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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F9FdNVy45kGVgnYCYyHPvFb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Combination Therapy for the Cardiovascular Effects of
					Perinatal Lead Exposure in Young and Adult Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaspar</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Fresneda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordellini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de
					Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade da Alta Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tup&#227;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade da Alta Paulista (FAP), Tup&#227;, SP -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Sandra Cordellini,</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Carmelo 145, Jardim
					Para&#237;so. CEP 18610-290, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. Email:
						<email>cordelli@ibb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>230</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Combination therapy can play a significant role in the amelioration of
						several toxic effects of lead (Pb) and recovery from associated
						cardiovascular changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the effects of combination therapy on the cardiovascular
						effects of perinatal lead exposure in young and adult rats</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Female Wistar rats received drinking water with or without 500 ppm of Pb
						during pregnancy and lactation. Twenty-two- and 70-day-old rat offspring who
						were or were not exposed to Pb in the perinatal period received
						meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), L-arginine, or enalapril and a
						combination of these compounds for 30 additional days. Noradrenaline
						response curves were plotted for intact and denuded aortas from 23-, 52-,
						70-, and 100-day-old rats stratified by perinatal Pb exposure
						(exposed/unexposed) and treatment received (treated/untreated).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Systolic blood pressure was evaluated and shown to be higher in the 23-, 52-,
						70-, and 100-day age groups with Pb exposure than in the corresponding
						control age groups: 117.8 &#177; 3.9*, 135.2 &#177; 1.3*, 139.6 &#177; 1.6*, and 131.7 &#177;
						2.8*, respectively and 107.1 &#177; 1.8, 118.8 &#177; 2.1, 126.1 &#177; 1.1, and 120.5 &#177;
						2.2, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Increased reactivity to noradrenaline was
						observed in intact, but not denuded, aortas from 52-, 70-, and 100-day-old
						exposed rats, and the maximum responses (g of tension) in the respective
						Pb-exposed and control age groups were as follows: 3.43 &#177; 0.16*, 4.32 &#177;
						0.18*, and 4.21 &#177; 0.23*, respectively and 2.38 &#177; 0.33, 3.37 &#177; 0.13, and 3.22
						&#177; 0.21, respectively (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>All treatments reversed the changes in vascular reactivity to noradrenaline
						in rats perinatally exposed to Pb. The combination therapy resulted in an
						earlier restoration of blood pressure in Pb-exposed rats compared with the
						monotherapies, except for enalapril therapy in young rats. These findings
						represent a new approach to the development of therapeutic protocols for the
						treatment of Pb-induced hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Perinatal Exposure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Lead / toxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Epidemiological data show that lead (Pb) plays a role in the development of arterial
				hypertension in individuals occupationally exposed to Pb and in the general
					population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension induced by Pb exposure during postnatal life is characterized
				by an increase in vascular reactivity to catecholamines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, a decrease in beta-adrenergic receptors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, and a decrease in vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine
				and sodium nitroprusside<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In contrast, Purdy
				et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> reported no changes in aortic
				reactivity to either vasoconstrictors (noradrenaline and phenylephrine) or
				vasodilators (acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside) associated with for Pb-induced
				hypertension.</p>
      <p>Although great progress has been made with regard to neurochemical and behavioral
				alterations induced by perinatal Pb exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, the cardiovascular effects of Pb exposure
				remain unclear.</p>
      <p>Studies have focused on the concept that Pb is associated with regulatory processes
				involving Ca<sup>+2</sup>, cyclic GMP, and protein kinase C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone,
				kallikrein-kinin, and other autacoidal (e.g., endothelin) and transductional systems
				[e.g., nitric oxide (NO)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; endothelium and smooth muscle
					proliferation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>; and oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite many years of research, the optimal treatment for toxicity caused by heavy
				metal exposure remains to be determined. Chelation therapy is the preferred
				treatment for decreasing the toxic effects of metals, although chelators have
				largely been restricted to overt, acute poisoning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Several supplements such as vitamins,
				sulfur-containing amino acids, antioxidants, and essential minerals are also used to
				address metal toxicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Combination therapy
				is a novel and better approach to the treatment of metal poisoning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Because little experimental evidence is
				available, there is a requirement for in-depth investigations in this field.</p>
      <p>On the basis of the abovementioned reports, we investigated combination therapies for
				the treatment of Pb-induced cardiovascular toxicity. The effects of maternal Pb
				exposure during pregnancy and lactation on blood pressure and aortic reactivity were
				investigated in young and adult rat offspring, with focus on endothelial and smooth
				muscle cells. We then evaluated the therapeutic effects of the following drugs
				administered either alone or in combination on the adverse cardiovascular effects of
				perinatal Pb exposure in young and adult rats: meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA),
				a chelating agent and scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; L-arginine, a precursor of NO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; and enalapril, an angiotensin-converting
				enzyme inhibitor.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and Pb exposure</title>
        <p>Adult Wistar rats were obtained from University of S&#227;o Paulo facilities and used
					as the parent generation. The animals were mated at the age of 90 days (two
					females and one male per cage). On pregnancy day 0 (determined by the presence
					of sperm in vaginal smears), the females were divided into nonexposed and
					Pb-exposed groups and were housed alone. The drinking water in the cages housing
					the females was altered with 500 ppm Pb (as Pb acetate) or tap water. A group of
					animals received sodium acetate to equalize acetate exposure between groups. The
					Pb exposure regimen was chosen on the basis of previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. To prevent the formation of a Pb
					precipitate, 0.5 mL of glacial acetic acid was added while stirring to 1000 mL
					of each solution (sodium acetate and Pb). Pb exposure lasted throughout
					pregnancy and lactation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). At
					birth, the number of pups per litter was recorded, following which all litters
					were culled to eight pups. Whenever possible, only male rats were kept within
					the litter, and females were kept just to maintain equal litter sizes. Pups were
					weaned at 22 days of age on tap water and evaluated at 23 and 70 days of age
						(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Age-matched controls
					received sodium acetate during the same periods as that of Pb exposure. Maternal
					body weights were measured on pregnancy day 0, the day before delivery, after
					delivery, and at weaning. Pup weights were recorded at birth and weekly until
					100 days of age.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Experimental design</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0219-40103-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Lights in the animal room were set on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle, with the
					temperature maintained at 22 &#177; 1&#176;C. The animals were fed with regular laboratory
					chow. Animal procedures were performed in accordance with the principles and
					guidelines of the National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation
					(protocol no. 25/05-CEEA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of blood pressure</title>
        <p>Beginning at 22 days of life, systolic blood pressure was determined weekly in
					conscious rats using the tail-cuff plethysmographic method (Narco Bio-Systems,
					Inc., Houston, TX). The rats were prewarmed for approximately 10 min and placed
					into a restrainer for blood pressure measurement. Three consecutive recordings
					(approximately 1 min apart) were obtained, and the mean of these three
					measurements was recorded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determination of Pb levels in blood</title>
        <p>Whole blood was collected from the hearts of anesthetized (urethane, 1.25 g/kg)
					female rats at weaning and pups at 23, 52, 70, and 100 days of age.</p>
        <p>Blood was prepared for Pb analysis, which was conducted using a microwave
					dissolution procedure utilizing a DGT-100 plus microwave digestion apparatus
					(Provecto, Brazil). Nitric acid was added to the digestion vessels containing 1
					mL of blood.</p>
        <p>Pb levels in whole blood were determined using an atomic absorption
					spectrophotometer GBC AA 932 (EEA-flame)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The recovery of Pb that was externally added to control samples
					was found to be consistently greater than 96%. A standard addition method was
					applied during determination to eliminate possible matrix interference.
					Whole-blood Pb levels were expressed in micrograms per deciliter. The detection
					limit was 5 &#181;g/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Therapy</title>
        <p>A group of 22- and 70-day-old rats who were or were not exposed to Pb in the
					perinatal period received DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or the combination of
					these compounds for 30 additional days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
						1</xref>). DMSA was orally administered at 60 mg/kg by gastric gavage two
					times a day (30 mg/kg per dose) for 5 days a week. L-arginine (1.0%) was
					administered through drinking water consumed <italic>ad libitum</italic>.
					Enalapril was also administered through drinking water (approximately 5
					mg/day/rat). Age-matched controls received tap water.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental protocols</title>
        <p>Immediately after the blood samples were collected, the thoracic aorta was
					excised and trimmed free of adhering fat and connective tissue. Two transverse
					rings measuring approximately 4 mm in length were cut and mounted at the optimal
					length for recording isometric tension in organ chambers. One ring served as a
					control, while the endothelium was mechanically removed from the other by gently
					rubbing the luminal surface. These samples constituted the intact and denuded
					aortas, respectively. The organ baths contained Krebs-Henseleit solution (7 mL)
					comprising (in mM) NaCl (113.0), KCl (4.7), CaCl<sub>2</sub> (2.5),
						NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (25.0), MgSO<sub>4</sub> (1.1),
						KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (1.2), ascorbic acid (0.11), and glucose
					(11.1). The bathing fluid was maintained at 37&#186;C and was saturated with a gas
					mixture of 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. The preparations were
					allowed to equilibrate for at least an hour under a resting tension of 1.5 g,
					which is optimal for inducing maximum contraction. Tension was recorded using an
					F-60 microdisplacement myograph (Narco Bio-Systems Inc., Houston, Texas, USA)
					and displayed on a physiograph. Intact and denuded aortas from rats who were or
					were not exposed to Pb were studied in parallel.</p>
        <p>Cumulative concentration-effect curves were constructed from the aortic response
					to noradrenaline. At the ends of the curves, acetylcholine (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M)
					and sodium nitroprusside (10<sup>&#8722;4</sup> M) were used to test the integrity of
					the endothelial and smooth muscle layers, respectively.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs and solutions</title>
        <p>The following drugs were used: acetylcholine bromide, DMSA, enalapril maleate,
					L-arginine, lead acetate, noradrenaline bitartrate, sodium nitroprusside, and
					urethane (all obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, Missouri, USA). All
					drugs were dissolved in Krebs-Henseleit solution, and the concentrations were
					expressed in molarity. Lead and sodium acetate were dissolved in acidified tap
					water as described above. L-arginine and enalapril were dissolved in tap water.
					DMSA solutions were freshly prepared by dissolving the compound in 5%
						NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis and statistics</title>
        <p>The litter was considered to be the experimental unit in all performed analyses.
					The concentration of vasoactive agents producing a response that was 50% of the
					maximum (EC<sub>50</sub>) was calculated in each experiment. The
					EC<sub>50</sub>s to noradrenaline are presented as means with 95% confidence
					intervals. The maximal response to noradrenaline is presented as means &#177;
					standard errors (SEs). Blood pressure, EC<sub>50</sub> values, and maximal
					responses were compared by two-way analysis of variance using SigmaStat 3.2
					software. Pb and treatment were the factors included in the analysis. A P-value
					of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Tukey's multiple
					comparisons test was used to test differences among means. Other parameters
					(body weight, number of pups, and Pb determination) are also presented as means
					&#177; standard errors and were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, which was
					conducted using InStat 4.0 software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Body weight, number of pups, blood Pb levels, and blood pressure</title>
        <p>Pb exposure did not affect the body weight of the mothers and pups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>) as well as the number of pups per
					litter (control: 11.3 &#177; 0.4, Pb: 10.5 &#177; 0.5, p &gt; 0.05; number of litters per
					group, 10-20).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body weights of females exposed or not exposed to Pb during pregnancy
							and lactation and their male offspring who were treated or not treated
							with DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or combination therapy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="7">
                  <bold>Body weight (g)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Rats</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pregnancy</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Lactation</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Post-weaning age</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>0 day</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>21 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>1 day</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>21 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>52 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>70 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>100 days</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Dams</td>
                <td>Control (n = 20)</td>
                <td>272.2 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td>378.8 &#177; 9.0</td>
                <td>304.6 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td>276.9 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb (n = 20)</td>
                <td>269.0 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td>360.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td>293.1 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td>275.44 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Male offspring</td>
                <td>Control (n = 20)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>6.2 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>39.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td>208.3 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>323.1 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td>357.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb (n = 20)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>5.8 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td>40.0 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td>198.6 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td>327.9 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td>357.1 &#177; 3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb/DMSA (n = 20)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>41.2 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td>195.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td>326.8 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td>365.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb/L-arginine (n = 15)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>43.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td>205.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td>325.4 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td>369.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb/enalapril (n = 15)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>42.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td>194.8 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td>301.7 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td>351.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Combination therapy (n = 20)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>43.0 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td>206.0 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td>314.7 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td>360.6 &#177; 1.2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values represent means &#177; standard errors. Pb: 500 ppm lead acetate
								during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment: a group of 22- and
								70-day-old offspring who were or were not exposed to Pb during the
								perinatal period received DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or a
								combination of these compounds for 30 additional days. DMSA was
								orally administered at 60 mg/kg by gastric gavage two times a day
								(30 mg/kg per dose) for 5 days a week. L-arginine (1.0%) was
								administered through drinking water ad libitum. Enalapril was
								administered through drinking water at a dosage of 5 mg/rat/day.
								Age-matched controls received tap water. (n) = number of animals per
								group.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pb levels in blood samples from the mothers and the 23-, 52-, 70- and 100-day-old
					rats were significantly higher than those in the respective controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). After Pb discontinuation, the
					blood Pb levels in exposed rats decreased but remained higher than those in
					control rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). The different
					treatment protocols resulted in a significant decrease in blood Pb levels in the
					52- and 100-day-old rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).
					These decreases reached values similar to those observed in control rats of the
					same age, except in rats treated with L-arginine, in which blood Pb levels
					remained high compared with those in controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Blood Pb levels in females who were or were not exposed to Pb during
							pregnancy and lactation and their male offspring who were or were not
							treated with DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or combination therapy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <bold>Blood Pb levels (&#956;g/dL)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Females</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Male offspring</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>23 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>52 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>70 days</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>100 days</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Control (n = 5)</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pb (n = 6)</td>
                <td>53.39 &#177; 5.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>35.61 &#177; 7.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pb/water (n = 6)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>19.98 &#177; 6.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>13.15 &#177; 0.97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>11.17 &#177; 2.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">+</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pb/DMSA (n = 5)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">$</xref>
								</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">$</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pb/L-arginine (n = 6)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>10.65 &#177; 2.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>6.55 &#177; 3.29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pb/enalapril (n = 5)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">$</xref>
								</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">$</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Combination therapy (n = 5)</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">$</xref>
								</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>&lt; 5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">$</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values represent means &#177; standard errors. Pb: 500 ppm lead acetate
								during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment: a group of 22- and
								70-day-old offspring who were or were not exposed to Pb during the
								perinatal period received DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or a
								combination of these compounds for 30 additional days. DMSA was
								orally administered at 60 mg/kg by gastric gavage two times a day
								(30 mg/kg per dose) for 5 days a week. L-arginine (1.0%) was
								administered through drinking water ad libitum. Enalapril was
								administered through drinking water at a dosage of 5 mg/rat/day.
								Age-matched controls received tap water.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective control group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with Pb-exposed, 23-day-old rats;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t02">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective Pb/water group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>(n) = number of animals in each age group.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Systolic blood pressure was not altered by sodium acetate exposure compared with
					those after tap water exposure (data not shown). Systolic blood pressure showed
					a gradual increase during postnatal development (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>). Moreover,
					the values observed in Pb-exposed rats were significantly higher than those in
					controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Arterial blood pressure in 52-day-old rats who were or were not
							exposed to Pb in the perinatal period (during pregnancy and lactation)
							and were treated or not treated with DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or
							combination therapy. Treatment: a group of 22-day-old offspring received
							DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or a combination of these compounds for 30
							additional days. DMSA was orally administered at 60 mg/kg by gastric
							gavage two times a day (30 mg/kg per dose) for 5 days a week. L-arginine
							(1.0%) was administered through drinking water ad libitum. Enalapril was
							administered through drinking water at a dosage of 5 mg/rat/day.
							Age-matched controls received tap water. Values are expressed as means &#177;
							standard errors. *p &lt; 0.05 compared with controls; #p &lt; 0.05
							compared with Pb/water. (n) = animal number per group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0219-40103-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Arterial blood pressure in 100-day-old rats who were or were not
							exposed to Pb in the perinatal period (during pregnancy and lactation)
							and were treated or not treated with DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or
							combination therapy. Treatment: a group of 100-day-old offspring
							received DMSA, L-arginine, enalapril, or a combination of these
							compounds for 30 additional days. DMSA was orally administered at 60
							mg/kg by gastric gavage two times a day (30 mg/kg per dose) for 5 days a
							week. L-arginine (1.0%) was administered through drinking water ad
							libitum. Enalapril was administered through drinking water at a dosage
							of 5 mg/rat/day. Age-matched controls received tap water. Values are
							expressed as means &#177; standard errors. *p &lt; 0.05 compared with
							controls; #p &lt; 0.05 compared with Pb/water; (n) = animal number per
							group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0219-40103-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>All treatments decreased the blood pressure of Pb-exposed young rats to levels
					near those in unexposed animals. This reversal in blood pressure occurred at the
					age of 49, 35, 28, and 28 days, respectively, with L-arginine, DMSA, enalapril,
					and combination therapy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).
					Similar reversals in blood pressure were observed in Pb-exposed adult rats
					treated with L-arginine, enalapril, and combination therapy at the age of 84,
					84, and 77 days, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).
					Although DMSA treatment decreased blood pressure in Pb-exposed adult rats, this
					value was similar to that observed in both unexposed and Pb-exposed untreated
					rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity</title>
        <p>The reactivity of intact and denuded aortas in Pb-exposed rats was not altered by
					sodium acetate exposure compared with that in aortas from rats that received tap
					water (data not shown). Gavage did not cause any change in aortic reactivity
					(data not shown). Neither Pb exposure nor the treatments altered the reactivity
					of denuded aortas to noradrenaline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables
						3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maximal responses and EC50 values for the response to noradrenaline
							obtained in aortas with and without endothelium that were isolated from
							rats who were or were not exposed to Pb in the perinatal period (during
							pregnancy and lactation) and were or were not treated with L-arginine or
							enalapril</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Male offspring</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Aorta With Endothelium</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Aorta Without Endothelium</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">1</xref>Maximum
										response (g of tension)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">2</xref>EC<sub>50</sub> (&#215;10<sup>-8</sup> M)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t03">3</xref>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">1</xref>Maximum
										response (g of tension)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">2</xref>EC<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-9</sup> M)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t03">3</xref>N</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Not treated</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">23-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>1.8 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td>1.3 (0.5 - 3.4)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>2.6 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.3 -
									6.4)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.1 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>1.5 (0.4 - 4.9)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>3.0 &#177; 0.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.1 -
									7.5)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">52-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.4 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>2.0 (0.4 - 10.8)</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>4.1 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (2.8 -
									6.4)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>3.4 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>11.0 (6.0 - 20.3)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.5 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.3 -
									4.2)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">70-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>3.4 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td>16.0 (7.1 - 35.4)</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>5.2 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>5.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.7 -
									36.0)</td>
                <td>7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>4.3 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>4.8 (1.7 - 13.3)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>5.0 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.4 -
									4.2)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">100-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>3.2 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>8.5 (4.6 - 15.6)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>5.3 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>5.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (1.4 -
									21.9)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>4.2 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>4.3 (0.9 - 20.7)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>5.2 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.7 -
									19.7)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td>
                  <bold>L-arginine treatment</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="7">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">52-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.8 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td>3.3 (1.5 - 7.3)</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>4.5 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.1 -
									29.0)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.7 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td>10.0 (4.1 - 37.3)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.3 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>8.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (1.0 -
									27.5)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">100-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>3.3 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>8.9 (5.5 -14.5)</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>4.8 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>9.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (3.2 -
									26.3)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>3.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td>8.6 (2.3 - 31.4)</td>
                <td>12</td>
                <td>4.9 &#177; 0.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.2 -
									7.3)</td>
                <td>14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Enalapril treatment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">52-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td>3.0 (0.4 - 23.4)</td>
                <td>12</td>
                <td>4.2 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.1 -
									8.7)</td>
                <td>12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>6.15 (1.31 - 28.91)</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>4.2 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>6.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>(1.0 -
									38.0)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">100-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>3.1 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>5.4 (1.0 -27.5)</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>5.0 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>4.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.6 -
									25.9)</td>
                <td>11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>3.2 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td>9.4 (3.0 - 30.1)</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>5.6 &#177; 0.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t03">+</xref> (0.2 -
									19.3)</td>
                <td>14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Values represent means &#177; standard errors.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t03">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>EC50: levels producing half-maximum responses; values represent means
								with 95% confidence intervals.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t03">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>N = number of animals.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Pb: 500 ppm lead acetate during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment: a
								group of 22- and 70-day-old offspring who were or were not exposed
								to Pb during the perinatal period received received L-arginine or
								enalapril for 30 additional days. L-arginine (1.0%) was administered
								through drinking water ad libitum. Enalapril was administered
								through drinking water at a dosage of 5 mg/rat/day. Age-matched
								controls received tap water.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective control group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn05t03">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective aorta with endothelium.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maximal responses and EC<sub>50</sub> values for the response to
							noradrenaline In aortas with and without endothelium that were isolated
							from rats who were or were not exposed to Pb during pregnancy and
							lactation and were or were not treated with DMSA or combination
							therapy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Male offspring</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Aorta With Endothelium</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Aorta Without Endothelium</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">1</xref>Maximum
										response (g of tension)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">2</xref>EC<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-8</sup> M)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">3</xref>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">1</xref>Maximum
										response (g of tension)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">2</xref>EC<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-9</sup> M)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">3</xref>N</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Not treated</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">52-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td>9.0 (3.6 - 22.9)</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>4.1 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>12.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (1.3 -
									93.3)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>4.0 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>11.5 (5.3 - 25.1)</td>
                <td>8</td>
                <td>4.8 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.4 -
									20.2)</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">100-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>7.9 (2.2 - 28.0)</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>5.1 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>10.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.3 -
									49.1)</td>
                <td>7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>4.1 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>15.4 (2.8 - 31.5)</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>5.4 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>15.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.4 -
									69.6)</td>
                <td>12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>DMSA treatment</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">52-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.8 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>13.7 (5.7 - 32.7)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.5 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>13.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (2.4 -
									81.0)</td>
                <td>7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>9.1 (3.8 - 21.8)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.3 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.1 -
									67.1)</td>
                <td>12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">100-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>2.3 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>18.1 (4.4 - 43.8)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.6 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>35.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (3.6 -
									141.2)</td>
                <td>7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>27.6 (11.6 - 55.6)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.3 &#177; 0.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>11.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.1 -
									151.7)</td>
                <td>14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Combination therapy</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">52-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>3.1 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>7.1 (3.7 - 13.5)</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>4.9 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.1 -
									17.8)</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.4 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>5.0 (2.8 - 9.1)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>3.9 &#177; 0.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>10.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.1-
									23.3)</td>
                <td>14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">100-day-old</td>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td>3.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>7.0 (2.2 -22.5)</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>4.8 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>4.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (1.2 -
									18.0)</td>
                <td>6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>Pb</td>
                <td>2.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>9.7 (1.6 - 30.3)</td>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>4.4 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref>
								</td>
                <td>6.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">+</xref> (0.1 -
									39.7)</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Values represent means &#177; standard errors.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t04">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>EC50: levels producing half-maximum responses; values represent means
								with 95% confidence intervals.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t04">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>N = number of animals.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Pb: 500 ppm lead acetate during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment: a
								group of 22- and 70-day-old offspring who were or were not exposed
								to Pb in the perinatal period received DMSA or combination therapy
								for 30 additional days. The combination therapy included L-arginine
								(1.0%, in drinking water) + enalapril (5 mg/day/rat, in drinking
								water) + DMSA (60 mg/kg/day). DMSA was orally administered at 60
								mg/kg by gastric gavage two times a day (30 mg/kg per dose) for 5
								days a week. Aged matched-controls received tap water</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective control group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn05t04">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective aorta with endothelium.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Removal of the endothelium caused a leftward shift of the noradrenaline response
					curve, which was similar in aortas from both controls and Pb-exposed rats,
					irrespective of treatment received or not (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>). This
					procedure also resulted in an increase in the maximum response to noradrenaline
					in aortas from different experimental groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>). After
					removal of the endothelium, the maximum response to noradrenaline was similar in
					the aortas from all experimental groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables
						3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
        <p>With regard to intact aortas, no change was observed in the maximum response to
					noradrenaline in 23-day-old pups exposed to Pb in the perinatal period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). In contrast, an increase in the
					reactivity of intact aortas was observed in 52-, 70-, and 100-day-old rats
					exposed to Pb in the perinatal period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
						3</xref>). Independent of the protocol, the noradrenaline sensitivity of
					aortas with intact endothelium did not differ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
        <p>The different treatments did not alter the reactivity of intact aortas from
					nonintoxicated rats to noradrenaline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables
						3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>). However,
					L-arginine, DMSA, enalapril, and combination therapy were effective in
					decreasing the Pb-induced increase in maximum aortic response to levels similar
					to those in the respective controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables
						3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Public health authorities use high levels to define blood Pb levels of concern in
				nonpregnant women, with 40 &#181;g/dL being the adult reference value in many
				countries.</p>
      <p>We must recognize that a significant proportion of nonpregnant women with blood Pb
				levels &#8805; 40 &#181;g/dL can become pregnant and potentially expose their infants to the
				risk of adverse health effects caused by Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Maternal and fetal blood Pb levels are nearly identical because Pb
				crosses the placenta unencumbered. This has provoked a concern about increased blood
				Pb levels among all females of childbearing age because a great proportion of
				pregnancies are unplanned. Finally, pregnant women without symptoms frequently
				remain in contact with the source of exposure during pregnancy and lactation,
				particularly in developing countries.</p>
      <p>The severity of effects and the extent to which the cardiovascular system is affected
				by Pb appear to be influenced most directly by Pb levels, duration of Pb exposure,
				and other factors such as the route of exposure and individual life phase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In the present work, we investigated
				cardiovascular alterations in rats exposed to Pb <italic>in utero</italic> and
				during lactation that were born to females with blood Pb levels of approximately 50
				&#181;g/dL. The Pb exposure regimen had no effect on the weight of the females and the
				pups at birth, at weaning, and during postnatal life or on the number of pups per
				litter. All animals appeared healthy, and none showed signs of toxicity.</p>
      <p>However, the Pb exposure protocol resulted in an increase in systolic blood pressure
				in association with changes in vascular reactivity. The sustained increase in blood
				pressure observed in weaned, young and adult rats perinatally exposed to Pb confirms
				the results of previous reports that showed a positive association between blood Pb
				levels and arterial hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Investigation of the manner in which Pb affects vascular endothelial and smooth
				muscle cells was the goal of the present study. Changes in the balance of
				endothelial contracting and relaxing factors contribute to arterial hypertension
				associated with Pb poisoning. A decrease in NO, which is a vasodilator component,
				and an increase in endothelin-3 and natriuretic hormone, which are vasoconstrictor
				components, have been reported to be responsible for arterial hypertension in rats
				exposed to low levels of Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Our findings corroborate these reports
				because arterial hypertension induced by perinatal Pb exposure was shown to be
				associated with an increase in aortic reactivity to noradrenaline. Moreover, this
				hyperreactivity was a consequence of endothelial cell dysfunction because removal of
				the endothelium abolished this effect.</p>
      <p>Another interesting observation was the time-dependent expression of perinatal Pb
				exposure-induced changes in vascular reactivity in postnatal life. Fifty-two-, 70-,
				and 100-day-old, but not 23-day-old, rats exhibited these changes. It is likely
				that, at this age, the hypertensive state induced by perinatal Pb exposure was due
				to the presence of circulating factor(s) and hemodynamic changes.</p>
      <p>Vascular smooth muscle alterations in Pb-induced hypertension have also been reported
				in the literature and were shown to be associated with an increase in intracellular
					calcium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, an interaction with protein Kinase C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, the inhibition of
					Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, and an inhibitory or stimulatory effect
				on various blood pressure-related humoral factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. However, no smooth muscle changes were observed in aortas from young
				or adult rats perinatally exposed to Pb. This controversy could be due to
				differences in the Pb exposure protocols related to doses and/or duration of
				exposure.</p>
      <p>Finally, other reported mechanisms by which Pb could contribute to the development of
				arterial hypertension include an increase in the activity of angiotensin-converting
				enzyme and an increase in the levels of plasma renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone,
				and kininases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The ongoing and widespread problem of Pb intoxication is treated by first isolating
				the individual from the Pb-contaminated environment, followed by administering a
				Pb-chelating agent. However, a new trend in toxic metal therapy has recently
				emerged, where combination therapy is used instead of monotherapy with chelating
					agents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Therefore, amino acid supplementation
				during chelation therapy has been found to be beneficial in increasing metal
				mobilization and facilitating recovery in the presence of several altered
				physiological variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>DMSA is a water-soluble compound that forms a strong complex with Pb<sup>2+</sup> in
				the blood, which is subsequently secreted via the kidney<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and
				cysteine and metabolically related amino acids increase the bioavailability of
				glutathione, which is useful in chelating Pb. This counteracts the toxic effects of
				the metal, potentially making these amino acids useful for supportive therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Moreover, in metalloregulatory proteins,
				metals are often conveniently located at binding sites and are bound to cysteine
				residues. Several lines of evidence indicate that cysteine-rich metal-binding
				proteins as well as redox-sensitive metal clusters of metalloproteins are natural
				sensors of bioradicals such as NO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. In fact,
				Misra et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> showed that NO mediates cadmium
				release from metallothionein. Therefore, an increase in NO levels by L-arginine
				treatment may displace Pb from its cellular binding sites, as previously reported by
				Malvezzi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Corroborating previous data from our laboratory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, the Pb burden in the body was significantly decreased simply by
				eliminating the Pb source, although these levels have not returned to the values
				observed in rats not exposed to Pb. However, this procedure was not an effective way
				to resolve the changes in vascular reactivity and blood pressure induced by
				perinatal Pb exposure. On the basis of these reults, we evaluated the therapeutic
				effects of DMSA, L-arginine, and enalapril, either alone or in combination, on both
				Pb mobilization and cardiovascular adverse effects of perinatal Pb intoxication.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Body Pb mobilization</title>
        <p>Independent of age, DMSA, enalapril and combination therapy, but not L-arginine,
					were more effective than the cessation of Pb administration in decreasing blood
					Pb levels. These data confirm previous reports from our laboratory demonstrating
					that L-arginine treatment is ineffective in decreasing blood Pb levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The mobilization of Pb from tissues can
					provoke an undesirable redistribution. This may explain the maintenance of high
					blood Pb levels after L-arginine treatment, which was shown to be capable of
					mobilizing Pb from tissues such as the femur, liver, and kidney<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Enalapril treatment was also capable of decreasing blood Pb levels to those
					observed in nonintoxicated rats. Perhaps this finding can be explained by an
					increase in Pb excretion, which results from the usual increase in the
					glomerular filtration rate induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
					under conditions of low glomerular filtration, similar to that observed in cases
					of Pb poisoning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. In fact, Pb also
					affects kidney function; the glomerular filtration rate appears to be affected
					by the lowest blood Pb levels. A decreased glomerular filtration rate has been
					consistently observed in populations with a mean blood Pb level of &lt;20 &#956;g/dL.
					Moreover, the increase in blood pressure and decrease in the glomerular
					filtration rate are closely related and probably share synergistic effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>Independent of age, all treatments inhibited the increase in blood pressure
					induced by perinatal Pb exposure.</p>
        <p>However, in contrast to other therapies, DMSA alone was not effective in
					completely normalizing the blood pressure of adult rats perinatally exposed to
					Pb. This result corroborates previous data from our laboratory showing that
					30-day DMSA treatment is unable to completely reverse the sustained increase in
					systolic blood pressure observed in rats exposed to Pb during adult life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Contrasting reports from the literature
					have shown that DMSA treatment is capable of abolishing Pb-induced
						hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. This discrepancy may be due to
					differences in the dosing protocols and treatment duration because these
					parameters are important for reversing Pb-induced hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Another possibility can involve
					differences in the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of Pb-induced
					hypertension that are related to different periods of animal development. This
					hypothesis is based on the fact that treatment with DMSA is completely effective
					in restoring Pb-induced hypertension in young, but not adult, rats.</p>
        <p>L-arginine showed an increased latency in the expression of beneficial effects on
					blood pressure in young rats compared with that in adult rats. The opposite was
					observed during treatment with enalapril. Moreover, L-arginine treatment was
					shown to be more effective than DMSA treatment in the reversal of blood pressure
					in adult, but not young, rats. These observations also support the hypothesis
					that there are distinct mechanisms for the maintenance of Pb-induced
					hypertension during different periods of life.</p>
        <p>Finally, combination therapy induced an earlier restoration of blood pressure in
					Pb-exposed young rats compared with the monotherapies, except for enalapril
					monotherapy. One possible explanation would be the additional effects of
					L-arginine, which is an NO precursor, DMSA, which is a chelating agent and
					scavenger of ROS, and enalapril, which is a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor,
					on blood pressure. Because the heart rate is higher in young animals than in
					adult animals, and because the presence of enalapril increases glomerular
					filtration, one can expect a higher excretion of Pb in young rats. This fact can
					explain the similar efficacy between enalapril and combined therapy in restoring
					the blood pressure of young rats exposed to Pb and the higher efficacy of
					combination therapy in adult rats.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity</title>
        <p>Independent of postnatal age, all treatments were able to resolve the changes in
					vascular reactivity induced by perinatal Pb exposure. We speculate that
					Pb-induced changes in vascular reactivity were caused by decreased NO and/or by
					a ROS and that the provision of additional NO through administration of the
					substrate L-arginine could act as an ROS scavenger and/or directly as a
					vasodilator, thus resolving the vascular changes. In addition to its chelating
					action, DMSA may also act as a scavenger of ROS that may contribute to the
					improvement in changes in vascular reactivity induced by Pb exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Some other reported mechanisms by
					which Pb can contribute to the development of arterial hypertension are an
					increase in the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and an increase in the
					plasma levels of renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and kininases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In the present study, enalapril
					normalized the functional changes in vascular reactivity induced by perinatal Pb
					exposure. This result corroborates with those of previous studies showing that
					strategies interrupting the renin-angiotensin system also decrease
					cardiovascular alterations in a variety of hypertensive states, including those
					caused by Pb exposure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>Most conventional chelators are compromised by side effects, particularly their
					binding to essential metals, which decreases their efficacy. As a result, there
					is no safe and effective treatment for Pb poisoning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Therefore, combination therapy may
					play a significant and important role in the abation of several toxic effects of
					Pb compared with monotherapies, in addition to their impressive effects in terms
					of blood pressure recovery. In this context, this study advances our
					understanding of the cardiovascular effects of perinatal Pb exposure and can aid
					in the development of a new therapeutic protocol for the treatment Pb-induced
					hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We are grateful to Mr. Alaor Aparecido Almeida and CEATOX-IBB-UNESP for aid in the
				determination of blood Pb levels and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o
				Paulo-FAPESP (process numbers: 03/06760-5 and 04/00640-0) and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de
				Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior/PROAP for financial support.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and
					interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript:
					Fresneda-Gaspar A, Cordellini S; Obtaining financing and Critical revision of
					the manuscript for intellectual content: Cordellini S.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and CAPES/PROAP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Andr&#233;ia Fresneda
					Gaspar from UNESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de
					Bioci&#234;ncias - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade da Alta Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tup&#227;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade da Alta Paulista (FAP), Tup&#227;, SP -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sandra Cordellini &#8226;</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Carmelo 145, Jardim
					Para&#237;so. CEP 18610-290, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. Email:
						<email>cordelli@ibb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A terapia combinada parece desempenhar papel significativo em reduzir os
						efeitos cardiovasculares delet&#233;rios da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo (Pb).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Para investigar esta possibilidade, ratas Wistar receberam Pb (500 ppm na
						&#225;gua de beber) ou &#225;gua durante a prenhez e a lacta&#231;&#227;o. Ratos com 22 e 70
						dias, expostos perinatalmente ao Pb ou n&#227;o, receberam DMSA, L- arginina,
						enalapril e a combina&#231;&#227;o destes por 30 dias adicionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito &#224; noradrenalina foram obtidas em aortas intactas e
						desnudas, de ratos com 23, 52, 70 e 100 dias expostos ou n&#227;o ao Pb, tratados
						ou n&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica caudal (mmHg) foi avaliada e mostrou-se
						aumentada em ratos expostos ao Pb [23, 52, 70 e 100 dias, respectivamente:
						controle 107,1&#177;1,8, 118,8&#177;2,1, 126,1&#177;1,1, 120,5&#177;2,2; Pb 117,8&#177;3,9*,
						135,2&#177;1,3*, 139,6&#177;1,6* e 131,7&#177; 2,8*]. Observou-se aumento de reatividade &#224;
						noradrenalina em aorta intacta, mas n&#227;o desnudada, de ratos com 52, 70 e 100
						dias expostos ao Pb [resposta m&#225;xima (g de tens&#227;o) 52 dias: Pb 3,43&#177;0,16*,
						controle 2,38&#177;0,33; 70 dias: Pb 4,32&#177;0,18*, controle 3,37&#177;0,13; 100 dias: Pb
						4,21&#177;0,23*, controle 3,22&#177;0,21]. (*) p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao respectivo
						controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Todos os tratamentos restauraram as altera&#231;&#245;es de reatividade &#224; noradrenalina
						em aortas de ratos expostos perinatalmente ao Pb. Exceto pelo enalapril em
						ratos jovens, a terapia combinada restaurou mais precocemente a press&#227;o
						arterial de ratos expostos ao Pb em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tratamentos isolados. Estes
						resultados representam uma nova abordagem no desenvolvimento de protocolos
						terap&#234;uticos no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o induzida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Exposi&#231;&#227;o Perinatal</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeitos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Chumbo / toxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m mostrado que o chumbo (Pb) desempenha um papel
					importante no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos
					ocupacionalmente expostos, assim como na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial induzida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb, durante o per&#237;odo
					p&#243;s-natal, &#233; caracterizada por um aumento na reatividade vascular &#224;s
						catecolaminas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do
					n&#250;mero de receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,
					e uma redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta vasodilatadora &#224; acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de
						s&#243;dio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Por outro lado, Purdy e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> relataram que n&#227;o houve
					altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade da aorta tor&#225;cica associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o induzida por
					Pb, tanto utilizando os vasoconstritores noradrenalina e fenilefrina, como os
					vasodilatadores acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos grandes avan&#231;os cient&#237;ficos relacionados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es neuroqu&#237;micas e
					comportamentais induzidas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, os efeitos cardiovasculares desta
					exposi&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foram completamente esclarecidos.</p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m focado principalmente nas intera&#231;&#245;es do Pb com: 1) processos
					regulat&#243;rios envolvendo Ca<sup>+2</sup>, GMP c&#237;clico, e prote&#237;na quinase C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, 2) renina-angiotensina-aldosterona,
					calicre&#237;na-cinina, e outros sistemas autac&#243;ides (e.g., endotelina) e os sistemas
					transducionais (e.g., &#243;xido n&#237;trico-ON)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, 3) fatores relacionados &#224;
					prolifera&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio e do m&#250;sculo liso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e 4) fatores relacionados ao estresse
						oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar do grande avan&#231;o cient&#237;fico, ainda estamos longe de desenvolver um
					tratamento eficaz para a toxicidade causada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o a metais pesados. A
					terapia de quela&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tratamento mais indicado para diminuir os efeitos
					t&#243;xicos de metais, embora a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de quelantes esteja largamente restrita a
					casos de envenenamento agudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. V&#225;rios suplementos, tais como
					vitaminas, amino&#225;cidos contendo enxofre, antioxidantes e minerais essenciais
					tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizados no tratamento da toxicidade por metais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a terapia combinada &#233; uma
					abordagem mais recente e mais eficaz utilizada para o tratamento de casos de
					envenenamento por metais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Considerando a pouca evid&#234;ncia
					experimental dispon&#237;vel, existe a necessidade de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais
					aprofundada nesta &#225;rea.</p>
        <p>Com base em estudos anteriores, n&#243;s investigamos a terapia combinada no
					tratamento da toxicidade cardiovascular induzida por Pb. Primeiramente, os
					efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb ,durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o, sobre a press&#227;o
					arterial e reatividade vascular da aorta tor&#225;cica foram investigados em ratos
					jovens e adultos, com foco na c&#233;lulas endoteliais e musculares lisas. Em
					seguida, avaliamos o potencial terap&#234;utico do &#225;cido dimercaptosucc&#237;nico (DMSA,
					agente quelante e sequestrante de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio-EROs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, da L-arginina (precursor de ON)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, e do enalapril (inibidor da enzima
					conversora de angiotensina), seja isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o, sobre os
					efeitos cardiovasculares adversos da exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal de ratos jovens e
					adultos ao Pb.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar adultos foram obtidos do biot&#233;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e
						utilizados como gera&#231;&#227;o parental. Os animais foram acasalados aos 90 dias de
						idade (duas f&#234;meas e um macho por gaiola). No primeiro dia de prenhez
						(determinado pela presen&#231;a de esperma nos esfrega&#231;os vaginais), as f&#234;meas
						gr&#225;vidas foram divididas em 2 grupos: um grupo n&#227;o exposto ao Pb, e outro
						exposto ao Pb, e os grupos foram separados. As f&#234;meas gr&#225;vidas receberam
						&#225;gua contendo 500 ppm de Pb (na forma de acetato de chumbo), ou apenas &#225;gua
						corrente. Um grupo de animais recebeu acetato de s&#243;dio para equalizar a
						exposi&#231;&#227;o do grupo experimental ao acetato. O n&#237;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb foi
						escolhido com base em trabalhos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Para impedir a precipita&#231;&#227;o do
						Pb, 0,5 mL de &#225;cido ac&#233;tico glacial foi adicionado &#224;s solu&#231;&#245;es de acetato de
						chumbo e acetato de s&#243;dio para a prepara&#231;&#227;o de um volume final de 1000 mL de
						cada solu&#231;&#227;o. O grupo experimental foi exposto ao Pb durante todo a prenhez
						e lacta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). O n&#250;mero de
						filhotes por ninhada foi registrado e reduzido para 8 filhotes. Sempre que
						poss&#237;vel, apenas ratos machos foram mantidos nas ninhadas, e f&#234;meas foram
						mantidas apenas para equalizar o tamanho das ninhadas. Os filhotes foram
						desmamados aos 22 dias de idade atrav&#233;s da ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua corrente e
						avaliados aos 23 e 70 dias de idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
							1</xref>). Os grupos controles pareados por idade receberam acetato de
						s&#243;dio durante os mesmos per&#237;odos de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb. Os pesos corporais
						maternos foram medidos no primeiro dia de prenhez, no dia anterior ao parto,
						logo ap&#243;s o parto, e ao desmame dos filhotes. O peso dos filhotes foi
						registrado logo ap&#243;s o nascimento e semanalmente at&#233; 100 dias de idade.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Delineamento experimental</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0219-40103-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A ilumina&#231;&#227;o do biot&#233;rio foi mantida em ciclos de 12 horas e a temperatura
						mantida a 22 &#177; 1 &#176;C. Os animais foram alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o. Os experimentos
						com animais foram realizados de acordo com os princ&#237;pios e diretrizes do
						Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (CEEA), conforme
						processo n&#186; 25/05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A partir dos 22 dias de vida, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi determinada
						semanalmente em ratos conscientes usando o m&#233;todo de pletismografia de cauda
						(Narco Bio-Systems, Inc., Houston, Texas, EUA). Os ratos foram pr&#233;-aquecidos
						por aproximadamente 10 minutos e confinados para a medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o
						arterial. Tr&#234;s determina&#231;&#245;es consecutivas foram realizadas, com
						aproximadamente 1 minuto de intervalo entre elas, obtendo-se a m&#233;dia das
						tr&#234;s determina&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de Pb</title>
          <p>O sangue total foi coletado do cora&#231;&#227;o de f&#234;meas anestesiadas no per&#237;odo de
						desmame e de filhotes com 23, 52, 70, e 100 dias de idade anestesiados com
						uretano (1,25 mg/kg de peso).</p>
          <p>O sangue foi preparado para an&#225;lise de Pb por procedimento de dissolu&#231;&#227;o por
						microondas utilizando um sistema de digest&#227;o por microondas, modelo DGT-100
						plus (Provecto, Brasil). &#193;cido n&#237;trico foi adicionado aos tubos de digest&#227;o
						contendo 1,0 mL de sangue.</p>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de chumbo no sangue total foi determinada utilizando um
						espectrofot&#244;metro de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica, modelo GBC AA 932 (EAA-chama)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A recupera&#231;&#227;o do chumbo adicionado
						&#224;s amostras controle foi consistentemente superior a 96%. Um m&#233;todo
						adicional padr&#227;o foi utilizado para a determina&#231;&#227;o do teor de chumbo no
						intuito de eliminar poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia de matriz. A quantidade de chumbo
						no sangue total foi expressa em &#181;g/dL, e o limite m&#225;ximo de detec&#231;&#227;o foi de
						5 &#181;g/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento</title>
          <p>Um grupo de ratos com 22 e 70 dias de idade, expostos ou n&#227;o ao Pb durante o
						per&#237;odo perinatal, receberam DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril, ou a combina&#231;&#227;o
						destes compostos durante 30 dias adicionais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). Quando DMSA foi utilizado, uma dose de 60 mg/kg foi
						fornecida, via gavagem g&#225;strica, 2 vezes ao dia na dose de 30 mg/kg, 5 dias
						por semana. L-arginina a 1,0% foi fornecida na &#225;gua pot&#225;vel <italic>ad
							libitum</italic>. Enalapril foi fornecido na &#225;gua pot&#225;vel na dose de
						aproximadamente 5 mg/dia/animal. Os controles pareados por idade receberam
						&#225;gua corrente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos experimentais</title>
          <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a coleta de sangue, a aorta tor&#225;cica foi removida, seguido
						da retirada de tecido adiposo e conjuntivo. Dois an&#233;is transversais, cada um
						com aproximadamente 4 mm de comprimento, foram cortados e preparados no
						comprimento ideal para a determina&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica. Um anel serviu
						como controle, ao passo que o endot&#233;lio foi removido mecanicamente do outro
						anel, esfregando suavemente a superf&#237;cie luminal das aortas intactas e
						lavadas. Os tecidos foram imersos em 7,0 mL de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de
						Krebs-Henseleit, com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o: 113,0 mM de NaCl, 4,7 mM de KCl,
						2,5 mM de CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 25,0 mM de NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 1,1 mM de
							MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 1,2 mM de KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 0,11 mM de
						&#225;cido asc&#243;rbico e 11,1 mM de glicose. A solu&#231;&#227;o de imers&#227;o foi mantida a 37
						&#176;C e saturada com uma mistura de 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de
						CO<sub>2</sub>. As prepara&#231;&#245;es foram equilibradas durante pelo menos 1 hora
						sob uma tens&#227;o de repouso de 1,5 g, que &#233; a tens&#227;o ideal para induzir a
						contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. A tens&#227;o foi registrada em um transdutor de for&#231;a, modelo
						Myograph F-60 (Narco Bio Systems Inc., Houston, Texas, EUA), conectado a um
						fisi&#243;grafo. As aortas intactas e desnudas dos animais expostos ou n&#227;o ao Pb
						foram avaliadas em paralelo.</p>
          <p>As curvas cumulativas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito foram constru&#237;das a partir da
						resposta da aorta &#224; noradrenalina. No final das curvas, acetilcolina
							(10<sup>-6</sup> M) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (10<sup>-4</sup> M) foram
						utilizados para testar a integridade do endot&#233;lio e do m&#250;sculo liso,
						respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reagentes</title>
          <p>Os seguintes reagentes foram utilizados nos experimentos: brometo de
						acetilcolina, DMSA, maleato de enalapril, L-arginina, acetato de chumbo,
						bitartarato de noradrenalina, nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio e uretano (todos
						obtidos da Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri, EUA). Todos os reagentes
						foram dissolvidos em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit, e as concentra&#231;&#245;es foram
						expressas em molaridade. O acetato de chumbo e o acetato de s&#243;dio foram
						dissolvidos em &#225;gua corrente acidificada conforme descrito acima. L-arginina
						e enalapril foram dissolvidos em &#225;gua corrente. A solu&#231;&#227;o de DMSA foi
						preparada em NaHCO<sub>3</sub> a 5% no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos
						ensaios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados e testes estat&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>A prole foi considerada a unidade experimental em todas as an&#225;lises
						efetuadas. A concentra&#231;&#227;o do agente vasoativo que produziu uma resposta
						correspondente a 50% da resposta m&#225;xima (CE<sub>50</sub>) foi calculada em
						cada experimento. Os valores de CE<sub>50</sub> para noradrenalina est&#227;o
						representados como m&#233;dias, com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. As
						respostas m&#225;ximas para noradrenalina s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro
						padr&#227;o. A press&#227;o arterial, os valores de CE<sub>50</sub> e as respostas
						m&#225;ximas foram comparados utilizando a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com dois fatores
						utilizando o programa SigmaStat 3.2. A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb e os tratamentos com
						as drogas foram considerados vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05
						foi considerado significativo. O teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey foi
						utilizado para testar diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias. Os demais par&#226;metros
						(peso, n&#250;mero de filhotes, e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de Pb) s&#227;o apresentados como
						m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o, e foram comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney
						utilizando o programa InStat 4.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Peso corporal, n&#250;mero de filhotes, concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de Pb e press&#227;o
						arterial</title>
          <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb n&#227;o afetou o peso corporal das f&#234;meas e da prole (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>), nem o n&#250;mero de filhotes
						por ninhada (controle: 11,3 &#177; 0,4, Pb: 10,5 &#177; 0,5, p &gt; 0,05; n&#250;mero de
						ninhadas por grupo: 10-20).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso corporal de f&#234;meas expostas ou n&#227;o ao chumbo durante a
								prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o e da prole do sexo masculino tratados ou n&#227;o com
								DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril, ou terapia combinada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="9">
                    <bold>Peso corporal (g)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Animais</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Prenhez</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Lacta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Idade p&#243;s-desmame</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>0 dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>21 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>1 dia</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>21 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>52 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>70 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>100 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">F&#234;meas</td>
                  <td>Controle (n = 20)</td>
                  <td>272,2 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td>378,8 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td>304,6 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td>276,9 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb (n = 20)</td>
                  <td>269,0 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td>360,3 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td>293,1 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td>275,44 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Prole do sexo masculino</td>
                  <td>Controle (n = 20)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>6,2 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>39,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td>208,3 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>323,1 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td>357,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb (n = 20)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>5,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td>40,0 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td>198,6 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td>327,9 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td>357,1 &#177; 3,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb/DMSA (n = 20)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>41,2 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td>195,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td>326,8 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td>365,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb/L-arginina (n = 15)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>43,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td>205,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td>325,4 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td>369,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb/enalapril (n = 15)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>42,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td>194,8 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td>301,7 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td>351,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Terapia combinada (n = 20)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>43,0 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td>206,0 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td>314,7 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td>360,6 &#177; 1,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Os valores representam m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o. Pb: 500 ppm de
									acetato de chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o. Tratamento: um
									grupo de animais de 22 e 70 dias de idade, exposto ou n&#227;o ao Pb
									durante a vida perinatal, recebeu DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril,
									ou a combina&#231;&#227;o desses compostos por 30 dias adicionais. Quando
									administrado, DMSA na dose de 60 mg/kg foi fornecido, via
									gavagem g&#225;strica, 2 vezes ao dia (30 mg/kg) durante 5 dias por
									semana. L-arginina a 1,0% foi fornecida ad libitum em &#225;gua
									pot&#225;vel. Enalapril foi fornecido em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel na dose de 5
									mg/dia/animal. Os grupos controle pareados por idade receberam
									&#225;gua corrente. N = n&#250;mero de animais por grupo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb nas f&#234;meas e nos filhotes com 23, 52, 70, e 100
						dias de idade foram significativamente maiores comparados com os respectivos
						controles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s a
						interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com Pb, os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb nos animais
						expostos diminu&#237;ram, mas permaneceram mais altos do que os n&#237;veis observados
						no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s a
						utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes protocolos de tratamento, observamos a diminui&#231;&#227;o
						significante dos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb nos animais com 52 e 100 dias de
						idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>). Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o
						alcan&#231;ou valores semelhantes &#224;queles observados nos grupos controle da mesma
						idade, exceto para o tratamento com L-arginina, onde estes n&#237;veis
						permaneceram altos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de chumbo em f&#234;meas expostas ou n&#227;o ao
								chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o e da prole do sexo masculino
								tratados ou n&#227;o com DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril, ou terapia
								combinada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <bold>Concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de chumbo (&#956;g/dl)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>F&#234;meas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <bold>Idade p&#243;s-natal da prole</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>23 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>52 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>70 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>100 dias</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Controle (n = 5)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Pb (n = 6)</td>
                  <td>53,39 &#177; 5,88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>35,61 &#177; 7,43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Pb/&#225;gua (n = 6)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>19,98 &#177; 6,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>13,15 &#177; 0,97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>11,17 &#177; 2,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">+</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Pb/DMSA (n = 5)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">$</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">$</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Pb/L-arginina (n = 6)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>10,65 &#177; 2,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>6,55 &#177; 3,29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Pb/enalapril (n = 5)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">$</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">$</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Terapia combinada (n = 5)</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">$</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>&lt; 5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">$</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Os valores representam m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o. Pb: 500 ppm de
									acetato de chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o. Tratamento: um
									grupo de animais de 22 e 70 dias de idade, exposto ou n&#227;o ao Pb
									durante a vida perinatal, recebeu DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril,
									ou a combina&#231;&#227;o desses compostos por 30 dias adicionais. Quando
									administrado, DMSA na dose de 60 mg/kg foi fornecido, via
									gavagem g&#225;strica, 2 vezes ao dia (30 mg/kg) durante 5 dias por
									semana. L-arginina a 1,0% foi fornecida ad libitum em &#225;gua
									pot&#225;vel. Enalapril foi fornecido em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel na dose de 5
									mg/dia/animal. Os controles pareados por idade receberam &#225;gua
									corrente.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos grupos controle.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t06">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ratos de 23 dias de idade expostos ao
									Pb.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t06">
                <label>$</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos grupos expostos ao Pb.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>N = n&#250;mero de animais por grupo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica n&#227;o foi alterada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao acetato de
						s&#243;dio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais que receberam &#225;gua corrente (dados n&#227;o
						apresentados), mas apresentou aumento gradual durante o desenvolvimento
						p&#243;s-natal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os valores observados em
						ratos expostos ao Pb foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao
						grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Press&#227;o arterial em ratos com 52 dias de idade expostos ou n&#227;o ao
								chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o, tratados ou n&#227;o com DMSA,
								L-arginina, enalapril, ou terapia combinada. Tratamento: um grupo de
								animais com 22 dias de idade recebeu DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril, ou
								a combina&#231;&#227;o desses compostos por 30 dias adicionais. Quando
								administrada, DMSA foi fornecida na dose de 60 mg/kg, via gavagem
								g&#225;strica, 2 vezes ao dia (30 mg/kg) durante 5 dias por semana.
								L-arginina a 1,0% foi fornecida ad libitum em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel.
								Enalapril foi fornecido em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel na dose de 5 mg/dia/animal.
								Os controles pareados por idade receberam &#225;gua corrente. Os valores
								representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o. <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o
								ao grupo controle; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo
								exposto ao Pb; N = n&#250;mero de animais por grupo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0219-40103-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Press&#227;o arterial em ratos com 100 dias de idade expostos ou n&#227;o
								ao chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o, tratados ou n&#227;o com DMSA,
								L-arginina, enalapril, ou terapia combinada. Tratamento: um grupo de
								animais com 70 dias de idade recebeu DMSA, L-arginina, enalapril, ou
								a combina&#231;&#227;o desses compostos por 30 dias adicionais. Quando
								administrada, DMSA na dose de 60 mg/kg foi fornecida, via gavagem
								g&#225;strica, 2 vezes ao dia (30 mg/kg) durante 5 dias por semana.
								L-arginina a 1,0% foi fornecida ad libitum em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel.
								Enalapril foi fornecido em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel na dose de 5 mg/dia/animal.
								Os controles pareados por idade receberam &#225;gua corrente. Os valores
								representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o. <sup>*</sup>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o
								ao controle; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo exposto ao
								Pb; N = n&#250;mero de animais por grupo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0219-40103-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Todos os tratamentos resultaram na diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de ratos
						jovens expostos ao Pb para valores muito pr&#243;ximos aos de animais n&#227;o
						expostos. Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial aconteceu aos 49, 35, 28, e 28
						dias de idade utilizando L-arginina, DMSA, enalapril e terapia combinada,
						respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o
						aos ratos adultos expostos ao Pb, foi observada diminui&#231;&#227;o semelhante da
						press&#227;o arterial utilizando L-arginina, enalapril, e a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o
						aos 84, 84, e 77 dias de idade, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>). Embora o tratamento com DMSA tenha diminu&#237;do
						a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de ratos adultos expostos ao Pb, este valor foi
						semelhante ao observado em animais n&#227;o tratados com DMSA, tanto os expostos
						como os n&#227;o expostos ao Pb (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
						3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>A reatividade vascular de aortas tor&#225;cicas intactas e desnudas n&#227;o foi
						alterada pela exposi&#231;&#227;o dos animais ao acetato de s&#243;dio, em compara&#231;&#227;o com
						as aortas de animais que receberam &#225;gua corrente (dados n&#227;o apresentados). A
						gavagem g&#225;strica n&#227;o causou qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o na reatividade vascular da
						aorta (dados n&#227;o apresentados). A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb e os tratamentos com as
						drogas n&#227;o alteraram a reatividade vascular de aortas desnudas &#224;
						noradrenalina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Respostas m&#225;ximas e valores de CE<sub>50</sub> para noradrenalina
								obtidos em aortas tor&#225;cicas com e sem endot&#233;lio isoladas de ratos,
								expostos ou n&#227;o ao chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o, e tratados
								ou n&#227;o com L-arginina ou enalapril</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Ratos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Aorta Com Endot&#233;lio</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Aorta Sem Endot&#233;lio</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">1</xref>Resposta m&#225;xima (g de tens&#227;o)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">2</xref>CE<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-8</sup>
											M)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">3</xref>N</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">1</xref>Resposta m&#225;xima (g de tens&#227;o)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">2</xref>CE<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-9</sup>
											M)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t07">3</xref>N</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>N&#227;o tratados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">23 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>1,8 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td>1,3 (0,5 - 3,4)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>2,6 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,3 -
										6,4)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,1 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>1,5 (0,4 - 4,9)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>3,0 &#177; 0,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,1 -
										7,5)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">52 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>2,4 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td>2,0 (0,4 - 10,8)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>4,1 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (2,8 -
										6,4)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>3,4 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>11,0 (6,0 - 20,3)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,5 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,3 -
										4,2)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">70 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>3,4 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td>16,0 (7,1 - 35,4)</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>5,2 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>5,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,7 -
										36,0)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>4,3 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>4,8 (1,7 - 13,3)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>5,0 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,4 -
										4,2)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">100 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>3,2 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>8,5 (4,6 - 15,6)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>5,3 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>5,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (1,4 -
										21,9)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>4,2 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t07">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>4,3 (0,9 - 20,7)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>5,2 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,7 -
										19,7)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratados com L-arginina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="7">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">52 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>2,8 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td>3,3 (1,5 - 7,3)</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>4,5 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,1 -
										29,0)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,7 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td>10,0 (4,1 - 37,3)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,3 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>8,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (1,0 -
										27,5)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">100 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>3,3 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>8,9 (5,5 -14,5)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>4,8 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>9,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (3,2 -
										26,3)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>3,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td>8,6 (2,3 - 31,4)</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>4,9 &#177; 0,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,2 -
										7,3)</td>
                  <td>14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Tratados com Enalapril</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">52 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>2,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td>3,0 (0,4 - 23,4)</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>4,2 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,1 -
										8,7)</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>6,15 (1,31 - 28,91)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>4,2 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>6,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (1,0 -
										38,0)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">100 dias</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>3,1 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>5,4 (1,0 -27,5)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>5,0 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>4,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,6 -
										25,9)</td>
                  <td>11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>3,2 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td>9,4 (3,0 - 30,1)</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>5,6 &#177; 0,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t07">+</xref> (0,2 -
										19,3)</td>
                  <td>14</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t07">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>Valores representam m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t07">
                <label>2</label>
                <p>CE<sub>50</sub>: concentra&#231;&#227;o capaz de produzir 50% da resposta
									m&#225;xima e os valores representam as m&#233;dias com intervalos de
									confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t07">
                <label>3</label>
                <p>N = n&#250;mero de animais.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>Pb: 500 ppm de acetato de chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o.
									Tratamento: um grupo de ratos com 22 e 70 dias de idade exposto
									ou n&#227;o ao Pb durante o per&#237;odo perinatal recebeu L-arginina ou
									enalapril durante 30 dias adicionais. L-arginina a 1,0% foi
									fornecida ad libitum em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel. Enalapril foi fornecido em
									&#225;gua pot&#225;vel na dose de 5 mg/dia/animal. Os controles pareados
									por idade receberam &#225;gua corrente.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t07">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao respectivo grupo controle.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn05t07">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o a respectiva aorta com endot&#233;lio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Respostas m&#225;ximas e valores de CE<sub>50</sub> para noradrenalina
								obtidos em aortas com e sem endot&#233;lio isolados de ratos, expostos ou
								n&#227;o ao chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o, e tratadas ou n&#227;o com
								DMSA ou terapia combinada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Ratos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Aorta Com Endot&#233;lio</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Aorta Sem Endot&#233;lio</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">1</xref>Resposta m&#225;xima (g de tens&#227;o)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">2</xref>CE<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-8</sup>
											M)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t08">3</xref>N</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">1</xref>Resposta m&#225;xima (g de tens&#227;o)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">2</xref>CE<sub>50</sub> (x 10<sup>-9</sup>
											M)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t08">3</xref>N</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>N&#227;o tratados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">52 dias de idade</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>2,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td>9,0 (3,6 - 22,9)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>4,1 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>12,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (1,3 -
										93,3)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>4,0 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>11,5 (5,3 - 25,1)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>4,8 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>2,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,4 -
										20,2)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">100 dias de idade</td>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td>2,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td>7,9 (2,2 - 28,0)</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>5,1 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>10,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,3 -
										49,1)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>4,1 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t08">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>15,4 (2,8 - 31,5)</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>5,4 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>15,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,4 -
										69,6)</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratados com DMSA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="7">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">52 dias de idade</td>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td>2,8 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td>13,7 (5,7 - 32,7)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,5 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>13,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (2,4 -
										81,0)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td>9,1 (3,8 - 21,8)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,3 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>1,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,1 -
										67,1)</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">100 dias de idade</td>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td>2,3 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>18,1 (4,4 - 43,8)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,6 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>35,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (3,6 -
										141,2)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>27,6 (11,6 - 55,6)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,3 &#177; 0,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>11,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,1 -
										151,7)</td>
                  <td>14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Terapia combinada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">52 dias de idade</td>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td>3,1 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>7,1 (3,7 - 13,5)</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>4,9 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,1 -
										17,8)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,4 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td>5,0 (2,8 - 9,1)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>3,9 &#177; 0,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>10,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,1-
										23,3)</td>
                  <td>14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">100 dias de idade</td>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td>3,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td>7,0 (2,2 -22,5)</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>4,8 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>4,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (1,2 -
										18,0)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pb</td>
                  <td>2,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>9,7 (1,6 - 30,3)</td>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>4,4 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>6,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t08">+</xref> (0,1 -
										39,7)</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t08">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>Valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t08">
                <label>2</label>
                <p>CE<sub>50</sub>: concentra&#231;&#227;o capaz de produzir 50% da resposta
									m&#225;xima e os valores representam as m&#233;dias com intervalos de
									confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t08">
                <label>3</label>
                <p>N = n&#250;mero de animais.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>Pb: 500 ppm de acetato de chumbo durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o.
									Tratamento: um grupo de ratos com 22 e 70 dias de idade expostos
									ou n&#227;o ao Pb durante o per&#237;odo perinatal recebeu DMSA ou a
									terapia combinada durante 30 dias adicionais. Terapia combinada:
									L-arginina (1.0%, em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel) + enalapril (5 mg/dia/animal,
									em &#225;gua pot&#225;vel) + DMSA (60 mg/kg/dia). DMSA foi fornecido via
									gavagem g&#225;strica 2 vezes ao dia (30 mg/kg). Os controles
									pareados por idade receberam &#225;gua corrente.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t08">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valores obtidos nos respectivos grupos
									controles.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn05t08">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores da respetiva aorta com
									endot&#233;lio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio causou um deslocamento da curva para a esquerda para a
						noradrenalina, e este deslocamento foi semelhante em aortas de animais do
						grupo controle e dos grupos expostos ao Pb (tratados e n&#227;o tratados) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>). Este procedimento tamb&#233;m resultou no aumento da
						resposta m&#225;xima &#224; noradrenalina em aortas de animais pertencentes aos
						diferentes grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas
							3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>). Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o do
						endot&#233;lio, a resposta m&#225;xima de aortas tor&#225;cicas &#224; noradrenalina foi
						semelhante em todos os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>).</p>
          <p>No que diz respeito &#224;s aortas intactas, nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na resposta m&#225;xima
						&#224; noradrenalina foi observada em filhotes com 23 dias de idade expostos ao
						Pb durante o per&#237;odo perinatal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela
							3</xref>). Em contrapartida, o aumento da reatividade da aorta intacta
						foi observado em ratos aos 52, 70, e 100 dias de idade expostos ao Pb no
						per&#237;odo perinatal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).
						Independente do protocolo de tratamento, a reatividade &#224; noradrenalina n&#227;o
						diferiu em aortas com endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas
							3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Os diferentes tratamentos n&#227;o alteraram a reatividade &#224; noradrenalina de
						aortas intactas de animais n&#227;o expostos ao Pb (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>).
						No entanto, a L-arginina, DMSA, enalapril, e a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o foram
						eficazes em restabelecer o aumento induzido por Pb na resposta m&#225;xima da
						aorta a valores semelhantes aos dos respectivos controles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Autoridades de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica utilizam concentra&#231;&#245;es altas (40 &#181;g/dL) para a
					defini&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de contamina&#231;&#227;o por Pb no sangue de mulheres n&#227;o
					gr&#225;vidas, que &#233; o valor de refer&#234;ncia em adultos em muitos pa&#237;ses.</p>
        <p>Devemos reconhecer que uma fra&#231;&#227;o significativa de mulheres n&#227;o gr&#225;vidas com
					n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb &#8805; 40 &#181;g/dL poder&#225; ficar gr&#225;vida e potencialmente expor
					seus filhos aos efeitos do Pb, adversos &#224; sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos maternos e fetais de Pb s&#227;o quase id&#234;nticos
					porque este metal &#233; capaz de atravessar a placenta livremente. Isso tem gerado
					preocupa&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o aos elevados n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb entre mulheres em
					idade f&#233;rtil, pois muitas gesta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o planejadas. Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres
					gr&#225;vidas assintom&#225;ticas permanecem frequentemente em contato com a fonte de
					exposi&#231;&#227;o durante a prenhez e lacta&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em pa&#237;ses em
					desenvolvimento.</p>
        <p>A gravidade dos efeitos e o grau em que o sistema cardiovascular &#233; afetado por Pb
					parecem ser influenciados mais diretamente pela concentra&#231;&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o da
					exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb e por outros fatores, incluindo a via de exposi&#231;&#227;o e a fase de
					vida de cada indiv&#237;duo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. No presente estudo, investigamos as
					altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em filhotes durante o per&#237;odo de gesta&#231;&#227;o e
					lacta&#231;&#227;o, provenientes de f&#234;meas com n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb em torno de 50
					&#181;g/dL. O regime de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb n&#227;o teve nenhum efeito sobre o peso das
					f&#234;meas, ou sobre o peso dos filhotes ao nascimento, no desmame, no per&#237;odo
					p&#243;s-natal, ou no n&#250;mero de filhotes por ninhada. Todos os animais pareciam
					saud&#225;veis e nenhum deles mostrou sinais de toxicidade.</p>
        <p>No entanto, os diferentes protocolos de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb resultaram no aumento da
					press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica associada a altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular. O
					aumento cont&#237;nuo da press&#227;o arterial em filhotes desmamados, ratos jovens, e
					adultos com exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb confirmaram os resultados de estudos
					anteriores que demostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de
					Pb e hipertens&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, objetivamos investigar os efeitos do Pb sobre as c&#233;lulas
					endoteliais vasculares e c&#233;lulas musculares lisas. Altera&#231;&#245;es no equil&#237;brio
					entre os fatores de contra&#231;&#227;o e de relaxamento derivados do endot&#233;lio contribuem
					para a hipertens&#227;o arterial associada ao saturnismo. A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de
					um componente vasodilatador (ON) e o aumento dos n&#237;veis de componentes
					vasoconstritores (endotelina-3 e o horm&#244;nio natriur&#233;tico) j&#225; foram reportados
					como sendo respons&#225;veis pela hipertens&#227;o arterial em ratos expostos a baixas
					concentra&#231;&#245;es de chumbo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Sendo assim, nossos resultados
					corroboram estes estudos, pois observamos que a hipertens&#227;o arterial induzida
					pela exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb est&#225; associada a um aumento na reatividade
					vascular da aorta &#224; noradrenalina. Al&#233;m disso, esta hiper-reatividade &#233;
					consequ&#234;ncia de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais, considerando que a
					remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio aboliu este efeito.</p>
        <p>Outra observa&#231;&#227;o interessante foi a ocorr&#234;ncia tempo-dependente, no per&#237;odo
					p&#243;s-natal, de altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular induzidas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o
					perinatal ao Pb, visto que ratos com 52, 70, e 100 dias de idade, mas n&#227;o
					filhotes de 23 dias de idade, apresentaram estas altera&#231;&#245;es. Provavelmente, aos
					23 dias de vida p&#243;s-natal, o estado hipertensivo induzido pela exposi&#231;&#227;o
					perinatal ao Pb seja devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fator(es) circulante(s) e &#224; altera&#231;&#245;es
					hemodin&#226;micas.</p>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es da musculatura lisa vascular na hipertens&#227;o induzida por Pb tamb&#233;m t&#234;m
					sido relatadas na literatura, e est&#227;o associadas com: 1) aumento das
					concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio intracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, 2) intera&#231;&#227;o com a prote&#237;na quinase
						C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, 3) inibi&#231;&#227;o da
						Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, e 4) efeito inibit&#243;rio ou estimulador
					sobre v&#225;rios fatores humorais relacionados &#224; press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. No entanto, nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na
					musculatura lisa foi observada em aortas tor&#225;cicas de ratos jovens e adultos
					expostos ao Pb no per&#237;odo perinatal. Esta controv&#233;rsia pode ser devida &#224;
					diferen&#231;as nos protocolos de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb relacionadas &#224;s doses e/ou ao tempo
					de exposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, outros mecanismos pelos quais o Pb pode contribuir para o
					desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial envolvem o aumento da atividade da
					enzima conversora de angiotensina e o aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de renina,
					angiotensina II, aldosterona e quininases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O problema cont&#237;nuo e generalizado de intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Pb &#233; inicialmente tratado
					pela remo&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo do ambiente contaminado e, posteriormente, pela
					administra&#231;&#227;o de um agente quelante de Pb. Uma nova tend&#234;ncia na terapia de
					quela&#231;&#227;o de metais t&#243;xicos surgiu recentemente, atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapia
					combinada, ao inv&#233;s de monoterapia com agentes quelantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Desta forma, o suplemento de
					amino&#225;cidos durante a terapia de quela&#231;&#227;o contribui para aumentar a mobilidade
					do metal e garantir o restabelecimento de algumas vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas
						alteradas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>DMSA &#233; um composto hidrossol&#250;vel que forma um complexo forte com o
						Pb<sup>+2</sup> no sangue, e em seguida &#233; secretado pelos rins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Amino&#225;cidos de enxofre, tais como a
					metionina e ciste&#237;na, bem como outros amino&#225;cidos metabolicamente relacionados,
					podem aumentar a biodisponibilidade da glutationa, que possui atividade quelante
					de Pb, neutralizando os seus efeitos t&#243;xicos e podendo ser utilizados como
					terapia de suporte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os metais presentes em
					prote&#237;nas metaloreguladoras s&#227;o frequentemente localizados em s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o
					e ligados a res&#237;duos de ciste&#237;na. V&#225;rios estudos indicam que as prote&#237;nas
					ligantes de metais, ricas em ciste&#237;na, bem como centros met&#225;licos de
					metaloprote&#237;nas sens&#237;veis &#224; rea&#231;&#245;es redox, s&#227;o sensores naturais de radicais
					biol&#243;gicos, tais como ON<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Neste
					sentido, Misra e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> mostraram que o
					ON medeia a libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;dmio presente na metalotione&#237;na. Assim, um aumento
					dos n&#237;veis de ON atrav&#233;s do tratamento com L-arginina pode deslocar o Pb de seus
					s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o celular, conforme anteriormente descrito por Malvezzi e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Corroborando os dados anteriores de nosso laboratory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, a carga de Pb no corpo foi reduzida significativamente
					atrav&#233;s da remo&#231;&#227;o da fonte de Pb, embora estes n&#237;veis n&#227;o tenham atingido os
					valores observados em animais n&#227;o expostos ao Pb. No entanto, este procedimento
					foi ineficaz para restabelecer a reatividade vascular e as altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o
					arterial induzidas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb. Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o estes
					resultados, foi avaliado o potencial terap&#234;utico de DMSA, L-arginina, e
					enalapril, tanto isoladamente como em combina&#231;&#227;o, sobre a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de Pb e
					sobre os efeitos cardiovasculares adversos da intoxica&#231;&#227;o perinatal por Pb.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Mobilidade do chumbo</title>
          <p>Independentemente da idade, DMSA, enalapril, e a terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o, mas
						n&#227;o a L-arginina, foram mais eficazes do que a interrup&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o
						de Pb na diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb. Estes dados corroboram
						resultados anteriores de nosso laborat&#243;rio que demonstraram que o tratamento
						com L-arginina foi ineficaz na diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de Pb a partir de
						tecidos pode provocar uma redistribui&#231;&#227;o indesej&#225;vel do metal. Isto pode
						explicar a manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de Pb no sangue ap&#243;s o tratamento
						com L-arginina, pois L-arginina &#233; capaz de mobilizar Pb a partir de tecidos
						como f&#233;mur, f&#237;gado, e rins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>O tratamento com enalapril tamb&#233;m foi capaz de reduzir os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos
						de Pb, e estes n&#237;veis atingiram valores semelhantes &#224;queles observados em
						animais n&#227;o intoxicados. Talvez este resultado possa ser explicado pelo
						aumento na excre&#231;&#227;o de Pb como resultado do aumento da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o
						glomerular induzida por inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, em
						condi&#231;&#245;es de baixa filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, como observado em condi&#231;&#245;es de
						intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. De fato, Pb
						tamb&#233;m afeta as fun&#231;&#245;es renais, e a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular parece ser
						afetada em baixos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de Pb. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o
						glomerular foi observada de forma sistem&#225;tica em popula&#231;&#245;es com uma m&#233;dia do
						n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo de Pb &lt;20 &#956;g/dL. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da press&#227;o
						arterial e o comprometimento da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular est&#227;o
						estreitamente relacionados e, provavelmente, possuem efeitos sin&#233;rgicos
						entre si<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</title>
          <p>Independente da idade, todos os tratamentos foram capazes de reduzir o
						aumento da press&#227;o arterial induzido pela exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb.</p>
          <p>No entanto , ao contr&#225;rio das outras terapias, o DMSA isoladamente n&#227;o foi
						totalmente eficaz em normalizar a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de ratos adultos com
						exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb. Esse resultado corrobora dados anteriores de
						nosso laborat&#243;rio que indicaram que o tratamento com DMSA durante 30 dias
						foi incapaz de abolir completamente o aumento sustentado da press&#227;o arterial
						sist&#243;lica observado em ratos expostos ao Pb durante a vida adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Em contrapartida, outros estudos
						demonstraram que o tratamento com DMSA foi capaz de abolir a hipertens&#227;o
						induzida por Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Esta discrep&#226;ncia nos resultados
						pode ser devida &#224; diferen&#231;as nos protocolos experimentais relacionados &#224;s
						doses e dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, visto que estes par&#226;metros s&#227;o importantes em
						reverter a hipertens&#227;o induzida por Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Outra possibilidade pode estar relacionada &#224; diferen&#231;as nos
						mecanismos de manuten&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o induzida por Pb em diferentes
						per&#237;odos de desenvolvimento dos animais. Esta hip&#243;tese baseia-se no fato de
						que o tratamento com DMSA foi eficaz no restabelecimento integral da
						hipertens&#227;o induzida por Pb em ratos jovens, mas n&#227;o em adultos.</p>
          <p>A L-arginina causou um aumento no tempo de lat&#234;ncia para a gera&#231;&#227;o de um
						efeito ben&#233;fico sobre a press&#227;o arterial em ratos jovens quando comparados
						com ratos adultos. O oposto foi observado para o tratamento com enalapril.
						Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com L-arginina mostrou-se mais eficaz do que o
						tratamento com DMSA em reverter a press&#227;o arterial de adultos, mas n&#227;o de
						ratos jovens. Estas observa&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m suportam a hip&#243;tese da ocorr&#234;ncia de
						mecanismos distintos atuando na manuten&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o induzida por Pb em
						diferentes per&#237;odos de vida.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a terapia combinada induziu um restabelecimento mais precoce da
						press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea de ratos expostos ao Pb em compara&#231;&#227;o com todos os
						tratamentos realizados isoladamente, exceto para o tratamento com enalapril
						em ratos jovens. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel seria os efeitos aditivos da
						L-arginina, um precursor de ON, do DMSA, um agente quelante e sequestrante
						de EROs, e do enalapril, um inibidor do sistema renina-angiotensina, sobre a
						press&#227;o arterial. Considerando que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; maior em animais
						jovens do que em adultos, e que a presen&#231;a de enalapril aumenta a filtra&#231;&#227;o
						glomerular, pode-se esperar uma maior excre&#231;&#227;o de Pb em ratos jovens. Este
						fato pode explicar a efic&#225;cia semelhante de enalapril e da terapia combinada
						no restabelecimento da press&#227;o arterial em ratos jovens expostos ao Pb, e a
						maior efic&#225;cia da terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o em ratos adultos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Independente da idade p&#243;s-natal, todos os tratamentos foram capazes de
						restabelecer as altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular induzidas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o
						perinatal ao Pb. Especula-se que tais altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser causadas pela
						diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ON e/ou de uma forma de ERO, e que o fornecimento
						adicional de ON atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o de L-arginina poderia atuar como
						sequestrante de ERO e/ou diretamente como vasodilatador, desta forma
						restabelecendo as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Al&#233;m disso, al&#233;m da atividade
						quelante, DMSA apresenta atividade sequestrante de ERO, o que pode
						contribuir para restabelecer tais altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Alguns outros mecanismos
						relacionados ao Pb que poderiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento da
						hipertens&#227;o arterial envolvem o aumento da atividade da enzima conversora de
						angiotensina, e o aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de renina, angiotensina II,
						aldosterona, e quininases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No
						presente estudo, o enalapril foi capaz de normalizar as altera&#231;&#245;es
						funcionais na reatividade vascular induzida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb.
						Sendo assim, os resultados do presente estudo corroboram resultados de
						estudos anteriores que mostraram que os tratamentos capazes de interromper o
						sistema renina-angiotensina tamb&#233;m podem reduzir as altera&#231;&#245;es
						cardiovasculares em diversos estados hipertensivos, incluindo os decorrentes
						da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos agentes quelantes convencionais possuem efeitos secund&#225;rios,
						especialmente no que diz respeito &#224; sua liga&#231;&#227;o a metais essenciais em
						sistemas biol&#243;gicos, o que reduz a sua efic&#225;cia. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225;
						nenhum tratamento eficaz e seguro dispon&#237;vel para o tratamento de
						intoxica&#231;&#227;o por Pb<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Assim, a terapia combinada pode
						desempenhar um papel importante em diminuir os efeitos t&#243;xicos do Pb em
						compara&#231;&#227;o com tratamentos isolados, al&#233;m de ser capaz de restabelecer a
						press&#227;o arterial. Neste contexto, o presente estudo contribuiu para elucidar
						os efeitos cardiovasculares da exposi&#231;&#227;o perinatal ao Pb e pode auxiliar no
						desenvolvimento de novos tratamento terap&#234;uticos para o controle da
						hipertens&#227;o induzida por Pb.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Somos gratos ao Sr. Alaor Aparecido Almeida e ao CEATOX-IBB-UNESP pelos ensaios
					de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de Pb no sangue e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
					S&#227;o Paulo-FAPESP (processo n&#250;mero: 03/06760-5 e 04/00640-0) e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de
					Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior-PROAP, pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
						dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Fresneda-Gaspar A,
						Cordellini S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
						quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cordellini S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e CAPES/PROAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Andr&#233;ia Fresneda Gaspar pela
						UNESP</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
