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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zRhMYX8Wbbv7gsmxGDgzZRQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140084</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 5 / 2014 - 26-year-old Male with Moderate Stenosis of
               Bivalved Aortic Valve and Dilation of Ascending Aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica privada do Dr Edmar Atik</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica privada do Dr Edmar Atik, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
                  - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold>, Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela
               Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>eatik@cardiol.br</email>, <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e20</fpage>
      <lpage>e21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta / abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="0"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>Clinical data:</bold> The patient is followed-up since birth with diagnosis of mild
         stenosis of bivalved aortic valve. Remained until two years with aortic transvalvular
         pressure gradient between 30 and 40 mmHg and without physical limitation. Fatigue with
         exertion is observed for two years, coinciding with increased aortic transvalvular pressure
         gradient to 60 mmHg in addition to the evidence of mild left ventricular hypertrophy on
         echocardiogram (interventricular septum and posterior wall = 12 mm).</p>
    <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> Eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulse. Weight: 86 Kg, Height:
         180 cm, BP: 120/80 mmHg, HR: 82 bpm, saturation O<sub>2 </sub>= 96%. Aorta was mildly
         palpable in suprasternal notch.</p>
    <p>In precordium, <italic>ictus cordis</italic> was not palpable and there were no systolic
         impulses. Heart sounds were normophonetic and mild systolic murmur was auscultated, +/++ of
         intensity, rough, on aortic area, furcula, neck vessels and on the left sternal border,
         with thrill. There was a distinct protosystolic snap across the precordium. Liver was not
         palpable.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Complementary tests</title>
      <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>)
            presented normal sinus rhythm and morphology of P, QRS and T waves, without signs of
            cavity overload. Ventricular repolarization was normal. AP: +40&#186;, AQRS: 0&#186;, AT: 20
            &#186;.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Normal electrocardiogram and chest radiography shows normal heart area with
                  rounded morphology by hypertrophy and dilation of upper left arch resulting from
                  dilation of ascending aorta</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e20-40084-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold> Shows normal heart region and pulmonary vascular
            markings on expiration radiography. Mild dilation on upper right arch indicating
            dilation of ascending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><bold>Echocardiogram Bi-Doppler:</bold> showed heart chambers with normal size and
            function. There was mild left ventricular hypertrophy with 12 mm thick ventricular
            septum and posterior wall. Aortic annulus was 35 mm, ascending aorta was 45 mm and
            maximum aortic transvalvular pressure gradient was 60 mmHg, and mean, 45 mmHg. Other
            measurements corresponded to LA = 40, RV = 20, LV = 59, EF = 70%, delta D = 40%, RVSP =
            25 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiogram enhances the stress at the aortic valve level in apical
                  projection of 5 chambers to the left, and ascending aorta dilated in longitudinal
                  section in left sternal border, to the right.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e20-40084-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Moderate stenosis of bivalved aortic valve with
            dilation of ascending aorta, in adult patient in functional class II.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical reasoning:</bold> Clinical elements were compatible with the diagnosis of
            aortic valvular stenosis of moderate repercussion, with systolic murmur in aortic
            region, fatigue with exertion, supported by mild dilation of ascending aorta clearly
            showed on chest radiography and confirmed on echocardiogram. The data confirmation was
            established by transvalvular pressure gradient and left ventricular hypertrophy showed
            on echocardiogram. The absence of changes of ventricular repolarization on ECG indicates
            that the pressure gradient does not exceed 60 mmHg.</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> Clinical findings of complementary tests
            characteristic of aortic valvular stenosis must be differentiated from other obstructive
            areas such as supra or subvalvular aortic region. The presence of a distinct snap of
            valvular opening indicates obstruction at the valvular level, in addition to
            high-pitched systolic murmur.</p>
      <p><bold>Conduct:</bold> Indication for aortic valve replacement surgery was established
            with the onset of fatigue symptoms associated with signs of progressive worsening, such
            as increased aortic gradient, myocardial hypertrophy and dilation of ascending aorta.
            Percutaneous interventional treatment was not considered for being a bivalved aortic
            valve, with dilation of aortic annulus, and presence of the clear risk of causing aortic
            insufficiency. For the surgery, bivalved aortic valve was resected, thickened and
            Bentall and De Bono surgery with plastic tube in the ascending aorta, replacement of
            coronary arteries and implantation of mechanic valve n. 23 were performed, with positive
            evolution.</p>
      <p><bold>Comments:</bold> Congenital aortic valve stenosis when mild in children and
            teenagers, with pressure gradient below 30 mmHg, presents worsening in half the cases in
            adulthood. In the presence of bivalved aortic valve, there is an increased possibility
            for dilation of ascending aorta. It is believed that this dilation dependents on
            abnormal flow jets towards the vessel. However, there are those who defend genetic
            modification as its cause. Percutaneous interventional treatment is not recommended for
            these cases due to valvular failure after balloon dilation of the valve. Placement of
            valved stent also has difficulties, particularly when fixing it, due do aortic annulus
            dilation. Surgical prescription in this case was evident due to symptoms worsening,
            increased transvalvular gradient, onset of myocardial hypertrophy, in addition to
            dilation of ascending aorta. With early surgical prescription, we prevent phenomena
            acquired involved with valvular stenosis, which certainly place a greater risk of
            evolution.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Caso 5 / 2014 - Homem de 26 Anos, com Estenose Moderada da
               Valva A&#243;rtica Bivalvulada e Dilata&#231;&#227;o da Aorta Ascendente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica privada do Dr Edmar Atik</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica privada do Dr Edmar Atik, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
                  - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>, Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela
               Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
               <email>eatik@cardiol.br</email>, <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta / anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma A&#243;rtico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos:</bold> O paciente &#233; acompanhado desde o nascimento com diagn&#243;stico
            de estenose discreta da valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada. Permaneceu at&#233; h&#225; dois anos com
            gradiente de press&#227;o transvalvar a&#243;rtico entre 30 a 40 mmHg e sem limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica.
            Cansa&#231;o aos esfor&#231;os &#233; notado h&#225; dois anos, coincidindo com aumento do gradiente de
            press&#227;o transvalvar para 60 mmHg al&#233;m da evid&#234;ncia de discreta hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo
            esquerdo pelo ecocardiograma (septo interventricular e parede posterior = 12 mm).</p>
      <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico:</bold> Eupneico, acian&#243;tico, pulsos normais. Peso: 86 Kg, Altura:
            180 cm, PA: 120/80 mmHg, FC: 82 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o O<sub>2</sub> = 96%. A aorta era
            discretamente palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
      <p>No prec&#243;rdio, <italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o era palpado e n&#227;o havia impuls&#245;es
            sist&#243;licas. As bulhas card&#237;acas eram normofon&#233;ticas e auscultava-se sopro sist&#243;lico
            discreto, +/++ de intensidade, timbre rude, na &#225;rea a&#243;rtica, f&#250;rcula, vasos do pesco&#231;o e
            na borda esternal esquerda, acompanhado de fr&#234;mito. Havia estalido protossist&#243;lico
            n&#237;tido em todo o prec&#243;rdio. O f&#237;gado n&#227;o era palpado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>)
               mostrava ritmo sinusal e morfologia normal das ondas P, QRS e T, sem sinais de
               sobrecarga cavit&#225;ria. A repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular era normal. AP: +40&#186;, AQRS: 0&#186;, AT:
               20&#186;.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma normal e radiografia de t&#243;rax mostra &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal
                     com morfologia arredondada por hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o do arco superior
                     esquerdo decorrente da dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e20-40084-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> mostra &#225;rea card&#237;aca e trama vascular pulmonar
               normais em radiografia expirada. Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta do arco superior direito
               demonstrativo de dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
                  1</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> Bi-Doppler mostrou cavidades card&#237;acas de tamanho e
               fun&#231;&#227;o normais. Havia discreta hipertrofia ventricular esquerda tendo 12 mm de
               espessura o septo ventricular e a parede posterior. O anel a&#243;rtico era de 35 mm, a
               aorta ascendente de 45 mm e o gradiente m&#225;ximo de press&#227;o transvalvar a&#243;rtico era de
               60 mmHg, e o m&#233;dio, de 45 mmHg. As outras medidas corresponderam a AE = 40, VD = 20,
               VE = 59, FE = 70%, delta D = 40%, PSVD = 25 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma salienta a turbul&#234;ncia na altura da valva a&#243;rtica em
                     proje&#231;&#227;o apical de 5 c&#226;maras &#224; esquerda, e a aorta ascendente dilatada em corte
                     longitudinal na borda esternal esquerda, &#224; direita</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0e20-40084-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> Estenose moderada da valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada com
               dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente, em paciente adulto em classe funcional II.</p>
        <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> Os elementos cl&#237;nicos eram compat&#237;veis com o
               diagn&#243;stico de estenose valvar a&#243;rtica de moderada repercuss&#227;o, com sopro sist&#243;lico
               na &#225;rea a&#243;rtica, cansa&#231;o aos esfor&#231;os, corroborado pela dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta da aorta
               ascendente mostrada claramente na radiografia de t&#243;rax e confirmada pelo
               ecocardiograma. A confirma&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi estabelecida pelo gradiente de press&#227;o
               transvalvar e pela hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrados pelo ecocardiograma.
               A aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular no ECG induz a que o gradiente
               de press&#227;o n&#227;o excede a 60 mmHg.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> Os achados cl&#237;nicos de exames complementares
               caracter&#237;sticos de estenose valvar a&#243;rtica devem ser diferenciados de outros locais
               obstrutivos como em regi&#227;o supra ou subvalvar a&#243;rtica. A presen&#231;a de n&#237;tido estalido
               de abertura valvar orienta para a obstru&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel valvar, al&#233;m da localiza&#231;&#227;o alta
               do sopro sist&#243;lico.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> A indica&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria para troca valvar a&#243;rtica foi
               estabelecida em face de sintomas de cansa&#231;o aliados a sinais de agravamento evolutivo
               como do aumento do gradiente a&#243;rtico, da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e da dilata&#231;&#227;o da
               aorta ascendente. N&#227;o se cogitou de tratamento intervencionista percut&#226;neo por se
               tratar de valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada, com dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico, em face de riscos
               n&#237;tidos de surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. &#192; opera&#231;&#227;o foi ressecada a valva
               a&#243;rtica bivalvular espessada e realizada a opera&#231;&#227;o de Bentall e De Bono com tubo
               pl&#225;stico na aorta ascendente, recoloca&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coronarianas e implante de
               valva mec&#226;nica n. 23, com evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel.</p>
        <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios:</bold> A estenose a&#243;rtica valvar cong&#234;nita quando discreta na
               crian&#231;a e no jovem, com gradiente de press&#227;o abaixo de 30 mm Hg, sofre acentua&#231;&#227;o na
               metade dos casos na idade adulta. Em presen&#231;a de estenose por valva a&#243;rtica
               bivalvulada acresce ainda a maior possibilidade para dilata&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada da
               aorta ascendente. Acredita-se que essa dilata&#231;&#227;o seja dependente de jatos de fluxo
               anormal em dire&#231;&#227;o ao vaso. No entanto, h&#225; defensores da altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica como sua
               causa. O tratamento intervencionista percut&#226;neo n&#227;o &#233; recomendado nesses casos em
               vista do desabamento valvar ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o. A coloca&#231;&#227;o de
                  <italic>stent</italic> valvulado tamb&#233;m encontra dificuldades, particularmente de
               ancoramento desse, em face da dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel a&#243;rtico. A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nesse
               caso se mostrou evidente em face do agravamento dos sintomas, do aumento do gradiente
               transvalvar, do surgimento da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, al&#233;m da maior dilata&#231;&#227;o da
               aorta ascendente. Com a indica&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria mais precoce se previnem os fen&#244;menos
               adquiridos envolvidos com a estenose valvar que certamente colocam em maior risco
               evolutivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
