,8 &#177; 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">(n = 1037)</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>96,6 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td>0,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td>59,5 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td>0,29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>17,5 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>58,9 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td>70,3 &#177; 7,52</td>
                <td>0,8 &#177; 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">(n = 1108)</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>98,9 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>0,44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td>60,5 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td>0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>17,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td>60,8 &#177; 8</td>
                <td>73,1 &#177; 8,06</td>
                <td>0,8 &#177; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">(n = 1045)</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>100,5 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td>0,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td>60,9 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td>0,35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>18,5 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td>63 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td>76,7 &#177; 8,49</td>
                <td>0,8 &#177; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">(n = 904)</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>103,5 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td>0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td>62,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td>0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Todos</td>
                <td>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>17,5 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td>59,1 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td>70,7 &#177; 8,61</td>
                <td>0,8 &#177; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">(n = 4609)</td>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td>99,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td>0,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td>60,7 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td>0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o. PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial normal e press&#227;o lim&#237;trofe/elevada com o
					status socioecon&#244;mico e sexo &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>. A press&#227;o arterial elevada (n&#237;veis lim&#237;trofes e elevados
					combinados) foi observada em 14,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o esteve associada ao sexo
					(p = 0,884) ou n&#237;vel de escolaridade (p = 0,683) dos participantes, nem ao
					status socioecon&#244;mico (p = 0,785) das fam&#237;lias. Entretanto, enquanto a
					preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada foi de 11,2% nas crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, nas crian&#231;as com
					sobrepeso a preval&#234;ncia foi de 20,6% e nas obesas foi de 39,7%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do aumento da press&#227;o arterial (lim&#237;trofe e elevada) de
							acordo com sexo dos participantes e status socioecon&#244;mico da
							fam&#237;lia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PA normal n = 3943 (85,6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PA lim&#237;trofe/alta n = 666 (14,4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>Valores de
										p (univariada)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td>2455</td>
                <td>2102 (85,6)</td>
                <td>353 (14,4)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td>2154</td>
                <td>1841 (85,5)</td>
                <td>313 (14,5)</td>
                <td>0,884</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td>1939</td>
                <td>1654 (85,3)</td>
                <td>285 (14,7)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Alto</td>
                <td>2670</td>
                <td>2289 (85,7)</td>
                <td>381 (14,3)</td>
                <td>0,683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="4">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">A/B</td>
                <td>2481</td>
                <td>2118 (85,4)</td>
                <td>363 (14,6)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">C/D</td>
                <td>2112</td>
                <td>1809 (85,7)</td>
                <td>303 (14,3)</td>
                <td>0,785</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou
								frequ&#234;ncia (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student ou teste exato de Fisher, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>&#8224;Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e teste de Wald, p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o
					arterial elevada com a idade, IMC, e tipo de escola frequentada. A probabilidade
					de ter press&#227;o arterial elevada aumentou 19% a cada aumento de um ano na idade
					(OR = 1,19, IC 95%: 1,11-1,27). A categoria dos eutr&#243;ficos foi usada como
					refer&#234;ncia e a probabilidade de ter press&#227;o arterial elevada foi 5,40 (IC 95%:
					4,23-6,89) vezes maior entre os obesos do que em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas. A
					probabilidade de alunos de escolas particulares terem press&#227;o arterial elevada
					aumentou marginalmente, mas significativamente (OR = 1,23; IC 95%:,01-1,50))
					quando comparados com alunos de escolas p&#250;blicas.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da press&#227;o arterial e idade, IMC, e tipo de
							escola frequentada. OR: odds ratio. <sup>*</sup>Modelo de regress&#227;o
							log&#237;stica. &#8224;Valor de p (teste de Wald); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa
							corporal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0238-40104-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s mostramos que o excesso de peso &#233; altamente prevalente na nossa
					popula&#231;&#227;o de escolares. Nesta amostra, um quarto das crian&#231;as avaliadas estava
					com sobrepeso ou era obesa. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o
					significativa entre sobrepeso/obesidade e press&#227;o arterial elevada nesta
					popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Embora a preval&#234;ncia aqui apresentada seja preocupante, ela foi inferior &#224;
					observada em outros estudos nacionais. Neste sentido, trabalhos anteriores no
					Brasil constataram que a preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso entre escolares do sexo
					masculino entre 1974 e 1975 foi de 10,9%, aumentou para 15,0% em 1989, e atingiu
					34,8% entre 2008 e 2009. Valores semelhantes de preval&#234;ncia foram observados
					entre escolares do sexo feminino, com 8,6%, 11,9% e 32,0%, respectivamente.
					Nossos resultados est&#227;o dentro da faixa observada para outras popula&#231;&#245;es,
					conforme reportado por Gupta e colaboradores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>: a preval&#234;ncia no M&#233;xico &#233; de 41,8%, na &#205;ndia &#233; de 22,0%, e na
					Argentina, 19,3%, considerando popula&#231;&#245;es com a mesma idade.</p>
        <p>Em 2002, havia mais de 155 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as em idade escolar com excesso de
					peso mundialmente. O aumento da preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso &#233; estimada em 1% ao ano
					nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, o que tem afetado 15 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as e
						adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Embora casos de
					desnutri&#231;&#227;o ocorram nos primeiros anos de vida, o excesso de peso prevalece nas
					demais faixas et&#225;rias. Mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e a falta de atividade
					f&#237;sica na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira podem explicar esta situa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Na realidade, os fatores envolvidos no r&#225;pido aumento
					de peso na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia s&#227;o complexos, incluindo fatores gen&#233;ticos, o
					ambiente social, estilo de vida dos pais, e comportamento alimentar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Neste sentido, v&#225;rios estudos tem
					procurado identificar os determinantes da obesidade infantil, bem como as
					doen&#231;as associadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que as crian&#231;as obesas tinham uma chance 5.4 maior de
					apresentar n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as
						eutr&#243;ficas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A press&#227;o arterial
					elevada ou lim&#237;trofe em crian&#231;as com excesso de peso foi quase 2 vezes mais
					prevalente do que em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, corroborando o aumento da preval&#234;ncia
					do excesso de peso e as epidemias de press&#227;o arterial elevada em escolares
					observados mundialmente. Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e
					moderada entre IMC, medidas do quadril e cintura, e press&#227;o arterial,
					principalmente sist&#243;lica. As raz&#245;es pelas quais a correla&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o
					arterial diast&#243;lica &#233; mais fraca, e a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o absoluta com
					propor&#231;&#227;o quadril/cintura n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente esclarecidas e devem ser
					investigadas.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial elevada e obesidade identificada no
					presente estudo &#233; mais preocupante do que os resultados de estudos anteriores no
						Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Neste sentido, na cidade de
					Belo Horizonte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, crian&#231;as com sobrepeso
					e obesas apresentaram um risco 3,6 vezes maior de aumento da press&#227;o arterial
					sist&#243;lica, e 2,7 vezes maior de aumento da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, em
					compara&#231;&#227;o com estudantes com peso normal. Em outro estudo brasileiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, estudantes com sobrepeso e obesos
					apresentaram um risco 3,3 vezes maior de terem aumento da press&#227;o arterial
					sist&#243;lica, e 1,9 vezes maior de aumento da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica
					comparados a outros grupos.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, a maioria dos estudos no Brasil que avaliaram a hipertens&#227;o e sua
					rela&#231;&#227;o com obesidade antes da idade adulta limitou seus resultados aos
					adolescentes, ou inclu&#237;ram um n&#250;mero menor de crian&#231;as na faixa et&#225;ria utilizada
					no presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Neste sentido, o tamanho amostral
					desta pesquisa contribuiu para preencher a lacuna de inqu&#233;ritos populacionais no
					Brasil, e objetivou contribuir com a presente falta de informa&#231;&#245;es no que diz
					respeito ao perfil nutricional e aos fatores de risco na inf&#226;ncia. Assim, os
					resultados deste estudo podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es importantes, visto que a press&#227;o
					arterial elevada na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil &#233; um indicador de hipertens&#227;o em
						adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>A escola &#233; um local adequado para atividades saud&#225;veis, incluindo alimenta&#231;&#227;o
					adequada e realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas, os quais constituem fatores
					decisivos para evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as. Considerando que a probabilidade
					de estudantes de escolas particulares com press&#227;o arterial elevada aumentou
					marginalmente no presente estudo, mais estudos focados nas vari&#225;veis
					socioecon&#244;micas devem ser realizados para esclarecer esta associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o excesso de peso afetou um quarto dos escolares na amostra
					avaliada. Apesar de fatores relativos &#224; causalidade n&#227;o poderem ser avaliados em
					um estudo transversal, a forte correla&#231;&#227;o observada entre a press&#227;o arterial e
					excesso de peso, principalmente a obesidade, indica que a&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#227;o
					devem focar n&#227;o apenas a obesidade nesta popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, mas tamb&#233;m a press&#227;o
					arterial, especialmente em crian&#231;as com excesso de peso. Al&#233;m disso, nossos
					resultados demonstraram que medidas preventivas dirigidas &#224; crian&#231;as em idade
					escolar devem ser implementadas pelos gestores de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a
					fim de promover o bem estar nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira-Netto ER, Oliveira AB,
						Faria-Neto JR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rosaneli CF, Auler F, Nakashima ATA,
						Oliveira- Netto ER, Oliveira AB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rosaneli
						CF, Auler F, Nakashima ATA, Olandoski M, Oliveira- Netto ER, Oliveira AB,
						Baena CP, Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto JR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Olandoski M,
						Baena CP, Faria-Neto JR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira- Netto ER,
						Oliveira AB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rosaneli CF, Olandoski M, Faria-Neto JR;
						Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
						Rosaneli CF, Oliveira- Netto ER, Baena CP, Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto
						JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Caroline Filla Rosaneli pela
						PUCPR.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
