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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FFJt6QBYypmd66kxDm7H3Bs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040120</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessing Strategies for Heart Failure with Preserved
               Ejection Fraction at the Outpatient Clinic</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio Maluhy</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Di Calafiori</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Silva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Rua Coronel Bittencourt,
               66, Boa Vista. Postal Code 24900-000, Maric&#225;, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>231</fpage>
      <lpage>237</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is the most common form of
                  heart failure (HF), its diagnosis being a challenge to the outpatient clinic
                  practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe and compare two strategies derived from algorithms of the European
                  Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines for the diagnosis of HFPEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 166 consecutive ambulatory patients (67.9&#177;11.7 years;
                  72% of women). The strategies to confirm HFPEF were established according to the
                  European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria. In strategy 1 (S1),
                  tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and electrocardiography (ECG) were used; in
                  strategy 2 (S2), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement was included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In S1, patients were divided into groups based on the E/E'ratio as follows: GI,
                  E/E'&gt; 15 (n = 16; 9%); GII, E/E'8 to 15 (n = 79; 48%); and GIII, E/E'&lt; 8 (n
                  = 71; 43%). HFPEF was confirmed in GI and excluded in GIII. In GII, TDE [left
                  atrial volume index (LAVI) &#8805; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; left ventricular mass index
                  LVMI) &gt; 122 for women and &gt; 149 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men] and ECG (atrial
                  fibrillation) parameters were assessed, confirming HFPEF in 33 more patients,
                  adding up to 49 (29%). In S2, patients were divided into three groups based on BNP
                  levels. GI (BNP &gt; 200 pg/mL) consisted of 12 patients, HFPEF being confirmed in
                  all of them. GII (BNP ranging from 100 to 200 pg/mL) consisted of 20 patients with
                  LAVI &gt; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, or LVMI &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women or &#8805; 116
                     g/m<sup>2</sup> for men, or E/E'&#8805; 8 or atrial fibrillation on ECG, and the
                  diagnosis of HFPEF was confirmed in 15. GIII (BNP &lt; 100 pg/mL) consisted of 134
                  patients, 26 of whom had the diagnosis of HFPEF confirmed when GII parameters were
                  used. Measuring BNP levels in S2 identified 4 more patients (8%) with HFPEF as
                  compared with those identified in S1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The association of BNP measurement and TDE data is better than the isolated use of
                  those parameters. BNP can be useful in identifying patients whose diagnosis of HF
                  had been previously excluded based only on TDE findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="introduction">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is currently the most common form
            of heart failure (HF), mainly because of the accelerated population aging and high
            prevalence of comorbidities. Morbidity and mortality of HFPEF are elevated, similarly to
            those of HF with reduced ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
            Diagnosing HFPEF is one of the great challenges in outpatient clinic practice, in which
            the patient usually has intolerance to effort and evidence of neither pulmonary nor
            systemic congestion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Despite the lack of an effective treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, it has been well established in the literature that patients with HFPEF
            should benefit from the control of risk factors present in HFPEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines has proposed updated algorithms
            for the diagnosis and exclusion of HFPEF in ambulatory patients by using tissue Doppler
            echocardiography (TDE) and measuring plasma levels of natriuretic peptides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. That systematization in Brazil is still little
            used by outpatient clinicians, mainly because of the difficulty in having access to TDE
            and natriuretic peptide measurements.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at describing and comparing two strategies, one of which with no
            measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), both derived from the algorithms
            proposed by the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> for the diagnosis of HFPEF in ambulatory patients
            with signs or symptoms of HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study with non-probability sampling. A convenience sample
               was selected and included 166 consecutive ambulatory patients with clinical suspicion
               of HF, assessed from June 2008 to October 2010. The patients had left ventricular
               ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805; 50%.</p>
        <p>In this study, we established two strategies [strategy 1 and strategy 2 (S1 and S2,
               respectively)] based on the algorithms of the European Society of Cardiology
               Diastology Guidelines to confirm the diagnosis of HFPEF, which requires the following
               conditions to be satisfied: signs or symptoms of HF; LVEF &#8805; 50%; left ventricular
               end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) &#8804; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; and diastolic dysfunction.
               In S1, TDE and electrocardiography (ECG) parameters were used; in S2, in addition to
               those TDE and ECG parameters, BNP measurements were used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>In S1, diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed by use of TDE and based on an E/E' ratio
               &gt; 15. If the E/E' ratio was between 8 and 15, suggesting diastolic dysfunction,
               other TDE measurements, such as LV mass index (LVMI, &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup> and
               &gt; 149 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women and men, respectively), left atrial volume (LAV)
               index (LAVI, &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) and E/A ratio &lt; 0.5, with deceleration time
               of the E wave (DT) &gt; 280 ms, were used to confirm the diagnosis. Atrial
               fibrillation on ECG with an E/E' ratio between 8 and 15 also confirmed the diagnosis
               of HFPEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>In S2, BNP measurements were initially combined with the TDE and ECG parameters
               already described.</p>
        <p>Patients with severe heart valve disease, definitive pacemaker, pericardial diseases,
               severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to heart surgery in the last
               six months were excluded from this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue Doppler Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Tissue Doppler echocardiography was performed with a Vivid 7 device (GE Medical
               Systems, Horten, Norway), and analyzed with the EchoPAC software by an experienced
               observer with no previous knowledge of the other results. The procedure was performed
               according to the recommendations for chamber quantification of the American Society
               of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Systolic function was assessed by measuring
               LVEF</p>
        <p>The LAV indexed to body surface was obtained by use of the biplanar method of discs
               (modified Simpson's rule) with four- and two-chamber apical view during the end of
               left ventricular systole. The parameters of diastolic function were estimated by
               using the mean of five consecutive heartbeats. The initial (E) and late (A)
               transmitral flow and the DT of the E wave were measured. The myocardial relaxation
               velocity at the beginning of diastole (E') was measured by use of TDE on the septal
               and lateral segments of the mitral ring, and the mean of those measurements was
               obtained. All exams were digitally recorded for future analyses and reviews.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>All patients underwent 12-lead ECG (Dixtal, Brazil) at rest to identify the presence
               of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>B-type natriuretic peptide</title>
        <p>BNP was measured in whole blood samples by using Alere Triage BNP Test (Biosite,
               USA), which is a rapid fluorescence immunoassay to be used with the Triage Meter for
               the quantitative measurement of BNP. The BNP values were expressed as pg/mL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social
                  Science<sup>&#174;</sup> (SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>) software, version 17.0. Continuous
               variables with normal distribution were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation, and
               the differences were assessed with Student <italic>t</italic> test or Analysis of
               Variance (ANOVA). Continuous variables whose distributions were not normal were
               presented as medians, and the differences were assessed with Mann-Whitney U test or
               Kruskal-Wallis-H test. Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative
               frequencies, and the differences were assessed with Pearson's chi-square test.
               Spearman rank correlation (rho) was used to assess the association between BNP levels
               and clinical and echocardiographic variables. The statistical significance level of
               0.05 was adopted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>This study is in accordance with the principles established in the Declaration of
               Helsinki, and its protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade
               Federal Fluminense (protocol 00410.258.000-08). All patients provided written
               informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study assessed 166 patients (mean age, 67.9 &#177; 11.7 years; 72% of women), whose
            major clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and Doppler echocardiographic
                  characteristics of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Total population n = 166</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 11.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA FC II (%)</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 5.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">153.6 &#177; 26.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 16.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH (%)</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Medication</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretics (%)</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BB (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEI/ARB (%)</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CCB (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Biochemistry</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 86.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>GFR (mL/min)</td>
              <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 40.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 1.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">72.8 &#177; 8.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S' cm/s</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 2.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVMI g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">90.5 &#177; 24.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LAVI mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 11.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E' cm/s</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 2.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/E' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 4.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A ratio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DT ms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">255.3 &#177; 80.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Parameters assessed in 122 patients.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>NYHA FC: New York Heart Association functional class; BMI: body mass index;
                     SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SAH: systemic arterial
                     hypertension; BB: beta-blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor;
                     ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; BNP: B-type
                     natriuretic peptide; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular
                     ejection fraction; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; LAVI: left atrial volume
                     index; DT: E-wave deceleration time; E: initial transmitral flow; A: late
                     transmitral flow; E': myocardial relaxation velocity at the beginning of
                     diastole; S': .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy 1</title>
        <p>The patients were divided into three groups according to their E/E' ratio values
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>), and were assessed according to
               the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria, as follows: group
               I, patients with E/E' &gt; 15 (n = 16; 9%); group II, patients with E/E' ranging from
               8 to 15 (n = 79; 48%); and group III, patients with E/E' &lt; 8 (n = 71; 43%). Group
               I patients had their diagnosis of HFPEF confirmed, while group III patients had the
               diagnosis of HFPEF excluded.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship of the three cutoff points of the E/E' ratio with Doppler
                     echocardiographic parameters and atrial fibrillation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">E/E' ratio</th>
                <th colspan="2">LAVI &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></th>
                <th colspan="2">LVMI &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (women) and &gt; 149
                              g/m<sup>2</sup> (men)</th>
                <th colspan="2">E/A ratio &lt; 0.5 and DT &gt; 280 ms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">**</xref></th>
                <th colspan="2">ECG with atrial fibrillation</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 8 (n = 71)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8-15 (n = 79)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">12 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 15 (n = 16)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>1 loss;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>17 patients with atrial fibrillation.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t02">
              <p>LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; DT:
                        E-wave deceleration time; ECG: electrocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The 79 group II patients underwent analysis of other TDE parameters and ECG, and the
               findings were as follows: LAVI &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> in 20 women (25%); LVMI &gt;
               122 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women or &gt; 149 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men in 5 patients (6%);
               E/A ratio &lt; 0.5 with DT &gt; 280 ms not found in any patient; and atrial
               fibrillation on ECG of 2 patients (15%). Those findings allowed to diagnose HFPEF in
               33 patients (42%) and to exclude it in 46 (58%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Strategy 1.</title>
            <p>HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDVI: left
                     ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LAVI: left atrial volume index; DT:
                     E-wave deceleration time; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; W: women; M: men;
                     ECG: electrocardiography; AF: atrial fibrillation; HFPEF: heart failure with
                     preserved ejection fraction; ECHO: echocardiography.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0231-40120-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>By using S 1, 49 patients with HFPEF (29% of the total sample) were identified.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy 2</title>
        <p>The patients were divided into three groups based on their BNP levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>), and BNP, TDE and ECG data were
               assessed according to the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines
               criteria. In group I (BNP &gt; 200 pg/mL, n = 12), HFPEF was confirmed in 12 patients
               (100%), 4 of whom (33%) had E/E' &lt; 8, but LAVI &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>,
               confirming the diagnosis of HFPEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
               2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship of the three cutoff points of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
                     with Doppler echocardiographic parameters and atrial fibrillation.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">BNP</th>
                <th colspan="2">LAVI &gt; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></th>
                <th colspan="2">LVMI &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> (women) and &#8805; 116
                              g/m<sup>2</sup> (men)</th>
                <th colspan="2">E/E'ratio &#8805; 8</th>
                <th colspan="2">ECG with atrial fibrillation</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
                <th>Yes</th>
                <th>No</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 200 pg/mL (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">8 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>100-200 pg/mL (n = 20)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 100 pg/mL (n = 134)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">44 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">71 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>1 loss.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t03">
              <p>LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; ECG:
                        electrocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Strategy 2.</title>
            <p>HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDVI: left
                     ventricular end-diastolic volume index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; LAVI:
                     left atrial volume index; DT: E-wave deceleration time; LVMI: left ventricular
                     mass index; W: women; M: men; ECG: electrocardiography; AF: atrial
                     fibrillation; HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ECHO:
                     echocardiography.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0231-40120-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>In group II (BNP between 100 and 200 pg/mL, n = 20), patients with LAVI &gt; 29
                  mL/m<sup>2</sup>, or LVMI &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup>for women or &#8805; 116
               g/m<sup>2</sup>for men, or E/E' &#8805; 8 or atrial fibrillation on ECG were reassessed,
               the diagnosis of HFPEF being confirmed in 15 (75%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>In group III (BNP &lt; 100 pg/mL, n = 134), by using the European Society of
               Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria to exclude HFPEF and the same parameters
               already cited for group II, the patients were reassessed, and the diagnosis of HFPEF
               was confirmed in 26 (19%).</p>
        <p>When BNP levels were applied to S2, HFPEF was identified in 53 patients (32% of the
               total sample), corresponding to 4 more patients diagnosed with HFPEF (8%) as compared
               with the results obtained in S1.</p>
        <p>The mean BNP value in patients with HFPEF was 137.04 &#177; 113.5 pg/mL. Of the TDE
               parameters assessed, only LAVI showed a direct correlation with BNP levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and Doppler
                     echocardiographic parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Pearson</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.318</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVI (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.631</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.115</td>
                <td align="center">0.164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.078</td>
                <td align="center">0.320</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <p>E: initial transmitral flow; E': myocardial relaxation velocity at the
                        beginning of diastole; A: late transmitral flow; LAVI: left atrial volume
                        index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comparing patients with HFPEF and those with non-confirmed HFPEF, a higher mean BNP
               level was observed in those with HFPEF (137.04 &#177; 113.5 vs. 29.1 &#177; 35.1 pg/mL; p &lt;
               0.0001).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study assessed two strategies derived from the European Society of Cardiology
            Diastology Guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> for ambulatory patients
            with clinical suspicion of HFPEF, and showed that the strategy combining BNP levels and
            TDE findings increased HFPEF detection by 8%. Rather than having an established
            diagnosis of HF, the patients included in this study were suspected of having HF
            syndrome with an ejection fraction &gt; 50%. Studies carried out in the community have
            shown that the isolate use of signs and symptoms to confirm HFPEF is difficult.
            Differently from patients with acute HFPEF at the emergency room, who have signs and
            symptoms of pulmonary and systemic congestion, ambulatory patients frequently have no
            signs of congestion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy 1</title>
        <p>The use of the E/E' ratio in the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines
               for the diagnosis of HFPEF has been supported by studies with invasive methods to
               measure left ventricular filling pressures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (considered
               gold-standard). Such methods have shown the excellent correlation of the E/E' ratio,
               but, by being invasive, they cannot be reproduced in ambulatory patients, which
               limits their assessment. The study by Emery et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> has retrospectively assessed 1,229 consecutive TDE for the utility of
               measures, such as LAVI, LVMI, and pulmonary venous and mitral inflow Doppler, and has
               used the E/E' ratio as the major marker of dysfunction diastolic. Those authors have
               concluded that there was little incremental value of pulmonary flow and mitral
               Doppler measures, while LAVI &#8805; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> maximized both sensitivity and
               specificity for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. That study has shown a weak
               correlation between transmitral flow (E/A ratio) and E/E' ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our study, the percentage of patients with LAVI &#8805; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> increased
               linearly with the E/E' ratio, reaching 50% when E/E' &gt; 15. The E/A ratio showed no
               association with the E/E' ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).
               Those results are similar to those of the study by Emery et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and emphasize the non-recommendation of that parameter
               isolated to confirm diastolic dysfunction in patients suspected of having HFPEF,
               despite its wide use in clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy 2</title>
        <p>In S2, the initial use of BNP confirmed the diagnosis of HFPEF in 53 patients
               (32%).</p>
        <p>Our data showed increased BNP levels in patients with HFPEF; such values, however,
               were lower (137.04 &#177; 113.5 pg/mL) than those of patients at the emergency room. The
               European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines has used the BNP cutoff point of
               200 pg/mL to confirm HFPEF based on data from a study assessing patients with acute
               HF at the emergency room<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recently, Andrea et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> have used the
               European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria to assess HF in
               primary-care patients in Spain. In 146 patients with signs and symptoms of HF, the
               syndrome was confirmed in 65.7%, and, of those, 67% had HFPEF with a mean BNP value
               of 153.3 &#177; 123.1 pg/mL. That mean BNP value is similar to the one found in our study,
               confirming that BNP cutoff points for the diagnosis of HFPEF in the outpatient clinic
               are lower than those observed in studies performed with in-hospital patients.</p>
        <p>The European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of
               Acute and Chronic Heart Failure recommends the routine measurement of natriuretic
               peptides in patients suspected of having HF. Those guidelines establish the BNP
               cutoff point of 35 pg/mL for ambulatory patients to exclude both HFPEF and HF with
               reduced ejection fraction (HFREF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our study, HFPEF could be found by use of TDE parameters in 20% of the patients
               whose BNP levels ranged from 35 to 100 pg/mL, which makes TDE indispensable in that
               group of patients.</p>
        <p>The comparison between BNP levels and the TDE parameters used to diagnose HFPEF
               evidenced a positive association between BNP increase and LAVI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>); in addition, all patients with BNP
               levels &gt; 200 pg/mL had increased LAVI, which confirmed the diagnosis of HFPEF.</p>
        <p>Four patients (2.5%) had an E/E' ratio &lt; 8, which would exclude the diagnosis of
               HFPEF, but their BNP level &gt; 200 pg/mL and LAVI &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> confirmed
               the diagnosis.</p>
        <p>The classical diagnosis of HF is based on the presence of symptoms and signs of HF in
               association with cardiac structural or functional abnormalities usually demonstrated
               on Doppler echocardiography. That concept, however, has diagnostic difficulties for
               patients with HFPEF, who have mainly diastolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>In epidemiological studies, the prevalence of HFPEF can range from 13% to 75% of the
               HF cases, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. There is great diversity in the
               criteria used to determine the presence of HF, in the populations studied and in the
               methods evaluating left ventricular function. This hinders their use in clinical
               practice, and because patients with HFPEF do not meet the classical definition of HF,
               they end up neglected and poorly assessed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>The use of BNP measurements in association with TDE and ECG data, as shown in this
               study, can be a good option to confirm the diagnosis of HFPEF in ambulatory patients,
               considering that the BNP levels are consistently increased in patients with symptoms
               of HF and BNP is an excellent marker of diastolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limitations</title>
      <p>This study has limitations related to its sample size. In addition, no data on the
            difference of the Ar wave (retrograde blood flow into the pulmonary veins) and the A
            wave (forward transmitral flow) [(Ard - Ad)] were provided, because of the technical
            difficulties for obtaining that parameter (less than 50% of the patients), as already
            reported in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study assessed two strategies for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved
            ejection fraction, or its exclusion, based on algorithms established by the European
            Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines. This study showed that the association of
            B-type natriuretic peptide measurement and tissue Doppler echocardiography data is
            better than the use of those parameters isolated. B-type natriuretic peptide can be
            useful in identifying patients whose diagnosis of HF had been previously excluded based
            only on tissue Doppler echocardiographic findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
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        <p>Conception and design of the research: Jorge AJL, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita ET;
               Acquisition of data: Jorge AJL, Ribeiro ML, Fernandes LCM, Freire MD; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Ribeiro ML; Statistical analysis:
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               Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG,
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        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
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          <bold>Study Association</bold>
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        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro
               Jorge, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Estrat&#233;gias para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com
               Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Normal no Ambulat&#243;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio Maluhy</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Di Calafiori</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Silva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Rua Coronel Bittencourt,
               66, Boa Vista. CEP 24900-000, Maric&#225;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal &#233; a forma mais comum de
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; um desafio na pr&#225;tica ambulatorial.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever e comparar duas estrat&#233;gias, derivadas dos algoritmos do Consenso
                  Europeu de Diastologia para diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de
                  eje&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 166 pacientes (67,9 &#177; 11,7 anos, 72% mulheres)
                  ambulatoriais consecutivos. As estrat&#233;gias para confirmar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                  com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal foram estabelecidas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do
                  Consenso Europeu de Diastologia. Na estrat&#233;gia 1, utilizamos dados do eco Doppler
                  tecidual e eletrocardiograma; na estrat&#233;gia 2, inclu&#237;mos o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico
                  tipo B.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Na primeira estrat&#233;gia, os pacientes foram classificados em grupos, de acordo com
                  a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E': GI se E/E' &gt; 15 (n = 16; 9%); GII se E/E' 8 a 15 (n = 79; 48%);
                  e GIII se E/E' &lt; 8 (n = 71; 43%). Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
                  normal foi confirmada no GI e exclu&#237;da no GIII. No GII, par&#226;metros do eco Doppler
                  tecidual (volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado &#8805; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; massa do
                  ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado &gt; 122 para mulheres e &gt; 149 g/m<sup>2</sup>
                  para homens) e do eletrocardiograma (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) foram analisados,
                  confirmando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal em mais 33
                  pacientes, totalizando 49 (29%). Na estrat&#233;gia 2, utilizando o pept&#237;deo
                  natriur&#233;tico tipo B, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos. O GI (pept&#237;deo
                  natriur&#233;tico tipo B &gt; 200 pg/mL) foi formado por 12 pacientes e a insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal foi confirmada todos eles. O GII (pept&#237;deo
                  natriur&#233;tico tipo B de 100 a 200 pg/mL) foi formado por 20 pacientes com volume do
                  &#225;trio esquerdo indexado &gt; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, ou massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
                  indexado &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres ou &#8805; 116 g/m2 para homens, ou E/E' &#8805; 8
                  ou eletrocardiograma com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e o diagn&#243;stico confirmado em 15
                  deles. O GIII (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B &lt; 100 pg/mL) contou com 134
                  pacientes; utilizando os par&#226;metros do GII, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de
                  eje&#231;&#227;o normal foi confirmada em 26 pacientes. O emprego do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico
                  tipo B na estrat&#233;gia 2 adicionou mais quatro casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com
                  fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (8%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia 1. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B e dados do eco Doppler tecidual &#233;
                  superior &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada desses par&#226;metros. O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B
                  pode ser &#250;til para identificar pacientes que tenham sido exclu&#237;dos do diagn&#243;stico
                  de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na avalia&#231;&#227;o com eco Doppler tecidual.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="introdu&#231;&#227;o">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Atualmente, a Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Normal (ICFEN) &#233; a forma
               mais comum de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC), em raz&#227;o, principalmente, do acelerado
               envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e da alta preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades. A morbimortalidade
               da ICFEN &#233; elevada, semelhante &#224; da IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN &#233; um dos grandes
               desafios na pr&#225;tica ambulatorial, na qual o paciente se apresenta, geralmente, com
               intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, sem evid&#234;ncias de congest&#227;o pulmonar e ou sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora n&#227;o existam evid&#234;ncias de um tratamento eficaz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, est&#225; bem definido, na literatura, que pacientes com ICFEN devem se
               beneficiar de uma abordagem direcionada para o controle dos fatores de risco
               presentes na ICFEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>O Consenso Europeu de Diastologia (CED) prop&#244;s a sistematiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico ou
               exclus&#227;o de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Ecocardiograma com
               Doppler Tecidual (EDT) e dosagem de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O emprego dessa sistematiza&#231;&#227;o, no Brasil, ainda &#233; pouco
               utilizada pelos m&#233;dicos no ambulat&#243;rio, devido, principalmente, &#224; dificuldade de
               acesso ao EDT bem como aos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e comparar duas estrat&#233;gias, sendo uma delas
               sem o Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo B (BNP), ambas derivadas dos algoritmos propostos
               pelo CED<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> para diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em
               pacientes ambulatoriais, com sinais ou sintomas de IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com formato de amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica, tendo sido
                  selecionada uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia, que incluiu 166 pacientes ambulatoriais
                  consecutivos com suspeita cl&#237;nica de IC e avaliados no per&#237;odo de junho de 2008 a
                  outubro de 2010. Os pacientes apresentavam Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo
                  (FEVE) &#8805; 50%.</p>
          <p>Estrat&#233;gias para confirmar ICFEN foram estabelecidas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do
                  CED, que inclu&#237;ram presen&#231;a de sinais ou sintomas de IC, FEVE &#8805; 50%, Volume
                  Diast&#243;lico Final Indexado do VE (VDF-I) &#8804; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup> e presen&#231;a de
                  disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Na Estrat&#233;gia 1 (E1), utilizamos dados do EDT e ECG; na
                  Estrat&#233;gia 2 (E2), foram usados os mesmos par&#226;metros do EDT e ECG, somados aos
                  resultados do BNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>Na E1, evid&#234;ncias diagn&#243;sticas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram obtidas pelo EDT a
                  partir da presen&#231;a da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &gt; 15. Se E/E' fosse sugestivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  diast&#243;lica (entre 8 e 15), outra medidas do EDT eram utilizadas para confirmar o
                  diagn&#243;stico, como Massa do VE indexada (MVE-I, &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup> e &gt; 149
                     g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e homens, respectivamente), Volume do &#193;trio
                  Esquerdo (VAE) Indexado (VAE-I &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 0,5,
                  com Tempo de Desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) de E &gt; 280 ms. ECG com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, na
                  presen&#231;a de rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' entre 8 e 15, tamb&#233;m confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de
                     ICFEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
          <p>Na E2, utilizamos inicialmente os valores do BNP combinados com altera&#231;&#245;es do EDT
                  e ECG descritas anteriormente.</p>
          <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca severa, portadores de marca-passo
                  definitivo, pericardiopatias, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica severa e
                  submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual</title>
          <p>O EDT foi realizado com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do aparelho VIVID 7 (GE Medical Systems,
                  Horten, Noruega), e analisado com <italic>software</italic> EchoPAC, por um
                  investigador experiente e sem o conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos resultados dos outros
                  exames. O exame foi realizado segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de
                  c&#226;maras da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE) e da
                     <italic>European Association of Echocardiography</italic> (EAE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada pela
                  medida da FEVE</p>
          <p>A medida do VAE foi obtida por meio do m&#233;todo biplanar de discos (regra de Simpson
                  modificada) com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do corte apical quatro e duas c&#226;maras em s&#237;stole
                  ventricular esquerda final, indexado &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal. Os par&#226;metros da
                  fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram estimados pela m&#233;dia de cinco batimentos consecutivos. O
                  fluxo transmitral inicial (E) e tardio (A), e o TD da onda E foram medidos. A
                  velocidade do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E') foi medida pelo
                  EDT nos segmentos septal e lateral do anel mitral, sendo obtida a m&#233;dia dessas
                  medidas. Todos os exames foram gravados em m&#237;dia digital, para futuras analises e
                  revis&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de ECG (Dixtal, Brasil) em 12
                  deriva&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas em repouso, para identificar a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o
                  atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B</title>
          <p>O BNP foi dosado no sangue por meio do Alere Triage BNP Test (Biosite, EUA), que &#233;
                  um teste r&#225;pido por fluoroimunoan&#225;lise para medida quantitativa de BNP com leitura
                  pelo Triage Meter. Os valores de BNP foram expressos em pg/mL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software Statistical Package for
                     the Social Science</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>), vers&#227;o 17.0. As
                  vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio
                  padr&#227;o, e as diferen&#231;as, testadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou com
                  a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, cujas distribui&#231;&#245;es
                  fugiram da normalidade, foram apresentadas como mediana, e as diferen&#231;as foram
                  testadas com o teste de Mann-Whitney U, ou com o teste Kruskal-Wallis-H. Para
                  testar diferen&#231;as entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta
                  e relativa, utilizou-se o qui-quadrado de Pearson. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (rho)
                  foi utilizada para medir a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o BNP e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O estudo est&#225; de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki
                  e o protocolo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade Federal Fluminense
                  (protocolo 00410.258.000-08). Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de
                  Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O estudo avaliou 166 pacientes (67,9 &#177; 11,7 anos), sendo 72% mulheres, cujas
               principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais est&#227;o listadas
               na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e
                     ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o total n = 166</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 11,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CF NYHA II (%)</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">153,6 &#177; 26,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">77,2 &#177; 16,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrlla&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BB (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Bioqu&#237;mica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 86,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 40,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 1,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE(%)</td>
                <td align="center">72,8 &#177; 8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S' cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVE-I g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">90,5 &#177; 24,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VAE-I mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 11,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E' cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 4,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TD ms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">255,3 &#177; 80,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Par&#226;metros avaliados em 122 pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t05">
              <p>CF NYHA: classe funcional segundo a New York Heart Association; IMC: &#237;ndice
                        de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;
                        HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; BB: betabloqueador; IECA: inibidor da
                        enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da
                        angiotensina; BCC: bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico
                        tipo B; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do
                        ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MVE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; VAE-I:
                        volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia 1</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com o valor da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>), e avaliados pelos crit&#233;rios
                  do CED. No grupo I, estavam pacientes com E/E' &gt; 15 (n = 16; 9%); no grupo II,
                  com E/E' entre 8 e 15 (n = 79; 48%); e, no grupo III, E/E' &lt; 8 (n = 71; 43%).
                  Os pacientes do GI tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN confirmado e, nos pacientes do
                  grupo III, o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN foi exclu&#237;do.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de corte da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' com par&#226;metros do
                        ecodopplercardiograma e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</th>
                  <th colspan="2">VAE-I &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></th>
                  <th colspan="2">MVE-I &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (M) e &gt; 149
                                 g/m<sup>2</sup> (H)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 0,5 e TD &gt; 280ms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">**</xref></th>
                  <th colspan="2">ECG com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 8 (n = 71)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8-15 (n = 79)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 15 (n = 16)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">154</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">149</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>1 perda;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t06">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>17 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t06">
                <p>VAE-I: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; MVE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo
                           esquerdo indexada M: mulher; H: homem; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda
                           E; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Nos 79 pacientes do grupo II, outros par&#226;metros ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos, bem como
                  o ECG, foram analisados. Presen&#231;a de VAE-I &gt; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> foi observada
                  em 20 pacientes (25%); MVE-I &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres ou &gt; 149
                     g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens em cinco pacientes (6%); rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 0,5 com
                  TD &gt; 280 ms n&#227;o foi encontrada em nenhum paciente; e ECG com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial
                  foi registrado em 12 pacientes (15%). Esses achados permitiram diagnosticar ICFEN
                  em 33 pacientes (42%) e excluir o diagn&#243;stico em 46 (58%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Emprego da Estrat&#233;gia 1.</title>
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;
                        VDF-I: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; VAE-I:
                        volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E;
                        MVE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; M: mulheres; H: homens; ECG:
                        eletrocardiograma; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ICFEN: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com
                        fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0231-40120-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Utilizando essa estrat&#233;gia, identificamos ICFEN em 49 pacientes, o que corresponde
                  a 29% do n&#250;mero total de pacientes avaliados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia 2</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com seus valores de BNP
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>) e foram analisados dados
                  referentes a BNP, EDT e ECG, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do CED. No grupo I (BNP
                  &gt; 200 pg/mL, n = 12), a ICFEN foi confirmada em 12 pacientes (100%), sendo que
                  quatro deles (33%) apresentaram E/E' &lt; 8, por&#233;m com VAE-I &gt; 40
                     mL/m<sup>2</sup>, o que confirma o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) com
                        par&#226;metros ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">BNP</th>
                  <th colspan="2">VAE-I &gt; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref></th>
                  <th colspan="2">MVE-I &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> (M) e &#8805; 116
                                 g/m<sup>2</sup> (H)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &#8805; 8</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ECG com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Sim</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 200 pg/mL (n = 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>100-200 pg/mL (n = 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 100 pg/mL (n = 134)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">112</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">149</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t07">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>1 perda.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t07">
                <p>VAE-I: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; MVE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo
                           esquerdo indexada M: mulher; H: homem; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Emprego da Estrat&#233;gia 2.</title>
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;
                        VDF-I: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; BNP pept&#237;deo
                        natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; VAE-I: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; TD: tempo
                        de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; MVE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; M:
                        mulheres; H: homens; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FA
                        fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; VE-I: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; ICFEN: insufici&#234;ncia
                        card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0231-40120-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>No grupo II (BNP entre 100 e 200 pg/mL, n = 20), os pacientes que apresentaram
                  VAE-I &gt; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, ou MVE-I &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres ou &#8805;
                  116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens, ou E/E' &#8805; 8 ou ECG com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram,
                  ent&#227;o, reavaliados, e o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN foi confirmado em 15 deles (75%)
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>No grupo III (BNP &lt; 100 pg/mL, n = 134), com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios do CED
                  para excluir ICFEN e empregando os mesmos par&#226;metros j&#225; citados para o grupo II,
                  os pacientes foram, ent&#227;o, reavaliados, e ICFEN p&#244;de ser confirmada em 26
                  pacientes (19%).</p>
          <p>Ao empregarmos o BNP na E2, identificamos ICFEN em 53 pacientes, que
                  corresponderam a 32% do n&#250;mero total de pacientes avaliados, adicionando quatro
                  casos de ICFEN (8%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; E1.</p>
          <p>O valor m&#233;dio do BNP nos pacientes com ICFEN foi de 137,04 &#177; 113,5 pg/mL. A
                  correla&#231;&#227;o dos valores de BNP com par&#226;metros do EDT mostrou que apenas o VAE-I
                  apresentava uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta com n&#237;veis do BNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e vari&#225;veis
                        ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Pearson</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAE-I (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,631</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                  <td align="center">0,164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MVE-I (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,078</td>
                  <td align="center">0,320</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t08">
                <p>VAE-I: volume do atrio esquerdo indexado; MVE-I: massa do ventr&#237;culo
                           esquerdo indexada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ao comparamos os pacientes com ICFEN &#224;queles em que ICFEN n&#227;o foi confirmada,
                  observamos um valor m&#233;dio de BNP mais elevado naqueles com ICFEN (137,04 &#177; 113,5
                  vs. 29,1 &#177; 35,1 pg/mL; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo testou duas estrat&#233;gias derivadas do CED<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> em pacientes ambulatoriais com suspeita cl&#237;nica de ICFEN e mostrou que a
               estrat&#233;gia que combina o BNP e achados do EDT promoveu um aumento de 8% na detec&#231;&#227;o
               de ICFEN. Pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo tinham suspeita cl&#237;nica da s&#237;ndrome de IC com
               uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50%, e n&#227;o um diagn&#243;stico firmado de IC. Estudos realizados
               na comunidade apontam a dificuldade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada de sinais e sintomas para
               confirmar ICFEN. Diferentemente dos pacientes com ICFEN aguda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia,
               que apresentam sinais e sintomas de congest&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, os pacientes
               ambulatoriais frequentemente n&#227;o apresentam sinais de congest&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia 1</title>
          <p>Os dados que embasaram o emprego da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' utilizadas no CED para o
                  diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN foram derivados de estudos que empregaram m&#233;todos invasivos
                  para medida das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (considerado
                  padr&#227;o-ouro), mostrando excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E', mas que, por
                  serem invasivos, n&#227;o podem ser reproduzidos em pacientes ambulatoriais, o que
                  limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o. Estudo de Emery e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, que avaliou, retrospectivamente, 1.229 EDT consecutivos para a
                  utilidade de medidas que inclu&#237;ram VAE-I, MVE-I, Doppler venoso pulmonar, Doppler
                  do fluxo transmitral e Doppler tecidual, utilizou a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' como principal
                  marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que valores do fluxo
                  pulmonar e o Doppler mitral ofereciam pouco valor incremental, enquanto que um
                  VAE-I &#8805; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup> maximizava tanto a sensibilidade como a especificidade
                  para diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. O estudo mostrou fraca correla&#231;&#227;o da
                  medida do fluxo transmitral (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A) com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, o percentual de pacientes com VAE-I &#8805; 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>
                  aumentou linearmente com os valores de E/E', chegando a 50% quando E/E' foi &gt;
                  15. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A n&#227;o mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a medida da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>). Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes
                  aos do estudo de Emery e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e
                  ressaltam a n&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro, de forma isolada, para confirmar
                  disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com suspeita de ICFEN, apesar de sua ampla
                  utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia 2</title>
          <p>Na E2, empregando inicialmente BNP, confirmamos o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em 53
                  pacientes (32%).</p>
          <p>Nossos dados mostram que o BNP encontra-se aumentado em pacientes com ICFEN, por&#233;m
                  com valores menores (137,04 &#177; 113,5 pg/mL) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos atendidos na sala de
                  emerg&#234;ncia. O CED utilizou um ponto de corte do BNP de 200 pg/mL para confirmar
                  ICFEN, com base em dados de estudo que avaliou pacientes na sala de emerg&#234;ncia com
                  IC aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>Recentemente, Andrea e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> utilizaram
                  os crit&#233;rios do CED para avaliar IC em pacientes da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na Espanha.
                  Em 146 pacientes com sinais e sintomas, IC foi confirmada em 65,7% e, destes, 67%
                  apresentavam ICFEN com BNP m&#233;dio de 153,3 &#177; 123,1 pg/mL, semelhantes ao valor
                  m&#233;dio encontrado nos pacientes avaliados em nosso estudo, confirmando que os
                  valores de corte para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN no ambulat&#243;rio s&#227;o inferiores &#224;queles
                  observados em estudos realizados em pacientes internados.</p>
          <p>A diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (SEC) para o diagn&#243;stico de IC
                  recomenda a dosagem de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos de rotina em pacientes com suspeita
                  de IC. A diretriz estabelece valores de corte do BNP para pacientes ambulatoriais
                  de 35 pg/mL para exclus&#227;o tanto de ICFER como para ICFEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>No nosso estudo, para pacientes com BNP entre 35 e 100 pg/mL, a ICFEN p&#244;de ser
                  encontrada, por meio dos par&#226;metros do EDT, em 20% dos pacientes estudados, o que
                  torna indispens&#225;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EDT nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
          <p>Ao compararmos o BNP com os par&#226;metros do EDT utilizados para diagnosticar ICFEN,
                  identificamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o aumento do BNP e o VAE-I (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>), sendo que, com valores de BNP &gt;
                  200 pg/mL, todos os pacientes apresentavam VAE-I aumentado e tiveram o diagn&#243;stico
                  de ICFEN confirmado.</p>
          <p>Em quatro pacientes (2,5%), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' foi &lt; 8, o que afastaria o
                  diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN, mas o BNP foi &gt; 200 pg/mL e o VAE-I &gt; 40
                     mL/m<sup>2</sup>, o que confirmaria o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
          <p>O diagnostico cl&#225;ssico da IC se baseia na presen&#231;a de sintomas e sinais de IC,
                  associados a anormalidades estruturais ou funcionais card&#237;acas demonstradas,
                  geralmente, pelo ecodoplercardiograma. Esse conceito, entretanto, mostra
                  dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas para os pacientes com IC e FEVE preservada que
                  apresentam principalmente altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de ICFEN, em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, pode variar entre 13 a 75% dos
                  casos de IC, dependendo dos crit&#233;rios utilizados no diagn&#243;stico. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
                  diferentes modelos para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN torna dif&#237;cil sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na
                  pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, e pacientes com ICFEN, por n&#227;o se encaixarem na defini&#231;&#227;o
                  cl&#225;ssica de IC, acabam negligenciados e pobremente validados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>O uso do BNP, associado ao EDT e ECG, conforme demonstrado neste estudo, pode,
                  ent&#227;o, ser uma boa op&#231;&#227;o para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes
                  ambulatoriais, j&#225; que concentra&#231;&#245;es de BNP est&#227;o consistentemente aumentadas em
                  pacientes com sintomas de IC e BNP &#233; um &#243;timo marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o
                     diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao tamanho da amostra estudada. N&#227;o
                  utilizamos dados das medidas de Ard-Ad, devido &#224;s dificuldades t&#233;cnicas de
                  obten&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro, que foi conseguido em menos de 50% dos pacientes,
                  conforme j&#225; observado em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram avaliadas aqui duas estrat&#233;gias baseadas nos algoritmos estabelecidos pelo
               Consenso Europeu de Diastologia para o diagn&#243;stico e exclus&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal. Observamos que a associa&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo
               natriur&#233;tico tipo B e dados obtidos pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual &#233;
               superior aos referentes &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada desses par&#226;metros. O pept&#237;deo
               natriur&#233;tico tipo B pode ser &#250;til para identificar pacientes que tenham sido
               exclu&#237;dos do diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acordo com crit&#233;rios baseados
               somente em anormalidades do ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jorge AJL, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados: Jorge AJL, Ribeiro ML, Fernandes LCM, Freire MD; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Ribeiro ML; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rosa MLG; Reda&#231;&#227;o
                  do manuscrito: Jorge AJL, Correia DS, Teixeira PD, Mesquita ET; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG,
                  Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge pela
                  Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
