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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5MQBTQTL7SdYbLv9sKP3PmS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability
					in Chagas Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara Noman de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Martins</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cota</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emanuel Serafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas
					Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal
					de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFMG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia
					Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia
					Cardiovascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFMG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina
					Tropical - Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha
					e Mucuri</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Diamantina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal
					dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Ramos Nascimento,</bold> Rua Tenente Garro, 137,
					apt. 1202, Santa Efig&#234;nia. Postal Code 30240-360, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.
					E-mail: <email>ramosnas@cardiol.br</email>; <email>ramosnas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>201</fpage>
      <lpage>208</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a marker of autonomic dysfunction severity.
						The effects of physical training on HRV indexes in Chagas heart disease
						(CHD) are not well established.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the changes in HRV indexes in response to physical training in
						CHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with CHD and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, physically inactive,
						were randomized either to the intervention (IG, N = 18) or control group
						(CG, N = 19). The IG participated in a 12-week exercise program consisting
						of 3 sessions/week.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 49.5 &#177; 8 years, 59% males, mean LVEF was 36.3 &#177; 7.8%. Baseline
						HRV indexes were similar between groups. From baseline to follow-up, total
						power (TP): 1653 (IQ 625 - 3418) to 2794 (1617 - 4452) ms, p = 0.02) and
						very low frequency power: 586 (290 - 1565) to 815 (610 - 1425) ms, p =
						0.047) increased in the IG, but not in the CG. The delta (post - pre) HRV
						indexes were similar: SDNN 11.5 &#177; 30.0 vs. 3.7 &#177; 25.1 ms. p = 0.10; rMSSD 2
						(6 - 17) vs. 1 (21 - 9) ms. p = 0.43; TP 943 (731 - 3130) vs. 1780 (921 -
						2743) Hz. p = 0.46; low frequency power (LFP) 1.0 (150 - 197) vs. 60 (111 -
						146) Hz. p = 0.85; except for high frequency power, which tended to increase
						in the IG: 42 (133 - 92) vs. 79 (61 - 328) Hz. p = 0.08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In the studied population, the variation of HRV indexes was similar between
						the active and inactive groups. Clinical improvement with physical activity
						seems to be independent from autonomic dysfunction markers in CHD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease is an infection caused by the <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ,
				transmitted primarily by insects of the Triatominae family. It is estimated than
				8-10 million people are infected worldwide, especially in Latin America, where the
				disease is still endemic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Chagas cardiomyopathy (CHD) affects 20-40%
				of patients with the chronic form, and its pathogenesis is closely linked to
				neurogenic mechanisms, microvascular dysfunction, autoimmune processes and direct
				injury by the parasite<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is known to be a characteristic and early finding of
				Chagas disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, possibly related to deposits of
					autoantibodies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, causing desensitization
				of cardiac neurotransmitter receptors, early affecting cardiac vagal control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The heart rate variability (HRV) is an
				indirect measure of the interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic
				systems, mediated by several physiological mechanisms such as reflex arcs, release
				of cytokine and vasoactive substances, among others. The values of HRV measurements
				in the time and frequency domains are known diagnostic, prognostic markers and
				predictors of complications, including mortality, in several systemic diseases, such
				as heart failure and sepsis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Among the non-pharmacological measures in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,
				regular physical activity as a factor of vagal tone increase has shown a major
				impact on HRV indices and association with training intensity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Significant HRV impairment has been
				demonstrated in CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, but studies suggest
				that, unlike other forms of heart failure, there seems to be a change in the
				association between physical exercise and HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, with no significant improvement of their indices being observed
				after supervised training programs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to evaluate the changes of HRV indexes in the time and
				frequency domains in patients with Chagas heart disease and left ventricular
				dysfunction undergoing supervised exercise training for 12 weeks, compared with the
				inactive group of patients with the same clinical characteristics.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>A complete description of the study design has been published previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Briefly, 145 subjects were recruited
					from the Cardiology and Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinics of Hospital das
					Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. The volunteers were interviewed
					to obtain clinical history and current life habits. To be eligible for the
					study, patients had to have a previous diagnosis of CHD, based on at least two
					positive serologic tests for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies, along with the
					presence of left ventricular dysfunction and capacity to attend the training
					program fully<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Patients with
					comorbidities, patients with pacemaker or resynchronization device and those
					that self-reported to be physically active were excluded. Forty patients met the
					inclusion criteria.</p>
        <p>All patients had been clinically stable for at least three months, had sinus
					rhythm and were receiving standard medical therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. After randomization, carried out through an electronic
					system, patients were allocated to the intervention group (IG) or control group
					(CG). Informed consent was obtained from all patients, and the study was
					approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Minas
					Gerais, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and procedures</title>
        <p>At the moment of inclusion, all patients underwent clinical examination,
					laboratory tests, 12-lead ECG, symptom-limited exercise stress test to establish
					training heart rate (HR) intensity, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), echocardiography
					and 24-h Holter monitoring to assess HRV indices. Functional capacity was
					assessed by Goldman and New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria. Severity of
					cardiac impairment was determined by echocardiographic indices (ejection
					fraction, EF, and left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVEDV). All tests were
					performed in a two-week period before and after aerobic training. Examiners were
					blinded to the results of the other tests.</p>
        <p>A symptom-limited exercise stress was performed on a treadmill (Digistress Pulsar
					Micromed, Brasilia, Brazil) using the Bruce protocol. Continuous monitoring was
					performed with 12-lead ECG, recorded every minute. Blood pressure was measured
					manually with a cuff in the standing position in the last 30 seconds of each
					stage and for four minutes in the recovery period. Heart rate was determined by
					ECG and the chronotropic response was calculated as the achieved percentage of
					heart rate predicted for age, according to the Astrand formula (220 - age) at
					peak exercise. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed according to standard
						protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> with two walks at maximum
					walking speed in a 30-meter corridor, separated by a 15-minute interval. A HR
					monitor (Polar FS2, Electro, Kempele, Finland) and a pulse oximeter (NoninOnyx
					9500, Plymouth, Minnesota, USA) were used in the assessment.</p>
        <p>24 h-Holter monitoring was performed using a portable three-channel tape recorder
					(Dynamics, Cardios, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), at the beginning and end of the study.
					Subjects were instructed to maintain their normal daily activities during the
					recording. HRV analysis was performed when a good quality tracing of at least 18
					h was available on a Burdick/DMI/Cardios Hospital Holter System (Spacelabs
					Burdick, Deerfield, Wisconsin, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Tracings were analyzed for
					five minutes every hour, and the sleep period with the loweat HR was used as
					reference.</p>
        <p>The HRV indices were calculated in the time domain (SDNN: standard deviation of
					normal RR intervals; rMSSD: Root Mean Square of Successive Differences) and
					frequency domain (TP, total power; VLFP: very low frequency power; LFP: low
					frequency power; HFP, high frequency power).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical training protocol</title>
        <p>The IG patients participated in a supervised program consisting of three sessions
					per week, on alternate days, totaling 36 sessions in 12 weeks, as detailed in a
					previous publication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Briefly, the
					protocol consisted of warm-up exercises for 15 minutes, followed by a 30
					minute-walk and 15 minutes of cooling down. Exercise intensity was based on peak
					HR achieved on a treadmill test limited by symptoms and calculated by the
					Karvonen formula (maximal HR - HR at rest) 50-70% + resting HR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and was adjusted throughout the program.
					The CG patients were instructed to maintain their daily routines and were asked
					about physical activities during consultations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.0 for Mac OSX
					(SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States of America). For this analysis, a
					sample of 36 patients was calculated to detect a 15% difference in SDNN
					variation between groups, with &#945; error = 5% and &#946; error = 20%. Descriptive
					analysis of continuous and categorical variables was performed. The presence or
					absence of normal distribution of variables was performed with the
					Shapiro-Wilk's test. Continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation
					or as median and interquartile (IQ) range Q1 - Q3 (25-75%) when presenting with
					non-normal distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute values
					and percentages. Variations in measurements at the beginning and end of the
					study were expressed as delta values (&#916;).</p>
        <p>To evaluate the changes in continuous variables in relation to baseline, the
					paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used for normally distributed
					variables or paired Wilcoxon test if the distribution was not normal. The
					comparison of means between groups was performed using Student's
						<italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables with normal distribution
					and the Mann-Whitney test for those with non-normal distribution. The comparison
					of categorical variables between groups was performed by Chi-square test. When
					necessary, analysis of variance transformations were performed. A two-tailed
					significance level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 145 patients evaluated, 40 met the inclusion criteria. Throughout the study,
				two patients died (one patient in each group) and one patient did not complete the
				proposed procedures. The final sample consisted of 37 subjects: 18 in the IG and 19
				in the CG. Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the groups
				are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The male gender
				predominated and most patients had NYHA functional class I, with mean left
				ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40%. The only characteristic that differed
				between IG and CG was body mass index (BMI). Regarding medication, all patients
				received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI); 22.2% and 21.1% (p =
				1.00), respectively, were taking beta-blockers; 22.2% and 15.8% (p = 0.693) were
				taking digitalis; 77.8% and 84.2% (p = 0.62) used amiodarone. The IG patients had
				complete adherence to the training program and, in the event of non-attendance, a
				new session was scheduled.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical, demographic and echocardiographic characteristics
						between the control and intervention groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Characteristic</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control Group (n = 19)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Intervention Group (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (63.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (55.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 9.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>, median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">22.5 (21.5-24.8)</td>
              <td align="center">24.6 (23.7-27.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.042*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP at rest (mmHg, median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (110-130)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (110-120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP at rest (mmHg, median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
              <td align="center">0.987</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Functional class NYHA I/II (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (73.7%)/5 (26.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (55.6%)/8 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Functional class Goldman I/II/III (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (63.2%)/5 (26.3%)/2 (10.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (55.6%)/7 (38.9%)/3 (8.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (%, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">37.1 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVDD (mm, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">50.3 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">50.9 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVDS (mm, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">64.0 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">64.2 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard deviation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BMI:
							body mass index; IQ: interquartile range (25-75); NYHA functional class
							- New York Heart Association; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP:
							systolic blood pressure; LVDD: left ventricular diameter during
							diastole; LVDS: left ventricular diameter during systole.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to the baseline 12-lead ECG, the characteristics were similar between the
				IG and CG groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>), except for lower
				HR in IG and greater PR interval in this group. Regarding the 24-h Holter variables,
				the groups were also similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>),
				except for mean and minimum HR, which were lower in the IG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of electrocardiographic baseline and 24-h Holter variables
						between the control group and the intervention group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control group (n = 19)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Intervention group (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Baseline ECG</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bpm, median IQ))</td>
              <td align="center">64(55-73)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (52-60)</td>
              <td align="center">0.036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PRi Interval (ms, median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">160 (151-194)</td>
              <td align="center">192 (175-230)</td>
              <td align="center">0.029<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QRS duration (ms, median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (96-150)</td>
              <td align="center">147 (118-154)</td>
              <td align="center">0.343</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QTc Interval (ms. mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">437 &#177; 31</td>
              <td align="center">448 &#177; 33</td>
              <td align="center">0.300</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LBBB (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RBBB (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (52.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (77.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LAHB (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (26.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (55.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Baseline 24-h Holter</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean HR (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">67.7 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">61.7 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimum HR (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">42.8 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.044<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AVB (1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> degree)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (15.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.447</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Supraventricular ectopic beats</td>
              <td align="center">58 (10-697)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (16-401)</td>
              <td align="center">0.903</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Supraventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-1)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0-1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.679</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventricular ectopic beats</td>
              <td align="center">851 (583-2137)</td>
              <td align="center">1347 (314-2624)</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-1)</td>
              <td align="center">2(0-8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.252</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>AVB: atrioventricular block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left
							bundle-branch block; SD: standard deviation; HR: heart rate; LAHB: left
							anterior hemiblock; IQ: interquartile range 1&#8211;3 (25-75%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>significant p value.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>At the functional assessments at the end of the study, there was a significant
				improvement in Goldman functional classification in IG patients. At the stress test,
				although baseline and post-training VO<sub>2</sub> max was similar between the
				groups, its variation was significantly higher in IG, as well as a significantly
				greater increase in test time in the IG compared to the CG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). At 6-minute walk test, the distance walked at
				baseline was similar between the groups, but at the end of the study this distance
				was significantly higher in IG; the variation was also higher when compared to the
				baseline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of changes in clinical functional variables, of exercise
						stress test and the six-minute walk test between the control group and the
						intervention group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Control group (n = 19)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Intervention Group (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Improvement in NYHA functional class (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Improvement in Goldman functional class (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ST: VO<sub>2</sub> maximal pre/post-training (ml/kg/min, mean &#177;
								SD)</td>
              <td align="center">31.4 &#177; 7.2/33.5 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 5.7/34.3 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.07/0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ST: &#916;VO<sub>2</sub> maximal (ml/kg/min, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ST: time of test pre/post-training (min, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 3.0/10.2 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 2.4/10.6 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.05/0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ST: &#916; time of test (min, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6MWT: distance walked pre/post-training (m, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">521.8 &#177; 91.1/530.3 &#177; 69.1</td>
              <td align="center">525.4 &#177; 85.5/593.3 &#177; 78.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.902/0.014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6MWT: &#916; of walked distance (m, mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 49.1</td>
              <td align="center">67.8 &#177; 54.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard-deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ST: stress
							test; VO<sub>2</sub>: maximal oxygen uptake; 6MWT &#8211; six-minute walk
							test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant p value.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When evaluating the HRV indices in the time domain (SDNN and rMSSD), no statistically
				significant variations were observed in the values at the end of the study when
				compared to the baseline in both groups, and &#916;SDNN and &#916;rMSSD were similar between
				them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). Regarding HRV indices in the
				frequency domain (TP, VLFP, LFP and HFP), there was significant increase in TP and
				VLFP compared to baseline in IG, but not in CG. The &#916;TP and &#916;VLFP values, however,
				were similar between groups. Regarding HFP, there was an increase in IG and decrease
				in the CG (no significant difference compared to baseline) and there was a
				non-statistically significant trend of &#916;HFP difference between groups: 79 (61-328)
				vs. -42 (-133 - 92) Hz, p = 0.083.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Indices of heart rate variability at baseline and at the end of the
						study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Group</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Pre</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Post</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Delta (&#916;)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p (pre vs. post)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p (dif.)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">SDNN (ms. mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">126.4 &#177; 31.3</td>
              <td align="center">137.9 &#177; 43.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 30.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.112</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
              <td align="center">163.9 &#177; 54.7</td>
              <td align="center">160.2 &#177; 50.0</td>
              <td align="center">-3.7 &#177; 25.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.536</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">rMSSD (ms. median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (23-44)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (19-53)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (-6-17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.542</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.429</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
              <td align="center">44(30-83)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (32-74)</td>
              <td align="center">-1 (-21-9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.678</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">TP (Hz. median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">1526 (709-2850)</td>
              <td align="center">2423 (1132-4234)</td>
              <td align="center">943 (-731-3130)</td>
              <td align="center">0.091</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.521</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
              <td align="center">1653 (625-3418)</td>
              <td align="center">2794 (1617-4452)</td>
              <td align="center">1780 (921-2743)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">VLFP (Hz. median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">666 (427-1230)</td>
              <td align="center">1215 (527-3003)</td>
              <td align="center">682 (-208-2019)</td>
              <td align="center">0.126</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.849</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
              <td align="center">586 (290-1565)</td>
              <td align="center">815 (610-1425)</td>
              <td align="center">371 (27-1171)</td>
              <td align="center">0.047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">LFP (Hz. median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (77-447)</td>
              <td align="center">202 (50-482)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.0 (-150-197)</td>
              <td align="center">0.629</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.849</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
              <td align="center">192 (38-418)</td>
              <td align="center">161 (76-292)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (-111-146)</td>
              <td align="center">0.733</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">HFP (Hz. median IQ)</td>
              <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">166 (86-291)</td>
              <td align="center">154 (62-422)</td>
              <td align="center">-42 (-133-92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.494</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.083</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
              <td align="center">190 (87-443)</td>
              <td align="center">256 (207-462)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (-61-328)</td>
              <td align="center">0.156</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard-deviation; CG: control group; IG: intervention group; HFP:
							high-frequency power; IQ: interquartile range (25-75); LFP:
							low-frequency power; pre-post: comparison of the results of the group at
							the beginning and end of the study; rMSSD: root mean square of
							successive differences; SDNN: standard deviation of NN intervals; TP:
							total power; VLFP: very low-frequency power.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant p value.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this prospective, randomized therapeutic study in patients with Chagas
				cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction, exercise training resulted in no
				significant changes in HRV indices, although it resulted in improved functional
				class, as well as stress 6-minute walk test variables. We observed an increase in
				only two indices of HRV in the frequency domain (TP and VLFP) compared to the
				baseline in the IG, but with statistically similar variation between groups.
				Additionally, there was a trend towards greater positive variation of HFP in IG
				compared to CG.</p>
      <p>HRV is reduced in Chagas patients with and without the cardiac form (including the
				indeterminate form)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, and the reduction in its indices is
				correlated with levels of antimuscarinic antibodies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, which are increased in infected patients. The levels of these
				antibodies seem to be associated with clinical markers of autonomic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, including the reduction of the chronotropic
				response to stress, suggesting clinical and physiopathological significance in
				Chagas disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. It is controversial the
				existence of an association between reduced HRV autonomic dysfunction marker and
				severity of ventricular dysfunction or the evolutionary stage of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although the prognostic value of HRV reduction has not been demonstrated in Chagas'
				disease, it is known that in several cardiac and systemic diseases, reduced HRV is a
				strong and independent prognostic marker, with good prediction of adverse
					events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In heart failure from other causes, there
				is an association between reduced indices with adverse events, such as
				decompensation, hospital readmissions, ventricular dysfunction progression and
					mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some methodological issues should be considered in the analysis of our data,
				especially regarding the variability of HRV indices between different measures. The
				reproducibility of these variables at rest and during stress has been previously
					demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, but other studies suggest
				that although the indices in the time domain (SDNN and rMSSD) are reproducible, the
				same is not true in relation to the frequency domain variables obtained by spectral
					analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Thus, considering the sample size
				calculation based on the time domain index, the interpretation of negative results
				in the frequency domain should be made with caution. Furthermore, our data
				dispersion was generally higher than that observed in those studies.</p>
      <p>Regular physical activity is known to be beneficial in heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, with improved functional capacity and
				possible prognostic impact. Pooled data suggest an effect on serum prognostic
				markers such as B-type natriuretic peptide and functional variables in specific
					subgroups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Moreover, supervised
				activity programs have a beneficial effect on HRV indices in healthy subjects and in
				patients with ventricular dysfunction of different etiologies at different stages
				and clinical contexts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, data that somehow have biological
				plausibility, considering the abnormal behavior of the sympathetic and
				parasympathetic modulation in the disease. In a way, it would be possible to propose
				the assessment of HRV as an objective marker of the beneficial effects of physical
				training.</p>
      <p>Similarly to ventricular dysfunction from other etiologies, physical training seems
				to have a beneficial effect in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy, both in
				functional capacity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>. However, the beneficial effect of
				exercise training on cardiac autonomic control, observed in other diseases, has not
				been demonstrated in Chagas heart disease.</p>
      <p>Sousa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> verified that the strong
				association observed in normal individuals between the intensity of physical
				activity and vagal HRV indices was not present in chagasic patients, suggesting that
				in Chagas disease, the usual vagotonic effect of exercise is not observed. More
				recently, Souza et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> evaluated indices of
				the time domain before and after a supervised exercise program in 18 chagasic
				patients and found no differences in the indices after training<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. This lack of response expected from the increased vagal tone
				with aerobic training could be explained by the characteristics of the autonomic
				dysfunction in early Chagas disease, relatively independent from left ventricular
				dysfunction and associated to antimuscarinic autoantibodies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Another possibility is that the impairment of the cardiac
				excitoconductive system, particularly the sinus node<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, impair the capacity of the parasympathetic ANS to modulate the
				beat-to-beat variation, typical of HRV.</p>
      <p>At any rate, one might suspect that the clinical benefits observed with aerobic
				training in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy do not involve the potential
				benefits of increased vagal tone, such as a decrease in the risk of sudden
					death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Despite methodological
				considerations in the evaluation of HRV, this hypothesis has been consistently
				tested in our study, with an exercise program of which effectiveness was assessed
				clinically and functionally, and which application did not result in any significant
				changes in HRV indices.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The analysis of HRV indices showed greater variability than initially expected,
					which may be related to physiopathological characteristics of Chagas heart
					disease. For this reason, sampling limitations may have hindered the detection
					of statistical differences between the groups (type I error). The trend to the
					difference observed between the groups regarding &#916;HFP could be confirmed or not
					with a larger sample. Furthermore, in spite of the sample randomization and
					considerable similarity between the groups, small differences in baseline (such
					as mean and minimum HR at Holter) can influence the interpretation of
					results.</p>
        <p>The time of exercise training may also have been insufficient for the detection
					of changes, considering the sample size, as well as its intensity (mild to
					moderate). However, longer training periods also did not result in significant
					changes in HRV indices, as shown in a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Moreover, the absence of isometric exercises, as
					recommended by guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation, may also have contributed
					to the negative result. Finally, the effect of training in the IG could have
					been more objectively evaluated through functional testing with analysis of
					expired gases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In the studied population, exercise training did not significantly alter HRV indices
				in Chagas patients with LV dysfunction, although it resulted in functional
				improvement. The only changes observed in relation to baseline were increased TP and
				VLFP in the IG, with no significant difference in changes between groups. The data
				are consistent with previous publications and suggest that the clinical benefits of
				physical conditioning in Chagas heart disease are independent from HRV indices.
				Future studies in larger populations are needed in order to reach more definitive
				conclusions about the behavior of HRV during physical conditioning in Chagas heart
				disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by M&#225;rcia Maria Oliveira
					Lima, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq, FAPEMIG and CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Nascimento BR, Lima MMO, Rocha MOC,
					Ribeiro AL; Acquisition of data: Lima, MMO, Nunes MCP, Alencar MCN, Costa HS,
					Pinto Filho MM, Cota VES; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nascimento
					BR, Lima MMO, Pinto Filho MM, Cota VES; Obtaining financing: Rocha MOC, Ribeiro
					AL; Writing of the manuscript: Nascimento BR, Lima MMO; Critical revision of the
					manuscript for intellectual content: Rocha MOC, Ribeiro AL.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeitos do Treinamento F&#237;sico sobre a Variabilidade da
					Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara Noman de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Martins</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cota</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emanuel Serafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas
					Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal
					de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFMG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia
					Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia
					Cardiovascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFMG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina
					Tropical - Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha
					e Mucuri</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Diamantina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal
					dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ramos Nascimento,</bold> Rua Tenente Garro, 137,
					apt. 1202, Santa Efig&#234;nia. CEP 30240-360, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>ramosnas@cardiol.br</email>; <email>ramosnas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) &#233; marcador de gravidade da
						disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre &#237;ndices de VFC
						na miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica (MPC) n&#227;o s&#227;o bem estabelecidos. Objetivo:
						Avaliar as mudan&#231;as nestes &#237;ndices em resposta ao treinamento f&#237;sico na
						MPC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com MPC e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), fisicamente
						inativos, foram aleatorizados para os grupos interven&#231;&#227;o (GI, N = 18) e
						controle (GC, N = 19). O GI participou de um programa de exerc&#237;cios de 12
						semanas, tr&#234;s sess&#245;es/semana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 49,5 &#177; 8 anos, 59% homens, FEVE de 36,3 &#177; 7,8%. &#205;ndices
						basais de VFC foram similares. Do basal ao seguimento, observamos no GI
						aumento da pot&#234;ncia total (TP): 1.653 (IQ 625 - 3.418) para 2.794 (1.617 -
						4.452) ms, p = 0,02) e pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa: 586 (290 - 1.565)
						para 815 (610 - 1.425) ms, p = 0,047), mas n&#227;o no GC. A varia&#231;&#227;o (p&#243;s/pr&#233;)
						dos &#237;ndices de VFC foi similar: SDNN 11,5 &#177; 30,0 vs. 3,7 &#177; 25, 1 ms, p =
						0,10; rMSSD 2 (6 - 17) vs. 1 (21 - 9) ms, p = 0,43; TP 943 (731 - 3.130) vs.
						1.780 (921 - 2.743) Hz, p = 0,46 e pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia baixa (LFP) 1,0
						(150 - 197) vs. 60 (111 - 146) Hz, p = 0,85, exceto pela pot&#234;ncia de alta
						frequ&#234;ncia, que teve tend&#234;ncia a aumento no GI: 42 (133 - 92) vs. 79 (61 -
						328) Hz, p = 0,08).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a varia&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de VFC foi similar entre os
						grupos ativo e inativo. A melhora cl&#237;nica com o treinamento f&#237;sico parece
						ser independente de marcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na MPC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; a infec&#231;&#227;o causada pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>,
					transmitida primariamente por insetos da fam&#237;lia dos triatom&#237;neos. Estima-se que
					8-10 milh&#245;es de pessoas estejam infectadas em todo o mundo, principalmente na
					Am&#233;rica Latina, onde a doen&#231;a ainda &#233; end&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica (MPC) afeta
					20-40% dos pacientes com a forma cr&#244;nica, e sua patog&#234;nese est&#225; intimamente
					ligada a mecanismos neurog&#234;nicos, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, processos autoimunes
					e les&#227;o direta pelo parasita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca &#233; sabidamente um achado caracter&#237;stico e precoce
					da doen&#231;a de Chagas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, possivelmente relacionada a dep&#243;sitos
					de autoanticorpos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, causando a
					dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o de receptores de neurotransmissores card&#237;acos, acometendo
					precocemente o controle vagal card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.
					A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) &#233; uma medida indireta das
					intera&#231;&#245;es entre os sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico mediadas por v&#225;rios
					mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos, como arcos reflexos, libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas,
					subst&#226;ncias vasoativas, entre outros. Os valores das medidas da VFC nos dom&#237;nios
					do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia s&#227;o reconhecidamente marcadores diagn&#243;sticos,
					progn&#243;sticos e preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es, inclusive de mortalidade, em v&#225;rias
					doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e a sepse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Dentre as medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas no tratamento das
					doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a atividade f&#237;sica regular como fator de incremento do
					t&#244;nus vagal demonstrou impacto importante sobre os &#237;ndices de VFC e associa&#231;&#227;o
					com a intensidade do treinamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Na MPC, j&#225; se demonstrou
					comprometimento significativo da VFC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,
					mas estudos sugerem que, ao contr&#225;rio de outras formas de insufici&#234;ncia
					card&#237;aca, parece haver uma altera&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o entre exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e
						VFC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, n&#227;o tendo sido observada
					melhora significativa de seus &#237;ndices ap&#243;s programas de treinamento
						supervisionados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar as mudan&#231;as dos &#237;ndices de VFC nos
					dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e
					disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado
					por 12 semanas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de pacientes inativos com as mesmas
					caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Uma descri&#231;&#227;o completa do desenho do estudo foi publicada previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Sumariamente, 145 sujeitos foram
						recrutados nos ambulat&#243;rios de doen&#231;a de Chagas e de cardiologia do Hospital
						das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Os volunt&#225;rios foram
						entrevistados para a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e dos h&#225;bitos de
						vida atuais. Para serem eleg&#237;veis para o estudo, os pacientes deveriam ter o
						diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de MPC, com base em pelo menos dois testes sorol&#243;gicos
						positivos para anticorpos para <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, com
						presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e possibilidade de comparecer ao
						programa de treinamento integralmente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Pacientes com comorbidades, portadores de marca-passo ou
						ressincronizador e aqueles fisicamente ativos, de acordo com question&#225;rio
						pr&#243;prio, foram exclu&#237;dos. Quarenta pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de
						inclus&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes haviam estado clinicamente est&#225;veis por pelo menos tr&#234;s
						meses, tinham ritmo sinusal e estavam em uso de terapia medicamentosa
							padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o,
						feita atrav&#233;s de sistema eletr&#244;nico, os pacientes eram alocados no grupo
						interven&#231;&#227;o (GI) ou no grupo controle (GC). Termo de consentimento livre
						esclarecido foi obtido de todos os pacientes, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo
						Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em
						concord&#226;ncia com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e procedimentos</title>
          <p>No momento da inclus&#227;o, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico,
						exames laboratoriais, ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, teste de esfor&#231;o limitado por
						sintomas para defini&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de
						treinamento, teste de caminhada de seis minutos, ecocardiograma e
						monitora&#231;&#227;o por Holter 24 h para avalia&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices de VFC. A capacidade
						funcional foi avaliada pelas escalas de Goldman e da <italic>New York Heart
							Association</italic> (NYHA). A gravidade do envolvimento card&#237;aco foi
						determinada pelos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o [FE], e volume
						diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, VE). Todos os exames foram
						realizados em um per&#237;odo de duas semanas antes e ap&#243;s o treinamento
						aer&#243;bico. Os investigadores eram cegos aos resultados dos testes dos
						demais.</p>
          <p>Foi realizado um teste de esfor&#231;o limitado por sintomas em esteira
						ergom&#233;trica (Digistress Pulsar, Micromed, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil), utilizando o
						protocolo de Bruce. Foi realizada monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua com ECG de 12
						deriva&#231;&#245;es, gravado a cada minuto. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida
						manualmente com manguito em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica nos &#250;ltimos 30 segundos de
						cada est&#225;gio e por quatro minutos no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A FC foi
						determinada pelo ECG, e a resposta cronotr&#243;pica calculada como o percentual
						atingido da FC prevista para a idade, de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Astrand
						(220 - idade) no pico do esfor&#231;o. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi
						realizado de acordo com protocolo-padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, com duas caminhadas na velocidade m&#225;xima tolerada em um
						corredor de 30 metros, separadas por intervalo de 15 minutos. Um monitor de
						FC (Polar FS2, Electro, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) e um ox&#237;metro de pulso (Nonin
						Onyx 9500, Plymouth, Minnesota, Estados Unidos) foram utilizados para
						avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Foi realizada monitora&#231;&#227;o com Holter 24 h utilizando um gravador port&#225;til
						cassete de tr&#234;s canais (Dynamics, Cardios, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), ao in&#237;cio e
						ao final do estudo. Os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a manter suas atividades
						di&#225;rias normais durante a grava&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise da VFC foi realizada quando
						pelo menos 18 h de tra&#231;ado de boa qualidade estiveram dispon&#237;veis, em um
						sistema Burdick/DMI/Cardios Hospital Holter System (Spacelabs Burdick,
						Deerfield, Wiscosin, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Foram analisados tra&#231;ados de cinco
						minutos a cada hora, e o per&#237;odo de sono com menor FC foi utilizado como
						refer&#234;ncia. Foram calculados os &#237;ndices de VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo (SDNN:
						desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais; rMSSD: raiz quadrada das m&#233;dias
						sucessivas entre intervalos RR normais) e no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (TP,
							<italic>total power</italic>: pot&#234;ncia total; VLFP: <italic>very low
							frequency power</italic>, pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa; LFP:
							<italic>low frequency power</italic>, pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia baixa; HFP:
							<italic>high frequency power</italic>, pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia alta).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>Os pacientes do GI participaram de um programa supervisionado que consistia
						em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es por semana, em dias alternados, totalizando 36 sess&#245;es em 12
						semanas, conforme detalhado em publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Brevemente, o protocolo consistia em aquecimento de
						15 minutos, seguido de caminhada de at&#233; 30 minutos, e 15 minutos de
						desaquecimento. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio se baseava no pico da FC atingido
						no teste de esfor&#231;o limitado por sintomas e calculado pela f&#243;rmula de
						Karvonen (FC m&#225;xima - FC ao repouso) 50-70% + FC em repouso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e era ajustado ao longo do programa.
						Os pacientes do GC foram orientados a manter sua rotina di&#225;ria e eram
						questionados sobre atividades f&#237;sicas nas consultas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic>
						SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0 para Mac OSX (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, Estados
						Unidos). Para essa an&#225;lise, uma amostra de 36 pacientes foi calculada para
						se detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 15% na varia&#231;&#227;o do SDNN entre os grupos, com
						erro &#945; = 5% e erro &#946; = 20%. Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva de vari&#225;veis
						cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas. A presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das
						vari&#225;veis foi feita com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram
						expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou como mediana e intervalo
						interquartil (IQ) Q1 - Q3 (25-75%) quando apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
						normal. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressadas como valores absolutos e
						percentuais. As varia&#231;&#245;es nas medidas no in&#237;cio e ao final do estudo foram
						expressas como valores delta (&#916;).</p>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de
						base utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado no caso de
						vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou o teste de Wilcoxon pareado se a
						distribui&#231;&#227;o era n&#227;o normal. A compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias entre os grupos foi
						realizada atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para vari&#225;veis
						cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e atrav&#233;s do teste U de Mann-Whitney para
						aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. A compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas
						entre os grupos foi realizada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Quando
						necess&#225;rias, transforma&#231;&#245;es foram feitas para an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia. Um n&#237;vel
						de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente
						significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dentre os 145 pacientes avaliados, 40 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Ao
					longo do estudo, dois pacientes foram a &#243;bito (um paciente em cada grupo) e um
					paciente n&#227;o completou os procedimentos propostos. A amostra final consistiu em
					37 indiv&#237;duos: 18 no GI e 19 no GC. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e
					ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>. Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, e a maioria
					dos pacientes se apresentava em classe funcional NYHA I, com FE m&#233;dia do
					ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) abaixo de 40%. A &#250;nica caracter&#237;stica que diferiu entre
					os grupos GI e GC foi o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o,
					todos os pacientes utilizavam inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina
					(IECA); 22,2% e 21,1% (p = 1,00), respectivamente, utilizavam betabloqueadores;
					22,2% e 15,8% (p = 0,693) utilizavam digit&#225;licos; 77,8% e 84,2% (p = 0,62)
					utilizavam amiodarona. Os pacientes do GI tiveram ader&#234;ncia completa ao programa
					de treinamento e, em caso de n&#227;o comparecimento, uma nova sess&#227;o foi
					agendada.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e
							ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos controle e interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;stica</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo controle (n = 1S)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 1B)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">22,5 (21,5-24,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24,6 (23,7-27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS repouso (mmHg, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (110-130)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (110-120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD repouso (mmHg, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,987</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional NYHA I/II (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (73,7%)/5 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55,6%)/8 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional Goldman I/II/III (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,2%)/5 (26,3%)/2 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55,6%)/7 (38,9%)/3 (8,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">37,1 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,6 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VES (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">50,9 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VED (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">64,0 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">64,2 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;
								IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IQ: intervalo interquartil (25-75);
								NYHA: classe funcional New York Heart Association; PAD: press&#227;o
								arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; VED: di&#226;metro
								do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole; VES: di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo
								esquerdo em s&#237;stole.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECG basal de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, as caracter&#237;sticas foram semelhantes
					entre os grupos GI e GC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>),
					exceto pela FC menor no GI e intervalo PR maior nesse grupo. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
					vari&#225;veis do Holter 24 h, os grupos tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>), exceto pela FC m&#233;dia e m&#237;nima,
					menores no GI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis basais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e do Holter 24 h
							entre o grupo controle e o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo controle (n = 1S)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>ECG basal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm, mediana IQ))</td>
                <td align="center">64(55-73)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (52-60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo PRi (ms, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (151-194)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (175-230)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (ms, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (96-150)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (118-154)</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo QTc (ms, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">437 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">448 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">0,300</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (77,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBAE (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Holter 24 h basal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#233;dia (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">67,7 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,7 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#237;nima (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,8 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,044<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BAV (1.&#176; e 2.&#176; graus)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,447</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Batimentos ect&#243;picos supraventriculares</td>
                <td align="center">58 (10-697)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (16-401)</td>
                <td align="center">0,903</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardias supraventriculares</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-1)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0-1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,679</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Batimentos ect&#243;picos ventriculares</td>
                <td align="center">851 (583-2137)</td>
                <td align="center">1347 (314-2624)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardias ventriculares</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-1)</td>
                <td align="center">2(0-8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE:
								bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia
								card&#237;aca; HBAE: hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo; IQ: intervalo
								interquartil 1&#8211;3 (25-75%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor p significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nas avalia&#231;&#245;es funcionais, ao final do estudo houve melhora significativa da
					classe funcional Goldman nos pacientes do GI. Ao TE, apesar do VO<sub>2</sub>
					m&#225;ximo basal e p&#243;s-treinamento ter sido semelhante entre os grupos, a sua
					varia&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior no GI, assim como houve aumento
					significativamente maior do tempo de prova no GI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>). No teste de seis minutos, a
					dist&#226;ncia caminhada ao in&#237;cio do estudo foi similar entre os grupos, mas ao
					final essa dist&#226;ncia foi significativamente maior no GI; tamb&#233;m foi maior sua
					varia&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela
						3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis funcionais cl&#237;nicas, do
							teste ergom&#233;trico e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos entre o grupo
							controle e o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo controle (n = 19)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Melhora da classe funcional NYHA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Melhora da classe funcional Goldman (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TE: VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo pr&#233;/p&#243;s-treinamento (ml/kg/min, m&#233;dia
									&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">31,4 &#177; 7,2/33,5 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 5,7/34,3 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,07/0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TE: &#916;VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (ml/kg/min, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TE: tempo de prova pr&#233;/p&#243;s-treinamento (min, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 3,0/10,2 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 2,4/10,6 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,05/0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TE: &#916; tempo de prova (min, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Teste de 6 minutos: dist&#226;ncia caminhada pr&#233;/p&#243;s-treinamento (m,
									m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">521,8 &#177; 91,1/530,3 &#177; 69,1</td>
                <td align="center">525,4 &#177; 85,5/593,3 &#177; 78,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,902/0,014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Teste de 6 minutos: A da dist&#226;ncia caminhada (m, m&#233;dia &#177;
									DP)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 49,1</td>
                <td align="center">67,8 &#177; 54,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TE: teste
								ergom&#233;trico; VO2: capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p estatisticamente significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Avaliando-se os &#237;ndices de VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo (SDNN e rMSSD), n&#227;o foram
					observadas varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas dos valores ao final do
					estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base em nenhum dos grupos, e o &#916;SDNN e o &#916;rMSSD
					foram semelhantes entre eles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).
					Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices de VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (TP, VLFP, LFP e HFP),
					observou-se aumento significativo de TP e VLFP em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais no
					GI, mas n&#227;o no GC. Os valores de &#916;TP e &#916;VLFP, no entanto, foram semelhantes
					entre os grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HFP, observou-se aumento no GI e redu&#231;&#227;o no GC
					(sem diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base) e houve tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o
					estatisticamente significativa a diferen&#231;a do &#916;HFP entre os grupos: 79 (61 -
					328) x -42 (-133 - 92) Hz, p = 0,083.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio e ao final
							do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Delta (&#916;)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p (pr&#233; x p&#243;s)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p (dif.)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">SDNN (ms, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">126,4 &#177; 31,3</td>
                <td align="center">137,9 &#177; 43,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 30,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">163,9 &#177; 54,7</td>
                <td align="center">160,2 &#177; 50,0</td>
                <td align="center">-3,7 &#177; 25,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,536</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">rMSSD (ms, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (23-44)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (19-53)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (-6-17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,542</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">44(30-83)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (32-74)</td>
                <td align="center">-1 (-21-9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,678</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">TP (Hz,mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">1526 (709-2850)</td>
                <td align="center">2423 (1132-4234)</td>
                <td align="center">943 (-731-3130)</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,521</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">1653 (625-3418)</td>
                <td align="center">2794 (1617-4452)</td>
                <td align="center">1780 (921-2743)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">VLFP (Hz, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">666 (427-1230)</td>
                <td align="center">1215 (527-3003)</td>
                <td align="center">682 (-208-2019)</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,849</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">586 (290-1565)</td>
                <td align="center">815 (610-1425)</td>
                <td align="center">371 (27-1171)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">LFP (Hz, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (77-447)</td>
                <td align="center">202 (50-482)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,0 (-150-197)</td>
                <td align="center">0,629</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,849</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (38-418)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (76-292)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (-111-146)</td>
                <td align="center">0,733</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">HFP (Hz, mediana IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">GC (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (86-291)</td>
                <td align="center">154 (62-422)</td>
                <td align="center">-42 (-133-92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,494</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GI (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (87-443)</td>
                <td align="center">256 (207-462)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (-61-328)</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; GC: grupo controle; GI: grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; HFP:
								pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia alta; IQ: intervalo interquartil (25-75);
								LFP: pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia baixa; pr&#233; e p&#243;s: compara&#231;&#227;o dos
								resultados do grupo ao in&#237;cio e ao final do estudo; rMSSD: raiz
								quadrada das m&#233;dias sucessivas entre intervalos RR normais
								adjacentes; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais; TP:
								pot&#234;ncia total; VLFP: pot&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor p estatisticamente significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo terap&#234;utico prospectivo aleatorizado, em pacientes com MPC e
					disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, o treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o resultou em mudan&#231;as
					significativas nos &#237;ndices de VFC, apesar de ter resultado em melhora da classe
					funcional e de vari&#225;veis do TE e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos.
					Observamos apenas aumento de dois &#237;ndices de VFC do dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (TP e
					VLFP) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base no GI, mas com varia&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente
					semelhante entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, houve tend&#234;ncia a maior varia&#231;&#227;o
					positiva do HFP no GI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC.</p>
        <p>A VFC encontra-se reduzida em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, com e sem forma card&#237;aca
					(inclusive na forma indeterminada)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, e a redu&#231;&#227;o de seus &#237;ndices se
					correlaciona com os n&#237;veis de anticorpos antimuscar&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, que se encontram aumentados nos pacientes infectados.
					Os n&#237;veis desses anticorpos parecem se associar com marcadores cl&#237;nicos de
					disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, inclusive com a
					redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao esfor&#231;o, sugerindo sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e
					fisiopatol&#243;gica na doen&#231;a de Chagas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. &#201;
					controversa a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC marcador de
					disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou o est&#225;gio
					evolutivo dessa patologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora o valor progn&#243;stico da redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC n&#227;o tenha sido demonstrado na doen&#231;a
					de Chagas, sabe-se que, em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e sist&#234;micas, a redu&#231;&#227;o da
					VFC &#233; marcador progn&#243;stico forte e independente, com boa predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos
						adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por outras
					causas, existe associa&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices com eventos adversos, como
					descompensa&#231;&#227;o, reinterna&#231;&#245;es, progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e
						mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>Alguns detalhes metodol&#243;gicos devem ser considerados na an&#225;lise de nossos dados,
					especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; variabilidade dos &#237;ndices de VFC entre medidas
					diferentes. A reprodutibilidade dessas vari&#225;veis ao repouso e ao esfor&#231;o j&#225; foi
					previamente demonstrada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, mas outros
					estudos sugerem que, apesar de os &#237;ndices no dom&#237;nio do tempo (SDNN e rMSSD)
					serem reprodut&#237;veis, o mesmo n&#227;o se observa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis do dom&#237;nio
					da frequ&#234;ncia obtidas por an&#225;lise espectral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Dessa forma, e considerando o c&#225;lculo
					amostral baseado em &#237;ndice de dom&#237;nio do tempo, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados
					negativos do dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia deve ser cautelosa. Al&#233;m disso, a dispers&#227;o
					de nossos dados foi, em geral, maior que a observada nesses estudos.</p>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica regular &#233; sabidamente ben&#233;fica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, com melhora da capacidade funcional e
					poss&#237;vel impacto progn&#243;stico. Dados agrupados sugerem efeito sobre marcadores
					progn&#243;sticos s&#233;ricos como o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B e vari&#225;veis funcionais
					em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Al&#233;m disso,
					programas de atividades supervisionadas t&#234;m efeito ben&#233;fico sobre os &#237;ndices de
					VFC em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de
					diferentes etiologias, em diferentes est&#225;gios e contextos cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, dados que de certa forma t&#234;m
					plausibilidade biol&#243;gica, considerando-se o comportamento anormal da modula&#231;&#227;o
					simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica na doen&#231;a. De certa forma, seria poss&#237;vel propor a
					avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC como marcador objetivo dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos do
					treinamento.</p>
        <p>De forma semelhante &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de outras etiologias, o treinamento
					f&#237;sico parece ter efeito ben&#233;fico na MPC, tanto na capacidade funcional quanto
					sobre a mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>. No entanto, o efeito ben&#233;fico do
					exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre o controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, observado em outras
					cardiopatias, n&#227;o tem sido demonstrado na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Sousa e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observaram que a forte
					associa&#231;&#227;o observada em indiv&#237;duos normais entre a intensidade da atividade
					f&#237;sica habitual e &#237;ndices vagais da VFC n&#227;o estava presente nos indiv&#237;duos
					chag&#225;sicos, sugerindo que, nos chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o se observava o efeito vagot&#244;nico
					habitual do exerc&#237;cio. Mais recentemente, Souza e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, avaliando &#237;ndices do dom&#237;nio do tempo antes e ap&#243;s um
					programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado em 18 pacientes chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o encontraram
					diferen&#231;as nos &#237;ndices ap&#243;s o treinamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Tal aus&#234;ncia da resposta esperada de aumento do t&#244;nus vagal com o
					treinamento aer&#243;bico poderia ser explicada pelas peculiaridades da disfun&#231;&#227;o
					auton&#244;mica na doen&#231;a Chagas precoce, relativamente independente da disfun&#231;&#227;o
					ventricular esquerda e associada a autoanticorpos antimuscar&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Outra possibilidade &#233; que o acometimento
					do sistema excito condutor card&#237;aco, em especial do n&#243; sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, prejudique a capacidade do SNA
					parassimp&#225;tico de modular a varia&#231;&#227;o batimento a batimento t&#237;pica da VFC.</p>
        <p>De todo modo, pode-se suspeitar que os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos observados com o
					treinamento aer&#243;bico dos pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica n&#227;o se
					acompanhem dos potenciais benef&#237;cios do aumento do t&#244;nus vagal, como a redu&#231;&#227;o
					do risco de morte s&#250;bita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Apesar das
					considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC, essa hip&#243;tese foi
					consistentemente testada em nosso estudo, com um programa de exerc&#237;cios cuja
					efetividade foi avaliada clinico-funcionalmente, cuja aplica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o resultou em
					modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas nos &#237;ndices de VFC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>&#192; an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices de VFC, observamos variabilidade maior que a
						inicialmente esperada, que pode estar relacionada a caracter&#237;sticas
						fisiopatol&#243;gicas da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Por esse motivo, a limita&#231;&#227;o
						amostral pode ter dificultado a detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os
						grupos (erro do tipo I). A tend&#234;ncia &#224; diferen&#231;a observada entre os grupos
						em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#916;HFP poderia ser confirmada ou n&#227;o com a amplia&#231;&#227;o da amostra.
						Al&#233;m disso, apesar da aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra e da consider&#225;vel semelhan&#231;a
						entre os grupos, pequenas diferen&#231;as na linha de base (como a FC m&#233;dia e
						m&#237;nima ao Holter) podem influenciar na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados. O tempo de
						treinamento f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m pode ter sido insuficiente para a detec&#231;&#227;o das
						mudan&#231;as, considerando-se o tamanho da amostra, assim como sua intensidade
						(leve a moderada). Entretanto, per&#237;odos maiores de treinamento tamb&#233;m n&#227;o
						resultaram em altera&#231;&#245;es significativas dos &#237;ndices de VFC em estudo
							anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Ademais, a aus&#234;ncia de
						exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos, conforme recomendam diretrizes de reabilita&#231;&#227;o
						cardiovascular, podem ter tamb&#233;m contribu&#237;do para o resultado negativo.
						Finalmente, o efeito do treinamento no GI poderia ter sido mais
						objetivamente avaliado atrav&#233;s de teste funcional com an&#225;lise de gases
						expirados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o alterou significativamente os
					&#237;ndices de VFC em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE, apesar de ter
					resultado em melhora funcional. As &#250;nicas mudan&#231;as observadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha
					de base foram o aumento de TP e VLFP no GI, n&#227;o tendo havido diferen&#231;a
					significativa na varia&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. Os dados est&#227;o de acordo com
					publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias e sugerem que o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico do condicionamento f&#237;sico
					na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica seja independente dos &#237;ndices de VFC. Estudos futuros
					em popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que se chegue a conclus&#245;es mais
					definitivas sobre o comportamento da VFC frente ao condicionamento f&#237;sico na
					cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nascimento BR, Lima MMO, Rocha MOC e Ribeiro
						AL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lima, MMO, Nunes MCP, Alencar MCN, Costa HS, Pinto
						Filho MM, Cota VES; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nascimento BR, Lima
						MMO, Pinto Filho MM, Cota VES; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rocha MOC, Ribeiro
						AL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nascimento BR, Lima MMO; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
						manuscrito: Rocha MOC e Ribeiro AL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq, FAPEMIG e CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de M&#225;rcia Maria Oliveira Lima pela
						Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
