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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WyHN5TRnPFXMjhwT4Xf4hHp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Survival and Predictive Factors of Lethality in
					Hemodyalisis: D/I Polymorphism of The Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme and of the
					Angiotensinogen M235T Genes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salis</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Alvares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Mario Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
					Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauro Alves,</bold> Rua Paraim, 54/201, Freguesia, Ilha
					do Governador. Postal Code 21911-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>malves@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauroalves0308@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>209</fpage>
      <lpage>219</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> End-stage kidney disease patients continue to have markedly increased
						cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Analysis of genetic factors
						connected with the renin-angiotensin system that influences the survival of
						the patients with end-stage kidney disease supports the ongoing search for
						improved outcomes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To assess survival and its association with the polymorphism of
						renin-angiotensin system genes: angiotensin I-converting enzyme
						insertion/deletion and angiotensinogen M235T in patients undergoing
						hemodialysis. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Our study was designed to examine the role of renin-angiotensin system
						genes. It was an observational study. We analyzed 473 chronic hemodialysis
						patients in four dialysis units in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Survival
						rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the differences between
						the curves were evaluated by Tarone-Ware, Peto-Prentice, and log rank tests.
						We also used logistic regression analysis and the multinomial model. A p
						value &#8804; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The local
						medical ethics committee gave their approval to this study. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The mean age of patients was 45.8 years old. The overall survival rate was
						48% at 11 years. The major causes of death were cardiovascular diseases
						(34%) and infections (15%). Logistic regression analysis found statistical
						significance for the following variables: age (p = 0.000038), TT
						angiotensinogen (p = 0.08261), and family income greater than five times the
						minimum wage (p = 0.03089), the latter being a protective factor. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> The survival of hemodialysis patients is likely to be influenced by the TT
						of the angiotensinogen M235T gene.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Survival Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Lethality</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Failure, Chronic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The number of patients undergoing renal replacement therapy is on the increase all
				over the world, including Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Data from the Brazilian Society of
				Nephrology shows that between 1994 and 2009, the number of patients enrolled in
				chronic dialysis programs in Brazil more than tripled from 24,000, to 77,589<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Of these, 89.6% were on hemodialysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>On July 1<sup>st</sup>, 2010, the number of Brazilian dialysis patients was 92,091.
				The annual crude mortality rate for patients with end-stage chronic kidney failure
				was 17.1% in 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, and 17.9% in 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Despite major advances in recent decades in
				the treatment of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease is still the main
				cause of death for these patients, especially among those on dialysis. The
				cardiovascular mortality of hemodyalized patients is high (40% to 50% of the
				population of chronic kidney patients), significantly higher than for the general
					population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The general population trend for
				cardiovascular mortality is decreasing, but, among hemodialyzed patients, it is
					increasing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone are not capable of explaining the high
				mortality rate for chronic kidney disease, dialysis population. Other factors need
				to be taken into consideration. Our view is that the key to improving survival is
				better knowledge of prognostic risk factors, be they traditional or not.</p>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to assess the survival of patients with
				end-stage chronic kidney failure who received hemodialysis in four centers in the
				State of Rio de Janeiro. patients were followed up for 11 years and compared to the
				general population to look at the correlation between mortality for those with
				cardiovascular risk factors and D/I and M235T polymorphisms of the angiotensin
				I-converting enzyme and the angiotensinogen genes, respectively. The secondary
				objective was to analyze cause of death by sex and age group.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Diagram:</bold>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t00">
        <table frame="void" rules="none">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4">Population of 4 HD centers (1997/98) </td>
              <td rowspan="4">-------- 11 years ------ </td>
              <td>&#8226; Death </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Survival on HD </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Transplanted </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Transferred </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The initial study cohort comprised 473 chronic hemodialyzed patients from four
				hemodialysis centers. Three from the city of Niter&#243;i and one from Rio Bonito. This
				represented all eligible patients in those hemodialysis centers from July 15, 1997
				to July 15, 1998.</p>
      <p><bold>Inclusion criteria:</bold> All adult patients (aged 18 years old or more at
				the time of selection for this study), regardless of age at the time hemodialysis
				treatment began, who had been on chronic hemodialysis for at least one year during
				the period between July 15, 1997 and July 15, 1998.</p>
      <p><bold>Exclusion criteria:</bold> Exclusion criteria included the presence of Acute
				Kidney Failure; refusal to participate in this study; and the fact that patients had
				already been submitted to kidney transplant before selection.</p>
      <p><bold>Death records:</bold> We used the Mortality Information System. Survival
				analysis used information from the study population data bases, and death records
				(1998 to 2008) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, with the objective of identifying
				individuals who passed away and to determine cause of death. Analysis was conducted
				with RecLink III software and consisted of six steps:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Standardizing the format of data variables.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Grouping records using identification keys.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Using algorithms to compare chains of characters.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Scoring record pairs on their level of global concordance.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Using threshold definitions to determine whether each pair was real,
						doubtful, borderline, or non-paired.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Manual revision of the doubtful or borderline pairs, aiming to reclassify as
						real pairs or non-pairs.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p><bold>Study duration:</bold> Follow-up: 11 years; recruitment: July 15, 1997 to July
				15, 1998; conclusion: December 31, 2008.</p>
      <p><bold>Variables:</bold> The variables studied were defined as follows:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Systolic Blood Pressure before the hemodialysis session: The first
						measurement recorded in the medical history was used in the recruiting stage
						of this study.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Length of hemodialysis in months at the time of recruiting. From this
						variable, it was possible to calculate the date hemodialysis started and the
						time of survival on hemodialysis. This was calculated by the sum of the time
						of hemodialysis at the beginning of the treatment, plus the time until the
						event (death, kidney transplant or conclusion of the study).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Body Mass Index. Calculated using the formula, weight in kg, divided by the
						squared height in meters. Weight was obtained prior to hemodialysis.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Monthly family income, as provided by the patient when he or she was admitted
						to the hemodialysis center. This information was registered in the medical
						record or it was collected from the patient. The variable was measured in
						number of minimum wages at the time the treatment began in the hemodialysis
						center. Afterwards, we created the following categories: less than two times
						the minimum wage; from two to five times the minimum wage; and more than
						five times the minimum wage.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Age at the beginning of hemodialysis (in years).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Gender.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Basic cause of death: using data from the Mortality Information System of the
						State Secretariat of Health in the State of Rio de Janeiro, we identified
						the basic cause of death recorded in the Mortality Information System
						through selection rules.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Triglycerides: measured by the enzymathic method, at the time of
						recruiting.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Total cholesterol: measured by the enzymathic method, at the time of
						recruiting.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>High-density lipoprotein: measured by the enzymathic method, at the time of
						recruiting.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Hematocrit: Percentage occupied by red blood cells in the total blood volume,
						at the time of recruiting.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus, diagnosis registered on the medical record at the time of
						admission in the hemodialysis center, and collected by us during
						recruiting.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>History of ischemic heart disease, characterized by acute myocardial
						infarction, angina pectoris, or by some previous invasive coronary
						procedures. This information was collected from medical records.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>History of stroke, collected from medical records.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>History of smoking or former smoking, recorded in medical records at the time
						of admission to the hemodialysis center.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Polymorphism of genes of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (I/D) and
						angiotensinogen (M235T). Samples of 5 mL of blood were drawn from patients
						at the time of recruiting and stored in tubes containing
						ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which were sent to S&#227;o Paulo. The genetic
						polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (I/D) was determined by
						using a standardized essay with three primers. The variable M235T of the
						angiotensinogen gene was determined by the polymerase chain reaction method,
						followed by enzymatic digestion. The team who conducted the genotypic
						assessments did not have access to the clinical information of the study
						patients.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Patients who had undergone kidney transplant and patients who were alive on December
				31, 2008, when the study was concluded, were censored to their respective dates.</p>
      <p>The analyzed outcomes were: primary, time of survival; and secondary, basic cause of
				death.</p>
      <p>The Research Ethics Committee in the University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, at
					<italic>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</italic>, approved this
				study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Each variable was analyzed and its distribution, mean, and standard deviation was
					calculated. The Chi-Square test was used for categorical variables and the
					unpaired Student's t-test was used for quantitative variables (quantitative
					variables had normal distributions, as the sampling number was sufficiently
					large). A 5% significance level was adopted in both cases. The logistic
					regression model and the odds ratio calculation were used, as well as the
					multinomial logistic model, the Cox model, the classification and survival
					trees. The chosen variables were used as a base allowing a visual analysis of
					mortality and the variables associated with it.</p>
        <p>Kaplan-Meier curves were used to visualize the survival of patients according to
					the chosen variable. The Tarone-Ware, Peto-Prentice and Log-Rank tests were used
					to assess the difference between curves. The statistical significance level
					adopted for curves was 5%. Analyses were conducted with R software. Survival
					curves were measured from the date estimated for the beginning of hemodialysis
					for each patient. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated. The statistics
					flowchart, shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> was used, and
					is described as follows:</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagram of the statistical analyses used.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Univariate exploratory data analyses.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Survival Kaplan-Meier curves with the study polymorphisms, comparing
							deaths caused by the circulatory system (the main cause of death) with
							other causes. To identify whether the differences found in the
							Kaplan-Meier curves were significant, we used the Tarone-Ware and the
							Peto-Prentice tests. We used the log rank test to compare survival
							curves, as it is the most widely used method. This is also known as the
							Mantel-Cox test, these tests are only different in the weights used.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Classification tree, with the objective of understanding which variables,
							or interaction of variables, are responsible for the analyzed
							phenomenon.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Survival tree, which was used for the same purpose as III.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Logistic regression was employed for all patients, taking death by any
							cause as the dependent variable and only selecting other variables that
							were clinically and/or statistically relevant.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Multinomial logistic model for all patients using all of the variables.
							The dependent variable at this point was death caused by
							atherothrombotic vascular disease (ischemic heart disease plus stroke),
							which was the biggest cause of death among diseases of the circulatory
							system. Multinomial models constitute an extension of logistic models,
							being used in cases in which the response variable is nominal, with more
							than two categories, as in this case.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><bold>1) Clinical and demographic variables:</bold> Only one patient out of the 474
				cases that met the selection criteria refused to participate in the study. Out of
				the 473 analyzed cases, 237 (50.1%) were male. The mean age at the beginning of
				hemodialysis was 46 years. The mean duration of hemodialysis (HD) at the time of
				recruiting was 52 months (4.4 years). The mean time of life on hemodialysis was of
				144 months. The mean body mass index was &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Half of the
				population consisted of smokers or former smokers. Almost half of the cases (43.4%)
				had a monthly income of less than twice the minimum wage. The mean systolic blood
				pressure was 150 mmHg, and most cases (81.6%) were classified as hypertensive
				patients. Diabetes mellitus was present in 15% of the cases, and generally
				associated with hypertension. The DI genotype of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme
				(50%) and the MT genotype of the angiotensinogen (39.3%) were the most prevalent
				ones. Ischemic heart disease was present in 26% of the cases, and stroke in 7%
					(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). With respect to biochemical
				and hematological data, we did not observe major changes from the normal rate for
				the variables studied, except for the low hematocrit mean (29%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic data and clinical and genetic characteristics of the 473
						patients at recruitment (July 97/ July 98) or at the beginning of
						hemodialysis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Number of patients</td>
              <td align="center">473</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Gender (M/F) - n</td>
              <td align="center">237/236</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Age in years at the beginning of hemodialysis mean &#177;
								SD</td>
              <td align="center">45.8 &#177; 16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Time of life on HD (months)-mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">144 &#177; 59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)-mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 &#177; 4.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">SBP (mmHg)-mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">150 &#177; 19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">Smoking or former smoking - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">237 (50.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Monthly Family income. n (%):</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&lt; 2 MW</td>
              <td align="center">204 (43.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8805; 2 to 5 MW</td>
              <td align="center">139 (29.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&gt; 5 MW</td>
              <td align="center">127 (27%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>IGN</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Genotypes of polymorphisms:</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>ACE gene- n (%):</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DD</td>
              <td align="center">156 (33%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DI</td>
              <td align="center">239 (50.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>II</td>
              <td align="center">78 (16.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>AGT gene-n (%):</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>MM</td>
              <td align="center">139 (29.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>MT</td>
              <td align="center">186 (39.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>TT</td>
              <td align="center">148 (31.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Combinations of genotypes of polymorphisms of ACE and AGT
									genes - n (%):</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DD + TT</td>
              <td align="center">46 (9.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DD + MT</td>
              <td align="center">62 (13.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DD + MM</td>
              <td align="center">48 (10.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DI + TT</td>
              <td align="center">79 (16.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DI + MT</td>
              <td align="center">91 (19.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DI + MM</td>
              <td align="center">69 (14.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>II + TT</td>
              <td align="center">23 (4.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>II + MT</td>
              <td align="center">33 (6.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>II + MM</td>
              <td align="center">22 (4.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="3">
                <bold>Comorbidities at recruiting - n (%):</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>SAH (total)</td>
              <td align="center">386 (81.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Diabetes Mellitus (total)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (14.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>SAH with associated diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">59 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>SAH without diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">327 (69%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus without SAH</td>
              <td align="center">11 (2.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Circulatory system diseases. n (%):</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Ischemic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">122 (26%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">31(7%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>n: number of patients; M: Male gender; F: Female gender; SD:
							Standard-deviation; Time of life on HD: Time of life on hemodialysis
							from admission to hemodialysis until the event (death. conclusion of the
							study or kidney transplant); SBP: Systolic blood pressure; BMI: Body
							mass index; MW: federal minimum wage at the time of recruiting; IGN:
							Ignored information; ACE: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme; AGT:
							angiotensinogen; SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory data (biochemical and hematologic) at recruitment (July
						97/July 98) of patients on HD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean &#177; SD</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td>189.1 &#177; 43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td>37.7 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td>184.6 &#177; 96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Hematocrits (%)</td>
              <td>29.2% &#177; 4.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HDL-cholesterol: High Density Lipoprotein; SD: Standard-deviation</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient follow-up flowchart.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>2) Survival:</bold> The crude death rate at 11 years was 52%. There was a 48%
				survival rate at 11 years. The mean age at the time of death was 57 years old (&#177;
				15).</p>
      <p>The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed no differences between genetic polymorphisms
				of the gene in the converting enzyme (D/I) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure
					3</xref>). We also built a Kaplan-Meier curve for polymorphism of the
				angiotensinogen. In this, we observed a tendency for the curve for the TT genotype
				to separate in relation to time of survival, even though the population was smaller
					(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). This trend was also confirmed
				when we separated the TT genotype of the angiotensinogen from the others in the
				Kaplan-Meier survival curve, with the Tarone-Ware test, and obtained a p value of
				0.0976.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Kaplan&#8211;Meier curve for D/I polymorphism of the ACE gene.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Kaplan&#8211;Meier curve for the M235T polymorphism of the
						angiotensinogen.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>3) Probability of death and its association with the variables used in
					statistical models:</bold> The logistic regression model, using death by any
				cause as a dependent variable, found the following p values and odds ratios (OR)
				with 95% confidence intervals. Age (p value = 0.000038, OR = 1.027), angiotensinogen
				TT (in relation to MM) (p value = 0.08261, OR = 1.534) and monthly income greater
				than five times the minimum wage (a protective factor) (p value = 0.03089, OR =
				0.600).</p>
      <p>Using a multinomial logistic model for all patients and using all variables, with
				death caused by atherothrombotic vascular disease (ischemic heart disease plus
				stroke, the main cause of death in this cohort), as the dependent variable, we found
				the following variables to be statistically significant. Age (p = 0.019802), and TT
				polymorphism of the angiotensinogen (p = 0.001394). TT was significant for both for
				men (p = 0.039402) and women (p = 0.01518).</p>
      <p>Because the study population at the time of recruiting had different periods of
				hemodialysis, and because it was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with regards to
				polymorphism of the angiotensinogen (p value &lt; 0.0001), we decided to study those
				patients who had been on hemodialysis for up to one year at recruitment separately
				and compare the results of this subgroup with those of the total population. This
				cohort was more homogeneous with respect to length of disease, and comprised 82
				patients. This cohort will be described, analyzed, and compared with the total
				population in another study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, there were very slightly more males (50.1%) than females, which is in
				accordance with 2008 Census from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. It found that
				men make up 57% of the population with end-stage chronic kidney disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A study in Bahia found a 56.6% of patients
				to be male<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A cross-sectional analysis
				conducted in six hemodialysis clinics in the State of Rio de Janeiro also found a
				higher proportion of men (56%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mean age of the study population was 46 years, which is lower than that found in
				a study in the State of Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (54
				years old), and also lower than another cross-sectional analysis conducted in a
				single dialysis center in the State of Rio de Janeiro, where the mean age was 52
					years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. However, it was similar to the
				Bahia study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, which found a mean age of 49
				years. In the 2010 Census from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, 30.7% of the
				patients were aged 65 years or older<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of arterial hypertension in our study (82%) was higher than the Bahia
				study (71%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and higher than the analysis of
				six hemodialysis clinics in the State of Rio de Janeiro (61%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; it was also higher than the single center study conducted
				in the State of Rio de Janeiro (55%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus prevalence in this study (15%) was much lower than that found in
				the 2010 Census by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (28%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, lower than the Bahia study (21%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and lower than the single center study in the State of Rio
				de Janeiro (20%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. However, it was similar
				to the analysis involving six hemodialysis clinics in the State of Rio de Janeiro
					(17%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The overall survival rate found in this study was 48% at 11 years. This is higher
				than that found in studies with large patient cohorts, such as the European Dialysis
				and Transplant Association study, which recorded a 50% survival rate over five
					years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. It is also higher than the rate
				found in the United States, which was only 36% over five years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Our survival results were also higher than those found in
				diabetic hemodialyzed patients in Japan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				(28% over 10 years). These differences can be explained by the fact that our
				population was younger, as well as the lower prevalence of diabetes in our study
				population.</p>
      <p>With regards to the demographics of our patient cohort, it is worth mentioning that
				the mean age of 46 years represents a significant social impact, since this is the
				most economically active age group. Life expectancy in the general Brazilian
				population was 73.48 years (73 years, 5 months and 24 days) in 2010, (77.32 years
				for females and 69.73 years for males) according to the research <italic>T&#225;buas
					Completas de Mortalidade</italic>, published on 01/12/2011 by the Brazilian
				Institute of Geography and Statistics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. At
				the age of 60, life expectancy in the Brazilian population in 2009, according to the
				same institute<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, for both sexes was + 21.27
				years (+ 19.55 for men, + 22.83 for women). This suggests that even though there was
				a good survival rate in our cohort, it is still lower than that of the same age
				group in the general Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>A selection of survival rates from other studies are as follows. The French Tassin
				group found a 73% survival rate at five years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> with prolonged slow hemodialysis. A Brazilian study (3,082
				hemodialysis patients, in seven Brazilian States) found a 58.2% survival rate at
				five years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A national study of chronic
				hemodialysis survival in a cohort of 1,009 patients over 25 years, at three dialysis
				units in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, found a global survival rate of 64%, at
				five years, and 41%, at 10 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our research showed similar mortality rates for male and female patients, which is
				different than the findings of the cohort study across seven Brazilians States<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> which found higher mortality among
				males.</p>
      <p>In our study, diabetic patients had statistically higher mortality than non-diabetic
				ones (p = 0.0432). Lower survival among diabetics on hemodialysis has also been
				found in other analyses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Body mass index was not associated with mortality in our study. A similar result was
				found by De Matos et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. However, this
				finding is different from that published by Kalantar-Zadch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our findings showed that the highest cause of death was circulatory system diseases
				(34%), followed by infectious diseases (15%). Of the circulatory system conditions,
				the main cause was atherothrombotic vascular diseases (ischemic heart disease plus
				stroke), with 48% of cases. Infectious causes may be related to vascular access and
				with the immunosuppressive state associated with uremia. It is interesting to note
				that while the number of cardiovascular deaths is declining in the general
				population, the same is not true for patients on dialysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. This difference is partly due to the demographic conditions
				of these individuals, when they started on dialysis. There were multiple
				comorbidities in our study, 15% of the cohort were diabetic, 92% were hypertensive,
				26% already had ischemic heart disease, and 7% had had a stroke. A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> conducted in Salvador concerning overall
				cardiovascular mortality and risk factors of patients on hemodialysis also showed
				high cardiovascular mortality of 41.7%.</p>
      <p>We also analyzed the genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme and
				of the angiotensinogen with mortality on hemodialysis. The results of the study by
				In&#225;cio et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, in Niter&#243;i and Rio Bonito, of
				patients who presented as "healthy", collected in practically the same period as our
				study, are different from ours for the D/I homozygotic polymorphisms in the gene of
				the angiotensin I-converting enzyme studied by these authors.</p>
      <p>The literature on mortality in hemodialysis and its association with polymorphisms in
				the gene of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme, or of the angiotensinogen, is slim.
				Most studies in this area are of patients with particular diseases, diabetes being
				the most common.</p>
      <p>Our study looked for a prognostic association between some polymorphisms of the
				renin-angiotensin system in chronic hemodialyzed patients in two important cities of
				the State of Rio de Janeiro. We found lower survival rates only the TT polymorphism
				of the angiotensinogen, and no difference in the survival rate for the D/I
				polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Such results, showing a worse
				prognosis for the TT genotype, are similar to those found in analyses by Buraczynska
				et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, Lovati et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and Miguel et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.
				The differences found by the last two studies mentioned may have been due to the
				cohort being composed entirely of diabetics.</p>
      <p>The study by Bzome et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> was designed to
				assess arterial hypertension complications. There was no association found between
				D/I polymorphisms of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme and poorer outcomes, unlike
				the findings in studies by Sakka et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,
				Losite et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, van der Sman-de Beer et
					al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, Yoshida et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, P&#233;rez-Oller et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>;
				Lovati et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. These studies found
				decreasing survival rates for the DD genotype of the angiotensin I-converting
				enzyme, and many of them had short follow-up periods for a population of diabetics.
				Other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> did not find any association for
				polymorphisms of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme or of the angiotensinogen.
				These studies also had short follow-ups and were conducted in a specific population
				with diabetic nephropathy.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The analysis of only two genetic polymorphisms in a highly complex system, such
					as the renin-angiotensin system is a limiting factor. The absence of other
					important variables to analyze the survival among hemodialyzed patients, such as
					hemoglobin, calcium, vitamin D, parathormone, erythropoietin, phosphorus,
					C-reactive protein, and serum albumin can also be limiting, as was the lack of
					information about the associations and dosages of medicines used by these
					patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The survival rate in our population was considered low when compared to the general
				population of the same age group. However, the survival in this cohort was high when
				compared to other studies involving Brazilian and North-American chronic
				hemodialyzed patients, as well as in comparison to most European studies. The main
				cause of death was circulatory system diseases, for both sexes, especially in older
				age groups, followed by infectious diseases and diabetes mellitus. In this study, it
				was not possible to demonstrate an association between polymorphisms in the gene
				that codifies the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (D/I) and mortality in
				hemodialyzed patients. The TT polymorphism of the M235 T angiotensinogen, age, and
				monthly family income were the variables that were associated with mortality in this
				cohort.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Alves M, Silva NAS, Salis LHA; Acquisition
					of data: Alves M, Oliveira JMF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Alves
					M, Silva NAS, Salis LHA, Godoy PH; Statistical analysis: Pereira BB, Nascimento
					EM; Writing of the manuscript: Alves M; Critical revision of the manuscript for
					intellectual content: Alves M, Silva NAS, Salis LHA, Oliveira JMF.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mauro Alves, from
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Sobrevida e Fatores Preditores de Letalidade em
					Hemodi&#225;lise: Polimorfismos D/I do Gene da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina I e
					o M235T do Angiotensinog&#234;nio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salis</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Alvares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Mario Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
					Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauro Alves</bold>, Rua Paraim, 54/201, Freguesia, Ilha
					do Governador. CEP 21911-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>malves@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauroalves0308@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Os pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise continuam tendo um significativo aumento na
						morbiletalidade, especialmente a causada por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A
						an&#225;lise dos fatores gen&#233;ticos ligados ao sistema renina-angiotensina que
						influenciam na sobreviv&#234;ncia destes pacientes poder&#225; ajudar na busca por
						melhores resultados. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a sobrevida em hemodialisados e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com polimorfismo dos
						genes do sistema reninaangiotensina: dele&#231;&#227;o/inser&#231;&#227;o do gene que codifica a
						enzima conversora da angiotensina I e o M235T do angiotensinog&#234;nio. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo observacional desenhado para ver o papel dos genes do sistema
						renina-angiotensina. Foram analisados 473 pacientes tratados com hemodi&#225;lise
						cr&#244;nica em quatro unidades de di&#225;lise do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As taxas
						de sobrevida foram calculadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e as diferen&#231;as
						entre as curvas avaliadas pelos testes de: Tarone-Ware, Peto-Prentice e
						Log-rank. Foram utilizados tamb&#233;m modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e
						multinomial. Um valor de p &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente
						significativo. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica aprovou este estudo. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 45,8%. A taxa de sobrevida global foi de
						48% em 11 anos. As principais causas de &#243;bito foram: doen&#231;as do aparelho
						circulat&#243;rio (34 %) e infec&#231;&#245;es (15%). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica
						encontrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, o TT
						do angiotensinog&#234;nio e a renda familiar acima de cinco sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos,
						esta &#250;ltima como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o (p valor: 0,000038, 0,08261 e 0,03089,
						respectivamente). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> Nossos dados sugerem que o risco de letalidade em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise
						pode ser influenciado tamb&#233;m pelo polimorfismo TT do angiotensinog&#234;nio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Letalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidil Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de pacientes em terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal vem aumentando
					progressivamente em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O n&#250;mero de pacientes mantidos em
					programa cr&#244;nico de di&#225;lise no nosso pa&#237;s mais que triplicou quando comparamos
					1994 com 2009. Em 1994, t&#237;nhamos 24.000 pacientes em programa dial&#237;tico e em
					2009, segundo dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia de janeiro de 2009, o
					n&#250;mero estimado de pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica Terminal em di&#225;lise
					foi de 77.589<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Destes, 89,6% estavam em
						hemodi&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 1 de julho de 2010, o n&#250;mero de pacientes em di&#225;lise foi de 92.091. A taxa
					anual bruta de letalidade de pacientes em Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica Terminal
					no Brasil foi de 17,1% em 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e de
					17,9% em 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Apesar dos grandes
					avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas no tratamento da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica,
					a doen&#231;a cardiovascular continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e
					letalidade nestes pacientes, sobretudo na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise. A letalidade
					cardiovascular de pacientes hemodialisados &#233; elevada (40% a 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o de
					renais cr&#244;nicos), sendo bem superior &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Assim, ao contr&#225;rio do que vem
					acontecendo na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, na qual a mortalidade cardiovascular vem
					diminuindo a cada ano, nos pacientes hemodialisados, a letalidade por doen&#231;a
					cardiovascular aumenta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apenas os fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de
					explicar a alta taxa de letalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica
					dial&#237;tica. Outros fatores precisam ser pesquisados. A nosso ver, a chave para
					uma maior sobrevida passa por um melhor conhecimento dos fatores de risco,
					tradicionais ou n&#227;o, associados ao progn&#243;stico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo prim&#225;rio avaliar, num intervalo de 11 anos, a
					sobrevida de pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica Terminal submetidos &#224;
					hemodi&#225;lise em quatro centros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, comparando com a
					popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o da letalidade global da popula&#231;&#227;o do
					estudo com os fatores de risco cardiovascular e com os polimorfismos D/I e M235T
					dos genes da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina I e do angiotensinog&#234;nio,
					respectivamente. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio, analisar as causas de morte desta
					popula&#231;&#227;o, por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>
          <bold>Diagrama do Estudo:</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <table frame="void" rules="none">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Popula&#231;&#227;o de 4 centros de HD (1997/98)</td>
                <td rowspan="4">-------- 11 anos ------</td>
                <td>&#8226; Morte</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Sobrevida em HD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Transplantado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Transferido</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A coorte inicial deste estudo foi de 473 pacientes hemodialisados cr&#244;nicos
					provenientes de quatro Centros de hemodi&#225;lise, tr&#234;s do munic&#237;pio de Niter&#243;i e um
					do munic&#237;pio de Rio Bonito. Este universo representou todos os pacientes
					eleg&#237;veis naqueles centros de hemodi&#225;lise no per&#237;odo de 15 de julho de 1997 a 15
					de julho de 1998.</p>
        <p><bold>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o:</bold> Foram estudados todos os pacientes adultos
					(com idade igual ou maior do que 18 anos quando do recrutamento para este
					estudo), independente da sua idade quando do in&#237;cio do tratamento hemodial&#237;tico,
					dos Centros mencionados, que estavam h&#225; pelo menos um m&#234;s em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica
					no per&#237;odo entre 15 de julho de 1997 a 15 de julho de 1998.</p>
        <p><bold>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o:</bold> Foram considerados crit&#233;rios para exclus&#227;o a
					Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Aguda; recusa em participar deste estudo; e o fato de que os
					pacientes j&#225; tivessem sido submetidos a transplante renal antes do
					recrutamento.</p>
        <p><bold>Registros de &#211;bitos:</bold> Utilizamos o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre
					Mortalidade. Foi realizado o relacionamento probabil&#237;stico entre as informa&#231;&#245;es
					dos bancos de dados da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo e das Declara&#231;&#245;es de &#211;bito (1998 a
					2008) do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com o objetivo de identificar os indiv&#237;duos
					que faleceram e determinar as causas destes &#243;bitos. Este procedimento foi
					executado com o uso do programa <italic>RecLink III</italic>. O relacionamento
					probabil&#237;stico consistiu nas seguintes etapas:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>padroniza&#231;&#227;o do formato das vari&#225;veis dos bancos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>blocagem para cria&#231;&#227;o de conjuntos comuns de registros conforme a chave
							de identifica&#231;&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>aplica&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos para compara&#231;&#245;es entre as cadeias de
							caracteres;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>c&#225;lculo dos escores que resumiram o grau de concord&#226;ncia global entre os
							registros de um mesmo par;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>pareamento com a defini&#231;&#227;o de limiares para o relacionamento dos pares de
							registros relacionados em verdadeiros, duvidosos ou lim&#237;trofes e n&#227;o
							pares; e</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>revis&#227;o manual dos pares duvidosos ou lim&#237;trofes por decis&#227;o do
							pesquisador, visando a uma poss&#237;vel reclassifica&#231;&#227;o em pares verdadeiros
							ou n&#227;o pares.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do Estudo:</bold> Seguimento: 11 anos; recrutamento: 15 de Julho
					de 1997 a 15 de Julho de 1998; e t&#233;rmino: 31 de Dezembro de 2008.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis estudadas e as suas respectivas defini&#231;&#245;es foram:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica pr&#233;-sess&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise. Utilizou-se a
							primeira medida registrada em prontu&#225;rio quando do recrutamento para
							este estudo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tempo de hemodi&#225;lise em meses quando do recrutamento. A partir desta
							vari&#225;vel foi calculada a data de in&#237;cio do tratamento hemodial&#237;tico e, a
							partir deste dado, o Tempo de Sobrevida em Hemodi&#225;lise que era calculado
							atrav&#233;s da soma do tempo de hemodi&#225;lise no in&#237;cio do tratamento com o
							tempo at&#233; o evento (&#243;bito, transplante renal ou t&#233;rmino do estudo).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula peso em Kg dividido pelo
							quadrado da altura em metros, onde o peso era obtido na pr&#233;-sess&#227;o de
							hemodi&#225;lise (em Kg).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Renda Familiar Mensal, atrav&#233;s da informa&#231;&#227;o dada pelo paciente quando da
							sua entrada no centro de hemodi&#225;lise. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o estava registrada
							no prontu&#225;rio ou coletada atrav&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o com o paciente. A
							vari&#225;vel era medida em quantidade de sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo federal vigente na
							&#233;poca do in&#237;cio do seu tratamento no centro de hemodi&#225;lise e foi,
							posteriormente, categorizada por n&#243;s em: menos de 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos; de
							2 a 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos e acima de 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Idade quando do in&#237;cio da hemodi&#225;lise (em anos).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>G&#234;nero.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Causa b&#225;sica do &#243;bito: utilizando o Banco de Dados do Sistema de
							Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade da Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de do Estado
							do Rio de Janeiro, verificamos a causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bitos registrada no
							Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade, atrav&#233;s das regras de
							sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Triglicer&#237;deo: dosado por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico quando da &#233;poca do
							recrutamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Colesterol total: dosado por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico, quando da &#233;poca do
							recrutamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade: dosado por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico, quando do
							recrutamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hemat&#243;crito: Porcentagem ocupada pelas hem&#225;cias no volume total de
							sangue, quando da &#233;poca do recrutamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Diabetes melito, diagn&#243;stico registrado em prontu&#225;rio quando da sua
							entrada no centro de hemodi&#225;lise e coletadas por n&#243;s quando do
							recrutamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hist&#243;ria de Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica Card&#237;aca, caracterizada por Infarto Agudo do
							Mioc&#225;rdio, Angina do peito ou por algum procedimento invasivo
							coronariano pr&#233;vio. Informa&#231;&#245;es estas retiradas do prontu&#225;rio
							m&#233;dico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hist&#243;ria de Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico - informa&#231;&#227;o retirada do
							prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hist&#243;ria de tabagismo ou de ex-tabagismo, registrada em prontu&#225;rio quando
							da sua entrada no centro de hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Polimorfismo dos genes da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina I (I/D) e do
							Angiotensinog&#234;nio (M235T). Amostras de 5 ml de sangue foram retiradas
							dos pacientes quando do recrutamento e armazenadas em tubos contendo o
							&#225;cido etileno diamino tetroc&#233;tico e enviadas para S&#227;o Paulo. O
							polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina I (I/D) foi
							determinado utilizando ensaio padronizado com tr&#234;s primers. A variante
							M235T do gene do angiotensinog&#234;nio foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de rea&#231;&#227;o
							de polimerase em cadeia seguido de digest&#227;o enzim&#225;tica. A equipe que
							realizou as avalia&#231;&#245;es genot&#237;picas n&#227;o teve acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es
							cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes do estudo.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Foram censurados nas suas respectivas datas os pacientes que sofreram transplante
					renal e os pacientes vivos em 31/12/2008 quando do t&#233;rmino do estudo.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos estudados foram: prim&#225;rio, tempo de sobrevida; e secund&#225;rio, causa
					b&#225;sica da morte.</p>
        <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho da
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro aprovou este estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram constru&#237;das distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis do estudo e
						calculadas as m&#233;dias e os desvios-padr&#227;o pertinentes. Para as vari&#225;veis
						categ&#243;ricas, o teste utilizado foi o Qui-Quadrado e, para as vari&#225;veis
						quantitativas, o utilizado foi o teste T de Student n&#227;o pareado (as
						vari&#225;veis quantitativas tinham uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o n&#250;mero amostral
						era suficientemente grande). Foi adotado em ambos o grau de signific&#226;ncia de
						5%. Foram realizados os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o c&#225;lculo de Raz&#227;o
						de Chances, modelo log&#237;stico multinomial e o modelo de Cox, al&#233;m das &#225;rvores
						de classifica&#231;&#227;o e de sobrevida, tendo como base as vari&#225;veis escolhidas e
						permitindo com isso uma an&#225;lise visual entre a letalidade e as vari&#225;veis
						associadas a ela.</p>
          <p>As curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram utilizadas para visualizar a sobrevida dos
						pacientes segundo a vari&#225;vel escolhida. Os testes Tarone-Ware, Peto-Prentice
						e <italic>Log-rank</italic> foram utilizados para avaliar a diferen&#231;a entre
						as curvas. O grau de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado para as curvas foi de
						5%. As an&#225;lises foram feitas com o uso do software R. As curvas de sobrevida
						foram aferidas a partir da data estimada para o in&#237;cio da hemodi&#225;lise de
						cada paciente. Foi calculado o Equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg. Fluxograma
						estat&#237;stico utilizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>) e as
						suas respectivas finalidades, a seguir descritas:</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama das etapas estat&#237;sticas efetuadas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>1. An&#225;lises univariadas explorat&#243;rias dos dados;</p>
          <p>2. Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier com os polimorfismos do estudo e
						comparando os &#243;bitos por doen&#231;a do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, que foi a
						principal causa de letalidade encontrada, com as demais causas de morte. A
						fim de identificar se as diferen&#231;as observadas nas curvas de Kaplan-Meier
						s&#227;o significantes, no nosso estudo foram escolhidos os testes de Tarone-Ware
						e Peto-Prentice. O teste Log-rank, tamb&#233;m conhecido como teste Mantel-Cox, &#233;
						o m&#233;todo mais amplamente utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de curvas de sobrevida
						e tamb&#233;m foi utilizado por n&#243;s. Esses testes diferem apenas pela pondera&#231;&#227;o
						adotada;</p>
          <p>3. &#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o com o objetivo de buscar entender quais vari&#225;veis,
						ou intera&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo fen&#244;meno em an&#225;lise;</p>
          <p>4. &#193;rvore de sobrevida foi utilizada com a mesma finalidade descrita para a
						anterior;</p>
          <p>5. Em seguida foi feita a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, utilizando-se, para todos os
						pacientes, como vari&#225;vel dependente, &#243;bito por qualquer causa e apenas a
						sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis que tinham relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e/ou estat&#237;stica
						demonstrada;</p>
          <p>6. Modelo log&#237;stico multinomial para todos os pacientes usando todas as
						vari&#225;veis, mas agora utilizando como vari&#225;vel dependente &#243;bito por doen&#231;a
						aterotromb&#243;tica vascular (doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca mais acidente vascular
						encef&#225;lico), que foi a principal causa de &#243;bito dentro das doen&#231;as do
						aparelho circulat&#243;rio. Os modelos multinomiais constituem uma extens&#227;o dos
						modelos log&#237;sticos, sendo usados nos casos em que a vari&#225;vel resposta &#233;
						nominal com mais de duas categorias, como era o caso.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p><bold>1) Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas:</bold> Apenas um paciente, dos
					474 casos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o, recusou-se a participar do
					estudo. Dos 473 casos nos quais se obteve os dados, 237 (50,1%) eram do sexo
					masculino. A idade m&#233;dia quando do in&#237;cio da hemodi&#225;lise foi de 46 anos. O tempo
					m&#233;dio de hemodi&#225;lise (HD) no recrutamento era de 52 meses (4,4 anos). O tempo
					m&#233;dio de vida em hemodi&#225;lise foi de 144 meses. A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa
					corp&#243;rea foi de 22,6 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e apenas 6,5% dos pacientes tinham &#237;ndice
					de massa corporal &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Metade da popula&#231;&#227;o era Tabagista ou
					ex-tabagista. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; renda familiar, quase metade dos casos (43,4%) tinham
					uma renda mensal inferior a dois sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos. A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial
					sist&#243;lica foi de 150 mmHg, sendo a grande maioria dos casos (81,6%)
					classificados como hipertensos. Diabetes melito estava presente em 15% dos
					casos, em geral associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o. O gen&#243;tipo DI do gene da enzima
					conversora da angiotensina I (50,5%) e o gen&#243;tipo MT do angiotensinog&#234;nio
					(39,3%) foram os mais prevalentes. Na hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa da nossa
					popula&#231;&#227;o, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica estava presente em 26% e o acidente
					vascular encef&#225;lico em 7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>). Em
					rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados bioqu&#237;micos e hematol&#243;gicos, n&#227;o observamos, considerando as
					vari&#225;veis estudadas, grandes altera&#231;&#245;es na taxa de normalidade, com exce&#231;&#227;o da
					m&#233;dia do hemat&#243;crito baixa (29%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
						2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e gen&#233;ticas dos 473
							pacientes no recrutamento (julho 97/julho 98) ou no in&#237;cio da
							hemodi&#225;lise</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">G&#234;nero (M/F) - n</td>
                <td align="center">237/236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Idade em anos no inicio da hemodi&#225;lise m&#233;dia &#177;
									DP</td>
                <td align="center">45,8 &#177; 16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Tempo de vida em HD (meses) - m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">144 &#177; 59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) - m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 &#177; 4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">PAS (mmHg) - m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Tabagismo ou ex-tabagismo - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">237 (50,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Renda Familiar Mensal, n (%):</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 2 SM</td>
                <td align="center">204 (43,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8805; 2 a 5 SM</td>
                <td align="center">139 (29,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&gt; 5 SM</td>
                <td align="center">127 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>IGN</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Gen&#243;tipos dos Polimorfismos:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Do Gene da ECA- n (%):</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DD</td>
                <td align="center">156 (33%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DI</td>
                <td align="center">239 (50,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">78 (16,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Do Gene do AGT - n (%):</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>MM</td>
                <td align="center">139 (29,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>MT</td>
                <td align="center">186 (39,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>TT</td>
                <td align="center">148 (31,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Combina&#231;&#245;es dos gen&#243;tipos dos polimorfismos dos genes da
										ECA e do AGT - n (%):</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DD + TT</td>
                <td align="center">46 (9,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DD + MT</td>
                <td align="center">62 (13,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DD + MM</td>
                <td align="center">48 (10,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DI + TT</td>
                <td align="center">79 (16,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DI + MT</td>
                <td align="center">91 (19,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DI + MM</td>
                <td align="center">69 (14,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II + TT</td>
                <td align="center">23 (4,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II + MT</td>
                <td align="center">33 (6,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II + MM</td>
                <td align="center">22 (4,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Comorbidades presentes no recrutamento - n (%):</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>HAS (total)</td>
                <td align="center">386 (81,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Diabetes Melito (total)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (14,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>HAS com Diabetes associado</td>
                <td align="center">59 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>HAS sem Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">327 (69%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Diabetes Melito sem HAS</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio, n (%):</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica Cardiaca (DIC)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (26%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico (AVE)</td>
                <td align="center">31(7%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>n: n&#250;mero de pacientes; M: Sexo masculino; F: Sexo Feminino; DP:
								Desvio-padr&#227;o; Tempo de Vida em HD: Tempo de Vida em Hemodi&#225;lise a
								partir da entrada na hemodi&#225;lise at&#233; o evento (&#243;bito, t&#233;rmino do
								estudo ou transplante renal); PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; IMC:
								&#205;ndice de massa corporal; SM: Sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo federal vigente no
								recrutamento; IGN: Informa&#231;&#227;o ignorada; ECA: Enzima de convers&#227;o da
								angiotensina I; AGT: angiotensinog&#234;nio; HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial
								sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados laboratoriais (bioqu&#237;micos e hematol&#243;gicos), no recrutamento
							(julho 97/julho 98) dos pacientes em HD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel laboratorial</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol Total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">189,1 &#177; 43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">37,7 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicerideo (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">184,6 &#177;96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,2% &#177; 4,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HDL-colesterol (High Density Lipoprotein - lipoprotote&#237;na de alta
								densidade); DP: Desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Seguimento dos pacientes: Fluxograma.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>2) Sobrevida:</bold> A taxa bruta de &#243;bito em 11 anos desta popula&#231;&#227;o de
					473 pacientes foi de 52%. Sobrevida de 48% em 11 anos. A m&#233;dia da idade quando
					do &#243;bito foi de 57 anos (&#177; 15).</p>
        <p>A curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os
					polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos do gene da enzima conversora (D/I) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). Constru&#237;mos tamb&#233;m a curva de Kaplan-Meier para
					o polimorfismo do angiotensinog&#234;nio. Nesta, podemos observar, embora com uma
					popula&#231;&#227;o restante j&#225; menor, uma tend&#234;ncia de separa&#231;&#227;o da curva para o gen&#243;tipo
					TT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de sobreviv&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura
						4</xref>). Essa tend&#234;ncia &#233; tamb&#233;m confirmada quando separamos na curva de
					sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier o gen&#243;tipo TT do angiotensinog&#234;nio dos demais e
					aplicamos o teste de Tarone-Ware obtendo um p valor de 0,0976.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para o polimorfismo D/I do gene da ECA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para o polimorfismo M235T do
							angiotensinog&#234;nio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0209-40105-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>3) Probabilidade de &#243;bito e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis utilizadas nos
						modelos estat&#237;sticos:</bold> O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica utilizando como
					vari&#225;vel dependente &#243;bito por qualquer causa encontrou para a idade, TT do
					angiotensinog&#234;nio (em rela&#231;&#227;o ao MM) e renda mensal superior a 5 sal&#225;rios
					m&#237;nimos (este como fator protetor) os valores respectivos de p: 0,000038,
					0,08261 e 0,03089. E, para um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, as seguintes Raz&#245;es
					de Chances foram encontradas, respectivamente: 1,027; 1,534 e 0,600.</p>
        <p>Utilizando o modelo log&#237;stico multinomial para todos os pacientes e usando todas
					as vari&#225;veis, mas agora utilizando como vari&#225;vel dependente &#243;bito por doen&#231;a
					aterotromb&#243;tica vascular (Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca mais Acidente vascular
					encef&#225;lico), que foi a principal causa de &#243;bito desses pacientes, encontramos
					com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, al&#233;m da idade com um p valor de 0,019802, o
					polimorfismo TT do angiotensinog&#234;nio com um p valor de 0,001394. Esta
					signific&#226;ncia, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TT, ocorreu tanto para os homens (p valor de
					0,039402) quanto para as mulheres (p valor de 0,01518).</p>
        <p>Em virtude da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (473) no recrutamento estar com os mais
					diferentes tempos de hemodi&#225;lise, assim como encontrar-se em desequil&#237;brio de
					Hardy-Weinberg para o polimorfismo do angiotensinog&#234;nio (p valo &lt; 0,0001),
					resolvemos estudar tamb&#233;m aqueles pacientes que, no recrutamento, tivessem com
					tempo de hemodi&#225;lise de at&#233; um ano, a fim de que pud&#233;ssemos comparar os
					resultados deste subgrupo com o da popula&#231;&#227;o total (473). Esta coorte mais
					homog&#234;nea, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de doen&#231;a, era constitu&#237;da por um subgrupo de 82
					pacientes, ao qual descreveremos, analisaremos e compararemos com a popula&#231;&#227;o
					total em um pr&#243;ximo artigo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso trabalho, o sexo masculino foi um pouco mais prevalente (50,1%) que o
					feminino, o que concorda com o censo de 2008, da Sociedade Brasileira de
					Nefrologia, que identificou este sexo como o mais prevalente (57%) na popula&#231;&#227;o
					com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Um
					estudo na Bahia encontrou 56,6% de preval&#234;ncia para o sexo masculino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Um estudo transversal realizado em seis
					cl&#237;nicas de hemodi&#225;lise do Estado do Rio de Janeiro encontrou tamb&#233;m preval&#234;ncia
					para o sexo masculino (56%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi de 46 anos, que &#233; inferior &#224;
					encontrada no estudo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (54 anos) e tamb&#233;m inferior a outro estudo transversal de um
					&#250;nico centro de di&#225;lise do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde a m&#233;dia foi de 52
						anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Por&#233;m, ficou pr&#243;xima ao
					levantamento realizado na Bahia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, que foi
					de 49 anos. No censo de 2010 da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, 30,7%
					apresentavam idade maior ou igual a 65 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial no nosso estudo (82%) foi superior ao
					estudo realizado na Bahia (71%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, e ao
					estudo das seis cl&#237;nicas de hemodi&#225;lise (61%) do Estado do Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e tamb&#233;m superior ao encontrado no
					estudo unic&#234;ntrico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (55%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes melito (15%) foi bem inferior &#224; preval&#234;ncia obtida no
					censo de 2010 da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, que foi de 28%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, ao estudo da Bahia (21%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e tamb&#233;m ao estudo unic&#234;ntrico do Estado
					do Rio de Janeiro (20%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, mas pr&#243;ximo ao
					estudo das seis cl&#237;nicas de hemodi&#225;lise do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (17%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A taxa de sobrevida global encontrada neste trabalho foi de 48% em 11 anos. Essa
					taxa &#233; maior do que a encontrada em estudos com grandes s&#233;ries de pacientes,
					como os encontrados nos pa&#237;ses da Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Di&#225;lise e Transplante
					onde mostram uma taxa de sobrevida de 50% em cinco anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. E tamb&#233;m superior &#224; encontrada nos Estados Unidos das
					Am&#233;ricas, onde a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia em cinco anos &#233; de apenas 36%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Nossos resultados de sobrevida foram
					tamb&#233;m superiores aos encontrados em hemodialisados diab&#233;ticos no Jap&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, que foi de 28%, em 10 anos. Essas
					diferen&#231;as de sobrevida podem ser explicadas pela popula&#231;&#227;o mais jovem e a menor
					preval&#234;ncia de diabetes da popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes deste estudo, vale comentar que a
					m&#233;dia de 46 anos de idade representa um dado social significativo, pois ela
					atinge uma popula&#231;&#227;o em plena idade economicamente ativa.</p>
        <p>A expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira geral alcan&#231;ou 73,48 anos (73 anos,
					5 meses e 24 dias) em 2010, sendo 77,32 anos para o sexo feminino e 69,73 anos
					para o sexo masculino, segundo a pesquisa T&#225;buas Completas de Mortalidade,
					divulgada em 01/12/2011 pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e
						Estat&#237;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A esperan&#231;a de vida da
					popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em 2009, segundo o mesmo instituto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, aos 60 anos de idade, para ambos os sexos: + 21,27
					anos, sendo para homens + 19,55 anos e para mulheres + 22,83 anos. Logo, apesar
					de termos tido uma boa taxa de sobrevida na nossa coorte, podemos inferir que a
					sobrevida dela continua menor do que da popula&#231;&#227;o geral brasileira da mesma
					idade.</p>
        <p>Excelente taxa de sobrevida que tem sido publicado pelo grupo de Tassin, na
					Fran&#231;a, com hemodi&#225;lise lenta prolongada que encontrou 73% de sobrevida em cinco
						anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo brasileiro, com uma coorte de 3.082 pacientes incidentes em
					hemodi&#225;lise, distribu&#237;da por sete estados brasileiros, encontrou uma sobrevida
					em cinco anos de 58,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Um estudo
					nacional de sobrevida em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica de uma coorte de 1.009 pacientes,
					em 25 anos, provenientes de tr&#234;s unidades de di&#225;lise de Santa Maria no Rio
					Grande do Sul, obteve uma taxa global de sobrevida em cinco anos de 64% e de 41%
					em 10 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao sexo, a nossa pesquisa mostrou uma semelhan&#231;a na letalidade dos
					pacientes masculinos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos femininos, resultado diferente ao encontrado
					no estudo da coorte dos sete estados brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, que encontrou uma maior letalidade no sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes diab&#233;ticos tiveram uma letalidade superior aos n&#227;o
					diab&#233;ticos, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,0432). A menor sobrevida nos
					diab&#233;ticos em hemodi&#225;lise tamb&#233;m tem sido encontrada em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal n&#227;o foi associado &#224; letalidade no nosso estudo.
					Resultado semelhante foi obtido por De Matos e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Por&#233;m, esse achado difere do publicado por
					Kalantar-Zadch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados mostraram que a maioria das mortes foi devida a doen&#231;as do
					aparelho circulat&#243;rio, com 34%, seguidas pelas doen&#231;as infecciosas, com o
					percentual de 15%. Das doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, as principais causas
					foram decorrentes das doen&#231;as aterotromb&#243;tica vascular (Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica
					Card&#237;aca mais Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico), com 48%. As causas infecciosas
					podem estar relacionadas com o acesso vascular e com o estado de imunossupress&#227;o
					associada &#224; uremia. &#201; interessante destacar que, enquanto &#233; observado decl&#237;nio
					por mortes cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o mesmo fato n&#227;o ocorre em
					pacientes em di&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Essa diferen&#231;a &#233;,
					em parte, devida &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas destes indiv&#237;duos ao iniciarem o
					tratamento dial&#237;tico. Em nosso estudo, 15% eram diab&#233;ticos, 82% eram
					hipertensos, 26% j&#225; possu&#237;am doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca e 7% tinham acidente
					vascular encef&#225;lico como comorbidades pr&#233;vias. O estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> realizado na cidade de Salvador sobre letalidade global e
					cardiovascular e fatores de risco de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise tamb&#233;m mostrou uma
					letalidade cardiovascular (41,7%) elevada.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s analisamos tamb&#233;m os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima conversora da
					angiotensina I e do angiotensinog&#234;nio com a letalidade em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os resultados do estudo de In&#225;cio e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, em pacientes teoricamente "sadios" e colhidos praticamente no
					mesmo per&#237;odo da coleta dos nossos pacientes hemodialisados de Niter&#243;i e Rio
					Bonito, diferem dos nossos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos polimorfismos homozig&#243;ticos do D/I do
					gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina I estudados por aqueles autores.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; letalidade em hemodi&#225;lise e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com os polimorfismos do
					gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina I e/ou do angiotensinog&#234;nio, existe
					pouca coisa publicada. A maioria, dentre os poucos, dos estudos existentes sobre
					a associa&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos da enzima conversora da angiotensina I
					e do angiotensinog&#234;nio e a letalidade em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica, ocorreu em
					popula&#231;&#245;es de causas selecionadas, sendo a diabetes a maior preval&#234;ncia
					etiol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tentou mostrar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de alguns
					polimorfismos do sistema renina angiotensina em hemodialisados cr&#244;nicos de duas
					cidades importantes do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Encontramos uma menor sobrevida
					apenas para o polimorfismo TT do angiotensinog&#234;nio, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a na
					sobrevida em rela&#231;&#227;o ao polimorfismo D/I da enzima conversora da angiotensina I.
					Tais resultados de pior progn&#243;stico para o gen&#243;tipo TT se assemelham aos
					resultados encontrados nos estudos de Buraczynska e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, de Lovati e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, e diferem dos estudos publicados por Bzoma e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, Yoshida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e por Padr&#243;-Miguel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. As diferen&#231;as encontradas destes dois &#250;ltimos podem ser
					decorrentes de terem sido realizados em uma popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada de diab&#233;ticos.
					O estudo de Bzoma e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> foi desenhado
					para avaliar complica&#231;&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos polimorfismos
					D/I da enzima conversora da angiotensina I, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o deles com
					um pior progn&#243;stico, ao contr&#225;rio do encontrado nos estudos de Sakka e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, Losito e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, van der Sman- de Beer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, Yoshida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, P&#233;rez-Oller e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>; Lovati e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Estes
					estudos encontraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na sobrevida para o gen&#243;tipo DD da enzima
					conversora da angiotensina I e muitos foram de curto segmento em popula&#231;&#227;o
					selecionada de diab&#233;ticos. Outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o nem
					para os polimorfismos da enzima conversora da angiotensina I nem para os do
					angiotensinog&#234;nio. Nestes, a cr&#237;tica tamb&#233;m &#233; a mesma, ou seja, foram estudos de
					curto segmento e realizados em popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de nefropatia diab&#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo de apenas dois polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos de um sistema altamente complexo
					e m&#250;ltiplo como &#233; o sistema renina angiotensina pode ser um fator limitante. A
					aus&#234;ncia de outras vari&#225;veis importantes para an&#225;lise de sobrevida em
					hemodialisados, como a hemoglobina, o c&#225;lcio, a vitamina D, o paratorm&#244;nio, a
					eritropoietina, o f&#243;sforo, a prote&#237;na C-reativa e a albumina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m pode
					ser um limitador, al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es e as
					dosagens dos medicamentos usados por esses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A sobrevida da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi considerada baixa quando comparada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o
					geral da mesma idade. Por&#233;m, a sobrevida desta coorte foi alta quando comparada
					a outros estudos de hemodialisados cr&#244;nicos brasileiros, norte-americanos e na
					maioria dos estudos europeus. A principal causa de morte foram as doen&#231;as do
					aparelho circulat&#243;rio, em ambos os sexos, e principalmente na faixa et&#225;ria mais
					elevada, seguida das doen&#231;as infecciosas e do Diabetes Melito. No presente
					estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar associa&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos do gene que
					codifica a enzima conversora da angiotensina I (D/I) com a letalidade em
					hemodialisados. O polimorfismo TT do angiotensinog&#234;nio M235T, a idade e a renda
					familiar mensal foram as vari&#225;veis que sinalizaram para esta associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Alves M, Silva NAS, Salis LHA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
						dados: Alves M, Oliveira JMF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alves M,
						Silva NAS, Salis LHA, Godoy PH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira BB, Nascimento
						EM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alves M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
						conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Alves M, Silva NAS, Salis LHA, Oliveira
						JMF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Mauro Alves pela Universidade
						Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
