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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LLSJhfXJzNf9SXSgTK8dNYs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Do Diabetic Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes Have
					a Higher Threshold for Ischemic Pain?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Dornas Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franci</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Gallego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giugliano</surname>
            <given-names>Robert P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de
					Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Division</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's
					Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>, Aureliano Coutinho, 355/1401,
					Higien&#243;polis. Postal Code 01224-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. Email:
						<email>nicolau@cardiol.br</email>;
					<email>corjnicolau@incor.usp.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>183</fpage>
      <lpage>191</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Data from over 4 decades have reported a higher incidence of silent
						infarction among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), but recent
						publications have shown conflicting results regarding the correlation
						between DM and presence of pain in patients with acute coronary syndromes
						(ACS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Our primary objective was to analyze the association between DM and
						precordial pain at hospital arrival. Secondary analyses evaluated the
						association between hyperglycemia and precordial pain at presentation, and
						the subgroup of patients presenting within 6 hours of symptom onset.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We analyzed a prospectively designed registry of 3,544 patients with ACS
						admitted to a Coronary Care Unit of a tertiary hospital. We developed
						multivariable models to adjust for potential confounders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients with precordial pain were less likely to have DM (30.3%) than those
						without pain (34.0%; unadjusted p = 0.029), but this difference was not
						significant after multivariable adjustment, for the global population (p =
						0.84), and for subset of patients that presented within 6 hours from symptom
						onset (p = 0.51). In contrast, precordial pain was more likely among
						patients with hyperglycemia (41.2% vs 37.0% without hyperglycemia, p =
						0.035) in the overall population and also among those who presented within 6
						hours (41.6% vs. 32.3%, p = 0.001). Adjusted models showed an independent
						association between hyperglycemia and pain at presentation, especially among
						patients who presented within 6 hours (OR = 1.41, p = 0.008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this non-selected ACS population, there was no correlation between DM and
						hospital presentation without precordial pain. Moreover, hyperglycemia
						correlated significantly with pain at presentation, especially in the
						population that arrived within 6 hours from symptom onset.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperglycemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Since the 1960's several investigators have reported a correlation between the
				presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and a higher threshold for ischemic pain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Necropsy data demonstrated a higher
				incidence of lesions at afferent nerves that conduct pain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, supporting the hypothesis that patients with DM have
				impaired sensation of precordial pain. However, subsequent clinical data have
				provided conflicting results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>For example, in analyses of patients undergoing exercise stress testing and 48-hour
				continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to evaluate ischemia, Caracciolo et
					al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> found a similar prevalence of
				asymptomatic ischemia using both modalities in diabetics compared with
				non-diabetics. Meanwhile, Falcone et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				found an even higher incidence of angina during daily activities in patients with
				DM, while others reported a higher prevalence of <italic>painless</italic> ischemia
				among patients with DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another method to explore the association between DM and symptomatic ischemia is to
				analyze the rate of unrecognized (silent) myocardial infarction in longitudinal
				studies. The majority of the publications report an absence of correlation between
				the presence of DM and silent MI, even when taking into account the presence of
				diabetic neuropathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. These findings led Sheffer et al. to
				comment in a review of the topic that, "none of the existing epidemiologic analyses
				have identified diabetes as an independent predictor of infarct recognition"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Analyses of the presence of chest pain at hospital arrival in patients with or
				without diabetes with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent a third opportunity
				to explore this question - results to date have been conflicting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Since hyperglycemia is a strong predictor
				of in-hospital mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, and admission with ACS often represents
				the unmasking of previously undiagnosed DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,
				exploration of the association between hyperglycemia at presentation and presence or
				absence of pain with ACS represents another venue to explore this issue.</p>
      <p>The main purpose of this study was to analyze the associations between prior diabetes
				and the presence or absence of precordial pain in patients presenting at the
				hospital with ACS. The secondary aims included exploring the association between
				hyperglycemia and precordial pain, as well as analyzing the same associations in the
				subgroup of patients arriving at the hospital within 6 hours of symptom onset.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We analyzed data from a cohort of 3544 consecutive non-selected patients with ACS
				(1405 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 1425 with non-STEMI,
				and 724 unstable angina) from a prospective registry of patients admitted to a
				coronary care unit of a tertiary hospital from 02/1998 to 04/2012. The registry
				included patients whose symptom onset started within 7 days, and included patients
				who were transferred from another hospital. We have used standard definitions to
				diagnose AMI as described in the concurrent guidelines, with measurement of
				creatine-kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) mass and cardiac troponin I on a routine
				basis from 2001 onward.</p>
      <p>The presence of precordial pain at hospital arrival was determined by review of the
				patient's information obtained by the admitting physician(s) in the coronary care
				unit. Patient who were unconscious or disoriented were excluded. Patients who
				experienced other symptoms, such as dyspnea, fatigue, or other "ischemic
				equivalents" were classified as not having precordial pain. We defined the presence
				of diabetes mellitus from the medical history and/or use of glucose lowering drugs.
				Patients who had newly diagnosed diabetes during hospitalization were classified as
				not having diabetes at presentation. We defined hyperglycemia as the presence of a
				blood glucose level of &gt; 125 mg/dL measured in the local hospital laboratory on
				the first measurement after hospital arrival.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>The Chi-square and Fisher exact test were used for the comparison between
					categorical variables as appropriate. The Mann-Whitney (non-normal distribution,
					as determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) or Student's
					<italic>t</italic>-test (normal distribution) was used for comparisons between
					continuous variables.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Model development</title>
          <p>Several adjusted models were developed to analyze the association between
						history of diabetes or hyperglycemia and presence of absence of pain at
						hospital arrival, using the backward stepwise logistic regression method.
						Those variables were chosen to develop a broad scenario regarding patient
						information at hospital arrival. The first 3 models tested the correlation
						between history of diabetes and pain at hospital arrival. Model 1A included
						as independent variables those listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>, except time from symptom onset and hyperglycemia. Model
						1B included the same variables, plus time from symptom onset (as a
						continuous variable). Finally, model 1C was similar to model 1A, but was
						restricted to the population arriving at the hospital within 6 hours of
						symptom onset. Because history of diabetes was excluded in the first steps
						of the development of models 1A, 1B and 1C, similar additional models were
						developed, forcing the variable (history of diabetes) into the model. In
						order to analyze the association between hyperglycemia and pain at hospital
						arrival, we substituted history of diabetes by hyperglycemia in models 1A,
						1B and 1C, generating models 2A, 2B and 2C respectively. Because
						hyperglycemia was excluded in the early steps of model 2A development, an
						additional model forcing the variable hyperglycemia until the last step was
						developed.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t01">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison between patients with or without chest pain at
								hospital arrival</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Without CP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>With CP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p-value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">N (%) of patients</td>
                  <td>3544 (100)</td>
                  <td>1154 (32.6)</td>
                  <td>2390 (67.4)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Mean age (SE), y</td>
                  <td>64.0 (0.21)</td>
                  <td>65.7 (0.37)</td>
                  <td>63.3 (0.26)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td>68.6</td>
                  <td>65</td>
                  <td>70.3</td>
                  <td>1.28 (1.10-1.48)</td>
                  <td>0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Caucasians (%)</td>
                  <td>86.3</td>
                  <td>86.0</td>
                  <td>86.4</td>
                  <td>1.03 (0.84-1.26)</td>
                  <td>0.801</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">History of Angina (%)</td>
                  <td>35.5</td>
                  <td>34.1</td>
                  <td>36.1</td>
                  <td>1.09 (0.94-1.26)</td>
                  <td>0.252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
                  <td>56.2</td>
                  <td>58.0</td>
                  <td>55.4</td>
                  <td>0.90 (0.78-1.04)</td>
                  <td>0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Family with CAD</td>
                  <td>26.7</td>
                  <td>23.3</td>
                  <td>28.3</td>
                  <td>1.30 (1.10-1.53)</td>
                  <td>0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td>31.5</td>
                  <td>34.0</td>
                  <td>30.3</td>
                  <td>0.85 (0.73-0.98)</td>
                  <td>0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                  <td>74.5</td>
                  <td>79.0</td>
                  <td>72.4</td>
                  <td>0.70 (0.59-0.82)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">STEMI (%)</td>
                  <td>39.7</td>
                  <td>23.9</td>
                  <td>47.3</td>
                  <td>2.87 (2.45-3.35)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Mean time - symptom onset to hospital arrival
										(SE), h<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>9.2 (0.49)</td>
                  <td>14.2 (1.15)</td>
                  <td>7.3 (0.51)</td>
                  <td>2.11 (1.78-2.49)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Symptom onset to hospital arrival &#8804; 6h
										(%)</td>
                  <td>70.4</td>
                  <td>22.7</td>
                  <td>77.3</td>
                  <td>2.11 (1.78-2.49)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Mean glucose level at hospital arrival (SE),
											mg/dL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>137.87 (1.30)</td>
                  <td>135.9 (2.2)</td>
                  <td>139.2 (1.6)</td>
                  <td>1.19 (1.01-1.40)</td>
                  <td>0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Hyperglycemia (%)</td>
                  <td>39.9</td>
                  <td>37.0</td>
                  <td>41.2</td>
                  <td>1.19 (1.01-1.40)</td>
                  <td>0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Prior PCI (%)</td>
                  <td>21</td>
                  <td>22.2</td>
                  <td>20.4</td>
                  <td>0.90 (0.76-1.06)</td>
                  <td>0.218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Prior CABG (%)</td>
                  <td>18.1</td>
                  <td>21.8</td>
                  <td>16.4</td>
                  <td>0.70 (0.59-0.84)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Prior AMI (%)</td>
                  <td>32.5</td>
                  <td>33.0</td>
                  <td>32.3</td>
                  <td>0.97 (0.83-1.12)</td>
                  <td>0.652</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Prior Stroke (%)</td>
                  <td>4.9</td>
                  <td>4.4</td>
                  <td>5.1</td>
                  <td>1.17 (0.84-1.64)</td>
                  <td>0.348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Prior Heart failure (%)</td>
                  <td>9.0</td>
                  <td>12.7</td>
                  <td>8.7</td>
                  <td>0.65 (0.53-0.65)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Current smoker (%)</td>
                  <td>23.7</td>
                  <td>19.4</td>
                  <td>25.7</td>
                  <td>1.44 (1.21-1.71)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t01">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>N = 3040;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t01">
                <label>(**)</label>
                <p>N = 2867</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>CP: Chest Pain; OR: Odds-Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; CAD:
									Coronary Artery Disease; STEMI- ST: elevation myocardial
									infarction; PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; CABG:
									Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; AMI: Acute Myocardial
									Infarction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>SPSS version 20.0 software (IBM, USA) was used for the analyses and a p-value
						&lt; 0.05 (2-tailed) was considered statistically significant, with no
						corrections for multiple comparisons.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The characteristics of the population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. The mean age was 64.1 years and 68.6% were men. As commonly
				seen in tertiary hospitals, the incidence of risk factors was high, including 31.5%
				with known diabetes. As expected, significant differences were observed between the
				groups with <italic>vs</italic>. without precordial pain. For example, patients in
				the painless group were older and more likely to be smokers; on the other hand, this
				group had lower rates of previous heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery
				bypass graft surgery and were less likely to present with STEMI.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the unadjusted associations
				between a history of diabetes and presence of precordial pain at hospital arrival in
				the overall population (diabetes present in 30.3% with <italic>vs</italic>. 34.0%
				without pain, p = 0.029), as well as the subgroup who presented within 6 hours of
				symptom onset (30.2% vs 31.8%, p = 0.51).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of diabetes mellitus according to the presence or absence of
						pain at hospital arrival. Patients presenting with pain (dark bars) were
						slightly less likely to have diabetes among the overall population, but the
						same was not true among those who presented within 6 hours of symptom
						onset.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There was no significant correlation between the presence of pain and in-hospital
				deaths (overall population: 8.8% for the painless group <italic>vs</italic>. 8.0%
				for the group with precordial pain, p = 0.44; subgroup within 6 hours from symptom
				onset: 7.6% <italic>vs</italic>. 7.2%, p = 0.74). Meanwhile, there was a higher rate
				of in-hospital mortality among patients with history of diabetes (overall
				population: DM 10.1% vs 7.4% for no DM, p = 0.006; subgroup within 6 hours of
				symptom onset 9.5% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.010).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the variables that
				independently correlated with the presence of pain at hospital arrival in models 1A,
				1B and 1C. Notably, a history of diabetes was not a significant predictor in any of
				the 3 models, with ORs of 0.97 (p = 0.67), 0.98 (p = 0.84) and 1.04 (p = 0.72),
				respectively when forced into models 1A, 1B and 1C. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> depicts the unadjusted and adjusted odds-ratios for the
				correlation between a history of diabetes and the presence of pain at hospital
				arrival.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables that were significantly and independently correlated with
						presence of chest pain at hospital arrival*</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>Adj. OR. (95% CI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td>2.91 (2.46-3.43)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of angina</td>
              <td>1.33 (1.14-1.56)</td>
              <td>0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (per year)</td>
              <td>0.99 (0.98-1.00)</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td>1.21 (1.03-1.43)</td>
              <td>0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of heart failure</td>
              <td>0.77 (0.60-0.98)</td>
              <td>0.032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of arterial hypertension</td>
              <td>0.83 (0.69-0.99)</td>
              <td>0.038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>Adj. OR (95% CI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td>2.76 (2.28-3.34)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Time from symptom onset &lt; 6h</td>
              <td>1.89 (1.59-2.25)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of angina</td>
              <td>1.42 (1.19-1.70)</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td>1.33 (1.09-1.62)</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (per year)</td>
              <td>0.99 (0.98-1.00)</td>
              <td>0.033</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>OR adj. (95% CI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td>3.07(2.43-3.87)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of angina</td>
              <td>1.37 (1.09-1.71)</td>
              <td>0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (per year)</td>
              <td>0.99 (0.98-1.00)</td>
              <td>0.017</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>A- Included the baseline variables except time from symptom onset (see
							text); B- Adding time from symptom onset; C- Subgroup with time from
							symptom onset &#8804; 6h; adj OR:- adjusted Odds-Ratio; CI: confidence
							interval; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between history of diabetes and presence of pain at hospital
						arrival. In adjusted models, the presence of diabetes was not associated
						with the presence of pain at hospital presentation in either the overall
						population, or among the subgroup who presented within 6 hours of symptom
						onset.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There was a significant correlation (unadjusted) between hyperglycemia at
				presentation and the presence of precordial pain at hospital arrival in the overall
				population and also in the subgroup that arrived in the hospital within 6 hours of
				symptom onset (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Moreover,
				hyperglycemia was associated with a significantly higher rate of in-hospital
				mortality: 13.9% <italic>vs</italic>. 5.0% for patients with <italic>vs</italic>.
				without hyperglycemia (OR = 3.07, p &lt; 0.001) for the overall population and 12.9%
					<italic>vs</italic>. 4.1% (OR = 3.43, p &lt; 0.001) for those within 6 hours of
				symptom onset. Finally, hyperglycemia was significantly associated with STEMI (OR =
				1.53, p &lt; 0.001), presence of precordial pain at hospital arrival (OR = 1.49, p =
				0.001) and history of diabetes (OR = 7.44, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Incidence of hyperglycemia according to the presence or absence of pain
						at hospital arrival. Patients with hyperglycemia (dark bars), defined as
						first glucose level &gt;125 mg/dL after hospital arrival, were more likely to
						present with pain compared with those without hyperglycemia in the overall
						population and also among those with symptom onset within 6 hours.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the three adjusted models (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>), there
				was a positive correlation between hyperglycemia and presence of precordial pain in
				models 2B and 2C, but not in 2A, where the OR for hyperglycemia was 1.14 (p = 0.14).
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> shows the unadjusted and adjusted
				odds-ratios for the association between hyperglycemia and presence of precordial
				pain at hospital arrival. Overall, considering all 6 models developed, the variables
				that best correlated with the presence of precordial pain at hospital arrival were
				presentation with STEMI and previous angina (significant correlation in all the 6
				models), while older age and prior MI were significant correlated with precordial
				pain in 5 out of the 6 models.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables that were significantly and independently correlated with
						presence of chest pain at hospital arrival, substituting history of diabetes
						by glucose level at hospital arrival</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>OR adj. (95% CI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td>2.74 (2.28-3.30)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of angina</td>
              <td>1.33 (1.12-1.59)</td>
              <td>0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of stroke</td>
              <td>1.85 (1.22-2.80)</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td>1.27 (1.06-1.53)</td>
              <td>0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of heart failure</td>
              <td>0.71 (0.55-0.93)</td>
              <td>0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td>1.22 (1.02-1.45)</td>
              <td>0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Family with CAD</td>
              <td>1.23 (1.01-1.49)</td>
              <td>0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (per year)</td>
              <td>0.99 (0.97-1.00)</td>
              <td>0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>Adj. OR (95% CI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td>2.60 (2.10-3.21)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Time from symptom onset &lt; 6h</td>
              <td>1.99 (1.64-2.42)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of angina</td>
              <td>1.42 (1.16-1.74)</td>
              <td>0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td>1.37 (1.11-2.92)</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of heart failure</td>
              <td>0.67 (0.49-0.91)</td>
              <td>0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td>1.81 (1.12-2.92)</td>
              <td>0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (per year)</td>
              <td>0.99 (0.98-1.00)</td>
              <td>0.033</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>Adj. OR(95% CI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td>2.99 (2.30-3.89)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td>1.52 (1.16-1.97)</td>
              <td>0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of stroke</td>
              <td>2.33 (1.13-4.78)</td>
              <td>0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">History of angina</td>
              <td>1.30 (1.01-1.67)</td>
              <td>0.044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td>1.35 (1.01-1.80)</td>
              <td>0.045</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Included the baseline variables except time from symptom onset (see
							text); B- Adding time from symptoms onset; C- Subgroup with time from
							symptoms onset &#8804; 6h; adj OR: adjusted Odds-Ratio; CI: confidence
							interval; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between hyperglycemia and presence of pain at hospital
						arrival. In adjusted models, patients with hyperglycemia were not more
						likely to present with pain in the total population. However, among those
						who had symptom onset within 6 hours, there was a 41% increase in the odds
						of presenting with pain compared with those without hyperglycemia after
						multivariable adjustment.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We showed in this analysis of 3544 consecutive and unselected patients with ACS
				admitted to the coronary care unit of a tertiary hospital that:</p>
      <p>(1) A history of DM was not independently associated with precordial pain at hospital
				arrival in any of the adjusted models;</p>
      <p>(2) The presence of hyperglycemia was independently correlated with precordial pain
				in 2 of the 3 adjusted models;</p>
      <p>(3) Presentation with STEMI and a prior history of angina were most strongly
				associated with presentation with precordial pain at hospital arrival.</p>
      <p>Potential causes of blunted perception of ACS in patients with DM include receptor
				and afferent neuron dysfunction, gating mechanisms and neuropsychiatric factors.
				While autonomic neuropathy has been proposed by some as the possible explanation for
				the relatively high incidence of painless ischemia in diabetic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, others have failed to demonstrate cardiac
				denervation in patients with DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. As noted
				by Sheifer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, diabetic neuropathy may
				impair recognition of pain, but significant neurological dysfunction typically
				appears only in patients with advanced disease.</p>
      <p>In 1973, Margolis et a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> published their
				classic paper, showing that out of 259 patients with electrocardiographically
				documented MI, 23% were discovered only by routine ECG at the time of the patient's
				bi-annual routine examination. Moreover, they showed that unrecognized MI is rare in
				patients with prior angina pectoris and despite a numerically higher incidence in
				patients with diabetes or hypertension, the difference did not reach statistical
					significance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In 1995 Sigurdsson et
					al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> obtained similar results: at least
				one third of all MI were unrecognized, there was a strong correlation between
				absence of angina and unrecognized MI and risk factor profiles were similar in
				recognized or unrecognized MI. In a recently published review, the prevalence of
				silent MI in the general population varied from 22% to 64% and from 29% to 79% in
				diabetic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Specifically among patients with acute myocardial infarction, 33% of patients did not
				have precordial pain in a North-American registry (National Registry of Myocardial
				Infarction 2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, while the incidence was much
				lower (10%) in a report from South Korea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.
				However, it is noteworthy that this difference could be explained, at least in part,
				by the fact that the South Korean registry included only patients with STEMI
				undergoing primary PCI, whereas the North-American registry included an unselected
				population of AMI patients. The present study was more similar to the North-American
				registry in that we analyzed data from an unselected population, and indeed found a
				similar percentage of patients who did not experience precordial pain (32.7%).</p>
      <p>We did not find a strong correlation between the absence of precordial pain and
				diabetes in our registry of patients with ACS. Similar findings were first described
				by Christensen et al in 1985<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> in a
				population of patients with AMI, and were subsequently replicated in recent
					registries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. However, the aforementioned
				North-American registry did find a significant and independent association between
				the absence of precordial pain and presence of diabetes (adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI
					1.19-1.23)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, contrary to the findings in
				our study and the others described above. Importantly, the North American registry
				did not adjust for STEMI as a potential confounder, despite the strong correlation
				between the presence of precordial pain and presentation with STEMI.</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, our analysis is one of the first to report the
				association between hyperglycemia at presentation and the presence of precordial
				pain. We found a positive correlation, especially for patients arriving to the
				hospital within 6 hours from symptom onset. One possible explanation for the finding
				could be related to the highly significant correlation between hyperglycemia at
				presentation and STEMI, the most acute of all manifestations of coronary artery
				disease.</p>
      <p>We recognize several limitations to our analyses. First, although the registry sample
				was prospectively collected, the present analyses were retrospective and, therefore,
				they have the limitations of this type of clinical investigation. Secondly, only one
				question regarding the presence or absence of precordial pain at hospital arrival
				was ascertained in the dataset, with no information obtained regarding other
				symptoms such as dyspnea, nausea, syncope, fatigue or regarding the characteristics
				of the pain. Thirdly, we did not collect information on the type of diabetic
				therapy; however, it is important to note that Kentsch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> did not find any correlation between the use of insulin and
				presence of angina. Lastly, we cannot exclude the possibility of bias in the
				selection of patients included in this registry, as one might expect a higher rate
				of hospitalization for patients who experience precordial pain compared with those
				without pain.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study suggests that, contrary to what has been deemed "common knowledge"
				for several decades, the presence of diabetes did not correlate independently with a
				higher likelihood of absence of precordial pain in this registry of patients
				presenting with ACS at a tertiary medical center. In addition, we found that
				acute-phase hyperglycemia is more common in patients presenting with precordial
				pain, particularly when they present within 6 hours from symptom onset. Patients
				with STEMI and those who have a prior history of angina are more likely to present
				with precordial pain at the time of presentation with AMI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data
					and Writing of the manuscript: Nicolau JC, Giugliano RP; Acquisition of data and
					Statistical analysis: Nicolau JC; Critical revision of the manuscript for
					intellectual content: Franci A, Barbosa CJDG, Baracioli LM, Franken M, Lima FG,
					Giraldez RR, Kalil Filho R, Ramires JAF.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>21. Cho JY, Jeong MH, Ahn YK, Kim JH, Chae SC, Kim YJ, et al.
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					elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
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              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>YK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chae</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of outcomes of patients with painless
						versus painful ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing
						percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>343</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Christensen PD, Kofoed PE, Seyer-Hansen K. Painless myocardial
					infarction in diabetes mellitus--a myth? Dan Med Bull.
					1985;32(5):273-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Christensen</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kofoed</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seyer-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Painless myocardial infarction in diabetes
						mellitus--a myth?</article-title>
          <source>Dan Med Bull</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>275</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Pacientes Diab&#233;ticos com S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas
					t&#234;m um Limiar Maior para a Dor Isqu&#234;mica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Dornas Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franci</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Gallego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giugliano</surname>
            <given-names>Robert P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de
					Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Division</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's
					Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>, Aureliano Coutinho, 355/1401,
					Higien&#243;polis. CEP 01224-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Email:
						<email>nicolau@cardiol.br</email>;
					<email>corjnicolau@incor.usp.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Dados de mais de 4 d&#233;cadas relataram maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto silencioso
						entre os pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM), mas publica&#231;&#245;es recentes
						mostraram resultados conflitantes quanto &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o entre DM e presen&#231;a de
						dor em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo principal foi analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dor precordial e DM
						na chegada ao hospital. An&#225;lises secund&#225;rias avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre
						hiperglicemia e dor precordial na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, e o subgrupo de pacientes
						que se apresentaram em at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Analisamos um registro prospectivo de 3.544 pacientes com SCA internados em
						unidade coron&#225;ria de um hospital terci&#225;rio. Desenvolvemos modelos
						multivariados para ajustar potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes com dor precordial eram menos propensos a ter DM (30,3%) do que
						aqueles sem dor (34,0 %, p n&#227;o ajustado = 0,029), mas essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi
						significativa ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, para a popula&#231;&#227;o global (p = 0,84),
						e para o subgrupo de pacientes que se apresentaram dentro do per&#237;odo de 6
						horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas (p = 0,51). Em contraste, a dor precordial
						era mais prov&#225;vel entre os pacientes com hiperglicemia (41,2% vs. 37,0% sem
						hiperglicemia, p = 0,035) na popula&#231;&#227;o total, e tamb&#233;m entre aqueles que se
						apresentaram no per&#237;odo de 6 horas (41,6% vs. 32,3%, p = 0,001). Modelos
						ajustados mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre hiperglicemia e dor na
						apresenta&#231;&#227;o, especialmente entre os pacientes que se apresentaram no
						per&#237;odo de at&#233; 6 horas (OR = 1,41, p = 0,008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-selecionada com SCA, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre DM e a
						apresenta&#231;&#227;o no hospital sem dor precordial. Al&#233;m disso, a hiperglicemia foi
						correlacionada de forma significativa com a dor na apresenta&#231;&#227;o,
						especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o que chegou dentro do per&#237;odo de at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s
						o in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperglicemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1960 v&#225;rios pesquisadores t&#234;m relatado correla&#231;&#227;o entre a
					presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus (DM) e limiar mais alto para dor isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Dados de necropsia demonstraram maior
					incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es em nervos aferentes que conduzem dor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, dando suporte &#224; hip&#243;tese de que pacientes com DM t&#234;m a
					sensa&#231;&#227;o de dor precordial prejudicada. No entanto, dados cl&#237;nicos subsequentes
					fornecem resultados conflitantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por exemplo, em an&#225;lises de pacientes submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico e
					monitora&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua de 48 horas para avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia,
					Caracciolo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> encontraram uma
					preval&#234;ncia semelhante de isquemia assintom&#225;tica usando ambas as modalidades em
					diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. Enquanto isso, Falcone e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia
					ainda maior de angina durante as atividades di&#225;rias em pacientes com DM,
					enquanto outros relataram maior preval&#234;ncia de isquemia indolor entre os
					pacientes com DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro m&#233;todo para explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DM e a isquemia sintom&#225;tica &#233;
					analisar a taxa de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o reconhecido (silencioso) em estudos
					longitudinais. A maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es relata aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a
					presen&#231;a de DM e IM silencioso, mesmo quando se leva em conta a presen&#231;a de
					neuropatia diab&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Esses achados levaram Sheifer e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> a comentarem, em uma revis&#227;o
					do tema, que "nenhuma das an&#225;lises epidemiol&#243;gicas existentes identificou
					diabetes como um preditor independente de reconhecimento de infarto".</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises da presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica na chegada ao hospital, em pacientes com
					ou sem diabetes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA), representam uma terceira
					oportunidade de explorar esta quest&#227;o - os resultados at&#233; o presente momento
					foram conflitantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Partindo do princ&#237;pio de que
					hiperglicemia &#233; um forte preditor de mortalidade hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, e a interna&#231;&#227;o por SCA muitas vezes
					representa o desmascaramento de uma DM n&#227;o diagnosticada previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, a explora&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a
					hiperglicemia na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de dor com SCA representa
					outro caminho para explorar esta quest&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O principal objetivo desse estudo foi analisar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre diabetes
					pr&#233;via e a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de dor precordial em pacientes hospitalizados
					com SCA. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre
					hiperglicemia e dor precordial, bem como analisar as mesmas associa&#231;&#245;es no
					subgrupo de pacientes que chegam ao hospital no per&#237;odo de at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o
					aparecimento dos sintomas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram analisados dados de uma coorte de 3.544 pacientes consecutivos
					n&#227;o-selecionados com SCA (1405 com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do
					segmento ST (IAMCST), 1425 sem ST (IAMSST) e 724 com angina inst&#225;vel) a partir
					de um registro prospectivo de pacientes internados em uma UTI coron&#225;ria de um
					hospital terci&#225;rio, no per&#237;odo de 02/1998 at&#233; 04/2012. O registro incluiu
					pacientes cujos sintomas come&#231;aram no prazo de 7 dias e pacientes que foram
					transferidos de outro hospital. Usamos as defini&#231;&#245;es padr&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico
					de IAM, conforme descrito nas diretrizes, com medida de creatina-quinase fra&#231;&#227;o
					MB (CK-MB) e troponina I card&#237;aca de forma rotineira a partir de 2001.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de dor precordial na chegada ao hospital foi determinada pela an&#225;lise
					das informa&#231;&#245;es do paciente obtidas pelo(s) m&#233;dico(s) respons&#225;veis pela
					interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade coron&#225;ria. Pacientes que estavam inconscientes ou
					desorientados foram exclu&#237;dos. Pacientes que apresentavam outros sintomas, como
					dispneia, fadiga ou outros "equivalentes isqu&#234;micos" foram classificados como
					sem dor precordial. Definimos a presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus a partir do
					hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e/ou uso de medicamentos para redu&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de glicose.
					Pacientes que tinham diabetes rec&#233;m-diagnosticada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foram
					classificados como sem diabetes na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Definiu-se a hiperglicemia
					como a presen&#231;a de um n&#237;vel de glicose no sangue &gt; 125 mg/dL, medida no
					laborat&#243;rio do hospital local na primeira medi&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a chegada no
					hospital.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher para a
						compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, conforme apropriado. O teste de
						Mann - Whitney (de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal, como determinado pelo teste de
						Kolmogorov-Smirnov) ou teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (distribui&#231;&#227;o
						normal) foram usados para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Desenvolvimento do modelo</title>
            <p>V&#225;rios modelos ajustados foram desenvolvidos a fim de analisar a
							associa&#231;&#227;o entre o hist&#243;rico de diabetes ou hiperglicemia com a presen&#231;a
							ou aus&#234;ncia de dor na chegada ao hospital, utilizando o m&#233;todo de
							regress&#227;o log&#237;stica <italic>backward stepwise</italic>. Essas vari&#225;veis
							foram escolhidas para desenvolver um amplo cen&#225;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
							informa&#231;&#245;es do paciente na chegada ao hospital. Os tr&#234;s primeiros
							modelos testaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o hist&#243;rico de diabetes e a dor na
							chegada ao hospital. O modelo 1A incluiu como vari&#225;veis independentes
							aquelas listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>,
							com exce&#231;&#227;o do tempo at&#233; o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e hiperglicemia. O modelo
							1B incluiu as mesmas vari&#225;veis mais o tempo at&#233; o in&#237;cio dos sintomas
							(como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua). Finalmente, o modelo 1C foi semelhante ao
							modelo 1A, mas restrito &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o que chegou ao hospital no prazo de 6
							horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Devido ao fato do hist&#243;rico de
							diabetes ter sido exclu&#237;do das primeiras etapas no desenvolvimento dos
							modelos 1A, 1B e 1C, outros modelos semelhantes foram desenvolvidos,
							for&#231;ando a inser&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel (hist&#243;rico de diabetes) no modelo. Com o
							objetivo de analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiperglicemia e dor na chegada
							ao hospital, o hist&#243;rico de diabetes foi substitu&#237;do pela hiperglicemia
							nos modelos 1A, 1B e 1C, gerando os modelos 2A, 2B e 2C,
							respectivamente. Como a hiperglicemia foi exclu&#237;da nas etapas iniciais
							de desenvolvimento do modelo 2A, um modelo adicional foi desenvolvido
							for&#231;ando a vari&#225;vel hiperglicemia at&#233; a &#250;ltima etapa desenvolvida.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t04">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com ou sem dor tor&#225;cica na chegada
									ao hospital</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">
                      <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Total</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Sem DT</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Com DT</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>OR (95% IC)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">N (%) de pacientes</td>
                    <td>3544 (100)</td>
                    <td>1154 (32,6)</td>
                    <td>2390 (67,4)</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Idade m&#233;dia (SE), y</td>
                    <td>64,0 (0,21)</td>
                    <td>65,7 (0,37)</td>
                    <td>63,3 (0,26)</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                    <td>68,6</td>
                    <td>65</td>
                    <td>70,3</td>
                    <td>1,28 (1,10-1,48)</td>
                    <td>0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Caucasianos (%)</td>
                    <td>86,3</td>
                    <td>86,0</td>
                    <td>86,4</td>
                    <td>1,03 (0,84-1,26)</td>
                    <td>0,801</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de Angina (%)</td>
                    <td>35,5</td>
                    <td>34,1</td>
                    <td>36,1</td>
                    <td>1,09 (0,94-1,26)</td>
                    <td>0,252</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                    <td>56,2</td>
                    <td>58,0</td>
                    <td>55,4</td>
                    <td>0,90 (0,78-1,04)</td>
                    <td>0,148</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Fam&#237;lia com DAC</td>
                    <td>26,7</td>
                    <td>23,3</td>
                    <td>28,3</td>
                    <td>1,30 (1,10-1,53)</td>
                    <td>0,002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                    <td>31,5</td>
                    <td>34,0</td>
                    <td>30,3</td>
                    <td>0,85 (0,73-0,98)</td>
                    <td>0,029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                    <td>74,5</td>
                    <td>79,0</td>
                    <td>72,4</td>
                    <td>0,70 (0,59-0,82)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">IAMCST (%)</td>
                    <td>39,7</td>
                    <td>23,9</td>
                    <td>47,3</td>
                    <td>2,87 (2,45-3,35)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Tempo m&#233;dio - in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a
											chegada no hospital (SE), h<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
										</td>
                    <td>9,2 (0,49)</td>
                    <td>14,2 (1,15)</td>
                    <td>7,3 (0,51)</td>
                    <td>2,11 (1,78-2,49)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">In&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a chegada no
											hospital &#8804; 6h (%)</td>
                    <td>70,4</td>
                    <td>22,7</td>
                    <td>77,3</td>
                    <td>2,11 (1,78-2,49)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">N&#237;vel m&#233;dio de glicose na chegada ao
											hospital (SE), mg/dL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">**</xref>
										</td>
                    <td>137,87 (1,30)</td>
                    <td>135,9 (2,2)</td>
                    <td>139,2 (1,6)</td>
                    <td>1,19 (1,01-1,40)</td>
                    <td>0,072</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Hiperglicemia (%)</td>
                    <td>39,9</td>
                    <td>37,0</td>
                    <td>41,2</td>
                    <td>1,19 (1,01-1,40)</td>
                    <td>0,035</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                    <td>21</td>
                    <td>22,2</td>
                    <td>20,4</td>
                    <td>0,90 (0,76-1,06)</td>
                    <td>0,218</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                    <td>18,1</td>
                    <td>21,8</td>
                    <td>16,4</td>
                    <td>0,70 (0,59-0,84)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                    <td>32,5</td>
                    <td>33,0</td>
                    <td>32,3</td>
                    <td>0,97 (0,83-1,12)</td>
                    <td>0,652</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                    <td>4,9</td>
                    <td>4,4</td>
                    <td>5,1</td>
                    <td>1,17 (0,84-1,64)</td>
                    <td>0,348</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                    <td>9,0</td>
                    <td>12,7</td>
                    <td>8,7</td>
                    <td>0,65 (0,53-0,65)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                    <td align="left">Fumante atual (%)</td>
                    <td>23,7</td>
                    <td>19,4</td>
                    <td>25,7</td>
                    <td>1,44 (1,21-1,71)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="tfn01t04">
                  <label>(*)</label>
                  <p>N = 3040;</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="tfn02t04">
                  <label>(**)</label>
                  <p>N = 2867</p>
                </fn>
                <fn>
                  <p>DT: Dor Tor&#225;cica; OR: odds-ratio; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a;
										DAC: Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana; IAMCST: Infarto Agudo do
										Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST; ICP:
										Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea; CRM: Cirurgia de
										revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM: Infarto Agudo do
										Mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>O software SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM, EUA) foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises e
							um valor de p &lt; 0,05 (bicaudal) foi considerado estatisticamente
							significativo, sem corre&#231;&#245;es para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 64,1 anos e 68,6 % eram
					homens. Tal como normalmente visto em hospitais terci&#225;rios, a incid&#234;ncia de
					fatores de risco foi elevada, incluindo 31,5% com diabetes conhecida. Como
					esperado, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre o grupo com dor
						<italic>vs</italic>. sem dor precordial. Por exemplo, os pacientes no grupo
					sem dor eram mais velhos e mais propensos a serem fumantes; por outro lado, esse
					grupo apresentou menores taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, hipertens&#227;o,
					cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e apresentavam menor incid&#234;ncia de IAM
					pr&#233;vio.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref> mostra as associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o
					ajustadas entre um hist&#243;rico de diabetes e a presen&#231;a de dor precordial na
					chegada ao hospital, na popula&#231;&#227;o total (diabetes presente em 30,3 % com dor
						<italic>vs</italic>. 34,0 % sem dor, p = 0,029), bem como o subgrupo que se
					apresentou no per&#237;odo de at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas (30,2%
						<italic>vs</italic>. 31,8%, p = 0,51).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia
							de dor na chegada ao hospital. Pacientes com dor (barras escuras) foram
							levemente menos propensos a ter diabetes na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mas o
							mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu entre os que se apresentaram at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio
							dos sintomas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a presen&#231;a de dor e mortes
					intra-hospitalares (popula&#231;&#227;o geral: 8,8% para o grupo sem dor
						<italic>vs</italic>. 8,0% para o grupo com dor precordial, p = 0,44;
					subgrupo no per&#237;odo de at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas: 7,6%
						<italic>vs</italic>. 7,2 %, p = 0,74). Por outro lado, houve uma maior taxa
					de mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre os pacientes com hist&#243;rico de diabetes
					(popula&#231;&#227;o geral: DM 10,1% <italic>vs</italic>. 7,4% sem DM, p = 0,006; subgrupo
					no per&#237;odo de at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas 9,5% <italic>vs</italic>.
					6,3%, p = 0,010).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as vari&#225;veis que se
					correlacionaram independentemente com a presen&#231;a de dor na chegada ao hospital
					nos modelos 1A, 1B e 1C. Notavelmente, hist&#243;rico de diabetes n&#227;o foi preditor
					significativo em quaisquer dos 3 modelos, com ORs de 0,97 (p = 0,67), 0,98 (p =
					0,84) e 1,04 (p = 0,72), respectivamente, quando for&#231;ada nos modelos 1A, 1B e
					1C. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref> mostra os odds-ratios n&#227;o
					ajustados e ajustados para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre hist&#243;rico de diabetes e presen&#231;a
					de dor na chegada ao hospital.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis que se correlacionaram de forma significativa e
							independente com a presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica na chegada ao hospital
							*</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>OR adj, (95% IC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td>2,91 (2,46-3,43)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de angina</td>
                <td>1,33 (1,14-1,56)</td>
                <td>0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (por ano)</td>
                <td>0,99 (0,98-1,00)</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>1,21 (1,03-1,43)</td>
                <td>0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td>0,77 (0,60-0,98)</td>
                <td>0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td>0,83 (0,69-0,99)</td>
                <td>0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>OR adj, (95% IC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td>2,76 (2,28-3,34)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tempo desde o aparecimento dos sintomas &lt;
									6h</td>
                <td>1,89 (1,59-2,25)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de angina</td>
                <td>1,42 (1,19-1,70)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>1,33 (1,09-1,62)</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (por ano)</td>
                <td>0,99 (0,98-1,00)</td>
                <td>0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>OR adj, (95% IC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td>3,07(2,43-3,87)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de angina</td>
                <td>1,37 (1,09-1,71)</td>
                <td>0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (por ano)</td>
                <td>0,99 (0,98-1,00)</td>
                <td>0,017</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>A- Inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis basais, exceto o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos
								sintomas (ver texto); B - Adicionando tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos
								sintomas; C- Subgrupo com o tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas &lt; 6h; OR
								adj.: odds-ratio ajustado; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; IAMCST:
								Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o hist&#243;rico de diabetes e a presen&#231;a de dor na
							chegada ao hospital. Nos modelos ajustados, a presen&#231;a de diabetes n&#227;o
							foi associada com a presen&#231;a de dor na apresenta&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, na
							popula&#231;&#227;o geral ou no subgrupo que se apresentou at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o
							in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (n&#227;o ajustada) entre hiperglicemia na apresenta&#231;&#227;o
					e presen&#231;a de dor precordial na chegada ao hospital na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e tamb&#233;m
					no subgrupo que chegou no hospital no prazo de 6 horas ap&#243;s inicio dos sintomas
						(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a
					hiperglicemia foi associada a uma taxa significativamente mais elevada de
					mortalidade intra-hospitalar: 13,9% vs 5,0% para os pacientes com hiperglicemia
					vs sem hiperglicemia (OR = 3,07, p &lt; 0,001) para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e 12,9%
					vs 4,1% (OR = 3.43, p &lt; 0,001) para aqueles dentro do per&#237;odo de 6 horas do
					in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Finalmente, a hiperglicemia foi associada de forma
					significativa com o IAMCST (OR = 1,53, p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de dor precordial
					na chegada ao hospital (OR = 1,49, p = 0,001) e hist&#243;rico de diabetes (OR =
					7,44, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Incid&#234;ncia da hiperglicemia de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de
							dor na chegada ao Hospital. Pacientes com hiperglicemia (barras
							escuras), definida como glicose inicial &gt; 125 mg / dL ap&#243;s a chegada no
							hospital, eram mais propensos a apresentar-se com dor, em compara&#231;&#227;o com
							aqueles sem hiperglicemia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e tamb&#233;m entre aqueles com
							o in&#237;cio dos sintomas no per&#237;odo de 6 horas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em tr&#234;s modelos ajustados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>),
					houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre presen&#231;a de hiperglicemia e dor precordial nos
					modelos 2B e 2C, mas n&#227;o no 2A, onde o OR para hiperglicemia foi de 1,14 (p =
					0,14). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref> mostra os odds-ratios
					n&#227;o ajustados e ajustados para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiperglicemia e presen&#231;a de
					dor precordial na chegada ao hospital. No geral, considerando todos os seis
					modelos desenvolvidos, as vari&#225;veis que melhor se correlacionaram com presen&#231;a
					de dor precordial na chegada ao hospital foram apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial com IAMCST e
					angina pr&#233;via (correla&#231;&#227;o significativa em todos os seis modelos), enquanto
					idade avan&#231;ada e IM pr&#233;vio foram significativamente correlacionados com dor
					precordial em cinco dos seis modelos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis que se correlacionaram de forma significativa e
							independente com a presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica na chegada ao hospital,
							substituindo o hist&#243;rico de diabetes por n&#237;vel de glicose na chegada ao
							hospital</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>OR adj, (95% IC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td>2,74 (2,28-3,30)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de angina</td>
                <td>1,33 (1,12-1,59)</td>
                <td>0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td>1,85 (1,22-2,80)</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>1,27 (1,06-1,53)</td>
                <td>0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td>0,71 (0,55-0,93)</td>
                <td>0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td>1,22 (1,02-1,45)</td>
                <td>0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fam&#237;lia com DAC</td>
                <td>1,23 (1,01-1,49)</td>
                <td>0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (por ano)</td>
                <td>0,99 (0,97-1,00)</td>
                <td>0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>OR adj, (95% IC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td>2,60 (2,10-3,21)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tempo desde o aparecimento dos sintomas &lt;
									6h</td>
                <td>1,99 (1,64-2,42)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de angina</td>
                <td>1,42 (1,16-1,74)</td>
                <td>0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>1,37 (1,11-2,92)</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td>0,67 (0,49-0,91)</td>
                <td>0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Acidente cerebral vascular pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>1,81 (1,12-2,92)</td>
                <td>0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (por ano)</td>
                <td>0,99 (0,98-1,00)</td>
                <td>0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>OR adj, (95% IC)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td>2,99 (2,30-3,89)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>1,52 (1,16-1,97)</td>
                <td>0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Acidente cerebral vascular pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>2,33 (1,13-4,78)</td>
                <td>0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de angina</td>
                <td>1,30 (1,01-1,67)</td>
                <td>0,044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td>1,35 (1,01-1,80)</td>
                <td>0,045</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>A- inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis basais, exceto o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos
								sintomas (ver texto); B - Adicionando tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos
								sintomas; C- Subgrupo com o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas &lt;
								6h; OR adj: odds-ratio ajustado; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; IAMCST:
								Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre hiperglicemia e presen&#231;a de dor na chegada ao
							hospital. Nos modelos ajustados, os pacientes com hiperglicemia n&#227;o eram
							mais propensos a apresentar-se com dor na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. No entanto,
							entre aqueles que tiveram o in&#237;cio dos sintomas dentro das 6 horas,
							houve um aumento de 41% nas chances de se apresentarem com dor, em
							compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem hiperglicemia ap&#243;s o ajuste
							multivari&#225;vel.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-03-0183-40106-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Demonstramos nessa an&#225;lise de 3.544 pacientes consecutivos e n&#227;o selecionados,
					com SCA admitidos na unidade coron&#225;ria de um hospital terci&#225;rio, que:</p>
        <p>(1) O hist&#243;rico de DM n&#227;o se associou de forma independente com dor precordial na
					chegada ao hospital em quaisquer dos modelos ajustados;</p>
        <p>(2) A presen&#231;a de hiperglicemia se associou de forma independente com dor
					precordial em 2 dos 3 modelos ajustados;</p>
        <p>(3) A presen&#231;a de IAMCST e hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de angina foram fortemente associados
					com presen&#231;a de dor precordial na chegada ao hospital.</p>
        <p>Poss&#237;veis causas da percep&#231;&#227;o reduzida da SCA em pacientes com DM inclui a
					disfun&#231;&#227;o dos neur&#244;nios receptores e aferentes, os mecanismos de propaga&#231;&#227;o e
					fatores neuropsiqui&#225;tricos. Enquanto a neuropatia auton&#244;mica tem sido proposta
					por alguns como poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a incid&#234;ncia relativamente alta de
					isquemia indolor em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, outros n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar denerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes
					com DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Como observado por Sheifer e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, a neuropatia diab&#233;tica pode
					prejudicar o reconhecimento da dor, mas a disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica significativa
					normalmente aparece apenas em pacientes com doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada.</p>
        <p>Em 1973, Margolis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> publicaram seu
					artigo cl&#225;ssico, mostrando que, de 259 pacientes com IM eletrocardiograficamente
					documentado, 23% foram diagnosticados apenas por ECG no momento do exame bianual
					de rotina do paciente. Al&#233;m disso, eles mostraram que o IM n&#227;o reconhecido &#233;
					raro em pacientes com angina pectoris pr&#233;via, e apesar de uma incid&#234;ncia
					numericamente maior em pacientes com diabetes ou hipertens&#227;o, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o
					alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Em
					1995 Sigurdsson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> chegaram a
					resultados semelhantes: pelo menos um ter&#231;o dos IM n&#227;o foram reconhecidos, houve
					forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre aus&#234;ncia de angina e IM n&#227;o reconhecido, e perfis de
					fatores de risco foram similares nos IM reconhecidos ou n&#227;o. Em revis&#227;o
					publicada recentemente, a preval&#234;ncia de IM silencioso na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral
					variou de 22% a 64% e de 29% a 79% em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Especificamente entre pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, 33% dos pacientes
					n&#227;o apresentou dor precordial em registro norte-americano (National Registry of
					Myocardial Infarction 2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, enquanto a
					incid&#234;ncia foi muito inferior (10%) em um estudo da Coreia do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No entanto, &#233; importante notar que essa
					diferen&#231;a poderia ser explicada, pelo menos em parte, pelo fato de que o
					registro da Coreia do Sul incluiu apenas pacientes com IAMCST submetidos &#224; ICP
					prim&#225;ria, enquanto o registro norte-americano incluiu uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
					selecionada de pacientes com IAM. O presente estudo foi mais parecido com o
					registro norte-americano, em que foram analisados dados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
					selecionada, e de fato foi encontrada uma porcentagem similar de pacientes que
					n&#227;o apresentaram dor precordial (32,7%).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o encontramos forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre aus&#234;ncia de dor precordial e diabetes em
					nosso registro de pacientes com SCA. Resultados semelhantes foram descritos pela
					primeira vez por Christensen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,
					em 1985, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM, e foram posteriormente
					replicados em registros recentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. No
					entanto, o registro norte-americano acima mencionado encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o
					significativa e independente entre aus&#234;ncia de dor precordial e presen&#231;a de
					diabetes (OR ajustado 1,21, IC 95% 1,19-1,23)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, contrariamente &#224;s conclus&#245;es do nosso estudo e dos outros acima
					descritos. &#201; importante ressaltar que o registro norte-americano n&#227;o foi
					ajustado para IAMCST como fator de confus&#227;o em potencial, apesar da forte
					correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de dor precordial e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial com
					IAMCST.</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, nossa an&#225;lise &#233; uma das primeiras a relatar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre
					hiperglicemia na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e a presen&#231;a de dor precordial. Encontramos uma
					correla&#231;&#227;o positiva, especialmente para os pacientes que chegaram ao hospital no
					per&#237;odo de 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o
					achado pode estar relacionada com a correla&#231;&#227;o altamente significativa entre
					hiperglicemia na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e IAMCST, a mais aguda de todas as manifesta&#231;&#245;es
					da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Reconhecemos v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es em nossas an&#225;lises. Em primeiro lugar, embora a
					amostra do registro tenha sido coletada prospectivamente, as presentes an&#225;lises
					foram retrospectivas e, portanto, t&#234;m as limita&#231;&#245;es desse tipo de investiga&#231;&#227;o
					cl&#237;nica. Em segundo lugar, apenas uma pergunta sobre a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de
					dor precordial na chegada ao hospital era coletada, sem informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas a
					respeito de outros sintomas como dispneia, n&#225;usea, s&#237;ncope, fadiga ou sobre as
					caracter&#237;sticas da dor. Em terceiro lugar, n&#227;o coletamos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o
					tipo de terapia diab&#233;tica; no entanto, &#233; importante notar que Kentsch e
						cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o
					entre o uso de insulina e a presen&#231;a de angina. Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o podemos excluir
					a possibilidade de vi&#233;s na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste registro, pois
					poder&#237;amos esperar uma maior taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o para pacientes que experimentam
					dor precordial em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem dor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo sugere que, ao contr&#225;rio do que tem sido considerado
					"conhecimento comum" por v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas, a presen&#231;a de diabetes n&#227;o se
					correlacionou de forma independente com maior probabilidade de aus&#234;ncia de dor
					precordial nesse registro de pacientes com SCA tratados em um centro m&#233;dico
					terci&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que a hiperglicemia de fase aguda &#233; mais
					comum em pacientes com dor precordial, particularmente quando eles se apresentam
					no per&#237;odo de 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Os pacientes com IAMCST e
					aqueles com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angina s&#227;o mais propensos a apresentar dor
					precordial no momento da apresenta&#231;&#227;o com IAM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o
						do manuscrito: Nicolau JC, Giugliano RP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise
						estat&#237;stica: Nicolau JC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
						intelectual importante: Franci A, Barbosa CJDG, Baracioli LM, Franken M,
						Lima FG, Giraldez RR, Kalil Filho R, Ramires JAF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
