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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="rapid-communication" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BR5SQYpCxvvRKM7B7pMJzYk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hemodynamic Effect of Laser Therapy in Spontaneously
               Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomimura</surname>
            <given-names>Suely</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Passos Assump&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Iris Callado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canal</surname>
            <given-names>Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conti</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Angelis</surname>
            <given-names>Katia De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chavantes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biofot&#244;nica em Ci&#234;ncias
               da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biofot&#244;nica em
               Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNINOVE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Gradua&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de Gradua&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina
               da UNINOVE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNINOVE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia
               Translacional</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Translacional da
               UNINOVE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o e Central M&#233;dica de Laser do
               Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
               de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Suely Tomimura</bold>, Av. Santa In&#234;s, 1.129, Alto do
               Mandaqui. Postal Code 02415-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>suelytomimura@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>161</fpage>
      <lpage>164</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is considered to be the greatest risk factor for
               the development of neuro-cardiovascular pathologies, thus constituting a severe
               Public Health issue in the world.</p>
        <p>The Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), or laser therapy, activates components of the
               cellular structure, therefore converting luminous energy into photochemical energy
               and leading to biophysical and biochemical reactions in the mitochondrial respiratory
               chain. The LLLT promotes cellular and tissue photobiomodulation by means of changes
               in metabolism, leading to molecular, cellular and systemic changes.</p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to analyze the action of low-level laser in the
               hemodynamic modulation of spontaneously hypertensive rats, in the long term. Animals
               (n = 16) were randomly divided into the Laser Group (n = 8), which received three
               weekly LLLT irradiations for seven weeks, and into the Sham Group (n = 8), which
               received three weekly simulations of laser for seven weeks, accounting for 21
               applications in each group. After seven weeks, animals were cannulated by the
               implantation of a catheter in the left carotid artery. On the following day, the
               systemic arterial pressure was recorded. The Laser Group showed reduced levels of
               mean blood pressure, with statistically significant reduction (169 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 182
               &#177; 4 mmHg from the Sham Group) and reduced levels of diastolic pressure (143 &#177; 4 mmHg*
               vs. 157 &#177; 3 mmHg from the Sham Group), revealing a 13 and 14 mmHg decrease,
               respectively. Besides, there was a concomitant important decline in heart rate (312 &#177;
               14 bpm vs. 361 &#177; 13 bpm from the Sham Group). Therefore, laser therapy was able to
               produce hemodynamic changes, thus reducing pressure levels in spontaneously
               hypertensive rats.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)</kwd>
        <kwd>Experimental Laser Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamic Changes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension is the <italic>causa mortis</italic> of 9.5 million people around the
               world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, constituting a major Public Health
            issue.</p>
      <p>The LLLT, or laser therapy, is able to induce a photobiological response inside the
            cells, activating the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Nitric Oxide (NO) and
            Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); it also changes sodium-potassium pumps and calcium
            channels also facilitate membrane permeability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to Chavantes and Tomimura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, laser
            therapy reduces the inflammatory and edematous process, and it also changes the micro
            and macrovascular response, assisting in tissue repair and enabling analgesia. LLLT has
            proven to be an efficient, non-invasive, low-cost and safe tool.</p>
      <p>A pioneer experimental work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> analyzed the acute
            short term actions of LLLT (only three applications) on Systemic Blood Pressure (SBP) in
            obese and old Wistar rats. The results indicated that LLLT was able to significantly
            decrease pressure levels, thus revealing cardiovascular protection, which guided the
            study proposed in this paper.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the long term effects of LLLT on
            the hemodynamic response of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), by assessing Systolic
            Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Blood Pressure (MBP) and
            Heart Rate (HR).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>A prospective, controlled experimental study with 16 male SHR, which were randomly
            divided into two groups (n = 8): Sham Group and Laser Group. Three weekly LLLT
            applications were conducted on alternate days, for 7 weeks, accounting for 21
            applications in the Laser group. In the Sham Group, the same protocol was implemented,
            however, the equipment was turned off.</p>
      <p>The sample size and the method were based on studies found in literature, assessing
            hemodynamic changes and physical condition in SHR animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>The laser diode (MMOptics) was transcutaneously applied on the rats' tails, as
            demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>, with the following parameters: wavelength (&#955;) = 780 nm, flow = 30
               J/cm<sup>2</sup>, power = 40 mW, spot size = 0.04cm<sup>2</sup> and irradiance =
               1W/cm<sup>2</sup>, accounting for 90 seconds.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laser diode 780 nm (MMOptics, S&#227;o Carlos, SP, Brazil).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0161-40117-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Place of irradiation: dorsal tail.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0161-40117-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After seven weeks, all animals were anesthetized and cannulated by a catheter
            implantation in the left carotid artery. After the implantation, they were passed
            subcutaneously and exteriorized in the cervical dorsal region. After the animal had
            woken up, after 24 hours, the arterial cannula was attached to an electromagnetic
            transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent&#169; Scientific, Litchfield, CT, USA) and to the
            pre-amplifier (Stemtech BPMT-2, Quintron Instrument&#169; Inc, Milwaukee, USA). Signs of
            Blood Pressure (BP) were digitally recorded for 30 minutes, by means of a data
            acquisition system (CODAS, 1Kz, Dataq Instruments, Akron, OH, USA). This enabled the
            analysis of pressure pulse, beat by beat, with sampling frequency of 2,000 Hz per
            channel, for the study of SBP, DBP, MBP and HR. HR values were derived from the pulse
            signal of BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Statistical analyses</title>
      <p>Values are presented as means &#177; standard deviations of means. HR, MBP, SBP and DBP were
            compared between the Sham and the Laser Groups. After the evaluation of distributions by
            the Kolgomorov normality test, the Student's t-test was used to verify the differences
            between normal distributions. The adopted statistical software was the GraphPad InStat.
            Significance level was established as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The Laser Group showed reduction in relation to the Sham Group in the following values:
            MBP (169 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 182 &#177; 4 mmHg from the Sham Group) and DBP (143 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 157
            &#177; 3 mmHg from the Sham Group), presenting statistically significant differences. The SBP
            value (196 &#177; 5 mmHg vs. 207 &#177; 4 mmHg from the Sham Group) revealed no differences, as
            demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic parameters assessed at rest in the Laser and Sham groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Parameters</th>
              <th colspan="2">Group</th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>Laser</th>
              <th>Sham</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>143 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>157 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>196 &#177; 5</td>
              <td>207 &#177; 4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>169 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>182 &#177; 4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td>312 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>361 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data expressed by mean &#177; standard error.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood
                     pressure; HR: heart rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>With regard to HR at rest, there was significant decline in heart beats in the Laser
            Group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>) when compared to the Sham Group
            (312 &#177; 14* bpm vs. 361 &#177; 13 bpm in the Sham Group).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), mean blood
                  pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) of Laser and Sham Groups. * p &lt;
                  0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0161-40117-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Nowadays, SAH is one of the most prevalent <italic>causa mortis</italic>. Therapeutic
            strategies that aim at the reduction of SBP are considered to be important.</p>
      <p>Nowadays, LLLT is a relevant instrument in the therapeutic arsenal of numberless health
            fields, being able to modulate the genic expression of chemokines, to change cytokines
            and NO synthetic inducers. These changes may have important therapeutic relevance in
            vascular inflammatory processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The endothelial system plays an essential role to control muscular tonus, responding to
            dynamic changes in blood flow (shear stress). Regular physical activities are able to
            stimulate vasodilating factors, thus stimulating the liberation of factors such as NO
            and the hyperpolarizing factor derived from the endothelium, thus reducing BP
               levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>In an <italic>in</italic> vitro experiment, Ricci<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> demonstrated that endothelial cells submitted to nutritional stress
            effectively respond to LLLT irradiation, reorganizing actin filaments in the
            cytoskeleton, associated with endothelial/cellular proliferation.</p>
      <p>A study involving the physical conditioning of SHR demonstrated pressure reduction
            post-physical training, which led to an important HR decline and, consequently, to
            decreasing cardiac output<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our experiment observed that HR decreased relevantly in the Laser Group in relation to
            the Sham group (312 &#177; 14 bpm vs. 361 &#177; 13 bpm), which shows this is one of the possible
            mechanisms that are able to decrease cardiac output, and, consequently, SAH.</p>
      <p>Sanches et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, in another experiment with
            oophorectomized hypertensive female rats (during menopause), used physical training for
            8 weeks and demonstrated that physical exercise decreased levels of DBP, SBP, MBP and HR
            when compared to sedentary hypertensive female rats.</p>
      <p>Our study showed expressive decline after LLLT irradiation in the long term, with regard
            to baseline SHR pressure levels. Both the levels of DBP and MBP were reduced post laser
            therapy (7 weeks), with statistically significant differences between groups. There are
            other ongoing experiments in order to understand the mechanisms involved in SAH
               <italic>versus</italic> LLLT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Laser therapy applied on spontaneously hypertensive rats in the long term resulted in
            reduced pressure levels, therefore modulating, expressively, the hemodynamic response
            among hypertensive rats.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Tomimura S, Sanches IC, Chavantes MC;
               Acquisition of data: Tomimura S, Silva BPA, Canal M, Conti FF; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Tomimura S, Sanches IC, Conti FF, De Angelis K, Chavantes
               MC; Statistical analysis: Tomimura S, Sanches IC; Writing of the manuscript: Tomimura
               S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sanches IC,
               Consolim-Colombo F, De Angelis K, Chavantes MC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Suely Tomimura, from
               Universidade Nove de Julho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeito Hemodin&#226;mico da Laserterapia em Ratos
               Espontaneamente Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomimura</surname>
            <given-names>Suely</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Passos Assump&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Iris Callado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canal</surname>
            <given-names>Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conti</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Angelis</surname>
            <given-names>Katia De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chavantes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biofot&#244;nica em Ci&#234;ncias
               da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biofot&#244;nica em
               Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE)</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNINOVE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Gradua&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em
               Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de Gradua&#231;&#227;o e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina
               da UNINOVE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNINOVE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia
               Translacional</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Translacional da
               UNINOVE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o e Central M&#233;dica de Laser do
               Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
               de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Suely Tomimura</bold>, Av. Santa In&#234;s, 1.129, Alto do
               Mandaqui. CEP 02415-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>suelytomimura@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; considerada o maior fator de risco para o
               desenvolvimento de patologias neuro-cardiovasculares, constituindo um grave problema
               de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica no mundo.</p>
        <p>O laser de baixa intensidade, ou laserterapia, ativa componentes da estrutura
               celular, convertendo energia luminosa em energia fotoqu&#237;mica, e levando a rea&#231;&#245;es
               biof&#237;sicas e bioqu&#237;micas na cadeia respirat&#243;ria mitocondrial. O laser de baixa
               intensidade promove a fotobiomodula&#231;&#227;o celular/tissular, por meio de modifica&#231;&#245;es no
               metabolismo, incorrendo em altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e sist&#234;micas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a a&#231;&#227;o do laser de baixa intensidade na
               modula&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos, em longo prazo.</p>
        <p>Os animais (n = 16) foram divididos aleatoriamente em Grupo Laser (n = 8), que
               recebeu tr&#234;s irradia&#231;&#245;es semanais do laser de baixa intensidade durante 7 semanas, e
               em Grupo Sham (n = 8), que recebeu tr&#234;s simula&#231;&#245;es semanais de laser durante 7
               semanas, totalizando 21 aplica&#231;&#245;es em cada grupos. Ap&#243;s 7 semanas, os animais foram
               canulados com implanta&#231;&#227;o do cateter na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda. No dia
               subsequente, foram realizados registros da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. O Grupo Laser
               evidenciou, com diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes, redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis da
               press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (169 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 182 &#177; 4 mmHg do Grupo Sham) e da press&#227;o
               arterial diast&#243;lica (143 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 157 &#177; 3 mmHg do Grupo Sham), revelando
               diminui&#231;&#227;o de 13 e 14 mmHg, respectivamente. Ademais, ocorreu concomitante um
               importante decr&#233;scimo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (312 &#177; 14 bpm vs. 361 &#177; 13 bpm do Grupo
               Sham). Dessa forma, a laserterapia foi capaz de produzir altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas,
               reduzindo os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Laser de Baixa Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Laser Terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Altera&#231;&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; a <italic>causa mortis</italic> de 9,5
               milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos ao redor do mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
               constituindo um s&#233;rio problema de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>O Laser de Baixa Intensidade (LBI), ou laserterapia, &#233; capaz de induzir a uma
               resposta fotobiol&#243;gica no interior das c&#233;lulas, ativando a produ&#231;&#227;o de Adenosina
               Trifosfato (ATP), &#211;xido N&#237;trico (NO) e Esp&#233;cies Reativas de Oxig&#234;nio (ROS), alterando
               tamb&#233;m bombas de s&#243;dio-pot&#225;ssio e canais de c&#225;lcio nas membranas celulares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Segundo Chavantes e Tomimura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, a laserterapia
               reduz o processo inflamat&#243;rio, edematoso e modifica a resposta micro e macrovascular,
               auxiliando a repara&#231;&#227;o tecidual e possibilitando anagelsia. O LBI mostra-se uma
               eficiente ferramenta, n&#227;o invasiva, de baixo custo e segura.</p>
        <p>Em trabalho pioneiro experimental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, foram
               analisadas as a&#231;&#245;es agudas em curto prazo do LBI (somente tr&#234;s aplica&#231;&#245;es) na press&#227;o
               arterial sist&#234;mica em ratos Wistar obesos e idosos. Os resultados indicaram que o LBI
               foi capaz de diminuir significativamente os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, revelando uma
               prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, a qual guiou o estudo proposto neste trabalho.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi, pois, estudar os efeitos do uso do LBI em longo prazo na
               resposta hemodin&#226;mica de Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos (SHR, sigla do ingl&#234;s
                  <italic>Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats</italic>), avaliando Press&#227;o Arterial
               Sist&#243;lica (PAS), Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD), Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia (PAM) e
               Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Estudo experimental prospectivo, controlado, com 16 ratos machos SHR, divididos
               aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n = 8): Grupo Sham e Grupo Laser. Foram realizadas
               tr&#234;s aplica&#231;&#245;es de LBI semanais em dias alternados, durante 7 semanas, totalizando 21
               aplica&#231;&#245;es no Grupo Laser. No Grupo Sham, o mesmo protocolo foi implementado, por&#233;m
               com equipamento desligado.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra e o m&#233;todo foram baseados em estudos encontrados na literatura,
               avaliando altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e condicionamento f&#237;sico em animais SHR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>O diodo laser (MMOptics) foi empregado transcutaneamente na cauda dos ratos, conforme
               mostrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">2</xref>, com os seguintes par&#226;metros: comprimento de onda (&#955;) = 780 nm,
               flu&#234;ncia = 30 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, pot&#234;ncia = 40 mW, &#225;rea do feixe = 0,04cm<sup>2</sup>
               e irradi&#226;ncia = 1W/cm<sup>2</sup>, totalizando um tempo 90 segundos.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laser Diodo 780 nm (MMOptics, S&#227;o Carlos, SP, Brasil).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0161-40117-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Local da irradia&#231;&#227;o: dorso caudal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0161-40117-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Ao final de 7 semanas, todos os animais foram anestesiados e canulados. Foram
               implantados cateteres na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda e as c&#226;nulas, ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o,
               foram passadas subcutaneamente, exteriorizadas no dorso da regi&#227;o cervical. Com o
               animal acordado, ap&#243;s 24 horas, a c&#226;nula arterial foi acoplada a um transdutor
               eletromagn&#233;tico (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent&#169; Scientific, Litchfield, CT, EUA) e ao
               pr&#233;-amplificador (Stemtech BPMT-2, Quintron Instrument&#169; Inc, Milwaukee, EUA). Sinais
               de Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) foram digitalmente gravados durante 30 minutos, por meio de
               um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (CODAS, 1Kz, Dataq Instruments, Akron, OH, EUA).
               Isso permitiu a an&#225;lise dos pulsos de press&#227;o, batimento a batimento, com frequ&#234;ncia
               de amostragem de 2.000 Hz por canal, para estudo dos valores de PAS, PAD, PAM e FC.
               Os valores de FC foram derivados do sinal puls&#225;til da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; desvios padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias. Foram comparadas
               FC, PAM, PAS e PAD entre os Grupos Sham e Laser. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es
               pelo teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi
               utilizado para verificar as diferen&#231;as entre as distribui&#231;&#245;es normais. O
                  <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o GraphPad InStat. O n&#237;vel de
               signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O Grupo Laser mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo Sham nos seguintes valores: PAM
               (169 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 182 &#177; 4 mmHg do Grupo Sham) e PAD (143 &#177; 4 mmHg* vs. 157 &#177; 3 mmHg
               do Grupo Sham), apresentando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes. O valor de
               PAS (196 &#177; 5 mmHg vs. 207 &#177; 4 mmHg do Grupo Sham) n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a, conforme
               mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos avaliados em repouso dos Grupos Laser e
                     Sham</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th colspan="2">Grupo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Laser</th>
                <th>Sham</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td>143 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>157 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td>196 &#177; 5</td>
                <td>207 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td>169 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>182 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td>312 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>361 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAM:
                        press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC em repouso, houve decr&#233;scimo significante dos batimentos card&#237;acos no
               Grupo Laser (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>), quando comparado ao
               Sham (312 &#177; 14* bpm vs. 361 &#177; 13 bpm do Grupo Sham).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS),
                     press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dos Grupos Laser e
                     Sham. * p &#8804; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0161-40117-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>HAS &#233; uma das principais <italic>causa mortis</italic> na atualidade. Estrat&#233;gias
               terap&#234;uticas que visem &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica s&#227;o consideradas de
               grande valia.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, o LBI &#233; um instrumento relevante no arsenal terap&#234;utico em in&#250;meras &#225;reas
               da sa&#250;de, sendo capaz de modular a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de quimiocinas, alterando
               citocinas e indutores de s&#237;ntese de NO. Essas modifica&#231;&#245;es podem ter uma relev&#226;ncia
               terap&#234;utica profunda em processos inflamat&#243;rios vasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>O sistema endotelial tem um papel essencial no controle do t&#244;nus vascular,
               respondendo a altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas do fluxo sangu&#237;neo (<italic>shear
               stress</italic>). O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular &#233; capaz de estimular fatores
               vasodilatadores, estimulando a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores como o NO e o fator
               hiperpolarizante derivado do endot&#233;lio, reduzindo, assim, os n&#237;veis de PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ricci<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> demonstrou, em experimento <italic>in
                  vitro</italic>, que c&#233;lulas endoteliais submetidas a estresse nutricional
               respondem efetivamente &#224; irradia&#231;&#227;o com LBI, reorganizando filamentos de actina do
               citoesqueleto, associado &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o endotelial/celular.</p>
        <p>Estudo com condicionamento f&#237;sico de SHR demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica
               p&#243;s-treinamento f&#237;sico, que levou a uma queda importante na FC e, consequentemente, &#224;
               diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nosso experimento denotou que a FC apresentou um decr&#233;scimo relevante no Grupo Laser
               em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Sham (312 &#177; 14 bpm vs. 361 &#177; 13 bpm), evidenciando este ser um dos
               poss&#237;veis mecanismos capazes de diminuir o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e consequentemente a
               HAS.</p>
        <p>Sanches e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, em outro experimento com
               ratas hipertensas ooforectomizadas (menopausadas), empregando treinamento f&#237;sico
               durante 8 semanas, demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico diminuiu os n&#237;veis de PAD, PAS,
               PAM e FC, quando comparadas a ratas sedent&#225;rias hipertensas.</p>
        <p>Nosso trabalho evidenciou um decr&#233;scimo expressivo p&#243;s-irradia&#231;&#227;o com LBI em longo
               prazo, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos basais do SHR. Tanto os n&#237;veis de PAD e PAM
               foram reduzidos ap&#243;s o uso de laserterapia (7 semanas), com diferen&#231;as
               estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. Outros experimentos encontram-se em
               andamento, na busca do entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na HAS
                  <italic>versus</italic> LBI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A laserterapia aplicada em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos em longo prazo resultou
               na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, modulando, de forma expressiva, a resposta
               hemodin&#226;mica em ratos hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tomimura S, Sanches IC, Chavantes MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados: Tomimura S, Silva BPA, Canal M, Conti FF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados: Tomimura S, Sanches IC, Conti FF, De Angelis K, Chavantes MC; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Tomimura S, Sanches IC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tomimura S; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sanches IC,
                  Consolim-Colombo F, De Angelis K, Chavantes MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Suely Tomimura pela Universidade
                  Nove de Julho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
