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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MCmvnCcHVZMKkrc4WsLC3XD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Investigation Route of the Coronary Patient in the
					Public Health System in Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo and in Incor - IMPACT
					Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Evelinda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preto</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preto</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stinghen</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;tia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Incor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Incor-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o
					Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o
					Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico Nuclear, Curitiba, PR -
					Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR
					- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliano Julio Cerci</bold>, Av. Sete de Setembro, 4.699,
					Batel. Postal Code 80240-001, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>julianocerci@quantamn.com.br</email>;
						<email>cercijuliano@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>192</fpage>
      <lpage>200</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The investigation of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and its treatment
						depend on risk stratification for decision-making on the need for cardiac
						catheterization and revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the procedures used in the diagnosis and invasive treatment of
						patients with CAD, at the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the
						cities of Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo and at InCor-FMUSP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective, descriptive, observational study of the diagnostic and
						therapeutic itineraries of the Brazilian public health care system patient,
						between groups submitted or not to prior noninvasive tests to invasive
						cardiac catheterization. Stress testing, stress echocardiography, perfusion
						scintigraphy, catheterization and percutaneous or surgical revascularization
						treatment procedures were quantified and the economic impact of the used
						strategies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There are significant differences in the assessment of patients with
						suspected or known CAD in the metropolitan region in the three scenarios.
						Although functional testing procedures are most often used the direct costs
						of these procedures differ significantly (6.1% in Curitiba, 20% in S&#227;o Paulo
						and 27% in InCor-FMUSP). Costs related to the procedures and invasive
						treatments represent 59.7% of the direct costs of SUS in S&#227;o Paulo and 87.2%
						in Curitiba. In InCor-FMUSP, only 24.3% of patients with stable CAD
						submitted to CABG underwent a noninvasive test before the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Although noninvasive functional tests are the ones most often requested for
						the assessment of patients with suspected or known CAD most of the costs are
						related to invasive procedures/treatments. In most revascularized patients,
						the documentation of ischemic burden was not performed by SUS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Investigative Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In the last decade, major clinical studies have reassessed the issue of stable
				coronary artery disease (CAD) investigation and its treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Currently, the assessment of patients with
				suspected or established stable obstructive CAD depends on the risk stratification
				for proper decision-making on the need for cardiac catheterization (CC) and clinical
				benefits of revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Interventional cardiac procedures have high cost and technological adjustments are
				necessary to operate these services at high levels of resolution and efficiency.
				Thus, non-invasive stress tests are recommended as screening tests in patients at
				risk for CAD, being important to select higher-risk patients who may benefit from
				invasive, higher-cost treatments. These tests also provide relevant prognostic
					information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> with treatment implications,
				by defining the need for revascularization in patients with significant
					ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the sequence of diagnostic investigation and currently used treatment in
				patients with suspected or established CAD in two major metropolitan areas, S&#227;o
				Paulo and Curitiba, as well as a referral cardiology institution, is an important
				step towards understanding how the resources of the Brazilian Unified Health System
				(SUS) are being used and identify whether there are opportunities for
				improvement.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a retrospective, descriptive, observational study of the diagnostic and
				therapeutic routes of patients with suspected or known CAD, treated by SUS in the
				cities of Curitiba and Sao Paulo, between the groups submitted or not to noninvasive
				tests prior to invasive cardiac catheterization. The respective economic impact of
				the strategies observed from the perspective of SUS was also evaluated. Similarly,
				patients treated at Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de
				Medicina of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor-FMUSP), were evaluated, due to having
				the largest population of patients with CAD and Latin America, as well as a
				structured database that allows this type of survey, including the report of
				procedures in a computerized system.</p>
      <p>A survey was carried out in DATASUS regarding the number of procedures performed by
				SUS during the investigation of CAD in Curitiba and S&#227;o Paulo, data that were
				corrected and cross-analyzed with a review of the High Complexity Outpatient
				Procedure Authorization (HCOPA) forms.</p>
      <p>Outpatient treatment reports (OTRs), High Complexity Outpatient Procedures
				Authorization forms (HCOPAs) and hospital admission authorization forms (HAAs) in
				the period 2008-2010, of patients undergoing stress test, scintigraphy, stress
				echocardiography, angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting by SUS in the
				cities of Curitiba and S&#227;o Paulo were assessed. Starting with the name of the
				patients, it was possible to determine which and how many procedures each patient
				was longitudinally submitted to during the study period. According to directions
				from the Municipal Health Secretariat of Curitiba, this survey was accompanied by
				auditors from the secretariat itself, and cross-checked with the costs of
				examinations.</p>
      <p>The same survey was carried out in InCor-FMUSP, in patients treated by SUS, only.
				When evaluating HCOPA, HAA and OTR forms, we analyzed the National Registry of
				Health Care Institutions (CNES) to verify whether there was no overlapping with data
				from InCor-USP and other centers in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. Empirical data observed
				in the realities of the health departments of Curitiba and S&#227;o Paulo, as well as the
				InCor-USP were compared. Considering the currently prevailing conditions at
				InCor-USP in each year of the study, we analyzed the assessment and monitoring of
				approximately four thousand patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p>The distribution of absolute and relative frequencies of the study procedures allows
				estimating the probabilities of use of these diagnostic and therapeutic resources,
				according to the observed diagnostic and comorbidity strata, age and gender of the
				patients. The final outcome (death) in each identified investigation stratum has
				been reported in the Mortality Information System (MIS) up to the date of
				12/31/2012, and the annual mortality rate was calculated.</p>
      <p>Administrative data were received from municipal health secretariats and data mining
				techniques were used, which, regardless of the activity met, are divided into seven
					steps<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>: cleaning, integration, selection, data
				processing and mining, evaluation of standards and representation of knowledge.</p>
      <p>In parallel with these development activities, we also evaluated data from electronic
				medical records of patients from InCor-FMUSP. It is a known fact that InCor receives
				patients from many other cities and states and this study included all patients
				treated by SUS, regardless of city of origin. In both databases, the evaluation of
				diagnostic and therapeutic standards was performed based on the quantities and
				qualities of assistance resources used to in both groups of patients: those
				undergoing prior noninvasive tests and those referred directly to invasive cardiac
				catheterization.</p>
      <p>The model of the decision tree was used to allow the observation and quantification
				of examinations and health resources required by each group of patients. The
				procedure costs were calculated in each group of patients according to Datasus
				surveys and the empirical reality observed in InCor-FMUSP.</p>
      <p>Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 (Microsoft, USA) and
				STATA version 11.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, United States), with a level of
				significance &lt; 0.05. The descriptive analysis was performed by calculating the
				percentage of patients who underwent stress test, scintigraphy or CC as the initial
				diagnostic test. The frequency of the following tests, the overall incidence of
				revascularization and incidence of revascularization after CC in each strategy group
				was also calculated. The chi-square test was used to test differences between
				groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>SUS in the metropolitan region of Curitiba</title>
        <p>It is estimated that the metropolitan region of Curitiba has 3,168,980
					inhabitants. Among the 66,987 procedures for cardiac evaluation and treatment of
					CAD in the period of January 2008 to December 2010, the exercise test was the
					most frequent examination, followed by the percutaneous and surgical
					revascularization procedures. These same procedures accounted for 1.5% and 87.2%
					of total direct costs involved in the diagnosis and invasive treatment of
					patients with CAD in the metropolitan region of Curitiba.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that, while there were 10,809 percutaneous and surgical
					revascularization procedures, only 6,517 catheterizations were performed in the
					same period.</p>
        <p>After excluding transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography procedures,
					which can be used in other indications in addition to CAD, the number of
					procedures has a final direct cost of nearly 60 million reais, taking into
					account the estimated population of about 3.1 million inhabitants, with an
					average cost per capita of R$ 18.90 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
						1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the number
					of procedures and their respective costs.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute and relative frequency distribution of diagnostic and
							therapeutic procedures and respective costs related to CAD In the
							metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paran&#225;, Brazil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>2008 - 2010 period</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Curitiba (3,168,980 inhabitants)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Direct cost</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>(%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Stress testing</td>
                <td>41,206</td>
                <td>61.5%</td>
                <td>R$ 894,360,00</td>
                <td>1.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Stress echocardiography</td>
                <td>1,592</td>
                <td>2.4%</td>
                <td>R$ 248,259,00</td>
                <td>0.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Myocardial scintigraphy</td>
                <td>6,862</td>
                <td>10.2%</td>
                <td>R$ 2,539,585,45</td>
                <td>4.2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Synchronized scintigraphy of cardiac chambers</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0.0%</td>
                <td>R$ 146,30</td>
                <td>0.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization</td>
                <td>6,517</td>
                <td>9.7%</td>
                <td>R$ 4,006,130,24</td>
                <td>6.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Revascularization</td>
                <td>10,809</td>
                <td>16.1%</td>
                <td>R$ 52,213,651,95</td>
                <td>87.2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>66,987</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>R$ 59,902,132,94</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Mean cost per inhabitant</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>R$ 18.90</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency ratio of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and their
							respective costs related to CAD in the metropolitan region of Curitiba,
							Paran&#225;, Brazil.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Among the HAAs and HCOPA, which data were provided by the Municipal Health
					Secretariat, of 6,076 catheterization procedures, only 14.5% of cases were
					assessed with functional imaging exams prior to catheterization. It was not
					possible to assess how many of these patients underwent a stress test, as there
					was no record of the name of the patients submitted to the examination in the
					reports of the health departments (municipal or state and even the Ministry of
					Health registry, which included only the identification number of the health
					care provider and the total value spent on stress test during the period).</p>
        <p>Regarding the HAAs of 6,489 revascularization procedures analyzed, only 13.5% had
					been previously assessed with functional imaging exams.</p>
        <p>In the group of patients subsequently submitted to percutaneous
					revascularization, the annual mortality rate was 4.8%, whereas for patients
					undergoing CABG it was 5.6%. In patients undergoing catheterization, but not
					revascularization, mortality was significantly lower, 1.8%. It was not possible
					to assess mortality in patients undergoing functional tests, considering that
					patients undergoing exercise testing are not reported nominally to the Municipal
					Health Secretariat.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Municipal Health Secretariat of S&#227;o Paulo</title>
        <p>It is estimated that the population of the metropolitan area of S&#227;o Paulo is of
					20,309,647 inhabitants. In the period from 2008 to 2010, 457,436 procedures for
					cardiologic assessment and treatment of CAD were performed, according to
					DATASUS. Among them, the stress test was the most frequently used test, followed
					by myocardial scintigraphy; revascularization was performed in 7.6% of cases.
					These same procedures accounted for 2.9%, 16.5% and 59.7% of total costs spent,
					respectively, in the diagnosis and invasive treatment of patients with CAD in
					the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <p>Excluding transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography procedures, which
					can be used in other indications, in addition to CAD, the number of procedures
					showed a final direct cost of almost 240 million reais, taking into account the
					estimated population of approximately 20 million inhabitants with a mean cost
					per capita of R$ 11.69 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). The
					ratio of the number of procedures and costs is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute and relative frequency distribution of diagnostic and
							therapeutic procedures and respective costs related to CAD in the
							metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>2008 - 2010 period</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>S&#227;o Paulo (20,309,647 inhabitants)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Direct cost</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>(%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Stress testing</td>
                <td>230,900</td>
                <td>50.5%</td>
                <td>R$ 6,927,000,00</td>
                <td>2.9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Stress echocardiography</td>
                <td>6,301</td>
                <td>1.4%</td>
                <td>R$ 982,344,00</td>
                <td>0.4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Myocardial scintigraphy</td>
                <td>104,239</td>
                <td>22.8%</td>
                <td>R$ 39,261,431,37</td>
                <td>16.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Synchronized scintigraphy of cardiac chambers</td>
                <td>2,948</td>
                <td>0.6%</td>
                <td>R$ 462,412,06</td>
                <td>0.2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization</td>
                <td>78,250</td>
                <td>17.1%</td>
                <td>R$ 48,101,840,00</td>
                <td>20.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Revascularization</td>
                <td>34,798</td>
                <td>7.6%</td>
                <td>R$ 141,585,187,21</td>
                <td>59.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>457,436</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>R$ 237,320,214,64</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cost per inhabitant</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>R$ 11.69</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency ratio of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and their
							respective costs related to CAD in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo,
							S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>It was possible to evaluate, in patients from the metropolitan region, mortality
					rates in the stratum of patients undergoing catheterization and subsequent
					revascularization. In patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization, the
					annual mortality rate was 5.5%, whereas for patients undergoing CABG it was
					6.3%. In patients undergoing catheterization, but not revascularization,
					mortality was significantly lower, 1.2%. It was not possible to assess mortality
					in patients undergoing functional tests, considering that patients undergoing
					exercise testing are not nominally reported to the Municipal Health
					Secretariat.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Results from InCor-FMUSP</title>
        <p>Considering that InCor-FMUSP is a referral center for highly complex
					cardiovascular procedures accredited by SUS, it is estimated that it should
					cover a service area of approximately five million inhabitants. In the period
					2008-2010, 78,792 patients were evaluated in the institution with suspected or
					established CAD. Of these, 18,994 were excluded because they were admitted to an
					emergency unit, transferred from another institution or due to a diagnosis of
					acute myocardial infarction or high-risk unstable angina. The final cohort
					consisted of 59,798 patients with suspected or stable CAD.</p>
        <p>Of the 59,798 patients, 34,626 (57.9%) were first evaluated by stress test (Group
					1), 16,221 (27.1%) were initially submitted to scintigraphy (Group 2), whereas
					8,951 (14.9%) were initially submitted to CC (Group 3).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients initially assessed by stress test (ST)</title>
        <p>Of the total cohort, 34,626 (57.9%) patients were initially evaluated by ST. The
					annual mortality rate in this group was 0.5%. These patients were divided into
					three subgroups:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>CC: in 797 patients (2.3%) CC was performed after ST. Of these, 410/797
							(51.4%) did not undergo CABG. While 387/797 patients (48.6%) underwent
							CABG, 256 underwent elective PCI, 98 patients underwent CABG and 33
							underwent PCI and CABG.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Scintigraphy: It was the next test in 1,865 patients (5.4%). Of these,
							1.748/1.865 (93.7%) did not undergo CC. Of 117/1.865 (6.3%) patients
							submitted to CC, 69/117 (59.0%) underwent CABG, 46 patients underwent
							PCI, 20 underwent CABG and three CABG and PCI.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The remaining 31,964 patients (92.3%) were followed clinically without
							subsequent CC or scintigraphy.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The incidence of overall coronary artery bypass grafting was 1.3% (456/34.626),
					whereas the incidence of revascularization after CC was 49.9% (456/914) in this
					diagnostic strategy group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients initially evaluated by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</title>
        <p>Of the 16,221 patients initially evaluated by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy,
					1,959 (12.1%) were subsequently submitted to CC with an overall
					revascularization incidence of 6.0% (971/16.221). The annual mortality rate in
					this group was 2.7%.</p>
        <p>The incidence of myocardial revascularization after CC was 49.6% (971/1.959) in
					myocardial perfusion scintigraphy group, with 760 patients undergoing PCI, 179
					CABG and 32 CABG and PCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients initially evaluated by cardiac catheterization</title>
        <p>Cardiac catheterization was the initial diagnostic test in 8,951 patients, with a
					revascularization incidence of 28.9% (2.583/8.951) in this group, of which 1,624
					(62.9%) patients underwent PCI, 857 (33.2%) underwent CABG and 102 (3.9%) both.
					The annual mortality rate in this group was 3.8%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Proportion of CC, prior noninvasive testing and subsequent revascularization
					rates</title>
        <p>Of the 12,132 patients undergoing catheterization, in 8951 (73.8%), no prior
					functional test was performed to document ischemia; 914/12.132 in patients
					(7.5%), ST was the first examination performed, and in 1.959/12.132 patients
					(16.1%), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed initially. Thus, only
					2.873/12.132 (23.7%) of the patients submitted to elective CC underwent a stress
					test in the 180 days before the procedure.</p>
        <p>The incidence of CC that did not result in revascularization was not
					significantly different between the groups initially submitted the ST and
					myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (50.1% <italic>versus</italic> 50.4%,
					respectively, p = 0.74), but this incidence was significantly higher in the
					group initially assessed by CC (71.1%, p &lt; 0.001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>. Finally, a third of the 4,010 patients who
					underwent revascularization - 1.427/4.010 (35.6%) - underwent a noninvasive
					stress test before the procedure.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ratio of revascularized and nonrevascularized patients after cardiac
							catheterization in patients whose first examination was the stress
							testing, scintigraphy or catheterization itself at InCor-FMUSP.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Direct costs related to the investigation procedures and invasive treatment in
					patients with known or suspected CAD in InCor-FMUSP are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute and relative frequency distribution of diagnostic and
							therapeutic procedures and respective costs related to CAD in
							InCor-FMUSP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>2008 - 2010 period</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>InCor-FMUSP (~5.000.000 inhabitants)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Direct cost</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>(%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Stress testing</td>
                <td>46,217</td>
                <td>42.1%</td>
                <td>R$ 1,386,510,00</td>
                <td>2.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Stress echocardiography</td>
                <td>2,481</td>
                <td>2.3%</td>
                <td>R$ 386,795,03</td>
                <td>0.7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Myocardial scintigraphy</td>
                <td>34,775</td>
                <td>31.6%</td>
                <td>R$ 13,098,237,68</td>
                <td>23.2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Synchronized scintigraphy of cardiac chambers</td>
                <td>1,258</td>
                <td>1.1%</td>
                <td>R$ 197,325,09</td>
                <td>0.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization</td>
                <td>19,468</td>
                <td>17.7%</td>
                <td>R$ 11,967,368,96</td>
                <td>21.2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Revascularization</td>
                <td>6,956</td>
                <td>6.3%</td>
                <td>R$ 29,606,786,03</td>
                <td>52.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>109,898</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>R$ 56,643,022,79</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cost per inhabitant</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>R$ 11.33</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chart depicting the ratio of number of procedures and the direct
							costs for SUS in Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo and InCor-USP, in relation to
							functional testing, invasive assessment by catheterization and
							revascularization.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting are treatment options for
				patients with stable CAD, with established benefits in high-risk populations.
				Guidelines for elective coronary intervention published jointly by the American
				College of Cardiology, American Heart Association and the Society of Cardiovascular
				Angiography and Intervention indicate that for patients with stable angina, the
				revascularization intervention is indicated when stenosis is "associated with
				moderate or high-degree ischemia at noninvasive testing"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Previous studies have shown that patients undergoing
				elective angioplasty in accordance with these guidelines have better therapeutic
					outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>In fact, in patients from InCor-FMUSP with suspected or diagnosed CAD, those with the
				highest mortality rates are the ones submitted to tests of higher complexity:
				patients initially evaluated by ST have an annual mortality of 0.5%, whereas
				patients initially evaluated by scintigraphy, the mortality rate was 2.7% and in
				patients initially evaluated by cardiac catheterization, 3.8%. This is important
				because interventional cardiology laboratories have high operational costs and must
				be operated at the highest levels of efficiency and resolution.</p>
      <p>Thus, when there is high probability of revascularization need, it is cost-effective
				to directly initiate the diagnostic evaluation with cardiac catheterization and, if
				possible, percutaneous revascularization intervention in the same procedure.
				However, in lower risk patients, the noninvasive evaluation test prior to CC is
				associated with lower overall cost of diagnosis, shorter hospital stays and lower
				rates of revascularization, without increase in adverse events, such as cardiac
				death or myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>To assess whether invasive tests, such as CC, are being performed in appropriately
				selected patients is critical to providing high quality medical care. In this sense,
				our results suggest that current diagnostic strategies can be substantially improved
				in SUS, as even in InCor-FMUSP, a high-level educational institution, only 23.7% of
				patients with confirmed or suspected stable CAD submitted to catheterization
				underwent noninvasive testing before the procedure provided by SUS, unlike what one
				would expect in a developing country, where the most cost-effective strategies
				should be encouraged. In comparison, in the United States, Topol et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and Lin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> described better results with higher rates of functional stress
				testing prior to elective CC in Medicare patients (44.5% and 29%, respectively).</p>
      <p>Another measure of efficiency is the revascularization rate per strategy group,
				assuming that the perfect approach would be to select only those patients requiring
				percutaneous or surgical revascularization to undergo more invasive and costly
				procedures. An ideal strategy would prevent the greater number of catheterizations
				with outcomes without significant stenosis, or "normal" studies, when possible. At
				InCor-FMUSP, the incidence of CC that did not result in revascularization occurred
				in approximately half of patients initially evaluated with noninvasive tests, while
				in the group in which cardiac catheterization was performed as the initial
				diagnostic test, it resulted in revascularization in only 28.9% of patients. In the
				other SUS patients in S&#227;o Paulo, of the patients submitted to catheterization, only
				27% underwent revascularization.</p>
      <p>Moreover, in patients from InCor-FMUSP, only 35.6% of patients had documented
				ischemic burden in SUS through noninvasive stress testing before the elective CABG
				procedure. In Curitiba, only 13.5% of revascularized patients were previously
				assessed through functional imaging tests. Several clinical trials showed no
				significant decrease in the risk of death and future myocardial infarction for
				patients with stable CAD treated with CABG associated with optimal medical treatment
				when compared with patients treated only with optimal medical treatment, especially
				in groups of patients without ischemia or with mild ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Procedures and their costs also varied significantly between the two metropolitan
				areas and InCor-FMUSP. Although functional testing procedures are more often used to
				assess patients with CAD in the three scenarios, the direct costs of these
				procedures differ significantly, representing only 6.1% in Curitiba, 20% in S&#227;o
				Paulo and 27% at InCor-FMUSP.</p>
      <p>Definitively, there is an inversion of values in terms of prevention, in which, for
				instance, in Curitiba, almost 90% of the total amount applied in the diagnosis and
				invasive treatment of patients with CAD is used in revascularization of these
				patients, whereas only 6.1% of the resources are used in non-invasive diagnosis.
				Rethinking the costs and the need for performance indicators are essential for the
				evaluation of how these resources are being employed. The health promotion proposals
				by Leavell and Clark<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> privileged normative
				educational actions directed at individuals, families and groups. However, the
				development of Medicine in Brazil maintained the predominance of individual
				practice, with curative approach to health problems.</p>
      <p>The assessed results demonstrate the different ways of approaching the patient with
				CAD in the metropolitan areas of Curitiba and S&#227;o Paulo, as well as at InCor-FMUSP.
				These differences probably reflect not only differences in medical profile, but also
				the limitations of access to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures inherent to the
				system itself. The data from Curitiba are a good example, being highly unlikely
				that, of the nearly 11,000 patients undergoing CABG, only 6,500 have undergone prior
				catheterization. This finding probably reflects the fact that the catheterization
				was performed outside the public health system, either in private clinics or in
				other regions of SUS, whereas the procedure of higher cost and greater complexity
				must have migrated to SUS from the metropolitan region of Curitiba. Regardless of
				the reason, the data demonstrate the incapacity of SUS to comprehensively treat the
				CAD patient and reinforces the uncertainty in the cost-effective application of
				resources.</p>
      <p>We are aware of the several limitations of this study. The analysis based on
				administrative data of SUS patients from the municipalities may not represent actual
				patients' clinical data. In addition, the retrospective observational analysis and
				its results are limited by uncertainties in patient selection and by several
				confounding biases that may affect the likelihood of a patient to be submitted to
				stress tests. The difficulties found compiling the data of this study with a very
				simple design (study completion was estimated at 12 months, but it took us 36
				months) reflect the difficulties within SUS in building solid indicators.</p>
      <p>There are several opportunities to improve the system as a whole, from patient access
				to the required tests, through quality of service, the evaluation tools for the
				medical management employed and its compliance with the guidelines of class
				societies. Currently, considering the measurable data, none of the scenarios showed
				apparent compliance with the guidelines for CAD research and treatment.</p>
      <p>A simple measure such as the use of patient identification on all examinations
				performed and not only those of higher cost/complexity, would be more accurate
				indicators of health. Without precise indicators about which patients are submitted
				to which procedures, whether these procedures are well indicated and the mortality
				related to different strata of patients, it is not possible to assess whether the
				nearly 354 million reais were used in the most cost-effective way.</p>
      <p>However, the start of the current situation analysis, supported by the acknowledged
				cross-validation strategies, such as the described sensitivity analyses, is an
				essential and viable first step. In the absence of more reliable databases, we
				believe that starting this analytical process was more important than not starting
				it due to the several current limitations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>There are clear differences in the management of patients with suspected or known DAC
				in the metropolitan regions of Curitiba and S&#227;o Paulo, and InCor-FMUSP. Although
				noninvasive functional tests are the tests most frequently used in the evaluation of
				patients with CAD in the three evaluated scenarios, the percentage of resources
				employed to perform the functional tests is much lower in Curitiba than in the other
				scenarios. Most of the costs are related to invasive procedures / treatments.
				Significant differences were observed in InCor-FMUSP regarding rates of
				revascularization when comparing the initial investigation strategies by invasive
				and noninvasive methods. When starting with non-invasive techniques (stress test and
				myocardial perfusion) one attains lower rates of catheterization that do not lead to
				revascularization in this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Preto D,
					Cesar LAM, Preto L, Stinghen L, Martinez C, Meneghetti JC; Acquisition of data:
					Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Preto D, Lemos PA, Cesar LAM, Preto L, Stinghen
					L, Martinez C, Meneghetti JC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cerci JJ,
					Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Meneghetti JC; Statistical analysis: Cerci JJ, Trindade E,
					Cerci RJ; Writing of the manuscript: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Preto D,
					Lemos PA, Cesar LAM, Preto L, Stinghen L, Martinez C, Meneghetti JC; Critical
					revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci
					RJ, Preto D, Lemos PA, Cesar LAM, Preto L, Stinghen L, Martinez C, Meneghetti
					JC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post-doctoral submitted by Juliano Julio
					Cerci, from USP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Itiner&#225;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o do Paciente Coronariano do
					SUS em Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Evelinda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preto</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Preto</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stinghen</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;tia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Incor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Incor-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o
					Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o
					Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico Nuclear, Curitiba, PR -
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR
					- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliano Julio Cerci</bold>, Av. Sete de Setembro, 4.699,
					Batel. CEP 80240-001, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>julianocerci@quantamn.com.br</email>;
						<email>cercijuliano@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel e seu tratamento
						dependem da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para a decis&#227;o sobre a necessidade de
						cateterismo card&#237;aco e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar os procedimentos utilizados no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento invasivo dos
						pacientes com DAC do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) nos munic&#237;pios de
						Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e no IIncor- FMUSP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, observacional dos itiner&#225;rios diagn&#243;sticos
						e terap&#234;uticos dos pacientes do SUS, entre os grupos submetidos ou n&#227;o a
						testes n&#227;o invasivos pr&#233;vios ao cateterismo card&#237;aco invasivo. Foram
						quantificados os procedimentos de teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma de
						estresse, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o, cateterismo e tratamento com
						revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica e o impacto econ&#244;mico destas
						estrat&#233;gias utilizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Existem diferen&#231;as importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com DAC suspeita ou
						conhecida nos tr&#234;s cen&#225;rios. Apesar dos testes funcionais serem os
						procedimentos mais frequentemente utilizados, os custos diretos referentes a
						esses procedimentos diferem significativamente (6,1% em Curitiba, 20% em S&#227;o
						Paulo e 27% no Incor-FMUSP). Os custos relacionados aos procedimentos e
						tratamentos invasivos representam 59,7% dos custos diretos do SUS em S&#227;o
						Paulo e 87,2% em Curitiba. No Incor-FMUSP, apenas 24,3% dos pacientes com
						DAC est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foram submetidos a um teste n&#227;o
						invasivo antes do procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Apesar dos testes funcionais n&#227;o invasivos serem os exames mais
						frequentemente solicitados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC suspeita ou
						conhecida, a maior parte dos custos est&#225; relacionada a
						procedimento/tratamento invasivo. Na maioria dos pacientes revascularizados,
						n&#227;o foi realizada a documenta&#231;&#227;o da carga de isquemia dentro do SUS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Pesquisa</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, estudos cl&#237;nicos importantes reexaminaram a quest&#227;o da
					investiga&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel e seu tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Atualmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes
					com suspeita ou DAC est&#225;vel obstrutiva estabelecida depende da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de
					risco para a decis&#227;o adequada sobre a necessidade de cateterismo card&#237;aco (CATE)
					e benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos card&#237;acos intervencionistas apresentam alto custo, e ajustes
					tecnol&#243;gicos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a opera&#231;&#227;o desses servi&#231;os em altos n&#237;veis de
					resolutividade e efici&#234;ncia. Assim, os testes de estresse n&#227;o invasivos s&#227;o
					recomendados como testes de triagem em pacientes de risco para DAC, atuando de
					forma importante na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de maior risco que podem se beneficiar
					de tratamentos invasivos de maior custo. Esses exames tamb&#233;m fornecem informa&#231;&#227;o
					progn&#243;stica relevante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, com implica&#231;&#245;es
					de tratamento ao definir a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com
					isquemia significativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Avaliar a sequ&#234;ncia de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e o tratamento atualmente
					utilizados nos pacientes com DAC suspeita ou estabelecida em duas grandes
					regi&#245;es metropolitanas, S&#227;o Paulo e Curitiba, al&#233;m de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de
					refer&#234;ncia de cardiologia, &#233; um passo importante para compreender de que forma
					os recursos do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) v&#234;m sendo utilizados e identificar
					se h&#225; oportunidades de melhorias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, observacional dos itiner&#225;rios diagn&#243;sticos e
					terap&#234;uticos dos pacientes com DAC suspeita ou conhecida do SUS dos munic&#237;pios
					de Curitiba e S&#227;o Paulo, entre os grupos submetidos ou n&#227;o a testes n&#227;o
					invasivos pr&#233;vios ao cateterismo card&#237;aco invasivo. O respectivo impacto
					econ&#244;mico das estrat&#233;gias observadas sob a perspectiva do SUS tamb&#233;m foi
					avaliado. Da mesma forma, foram avaliados os pacientes do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o
					do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo
					(Incor-FMUSP), por apresentar a maior popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC da Am&#233;rica
					Latina e ter base de dados estruturada que permite esse tipo de levantamento,
					incluindo o laudo dos procedimentos em sistema informatizado.</p>
        <p>Foi realizado um levantamento, no Datasus, do n&#250;mero de procedimentos para
					investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC realizados no SUS em Curitiba e em S&#227;o Paulo, dados que
					foram cruzados e corrigidos com a revis&#227;o de guias de autoriza&#231;&#227;o de
					procedimentos ambulatoriais de alta complexidade (APAC).</p>
        <p>Foram levantados os boletins de produ&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (BPA), autoriza&#231;&#245;es de
					procedimentos de alta complexidade (APACs) e autoriza&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o
					hospitalar (AIH) nominais no per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2010, dos pacientes submetidos a
					teste de esfor&#231;o, cintilografia, ecocardiografia de estresse, cateterismo
					card&#237;aco, angioplastia e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no Sistema
					&#218;nico de Sa&#250;de nos munic&#237;pios de Curitiba e S&#227;o Paulo. A partir do nome dos
					pacientes, foi poss&#237;vel apurar a quais e quantos procedimentos cada um foi
					submetido longitudinalmente durante o per&#237;odo em estudo. Conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o da
					Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Curitiba, esse levantamento foi acompanhado por
					auditores da pr&#243;pria secretaria, e os dados cruzados com o faturamento de
					exames.</p>
        <p>O mesmo levantamento foi realizado no Incor-FMUSP apenas em pacientes do SUS. Na
					avalia&#231;&#227;o de guias APAC, AIH e BPA, foram analisados o Cadastro Nacional de
					Estabelecimentos de Sa&#250;de (CNES) para se certificar da n&#227;o sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de dados
					do Incor-FMUSP e demais centros no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo. Foram comparados os
					dados emp&#237;ricos observados nas realidades das secretarias de sa&#250;de de Curitiba e
					S&#227;o Paulo, assim como no Incor-FMUSP. Dentro das condi&#231;&#245;es vigentes atualmente
					no Incor-FMUSP, em cada ano do estudo foi poss&#237;vel observar o exame e o
					acompanhamento de cerca de quatro mil pacientes submetidos a cateterismo
					card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa dos procedimentos em estudo
					permitiu estimar probabilidades de uso desses recursos diagn&#243;sticos e
					terap&#234;uticos, segundo os estratos diagn&#243;sticos e comorbidade presentes, idade e
					sexo dos pacientes observados.</p>
        <p>O desfecho final (&#243;bito), em cada estrato de investiga&#231;&#227;o identificado, foi
					avaliado no Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM) at&#233; a data de
					31/12/2012, e a taxa de mortalidade anual foi calculada.</p>
        <p>Recebidos os dados administrativos das secretarias municipais de sa&#250;de, t&#233;cnicas
					de minera&#231;&#227;o de dados foram utilizadas, as quais, independentemente da atividade
					atendida, est&#227;o divididas em sete etapas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>: limpeza, integra&#231;&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o,
					transforma&#231;&#227;o e minera&#231;&#227;o dos dados, avalia&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es e representa&#231;&#227;o de
					conhecimento.</p>
        <p>Em paralelo a essas atividades de elabora&#231;&#227;o, foram tamb&#233;m avaliados os dados dos
					prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes do Incor-FMUSP. Sabidamente, o Incor recebe
					pacientes de diversas outras cidades e estados, sendo inclu&#237;dos neste estudo
					todos os pacientes atendidos no SUS, independentemente da cidade de origem. Em
					ambas as bases de dados, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos foi
					realizada a partir das quantidades e qualidades dos recursos de assist&#234;ncia
					utilizados nos dois grupos de pacientes: aqueles submetidos a exames n&#227;o
					invasivos pr&#233;vios e aqueles referenciados diretamente ao cateterismo card&#237;aco
					invasivo.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado um modelo de &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o para permitir observar e quantificar
					os exames e recursos de sa&#250;de exigidos por cada grupo de pacientes. Os custos de
					procedimentos foram calculados em cada grupo de pacientes segundo levantamentos
					do Datasus e a realidade emp&#237;rica observada no Incor-FMUSP.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o Microsoft Excel 2007
					(Microsoft, Estados Unidos) e STATA vers&#227;o 11.0 (StataCorp, College Station,
					Estados Unidos), considerando o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 0,05. A an&#225;lise
					descritiva foi realizada pelo c&#225;lculo do percentual de pacientes que se
					submeteram a teste de esfor&#231;o, CPM-SPECT ou CATE como teste de proped&#234;utica
					diagn&#243;stica inicial. Tamb&#233;m foi calculada a frequ&#234;ncia de testes a seguir, a
					incid&#234;ncia global de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s
					CATE em cada grupo de estrat&#233;gia. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para testar
					diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>SUS na regi&#227;o metropolitana de Curitiba</title>
          <p>Estima-se que a regi&#227;o metropolitana de Curitiba possua 3.168.980 habitantes.
						Dentre os 66.987 procedimentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e tratamento de
						DAC realizados no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010, o teste de
						esfor&#231;o foi o exame mais frequente, seguido pelos procedimentos de
						revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica. Esses mesmos procedimentos
						representaram 1,5% e 87,2% dos custos diretos totais empenhados no
						diagn&#243;stico e tratamento invasivo dos pacientes com DAC na regi&#227;o
						metropolitana de Curitiba.</p>
          <p>&#201; interessante notar que, enquanto houve 10.809 procedimentos de
						revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica, foram realizados no mesmo per&#237;odo
						apenas 6.517 cateterismos.</p>
          <p>Excluindo os procedimentos de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e transtor&#225;cica
						- que podem ser utilizados em outras indica&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m de DAC -, o n&#250;mero de
						procedimentos apresenta custo direto final de quase 60 milh&#245;es de reais,
						levando-se em conta a popula&#231;&#227;o estimada de cerca de 3,1 milh&#245;es de
						habitantes, com custo m&#233;dio por habitante de R$ 18,90 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref> s&#227;o mostradas as quantidades de procedimentos
						e os respectivos custos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o absoluta e relativa da frequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos
								diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, e respectivos custos relacionados &#224; DAC
								na regi&#227;o metropolitana de Curitiba</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Per&#237;odo 2008 -2010</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <bold>Curitiba (3.168.980 habitantes)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>(%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Custo direto</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>(%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td>41.206</td>
                  <td>61,5%</td>
                  <td>R$ 894.360,00</td>
                  <td>1,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Ecocardiografia de estresse</td>
                  <td>1.592</td>
                  <td>2,4%</td>
                  <td>R$ 248.259,00</td>
                  <td>0,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td>6.862</td>
                  <td>10,2%</td>
                  <td>R$ 2.539.585,45</td>
                  <td>4,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cintilografia sincronizada de c&#226;maras
										card&#237;acas</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>0,0%</td>
                  <td>R$ 146,30</td>
                  <td>0,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td>6.517</td>
                  <td>9,7%</td>
                  <td>R$ 4.006.130,24</td>
                  <td>6,7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td>10.809</td>
                  <td>16,1%</td>
                  <td>R$ 52.213.651,95</td>
                  <td>87,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td>66.987</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>R$ 59.902.132,94</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Custo m&#233;dio por habitante</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>R$ 18,90</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e
								terap&#234;uticos, e respectivos custos relacionados &#224; DAC na regi&#227;o
								metropolitana de Curitiba.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Dentre as AIHs e APACs levantadas junto &#224; Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, dos
						6.076 procedimentos de cateterismo, apenas 14,5% dos casos foram avaliados
						com exames de imagem funcional previamente ao cateterismo. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel
						avaliar quantos desses pacientes foram submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o por n&#227;o
						haver registro do nome dos pacientes submetidos ao exame nos relat&#243;rios das
						secretarias de sa&#250;de (municipais ou estaduais ou mesmo no Minist&#233;rio da
						Sa&#250;de, constando apenas o CNPJ do provedor e o valor total transferido para
						bloco de testes de esfor&#231;o no per&#237;odo).</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s AIHs dos 6.489 procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o analisados,
						apenas 13,5% haviam sido avaliados previamente com exames de imagem
						funcional.</p>
          <p>No grupo de pacientes submetidos posteriormente a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
						percut&#226;nea, a taxa de mortalidade anual foi de 4,8%, enquanto nos pacientes
						revascularizados cirurgicamente foi de 5,6%. No grupo de pacientes
						submetidos a cateterismo, por&#233;m n&#227;o revascularizados, a mortalidade foi
						significativamente menor, de 1,8%. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a mortalidade no
						grupo de pacientes submetidos a testes funcionais, tendo em vista que os
						pacientes submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o s&#227;o relatados nominalmente &#224;
						Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo</title>
          <p>Estima-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo seja de
						20.309.647 habitantes. No per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2010, foram realizados 457.436
						procedimentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e tratamento de DAC, de acordo com
						o Datasus. Dentre eles, o teste de esfor&#231;o foi o exame mais frequentemente
						utilizado, seguido pela cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio; o tratamento de
						revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi realizado em 7,6% dos casos. Esses mesmos procedimentos
						representaram 2,9%, 16,5% e 59,7% dos custos diretos totais empenhados,
						respectivamente, no diagn&#243;stico e no tratamento invasivo dos pacientes com
						DAC na regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
          <p>Excluindo os procedimentos de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e transtor&#225;cica,
						que podem ser utilizados em outras indica&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m de DAC, o n&#250;mero de
						procedimentos apresenta custo direto final de quase 240 milh&#245;es de reais,
						levando-se em conta a popula&#231;&#227;o estimada de cerca de 20 milh&#245;es de
						habitantes, com custo m&#233;dio por habitante de R$ 11,69 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). A rela&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de
						procedimentos e respectivos custos est&#225; na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o absoluta e relativa da frequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos
								diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, e respectivos custos relacionados &#224; DAC
								na regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Per&#237;odo 2008 -2010</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <bold>S&#227;o Paulo (20.309.647 habitantes)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>(%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Custo direto</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>(%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td>230.900</td>
                  <td>50,5%</td>
                  <td>R$ 6.927.000,00</td>
                  <td>2,9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Ecocardiografia de estresse</td>
                  <td>6.301</td>
                  <td>1,4%</td>
                  <td>R$ 982.344,00</td>
                  <td>0,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td>104.239</td>
                  <td>22,8%</td>
                  <td>R$ 39.261.431,37</td>
                  <td>16,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cintilografia sincronizada de c&#226;maras
										card&#237;acas</td>
                  <td>2.948</td>
                  <td>0,6%</td>
                  <td>R$ 462.412,06</td>
                  <td>0,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td>78.250</td>
                  <td>17,1%</td>
                  <td>R$ 48.101.840,00</td>
                  <td>20,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td>34.798</td>
                  <td>7,6%</td>
                  <td>R$ 141.585.187,21</td>
                  <td>59,7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td>457.436</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>R$ 237.320.214,64</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Gasto por habitante</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>R$ 11,69</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e
								terap&#234;uticos, e respectivos custos relacionados &#224; DAC na regi&#227;o
								metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Foi poss&#237;vel avaliar, nos pacientes da regi&#227;o metropolitana, as taxas de
						mortalidade nos estratos de pacientes submetidos a cateterismo e
						subsequentemente revascularizados. No grupo de pacientes submetidos a
						revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, a taxa de mortalidade anual foi de 5,5%,
						enquanto nos pacientes revascularizados cirurgicamente foi de 6,3%. No grupo
						de pacientes submetidos a cateterismo, por&#233;m n&#227;o revascularizados, a
						mortalidade foi significativamente menor, de 1,2%. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar
						a mortalidade no grupo de pacientes submetidos a testes funcionais, tendo em
						vista que os pacientes submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o s&#227;o relatados
						nominalmente &#224; Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados do Incor-FMUSP</title>
          <p>Considerando-se que o Incor-FMUSP &#233; centro de refer&#234;ncia de alta complexidade
						em procedimentos cardiovasculares, credenciado pelo SUS, estima-se que deve
						cobrir uma &#225;rea de atendimento de cerca de cinco milh&#245;es de habitantes. No
						per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2010, 78.792 pacientes foram avaliados na institui&#231;&#227;o com
						suspeita ou DAC estabelecida. Destes, 18.994 foram exclu&#237;dos por terem sido
						admitidos em situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia, transferidos de outra institui&#231;&#227;o ou
						por diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel de alto
						risco. A coorte final foi composta por 59.798 pacientes com DAC suspeita ou
						est&#225;vel.</p>
          <p>Dos 59.798 pacientes, 34.626 (57,9%) foram primeiramente avaliados por teste
						de esfor&#231;o (grupo 1), 16.221 (27,1%) foram inicialmente submetidos a
						cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio (grupo 2), enquanto 8.951 (14,9%) foram
						inicialmente submetidos a CATE (grupo 3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes inicialmente avaliados por teste ergom&#233;trico </title>
          <p>Da coorte total, 34.626 (57,9%) pacientes foram inicialmente avaliadas por
						teste de esfor&#231;o. A taxa de mortalidade anual nesse grupo foi de 0,5%. Esses
						pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s subgrupos:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>CATE: em 797 pacientes (2,3%), ap&#243;s o teste de esfor&#231;o foi realizado
								CATE. Destes, 410/797 (51,4%) n&#227;o foram submetidos a
								revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Enquanto 387/797 pacientes (48,6%) foram
								submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, 256 foram submetidos a angioplastia
								eletiva, 98 pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do
								mioc&#225;rdio e 33 foram submetidos a angioplastia e cirurgia de
								revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio: foi o teste seguinte em 1.865 pacientes
								(5,4%). Destes, 1.748/1.865 (93,7,%) n&#227;o foram submetidos a CATE.
								Dos 117/1.865 (6,3%) pacientes submetidos a CATE, 69/117 (59,0%)
								foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, 46 pacientes foram submetidos a
								angioplastia, 20 a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e tr&#234;s a cirurgia de
								revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e angioplastia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Os demais 31.964 pacientes (92,3%) foram acompanhados clinicamente
								sem CATE subsequente ou cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio geral foi de 1,3% (456/34.626),
						enquanto a incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o CATE foi de 49,9% (456/914)
						nesse grupo de estrat&#233;gia de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes inicialmente avaliados por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do
						mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>Dos 16.221 pacientes inicialmente avaliados por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do
						mioc&#225;rdio, 1.959 (12,1%) foram posteriormente submetidos a CATE com
						incid&#234;ncia global de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de 6,0% (971/16.221). A taxa de
						mortalidade anual nesse grupo foi de 2,7%.</p>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s o CATE foi de 49,6%
						(971/1.959) no grupo cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo 760
						pacientes submetidos a angioplastia, 179 a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e 32
						a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e angioplastia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes inicialmente avaliados por cateterismo card&#237;aco</title>
          <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi o teste diagn&#243;stico inicial em 8.951 pacientes,
						com incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de 28,9% (2.583/8.951) nesse grupo, sendo
						que 1.624 (62,9%) pacientes foram submetidos a angioplastia, 857 (33,2%) a
						cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e 102 (3,9%) a ambos. A taxa de mortalidade
						anual nesse grupo foi de 3,8%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o de CATE, testes n&#227;o invasivos pr&#233;vios e taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
						subsequente</title>
          <p>Dos 12.132 pacientes submetidos a cateterismo, em 8.951 (73,8%) n&#227;o foi
						realizado qualquer teste funcional anterior para documentar a isquemia; em
						914/12.132 pacientes (7,5%), o teste de esfor&#231;o foi o exame primeiramente
						realizado e, em 1.959/12.132 pacientes (16,1%), a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o
						do mioc&#225;rdio foi inicialmente realizada. Assim, apenas 2.873/12.132 (23,7%)
						dos pacientes que se submeteram a CATE eletivo foram submetidos a um teste
						de estresse nos 180 dias anteriores ao procedimento.</p>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de CATE que n&#227;o resultou em revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi
						significativamente diferente entre os grupos submetidos inicialmente a teste
						de esfor&#231;o e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (50,1%
							<italic>versus</italic> 50,4%, respectivamente, p = 0,74), mas essa
						incid&#234;ncia foi significativamente maior no grupo inicialmente avaliado por
						CATE (71,1%, p &lt; 0,001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>.
						Finalmente, um ter&#231;o dos 4.010 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o -
						1.427/4.010 (35,6%) - tiveram teste de estresse n&#227;o invasivo antes do
						procedimento.</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o de pacientes revascularizados e n&#227;o revascularizados ap&#243;s
								cateterismo card&#237;aco, em pacientes cujo primeiro exame de
								investiga&#231;&#227;o foi teste de esfor&#231;o, cintilografia ou o pr&#243;prio
								cateterismo no Incor-FMUSP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os custos diretos relacionados aos procedimentos de investiga&#231;&#227;o e tratamento
						invasivo em pacientes com DAC suspeita ou conhecida no Incor-FMUSP s&#227;o
						relatados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o absoluta e relativa da frequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos
								diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, e respectivos custos relacionados &#224; DAC
								no Incor-FMUSP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Per&#237;odo 2008 -2010</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <bold>Incor-FMUSP (~5.000.000 habitantes)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>(%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Custo Direto</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>(%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Teste de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td>46.217</td>
                  <td>42,1%</td>
                  <td>R$ 1.386.510,00</td>
                  <td>2,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Ecocardiografia de estresse</td>
                  <td>2.481</td>
                  <td>2,3%</td>
                  <td>R$ 386.795,03</td>
                  <td>0,7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td>34.775</td>
                  <td>31,6%</td>
                  <td>R$ 13.098.237,68</td>
                  <td>23,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cintilografia sincronizada de c&#226;maras
										card&#237;acas</td>
                  <td>1.258</td>
                  <td>1,1%</td>
                  <td>R$ 197.325,09</td>
                  <td>0,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td>19.468</td>
                  <td>17,7%</td>
                  <td>R$ 11.967.368,96</td>
                  <td>21,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td>6.956</td>
                  <td>6,3%</td>
                  <td>R$ 29.606.786,03</td>
                  <td>52,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td>109.898</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>R$ 56.643.022,79</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Gasto por habitante</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>R$ 11,33</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico com a rela&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de procedimentos e seus
								custos diretos para o SUS em Curitiba, S&#227;o Paulo e no Incor-FMUSP,
								em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes funcionais, avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva por cateterismo
								e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0192-40107-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A angioplastia coronariana e a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o
					op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, com benef&#237;cios
					estabelecidos em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco. Diretrizes para a interven&#231;&#227;o
					coron&#225;ria eletiva publicadas conjuntamente pelo Col&#233;gio Americano de
					Cardiologia, Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Sociedade de Angiografia
					Cardiovascular e Interven&#231;&#227;o indicam que, para pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, a
					interven&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria est&#225; indicada quando a estenose
					estiver "associada &#224; isquemia de grau moderado ou acentuado em teste n&#227;o
					invasivo" <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Estudos anteriores
					demonstraram que os pacientes submetidos a angioplastia eletiva de acordo com
					essas orienta&#231;&#245;es apresentam melhores resultados terap&#234;uticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>De fato, nos pacientes do Incor-FMUSP com DAC suspeita ou diagnosticada, aqueles
					com maiores taxa de mortalidade s&#227;o os submetidos a testes com maior
					complexidade, pacientes inicialmente avaliados por teste de esfor&#231;o apresentam
					mortalidade anual de 0,5%, enquanto em pacientes inicialmente avaliados por
					cintilografia a mortalidade foi de 2,7% e nos pacientes inicialmente avaliados
					por cateterismo card&#237;aco foi de 3,8%. Isso &#233; importante porque os laborat&#243;rios
					de cardiologia intervencionista apresentam alto custo para o seu funcionamento e
					devem ser operados nos mais altos n&#237;veis de efici&#234;ncia e resolutividade. Assim,
					quando h&#225; alta probabilidade de necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, &#233; custo-efetivo
					iniciar diretamente a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com cateterismo card&#237;aco e, se
					poss&#237;vel, interven&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea no mesmo ato. No entanto,
					em paciente de menor risco a avalia&#231;&#227;o com teste n&#227;o invasivo previamente ao
					cateterismo card&#237;aco est&#225; associada a menores custos globais de diagn&#243;stico,
					internamentos mais curtos e menores taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sem aumento nos
					eventos adversos, como morte card&#237;aca ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Avaliar se exames invasivos, como o cateterismo, est&#227;o sendo realizados em
					pacientes adequadamente selecionados &#233; fundamental para proporcionar assist&#234;ncia
					m&#233;dica de alta qualidade. Nesse sentido, nossos resultados sugerem que as
					estrat&#233;gias atuais de diagn&#243;stico podem ser substancialmente melhoradas no SUS,
					uma vez que mesmo no Incor-FMUSP, uma institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino de alto n&#237;vel,
					apenas 23,7% dos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel suspeita ou confirmada submetidos a
					cateterismo realizaram teste n&#227;o invasivo antes do procedimento dentro do SUS,
					ao contr&#225;rio do que seria de esperar em um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento, onde as
					estrat&#233;gias mais custo-efetivas devem ser estimuladas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, nos
					Estados Unidos, Topol e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e Lin e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e descrevem melhores
					resultados com maiores taxas de testes funcionais de estresse previamente ao
					cateterismo card&#237;aco eletivo em pacientes do Medicare (44,5% e 29%,
					respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Outra medida de efici&#234;ncia &#233; a taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por grupo de estrat&#233;gia,
					assumindo que a abordagem perfeita seria selecionar apenas os pacientes que
					necessitam de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica para serem submetidos a
					procedimentos mais invasivos e dispendiosos. Uma estrat&#233;gia ideal evitaria o
					maior n&#250;mero de cateterismos com resultados sem estenose significativa, ou seja,
					estudos "normais", quando poss&#237;vel. No InCor-FMUSP, a incid&#234;ncia de cateterismo
					card&#237;aco que n&#227;o resultou em revasculariza&#231;&#227;o aconteceu em cerca de metade dos
					pacientes inicialmente avaliados com exames n&#227;o invasivos, enquanto no grupo em
					que o cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado como teste de diagn&#243;stico inicial
					resultou em revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em apenas 28,9% dos pacientes. J&#225; nos demais
					pacientes do SUS em S&#227;o Paulo, dos pacientes submetidos a cateterismo apenas 27%
					foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, nos pacientes do Incor-FMUSP,
					apenas 35,6% dos pacientes tiveram a carga isqu&#234;mica devidamente documentada
					dentro do SUS atrav&#233;s de um teste de estresse n&#227;o invasivo antes do procedimento
					de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o eletiva. Em Curitiba, apenas 13,5% dos pacientes
					revascularizados foram avaliados previamente com exames funcionais de imagem.
					V&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos relevantes n&#227;o mostram diminui&#231;&#227;o no risco de morte e
					infarto do mioc&#225;rdio futuro para os pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel tratados com
					revasculariza&#231;&#227;o associada a tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado quando comparados com
					pacientes tratados apenas com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, especialmente em
					grupos de pacientes sem isquemia ou com isquemia discreta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos e seus respectivos custos tamb&#233;m variaram significativamente
					entre as duas regi&#245;es metropolitanas e o Incor-FMUSP. Apesar de os testes
					funcionais serem os procedimentos mais frequentemente utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o do
					paciente com DAC nos tr&#234;s cen&#225;rios, os custos diretos referentes a esses
					procedimentos diferem significativamente, representando apenas 6,1% em Curitiba,
					20% em S&#227;o Paulo e 27% no Incor-FMUSP.</p>
        <p>Definitivamente, h&#225; uma invers&#227;o de valores no n&#237;vel de preven&#231;&#227;o, no qual, por
					exemplo, em Curitiba, quase 90% do montante financeiro total aplicado no
					diagn&#243;stico e tratamento invasivo dos pacientes com DAC &#233; utilizado na
					revasculariza&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes, enquanto apenas 6,1% dos recursos s&#227;o
					utilizados no diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo. Repensar a escala de valores e a
					necessidade de indicadores de resultados &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da
					forma como esses recursos v&#234;m sendo empregados. As propostas de promo&#231;&#227;o da
					sa&#250;de em Leavell e Clark<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> privilegiavam
					a&#231;&#245;es educativas normativas voltadas para indiv&#237;duos, fam&#237;lias e grupos.
					Contudo, o desenvolvimento da medicina no Brasil manteve a predomin&#226;ncia de
					pr&#225;tica individual, com enfoque curativo dos problemas de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Os resultados levantados demonstram as diferentes formas de abordar o paciente
					com DAC nas regi&#245;es metropolitanas de Curitiba e de S&#227;o Paulo, e no InCor-FMUSP.
					Essas diferen&#231;as provavelmente refletem n&#227;o s&#243; diferen&#231;as no perfil m&#233;dico, mas
					tamb&#233;m as limita&#231;&#245;es de acesso aos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos
					inerentes ao pr&#243;prio sistema. Os dados de Curitiba s&#227;o um bom exemplo disso,
					sendo altamente improv&#225;vel que dos quase 11 mil pacientes submetidos a
					revasculariza&#231;&#227;o apenas 6,5 mil tenham sido submetidos a cateterismo pr&#233;vio.
					Esse dado provavelmente reflete a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo fora da rede do SUS,
					seja na rede privada seja em outras regi&#245;es do pr&#243;prio SUS, enquanto o
					procedimento de maior custo e maior complexidade deve ter migrado para o SUS da
					regi&#227;o metropolitana de Curitiba. Independentemente do motivo, esse dado
					demonstra a incapacidade do SUS de atender de forma global o paciente com DAC e
					refor&#231;a a incerteza na aplica&#231;&#227;o de recursos de forma custo-efetiva.</p>
        <p>Estamos cientes das diversas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. A an&#225;lise baseada nos dados
					administrativos dos pacientes do SUS dos munic&#237;pios pode n&#227;o representar os
					dados cl&#237;nicos reais dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise retrospectiva
					observacional e seus resultados s&#227;o limitados pelas incertezas na sele&#231;&#227;o dos
					pacientes e por in&#250;meros vieses de confus&#227;o, que podem afetar a probabilidade de
					um paciente ser submetido a testes de estresse. As dificuldades encontradas para
					a compila&#231;&#227;o de dados deste estudo com desenho bastante simples (estimava-se a
					conclus&#227;o do trabalho em 12 meses, por&#233;m foram necess&#225;rios 36 meses) refletem as
					pr&#243;prias dificuldades dentro do &#226;mbito do SUS na constru&#231;&#227;o de indicadores
					s&#243;lidos de resultados. Existem diversas oportunidades de melhorar o sistema de
					forma integral, desde o acesso dos pacientes aos exames requeridos, passando
					pela qualidade do servi&#231;o prestado, os mecanismos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da conduta m&#233;dica
					empregada e sua conformidade com as diretrizes de sociedades de classe. Hoje, &#224;
					luz dos dados poss&#237;veis de serem aferidos, em nenhum dos cen&#225;rios h&#225; aparente
					conformidade com as diretrizes de investiga&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de DAC. Uma medida
					simples, como a ado&#231;&#227;o de identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente em todos os exames
					realizados e n&#227;o apenas naqueles de maior custo/complexidade, permitiria ter
					indicativos mais precisos de sa&#250;de. Sem indicadores precisos sobre quais
					pacientes s&#227;o submetidos a quais procedimentos, se esses procedimentos est&#227;o bem
					indicados e a mortalidade relacionada aos diferentes estratos de pacientes n&#227;o
					ser&#225; poss&#237;vel avaliar se os quase 354 milh&#245;es de reais foram empregados da forma
					mais custo-efetiva poss&#237;vel. Entretanto, o in&#237;cio dessa an&#225;lise da situa&#231;&#227;o
					atual, balizado com as estrat&#233;gias reconhecidas de valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada, como as
					an&#225;lises de sensibilidade descritas, representa uma primeira etapa essencial e
					poss&#237;vel. Na aus&#234;ncia de bases de dados mais confi&#225;veis, julgamos que iniciar
					esse processo anal&#237;tico foi mais importante do que n&#227;o inici&#225;-lo em decorr&#234;ncia
					das in&#250;meras limita&#231;&#245;es atuais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Existem claras diferen&#231;as no manejo do paciente com DAC suspeita ou conhecida nas
					regi&#245;es metropolitana de Curitiba e de S&#227;o Paulo, e no Incor-FMUSP. Apesar de os
					testes funcionais n&#227;o invasivos serem os exames mais frequentemente utilizados
					na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC nos tr&#234;s cen&#225;rios avaliados, a porcentagem de
					recursos empregados para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes funcionais &#233; muito menor em
					Curitiba que nos demais cen&#225;rios. A maior parte dos custos est&#225; relacionada a
					procedimentos/tratamentos invasivos.</p>
        <p>No Incor-FMUSP, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nas taxas de
					revasculariza&#231;&#227;o comparando as estrat&#233;gias iniciais de investiga&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos
					invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos. Iniciando com as t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas (teste de
					esfor&#231;o e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o), resultam em menores taxas de cateterismo
					que n&#227;o levam &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Preto D,
						Cesar LAM, Preto L, Stinghen L, Martinez C, Meneghetti JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
						dados: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Preto D, Lemos PA, Cesar LAM, Preto
						L, Stinghen L, Martinez C, Meneghetti JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
						Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Meneghetti JC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cerci
						JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci
						RJ, Preto D, Lemos PA, Cesar LAM, Preto L, Stinghen L, Martinez C,
						Meneghetti JC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
						importante: Cerci JJ, Trindade E, Cerci RJ, Preto D, Lemos PA, Cesar LAM,
						Stinghen L, Martinez C, Meneghetti JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn04" fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-doutorado de Juliano Julio Cerci pela
						USP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
