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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7QnHJn4sMWJnm73XTpJJZLn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140114</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Contusio Cordis</italic> Associated with Atrioventricular Block and Tricuspid
               Regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Longo</surname>
            <given-names>Giulio Cesare</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nani da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haffner</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Maira Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Davyson Gerardt de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Giulio Cesare Longo Neto</bold>, Universidade Federal
               Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303, Cardiologia, 6&#186; andar, Centro. Postal Code
               24030-215, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>giuliolongo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e22</fpage>
      <lpage>e25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocytes, Cardiac / pathophysiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Commotio Cordis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The expression "<italic>contusio cordis</italic>" defines a lesion of the cardiac
            myocyte, hemorrhagic or fibrotic, due to the application of violent kinetic force
            resulting from a blunt trauma to the precordial region<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Syncope is almost always the first clinical manifestation observed, and
            commonly precedes death. <italic>Contusio cordis</italic> differs from <italic>commotio
               cordis,</italic> the latter representing a cardiac electromechanical disorder
            consequent to a blunt trauma to the precordial region, at a critical moment of the
            cardiac cycle, which occurs within 10 to 30 ms from the T-wave peak, a period
            susceptible to the development of ventricular fibrillation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Both forms
            are fatal most of the time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. <italic>Commotio
               cordis</italic> is a form of ventricular fibrillation, rather than a lesion in
            cardiomyocytes or adjacent organs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. It is a rare
            condition, leading most cases to death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> , and
            being more prevalent among men, because of its relationship to high-impact sports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The accurate incidence of both entities is unknown, because there is no
            systematic way to register all cases; however, although rare in the literature, they are
            believed to be more common than reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. <italic>Contusio
               cordis</italic> associated with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) is an even
            rarer condition, with few cases reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The
            objective of the present study is to report a case of <italic>contusio cordis</italic>
            associated with CAVB and tricuspid regurgitation (TR).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>The patient is a 37-year-old male with a history of admission to an emergency unit nine
            years before due to syncope after blunt trauma to his precordial region. That chest
            trauma was caused by a stone that hit the patient while inside a train at high speed. At
            the time, he received local care, denied cardiovascular symptoms and previous diseases,
            and was discharged. However, the patient reported dyspnea one year later and a new
            syncopal episode. He was then diagnosed with CAVB and submitted to permanent VVI
            pacemaker implantation. The patient reported being asymptomatic and skipping follow-up
            and pacemaker review for seven years, until one year ago, when dyspnea, fatigue and
            syncope resumed. On examination, he had dyspnea, bradycardia, pathological jugular
            venous distension, cannon A wave, lateral displacement of the apex beat, and heart
            murmur compatible with TR. Chest teleradiography evidenced heart enlargement. The
            electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) showed CAVB. The
            echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) confirmed important TR
            secondary to rupture of tricuspid <italic>chordae tendineae</italic> and right
            ventricular dysfunction, allowing free communication between the right atrium and right
            ventricle, with significant right ventricular enlargement (5.0 cm). The other
            echocardiographic measures were as follows: left atrium, 3.4 cm; left ventricular
            systolic and diastolic volumes, 113 mL and 154 mL, respectively. Important systolic
            dysfunction was evidenced, with ejection fraction of 27%.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiogram showing complete atrioventricular block</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e22-40114-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiogram evidencing tricuspid regurgitation</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e22-40114-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Complete failure of the pacemaker generator was detected, motivating its replacement.
            Heart failure (HF) treatment was optimized, being the patient discharged asymptomatic
            (NYHA functional class I) on carvedilol (12.5 mg/day), enalapril maleate (10 mg/day),
            and spironolactone (25 mg/day).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Cardiac lesions resulting from chest trauma vary widely as follows: cardiac contusion;
            free wall rupture; septal rupture; and valvular lesion. Traumatic TR is rare<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> , and often underestimated, because it is hemodynamically well tolerated
            and lesions in other organs are more valued.</p>
      <p><italic>Commotio cordis</italic> is frequently reported in the practice of competitive
            sports, such as martial fights and soccer, in car accidents, torture, and other
            high-impact traumas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. That is an electromechanical disorder of the
            heart due to a blunt trauma on the precordial region, at a critical point of the cardiac
            cycle. Usually, when chest trauma occurs during the QRS, a trend towards CAVB exists;
            however, when chest trauma occurs within the 10 to 30 ms preceding the T wave,
            ventricular fibrillation usually results.</p>
      <p>Only at that particular point in time, a mechanical energy of at least 50J can cause
            ventricular fibrillation. The small window of vulnerability explains the rarity of
               <italic>commotio cordis</italic> manifesting as severe arrhythmia. Considering a
            sinus rhythm of 60 bpm, the cardiac cycle lasts approximately 1000 ms; thus, the
            likelihood of a trauma occurring at the particular point of ventricular repolarization
            ranges from 1% to 3%.</p>
      <p><italic>Contusio cordis</italic> is a rare condition, being lethal in most cases. It
            rarely involves only the heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. It is commonly
            seen in high-impact accidents, such as car accidents, Formula 1 grand prix, in which,
            despite the existence of cockpit protection, it is unable to absorb all the kinetic
            energy of a shock at 300 km/h reduced to 0 km/h in a few seconds. The kinetic force
            usually affects other organs, such as the lungs, trachea, esophagus, and costal arches,
            leading to pulmonary contusion and costal arch fractures. Thus, <italic>contusio
               cordis</italic> is more related to lethal cases. However, studies comparing both
            entities still lack. The situation here reported is unusual, and no similar report has
            been found in the bases searched. The sum of the force vectors of the train and the
            stone has contributed to increase the magnitude of the trauma.</p>
      <p>The right ventricle and tricuspid valve are most often affected because of their
            anterior anatomical position in the chest; however, TR is rare, and, when present, is
            well tolerated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Usually TR
            results from the rupture of the papillary muscle or of the anterior cusp<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Symptoms can begin immediately after chest trauma
            or be delayed for years. The diagnosis is usually based on clinical signs and
            echocardiographic findings. The signs most often present are as follows: pathological
            jugular venous distension; hepatojugular reflux; holosystolic murmur exacerbated with
            inspiration; paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; hepatomegaly, with palpable and pulsatile
            liver; lower limb edema; and varicose veins. The deviation of the electrical axis to the
            right complements the picture. In related case, predominant symptoms and signs of CAVBB
            - dizziness, wave in the cannon and bradycardia. The electrocardiogram confirmed CAVB
            and, paradoxically, showed rotation of the electrical axis to the left Right ventricular
            dysfunction and HF led to drug treatment, which compensated the patient (NYHA functional
            class I). The need for repair surgery or tricuspid valve change is exceptional.</p>
      <p>The most common clinical manifestations of <italic>contusio cordis</italic> are chest
            pain resulting from local trauma and syncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
            The clinical findings might vary, and unspecific symptoms, such as fainting, nauseas and
            vomiting, can be reported. Clinical assessment, searching for TR, in addition to
            electrocardiography and echocardiography should be used when damage to the tricuspid
            valve or conduction system is suspected. In the present case, HF was only detected after
            decompensation, which might have been aggravated by bradycardia secondary to CAVB. The
            fact that the patient skipped follow-up for seven years, which means that, having an
            implanted pacemaker, he should have attended at least two consultations per year, and
            the aggravation of clinical findings, propitiated the appearance of many classical HF
            manifestations, which are commonly seen among patients lacking information and access to
            a health care system.</p>
      <p>There are several case reports on cardiac laceration or arrhythmias caused by chest
            trauma, whose diagnosis is missed on a first inspection. In such cases, some tests, such
            as baseline electrocardiography, Holter monitoring, echocardiography, and nuclear
            magnetic resonance imaging, might help the complementary investigation. The early
            diagnosis can prevent a fatality.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Acquisition of data: Longo Neto GC, Martins WA, Viallacorta H, Silva EN, Haffner PM,
               Gerardt D; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Longo Neto GC, Martins WA,
               Viallacorta H, Silva EN, Haffner PM, Gerardt D; Writing of the manuscript: Longo Neto
               GC and Martins WA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
               Longo Neto GC, Martins WA, Viallacorta H, Silva EN, Haffner PM, Gerardt D.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of associate professor submitted by Giulio Cesare
               Longo Neto, Wolney Andrade Martins, Humberto Villacorta, Eduardo Nani da Silva, Paula
               Ma&#237;ra Haffner and Davyson Gerardt from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato De Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt"><italic>Contusio Cordis</italic> Associado a Bloqueio Atrioventricular e
               Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Longo</surname>
            <given-names>Giulio Cesare</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nani da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haffner</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Maira Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Davyson Gerardt de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Giulio Cesare Longo Neto</bold>, Universidade Federal
               Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303, Cardiologia, 6&#186; andar, Centro. Postal Code
               24030-215, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>giuliolongo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Tric&#250;spide</kwd>
        <kwd>Commotio Cordis</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o "<italic>contusio cordis</italic>" define uma les&#227;o do mi&#243;cito card&#237;aco,
               hemorr&#225;gica ou fibr&#243;tica, resultante da for&#231;a cin&#233;tica violenta decorrente de um
               traumatismo contuso na regi&#227;o precordial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
               Quase sempre a s&#237;ncope &#233; a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica observada, e comumente
               precede a morte. O <italic>contusio cordis</italic> difere do <italic>commotio
                  cordis,</italic> que &#233; um dist&#250;rbio eletromec&#226;nico card&#237;aco decorrente de um
               traumatismo contuso na regi&#227;o precordial, num momento cr&#237;tico do ciclo card&#237;aco, que
               ocorre entre 10 e 30 ms do pico da onda T, per&#237;odo suscet&#237;vel ao desenvolvimento de
               fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Ambas as formas s&#227;o fatais na maioria das
                  vezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O <italic>commotio
                  cordis</italic> &#233; uma forma de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n&#227;o uma les&#227;o no
               cardiomi&#243;cito, nem em &#243;rg&#227;os adjacentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. &#201; uma condi&#231;&#227;o
               rara, leva &#224; morte na maioria dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, com
               maior preval&#234;ncia em homens, devido &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o com esportes de alto impacto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia precisa das duas entidades &#233; desconhecida, visto que n&#227;o
               h&#225; uma forma sistem&#225;tica de se registrarem todos os casos; e apesar de rara na
               literatura, acredita-se que seja mais comum do que &#233; relatado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O
                  <italic>contusio cordis</italic> associado ao Bloqueio Atrioventricular Total
               (BAVT) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o ainda mais rara, com poucos casos na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O objetivo do presente trabalho &#233; relatar caso
               de <italic>contusio cordis</italic> associado ao BAVT e &#224; Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide
               (IT).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Masculino, 37 anos, foi admitido em unidade de emerg&#234;ncia h&#225; nove anos por s&#237;ncope
               precedida de traumatismo contuso em regi&#227;o precordial, causado por pedra arremessada
               contra trem em movimento contr&#225;rio em alta velocidade. Recebeu cuidados locais e foi
               liberado. &#192; &#233;poca negou sintomas cardiovasculares ou doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;vias. H&#225;
               oito anos apresentou dispneia e, posteriormente, novo epis&#243;dio sincopal. Foi ent&#227;o
               diagnosticado BAVT e implantado marca-passo definitivo do tipo VVI. Evoluiu
               assintom&#225;tico e sem acompanhamento ambulatorial ou revis&#245;es do marca-passo h&#225; at&#233; um
               ano, quando reiniciaram dispneia, cansa&#231;o e s&#237;ncope. Apresentou-se dispneico,
               bradic&#225;rdico, com turg&#234;ncia jugular patol&#243;gica e presen&#231;a de onda A "em canh&#227;o".
                  <italic>Ictuscordis</italic> desviado lateralmente e sopro compat&#237;vel com IT. A
               telerradiografia do t&#243;rax evidenciou cardiomegalia. O eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>) demonstrou BAVT. O ecocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>) confirmou IT importante secund&#225;ria &#224;
               ruptura de cordoalha tric&#250;spide e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, permitindo
               comunica&#231;&#227;o livre entre &#225;trio direito e Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD), com importante
               aumento do VD (5,0 cm), As demais medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram: &#225;trio esquerdo
               (3,4 cm), volume sist&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) (113 mL) e diast&#243;lico (154
               mL). Foi evidenciada importante disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica card&#237;aca, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de
               27%.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG com bloqueio atrioventricular total</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e22-40114-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma evidencia insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e22-40114-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Foi detectada a fal&#234;ncia completa do gerador, que motivou a troca do marca-passo
               (VVI), otimizado o tratamento para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) e o paciente recebeu
               alta assintom&#225;tico, em classe funcional de NYHA I, sob uso de carvedilol 12,5 mg/dia,
               maleato de enalapril 10 mg/dia e espironolactona 25 mg/dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As les&#245;es card&#237;acas resultantes de trauma tor&#225;cico abrangem uma diversidade de
               apresenta&#231;&#245;es, como contus&#227;o card&#237;aca, ruptura de parede livre, ruptura septal e
               les&#227;o valvar. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide traum&#225;tica &#233; rara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, muitas
               vezes subestimada por ser hemodinamicamente bem tolerada e pela aten&#231;&#227;o dada &#224;s
               les&#245;es em outros &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
        <p>O <italic>Commotio Cordis</italic> &#233; frequentemente relatado na pr&#225;tica de esportes
               competitivos como lutas marciais e futebol; em acidente automobil&#237;stico; torturas; e
               outros traumatismos de alto impacto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Trata-se de um
               dist&#250;rbio eletromec&#226;nico do cora&#231;&#227;o decorrente de um traumatismo contuso na regi&#227;o
               precordial, num momento cr&#237;tico do ciclo card&#237;aco. De um modo geral, quando o trauma
               ocorre durante o QRS existe uma tend&#234;ncia ao surgimento de BAVT, ao passo que se ele
               coincide com os 10 a 30 ms que antecedem a onda T o resultado &#233; geralmente uma
               fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Somente nesse per&#237;odo uma energia mec&#226;nica, a partir de 50J, tem capacidade de
               ocasionar a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O <italic>Commotio Cordis</italic> com
               manifesta&#231;&#227;o de arritmias graves &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara, pois a pequena janela de
               vulnerabilidade explica a sua raridade. Considerando-se um ritmo sinusal a 60 bpm, o
               ciclo card&#237;aco tem a dura&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 1000 ms; ent&#227;o, a probabilidade de um
               traumatismo ocorrer no momento cr&#237;tico da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; de 1% a 3%.</p>
        <p>O <italic>contusio cordis</italic> &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara, e na maioria dos casos,
               letal. Raramente envolve apenas o cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
               Comum em acidentes de alto impacto, como o automobil&#237;stico, corridas de F&#243;rmula 1,
               onde mesmo com toda a prote&#231;&#227;o do "<italic>cockpit</italic>" este &#233; incapaz de
               absorver toda a energia cin&#233;tica de um choque a 300 km/h reduzido a 0 km/h em poucos
               segundos. A for&#231;a cin&#233;tica, na maioria das vezes, acomete tamb&#233;m &#243;rg&#227;os como os
               pulm&#245;es, os arcos costais, a traqueia, o es&#244;fago, e leva a contus&#227;o pulmonar e
               fraturas de arcos costais. De tal modo, &#233; f&#225;cil deduzir que o <italic>contusio
                  cordis</italic> &#233; mais relacionado aos casos de &#243;bito. N&#227;o h&#225;, entretanto, estudos
               comparativos entre as duas entidades. A situa&#231;&#227;o relatada neste caso &#233; inusitada e
               n&#227;o foi encontrado relato cong&#234;nere nas bases consultadas. O somat&#243;rio dos vetores de
               for&#231;a do trem aproximando-se da pedra arremessada deve ter contribu&#237;do para a
               magnitude do traumatismo.</p>
        <p>O VD e a valva tric&#250;spide s&#227;o os mais acometidos devido &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica
               anteriorizada na caixa tor&#225;cica; entretanto, a IT &#233; rara e, quando presente, bem
                  tolerada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.
               Geralmente a IT &#233; consequ&#234;ncia da ruptura do m&#250;sculo papilar ou da c&#250;spide
                  anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O in&#237;cio dos sintomas pode ser
               imediato ou demorar alguns anos ap&#243;s o trauma tor&#225;cico. Geralmente o diagn&#243;stico &#233;
               baseado nos sinais cl&#237;nicos e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. A turg&#234;ncia jugular
               patol&#243;gica; o refluxo hepatojugular; o sopro holossist&#243;lico exacerbado com a
               inspira&#231;&#227;o; a dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna; a hepatomegalia, com f&#237;gado palp&#225;vel e
               puls&#225;til; o edema dos membros inferiores; e a presen&#231;a de veias varicosas s&#227;o sinais
               frequentemente presentes. O desvio do eixo el&#233;trico para a direita e o hemibloqueio
               anterior esquerdo complementam o quadro. No caso relatado, predominaram os sintomas e
               sinais do BAVT - tontura, onda a em canh&#227;o e bradicardia. O eletrocardiograma
               confirmou o BAVT e a rota&#231;&#227;o do eixo el&#233;trico &#224; esquerda. A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular direita e IC levaram ao tratamento medicamentoso, compensando o paciente
               em classe funcional I da NYHA. A cirurgia do reparo ou troca valvar tric&#250;spide &#233;
               situa&#231;&#227;o excepcional.</p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais comuns do <italic>contusio cordis</italic> s&#227;o a dor
               tor&#225;cica decorrente do traumatismo local e a s&#237;ncope<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O quadro cl&#237;nico pode ser variado com relatos de sintomas inespec&#237;ficos
               como lipotimia, n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#224; procura de IT e o estudo
               eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico devem ser utilizados na suspei&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o
               tric&#250;spide ou do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. A IC, neste caso, s&#243; foi detectada ap&#243;s a sua
               descompensa&#231;&#227;o, que pode ter sido agravada pela bradicardia secund&#225;ria ao BAVT. O
               fato de o paciente n&#227;o ter procurado acompanhamento, seja pelo marca-passo (no m&#237;nimo
               duas consultas/ano), seja pela piora do quadro cl&#237;nico fez com que muitos dos sinais
               e sintomas cl&#225;ssicos da IC se manifestassem, o que &#233; comum em pacientes carentes de
               informa&#231;&#227;o e de acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Existem v&#225;rios relatos de casos de lacera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou de arritmias causadas por
               traumatismo tor&#225;cico, cujo diagn&#243;stico &#233; despercebido no primeiro atendimento. Exames
               ajudam na investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar nesses casos, como eletrocardiograma basal,
               sistema <italic>Holter</italic>, ecocardiograma, a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, e
               quando precocemente diagnosticada, podem evitar uma fatalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Longo Neto GC, Martins WA, Viallacorta H, Silva EN, Haffner PM,
                  Gerardt D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Longo Neto GC, Martins WA,
                  Viallacorta H, Silva EN, Haffner PM, Gerardt D; Rascunho do manuscrito: Longo Neto
                  GC, Martins WA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual:
                  Longo Neto GC, Martins WA, Viallacorta H, Silva EN, Haffner PM, Gerardt D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de livre-doc&#234;ncia de Giulio Cesare Longo Neto, Wolney
                  Andrade Martins, Humberto Villacorta, Eduardo Nani da Silva, Paula Ma&#237;ra Haffner e
                  Davyson Gerardt pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
