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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kgC5j9hXSLQ9dXGkFGfKnzS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040074</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140074</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Debranching Solutions in Endografting for Complex Thoracic
               Aortic Dissections</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goksel</surname>
            <given-names>Onur Selcuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guven</surname>
            <given-names>Koray</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karatepe</surname>
            <given-names>Celalettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gok</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acunas</surname>
            <given-names>Bulent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cinar</surname>
            <given-names>Bayer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alpagut</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Istanbul Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty,
               Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Istanbul Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty,
               Radiology, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mustafa Kemal Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular
               Surgery, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical Park Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Park Hospital, Istanbul -
               Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Onur Selcuk Goksel.</bold> Istanbul University, Istanbul
               Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Surgery - Onur Goksel - Millet Cd., &#199;apa, Aksaray.
               Postal Code 80640, Istanbul - Turkey Email: <email>onurgokseljet@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>154</fpage>
      <lpage>160</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Conventional surgical repair of thoracic aortic dissections is a challenge due to
                  mortality and morbidity risks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We analyzed our experience in hybrid aortic arch repair for complex dissections of
                  the aortic arch.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Between 2009 and 2013, 18 patients (the mean age of 67 &#177; 8 years-old) underwent
                  hybrid aortic arch repair. The procedural strategy was determined on the
                  individual patient.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Thirteen patients had type I repair using trifurcation and another patient with
                  bifurcation graft. Two patients had type II repair with replacement of the
                  ascending aorta. Two patients received extra-anatomic bypass grafting to left
                  carotid artery allowing covering of zone 1. Stent graft deployment rate was 100%.
                  No patients experienced stroke. One patient with total debranching of the aortic
                  arch following an acute dissection of the proximal arch expired 3 months after
                  TEVAR due to heart failure. There were no early to midterm endoleaks. The median
                  follow-up was 20 &#177; 8 months with patency rate of 100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Various debranching solutions for different complex scenarios of the aortic arch
                  serve as less invasive procedures than conventional open surgery enabling safe and
                  effective treatment of this highly selected subgroup of patients with complex
                  aortic pathologies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aorta, thoracic / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Open surgery for complex thoracic aortic pathologies involving the aortic arch still
            carries a significant rate of mortality and morbidity. Open repair often involve
            cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermic circulatory arrest and various cerebral
            preservation techniques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Introduction and evolution thoracic endovascular
            aortic repair (TEVAR) techniques have contributed in treatment of a wider range of
            patients with higher comorbidity index<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Combining conventional
            surgical techniques with endovascular technology, the "hybrid" aortic arch repair
            minimizes the operation by either eliminating or significantly simplifying and
            shortening the arch reconstruction period, thus limiting the duration of circulatory
            arrest and cerebral ischemia. We assessed our institutional outcomes in patients
            undergoing Types I and II hybrid aortic arch repair with different debranching
            techniques.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Between 2009 and 2013, 18 patients (the mean age of 67 &#177; 8 years-old) underwent type I
            or II hybrid aortic arch repair with different debranching approaches. The extent of
            debranching and the strategy of surgical approach were determined on individual patient
            pathophysiology requiring coverage of either landing zone 0 (Z0) or 1 (Z1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The hybrid arch concept essentially entails three main principles: (I)
            open debranching of the great vessels; (II) creation of proper proximal (zone 0 landing)
            and distal landing zones, and; (III) concomitant or delayed endovascular stent grafting
            of the aortic arch. The classification scheme for hybrid arch debranching procedures is
            based on the extent of proximal and distal landing zone reconstruction required, and
            thus the need and extent of cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest management
            strategies to be employed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. All patients were followed prospectively based on
            mortality, stroke, hospital stay, aneurysm diameter, patency of the bypass grafts and
            endostent-related morbidity. Type III aortic arch repairs and conventional TEVAR cases
            with or without subclavian artery coverage for distal aortic arch pathologies were not
            included. Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations for continuous
            measures and frequencies for categorical measures, were generated using SPSS 21.0
            (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS Inc.).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From 2009 to present, 10 patients with a history of ascending aortic repair for an acute
            type A dissection, 7 patients with complex type B aortic dissection and 1 patient acute
            aortic arch dissection with initial tear at the level of brachiocephalic trunk underwent
            hybrid aortic arch repair. Endografting was performed on the following day of the
            debranching procedure in all patients except for the type A dissection patients in whom
            an ascending aortic repair with debranching of the supraaortic branches and TEVAR three
            weeks later when indicated. The mean aneurysmal diameter was 64 &#177; 5.29 millimeters
               (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). All patients were followed
            prospectively. All received cerebrospinal fluid pressure monitoring and drainage system
            on a routine basis. 13 patients had a standard type I arch repair with debranching of
            the all three supraaortic vessels with a trifurcation graft (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). One patient had a bifurcation graft anastomosed to
            ascending aorta in an end-to side fashion as the aortic arch was highly dilated and left
            subclavian artery was unreachable through median sternotomy, thus an additional left
            caroticosubclavian bypass was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2
               a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">b</xref>.). This latter patient also had
            an aberrant right subclavian artery, which was the main determinant for conversion from
            conventional open arch repair to a hybrid approach. Two patients had ascending aortic
            aneurysm in addition to type B dissection with thoracic aortic diameters 62 and 66
            millimeters, respectively. Type II arch repair was performed in these two patients with
            replacement of ascending aorta and the hemiarch with tri-branched 24-mm Dacron graft
            (Hemashield Platinum,Woven Double Velour; Boston Scientific Corporation, Wayne, NJ, USA)
            prior to retrograde TEVAR on the following day. One of the latter patients also had
            aortic valve replacement during ascending aorta replacement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Patients (n)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Type I Debranching</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Type II Debranching</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Type III Debranching</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Extra-anatomical bypass</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (Mean&#177;standard deviation years)</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Followup (Median &#177; standard deviation months)</td>
              <td align="center">20 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aneurysm Diameter (Mean&#177;standard deviation milimeters)</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 5.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hospital Stay (Mean&#177;standard deviation days)</td>
              <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>End-to-side anastomosis of a debranching graft at the level of ascending
                  aorta.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Digital substraction angiography yielding bifurcation graft from ascending
                  aorta and left caroticosubclavian artery prior to thoracic endografting (a). CAT
                  scan of the same patient (b).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preoperative digital subtraction angiography of the patient with ascending
                  aorta and thoracic aortic dissection (a). Note that the distance between left
                  carotid artery and the left subclavian artery is almost 1 centimeter and that left
                  carotid artery and brachiocephalic truncus ostia are almost at the same level. A
                  type II arch repair is anticipated to allow safe endografting on Z0. CAT scan of
                  the same patient following ascending aortic replacement (b).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The remaining two patients had complicated type B aortic dissection with the initial
            tear involving subclavian artery in both patients. Both patients also had severe chronic
            obstructive lung disease with low functional capacity. Sternotomy was thus avoided and
            alternative debranching techniques were adopted to allow Z1 coverage. A right subclavian
            to left carotid artery bypass was performed in one of these patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). A carotid-carotid and bypass was performed
            in the other. Left subclavian bypass was not performed in the latter two patients.
            Neither developed adverse neurological events or stroke.</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Perioperative angiogram of the patient with patent graft from right subclavian
                  artery to left common carotid artery. Note that the false lumen in the thoracic
                  aorta does not receive contrast-filling (a). Postoperative CAT scan of the patient
                  (b).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All patients had control CT scans before discharge from the hospital, at 1 month, and
            every 3 months until the end of first year. Stent graft deployment rate was 100% after
            arch vessel debranching. No patients experienced stroke. One patient with total
            debranching of the aortic arch following an acute dissection of the proximal arch
            expired 3 months after TEVAR due to heart failure. There were no early to midterm
            endoleaks or migration. The mean length of hospital stay was 17.2 &#177; 14 days. The median
            follow-up was 20 &#177; 8 months. Patency of all bypasses was 100%. At the end of 12 months,
            17 patients were alive with complete thrombosis of the false lumen in 12 patients.
            Partial thrombosis was observed in the remaining two patients with no aneurismal
            enlargement or malperfusion signs. 3 patients had re-entries at the level of abdominal
            aorta and are closely followed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Hybrid approaches for the treatment of aortic arch aneurysmal pathology are being
            performed with increasing frequency. This is a reflection of the increasing comfort
            level of the interventionists with endovascular technology, and the improving technology
            of endovascular platforms to successfully land stent grafts in the proximal thoracic
            aorta. In addition to the associated operative mortality of complex operations such as
            aortic arch hybrid procedures, the Achilles heel of this intervention remains neurologic
            complications. Several groups have shown that arch hybrid procedures can be performed
            with acceptable mortality, with very minimal postoperative and long-term endoleak
               rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In a recent systematic
            review of hybrid arch operations in 1886 patients, pooled mortality was 10.8%, with
            15.1% mortality in diseases that extended to the ascending aorta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In our experience, only one patient expired in the early (3rd
            month) period (12.5%) that had undergone a type I repair in the acute setting. No
            in-hospital deaths/stroke was observed.</p>
      <p>A complication unique to the hybrid aortic arch cohort of patients is the occurrence of
            endoleaks. Data on endoleak rates with hybrid arch repair is not well defined, with
            long-term follow-up data being virtually absent. Endoleak rates have ranged from 0% to
               15%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Similar to
            TEVAR, hybrid arch operations associated with Types I and III endoleak are associated
            with greater morbidity than Type II endoleak. In a report by Kotelis <italic>et
               al</italic>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, patients undergoing hybrid arch
            repair with zone 0 proximal landing had lower endoleak rates than zone 1 landing. In our
            overall experience with TEVAR as well as hybrid arch procedures, we have observed
            similar results mostly due atherosclerotic arch or the conic nature of the landing zones
            due to supraaortic branch ostia. Currently, we have adopted a type I repair strategy if
            Z1 coverage is not deemed to be satisfactory (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure
               5</xref>). Thus, atheromatous load on the landing zones inside the aortic arch is to
            be avoided leading to more satisfactory results. Additionally, satisfactory sealing of
            aorta with no resultant endoleaks allows the interventionist to cover shorter aortic
            segments with this strategy possibly leading to more favorable neurological outcomes.
            Patient with right subclavian to left carotid artery bypass was initially treated with
            straightforward TEVAR with coverage of left subclavian artery. He was referred to our
            team with proximal type I endoleak at the level of left carotid ostium. We managed this
            patient with severe chronic lung disease adopting a practical approach to extend the
            endograft as proximal as the brachiocephalic trunk ostium as described above.</p>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pre- TEVAR CAT scan of the patient with a history of ascending aortic repair
                  and debranching with a bifurcation graft for a type A aortic dissection (a).
                  Periprocedural DSA of the patient with the patent debranching of the supra-aortic
                  branches and TEVAR covering both ascending aortic graft, aortic arch and the
                  descending aorta (b).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A recent analysis elaborated on the retrograde dissection following endografting based
            on different endostent brands<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In this small
            group of patients, we have not observed retrograde aortic dissection and all patients
            received Valiant device (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN).</p>
      <p>Experience in a limited number of patients is not conclusive and presentation of
            selected patients may hinder a true outcome analysis. Lack of control group may also
            contribute in inconclusive results. Most studies in this field represent a balanced
            distribution between staged versus single- stage procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Most authors have
            not included the staged or single-stage approach as a variable affecting the
               outcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. More data is to be presented such as comparison of outcomes with
            open repair group as the experience grows. However, presentation of different solutions
            in these complex situations and patients with comorbidities may serve as an insight in
            managing this pathology.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Hybrid approach for complex aortic arch dissections appears promising although the
            long-term results and the use in various clinical settings are to be evaluated. Close
            follow up is warranted due to complicating nature of the lesions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Acquisition of data: Goksel OS, Guven K, Karatepe C, Gok E; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Goksel OS, Acunas B, Cinar B, Alpagut U; Writing of the
               manuscript: Goksel OS, Gok E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Goksel OS, Guven K, Alpagut U.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Szeto WY, Bavaria JE, Bowen FW, Woo EY, Fariman RM, Pochettino A. The
               hybrid total arch repair: brachiocephalic bypass and concomitant endovascular aortic
               arch stent graft placement. J Card Surg. 2007;22(2):97-102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szeto</surname>
              <given-names>WY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bavaria</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowen</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>EY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fariman</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pochettino</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The hybrid total arch repair: brachiocephalic bypass and
                  concomitant endovascular aortic arch stent graft placement</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <year>2007</year>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Solu&#231;&#245;es de Desramifica&#231;&#227;o em Endopr&#243;tese para Dissec&#231;&#245;es
               Complexas da Aorta Tor&#225;cica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goksel</surname>
            <given-names>Onur Selcuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guven</surname>
            <given-names>Koray</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karatepe</surname>
            <given-names>Celalettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gok</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acunas</surname>
            <given-names>Bulent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cinar</surname>
            <given-names>Bayer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alpagut</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Istanbul Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty,
               Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Istanbul Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty,
               Radiology, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mustafa Kemal Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular
               Surgery, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical Park Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Medical Park Hospital, Istanbul -
               Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Onur Selcuk Goksel</bold>, Istanbul University, Istanbul
               Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Surgery - Onur Goksel - Millet Cd., &#199;apa, Aksaray.
               Postal Code 80640, Istanbul - Turkey Email: <email>onurgokseljet@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> O reparo cir&#250;rgico convencional de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica &#233; um desafio
                  devido aos riscos de mortalidade e morbidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Analisamos nossa experi&#234;ncia no reparo h&#237;brido do arco a&#243;rtico em dissec&#231;&#245;es
                  complexas do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Entre os anos de 2009 e 2013, 18 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 67 &#177; 8 anos de idade)
                  foram submetidos ao reparo h&#237;brido do arco a&#243;rtico. A estrat&#233;gia de procedimento
                  foi determinada individualmente para cada paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Treze pacientes fizeram o reparo tipo I utilizando enxerto trifurcado; outro
                  paciente utilizou um enxerto bifurcado. Dois pacientes fizeram o reparo tipo II
                  com substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente. Dois pacientes receberam desvios
                  extra-anat&#244;micos de enxertia pela art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda, permitindo a
                  cobertura da zona 1. A taxa de implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent foi de 100%. Nenhum paciente
                  apresentou acidente vascular cerebral. Um paciente com desramifica&#231;&#227;o total do
                  arco a&#243;rtico ap&#243;s dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda do arco proximal faleceu 3 meses depois de
                  realizar o reparo endovascular da aorta tor&#225;cica (TEVAR), por insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca. N&#227;o houve endoleak precoce ou a m&#233;dio prazo. A m&#233;dia de acompanhamento
                  foi de 20 &#177; 8 meses, com taxa de pat&#234;ncia de 100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Diversas solu&#231;&#245;es de desramifica&#231;&#227;o, utilizadas em diferentes cen&#225;rios complexos
                  do arco a&#243;rtico, s&#227;o procedimentos menos invasivos que a cirurgia aberta
                  convencional e permitem o tratamento seguro e eficaz deste subgrupo, altamente
                  selecionado de pacientes com patologias complexas da aorta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aorta tor&#225;cica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia aberta para tratamento de patologias complexas da aorta tor&#225;cica, que
               envolvem o arco a&#243;rtico ainda possui uma taxa significativa de mortalidade e
               morbidade. O reparo aberto frequentemente envolve o emprego de circula&#231;&#227;o
               extracorp&#243;rea com parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica e de v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas de preserva&#231;&#227;o
                  neurol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A introdu&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas do reparo
               endovascular da aorta tor&#225;cica (TEVAR) tem contribu&#237;do no tratamento de uma ampla
               gama de pacientes com maior &#237;ndice de comorbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Ao combinar
               t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas convencionais com a tecnologia endovascular, o reparo "h&#237;brido"
               do arco a&#243;rtico minimiza a opera&#231;&#227;o ao eliminar ou simplificar significativamente e
               encurtar o per&#237;odo de reconstru&#231;&#227;o do arco, o que limita o tempo de parada
               circulat&#243;ria e isquemia cerebral. Avaliamos nossos resultados institucionais, de
               pacientes submetidos ao reparo h&#237;brido do arco a&#243;rtico, de tipo I e II com diferentes
               t&#233;cnicas de desramifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Entre os anos de 2009 e 2013, 18 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 67 &#177; 8 anos de idade)
               foram submetidos ao reparo h&#237;brido do arco a&#243;rtico de tipo I ou II,, com diferentes
               abordagens de desramifica&#231;&#227;o. A extens&#227;o da desramifica&#231;&#227;o e a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica
               foram determinadas com base na fisiopatologia de cada paciente, que necessitava de
               cobertura no colo da zona 0 (Z0) ou 1 (Z1)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O conceito de arco
               h&#237;brido envolve essencialmente tr&#234;s princ&#237;pios fundamentais: (I) desramifica&#231;&#227;o
               aberta dos grandes vasos; (II) cria&#231;&#227;o de colo proximal (colo da zona 0) e distal;
               (III) implante de stent endovascular concomitante ou retardado no arco a&#243;rtico. O
               esquema de classifica&#231;&#227;o para procedimentos de desramifica&#231;&#227;o h&#237;brida do arco &#233;
               baseado na extens&#227;o da necessidade da reconstru&#231;&#227;o do colo proximal e distal e,
               consecutivamente, a necessidade e extens&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias de gerenciamento de
               circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e de parada respirat&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Todos os pacientes
               foram acompanhados de maneira prospectiva com base na mortalidade, incid&#234;ncia de
               acidente vascular cerebral, interna&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro do aneurisma, pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos
               e morbidade relacionada ao stent endovascular. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os reparos do arco
               a&#243;rtico tipo III e os casos convencionais de TEVAR, com ou sem cobertura da art&#233;ria
               subcl&#225;via para as patologias a&#243;rticas do arco distal. A estat&#237;stica descritiva,
               incluindo as m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o para as medidas cont&#237;nuas e frequ&#234;ncias para as
               medidas categ&#243;ricas, foi gerada utilizando o SPSS 21.0 (Statistical Package for the
               Social Sciences, SPSS Inc.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De 2009 at&#233; o presente momento, 10 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de reparo da aorta
               ascendente com dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda tipo A, 7 pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica complexa
               tipo B e um paciente com dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda do arco a&#243;rtico com rompimento inicial ao
               n&#237;vel do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, passaram por reparo h&#237;brido do arco a&#243;rtico. A
               endopr&#243;tese foi realizada no dia seguinte ao procedimento de desramifica&#231;&#227;o em todos
               os pacientes, exceto nos pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o do tipo A, nos quais foi realizado,
               quando indicada e tr&#234;s semanas depois, o reparo da aorta ascendente com
               desramifica&#231;&#227;o dos ramos supra-a&#243;rticos e TEVAR. A m&#233;dia de di&#226;metro do aneurisma foi
               de 64 &#177; 5,29 mil&#237;metros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Todos os
               pacientes foram acompanhados de maneira prospectiva. Todos receberam monitoramento da
               press&#227;o do l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano e sistema de drenagem como pr&#225;tica de rotina.
               Treze pacientes passaram por reparo de arco padr&#227;o, tipo I, com desramifica&#231;&#227;o dos
               tr&#234;s vasos supra-a&#243;rticos e com enxerto trifurcado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>). Um paciente apresentou anastomose de enxerto bifurcado na aorta
               ascendente de forma t&#233;rmino-lateral, visto que o arco a&#243;rtico estava muito dilatado e
               a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda estava inacess&#237;vel por esternotomia mediana; portanto,
               realizou-se um desvio subcl&#225;vio-carot&#237;deo esquerdo adicional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2 a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">b</xref>). Este
               &#250;ltimo paciente tamb&#233;m apresentou art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita an&#244;mala, que foi o
               principal fator determinante para a convers&#227;o do reparo convencional aberto para uma
               abordagem h&#237;brida. Dois pacientes apresentaram aneurisma da aorta ascendente, al&#233;m de
               dissec&#231;&#227;o tipo B, com di&#226;metros da aorta tor&#225;cica de 62 e 66 mil&#237;metros,
               respectivamente. Foi realizado reparo do arco tipo II nestes dois pacientes, com
               substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e hemi-arco por uma pr&#243;tese triramificada de 24 mm
               de Dacron (Hemashield Platinum,Woven Double Velour; Boston Scientific Corporation,
               Wayne, NJ, EUA) antes do TEVAR retr&#243;grado no dia seguinte. Um destes pacientes tamb&#233;m
               passou por substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica durante a substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Pacientes (n)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Desramifica&#231;&#227;o Tipo I</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desramifica&#231;&#227;o Tipo II</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desramifica&#231;&#227;o Tipo III</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pontes extra-anat&#244;micas</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, em anos)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acompanhamento (M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, em meses)</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do Aneurisma (M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, em mil&#237;metros)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 5,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o (M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, em dias)</td>
                <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anastomose t&#233;rmino-lateral de um enxerto desramificado ao n&#237;vel da aorta
                     ascendente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia de subtra&#231;&#227;o digital apresentando enxerto bifurcado da aorta
                     ascendente e art&#233;ria carot&#237;deo-carot&#237;dea-subcl&#225;via antes de endopr&#243;tese
                     tor&#225;cica esquerda (a). TC do mesmo paciente (b).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia digital pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do paciente com aorta ascendente e
                     dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica (a). Observe que a dist&#226;ncia entre a art&#233;ria
                     car&#243;tida esquerda e a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda &#233; de quase 1 cent&#237;metro, e que
                     art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda e o ostio do tronco braquioencef&#225;lico est&#227;o quase ao
                     mesmo n&#237;vel. &#201; poss&#237;vel adiantar que o reparo do arco tipo II permite instalar
                     uma endopr&#243;tese de maneira segura em Z0. TC do mesmo paciente ap&#243;s a
                     substitui&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente (b).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os outros dois pacientes apresentaram dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo B com rompimento inicial
               envolvendo a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via em ambos os pacientes. Ambos os pacientes tamb&#233;m
               apresentaram doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica grave com baixa capacidade funcional.
               A esternotomia foi assim evitada, adotando-se t&#233;cnicas de desramifica&#231;&#227;o alternativas
               para permitir a cobertura da zona Z1. Foi realizada uma ponte da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via
               direita para a car&#243;tida esquerda em um desses pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>). No outro paciente foi realizada uma ponte
               car&#243;tido-carot&#237;dea. N&#227;o foi realizada ponte subcl&#225;via esquerda em nenhum destes dois
               pacientes. Nenhum deles desenvolveu eventos neurol&#243;gicos adversos ou acidente
               vascular cerebral.</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiograma perioperat&#243;rio do paciente com enxerto patente da art&#233;ria
                     subcl&#225;via direita para a esquerda da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum. Observe que o
                     l&#250;men falso na aorta tor&#225;cica n&#227;o recebeu preenchimento com contraste (a). TC
                     p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do paciente (b).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram tomografias computadorizadas (TC) de controle antes de
               receber alta hospitalar, um m&#234;s depois e a cada 3 meses at&#233; o final do primeiro ano.
               A taxa de implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent foi de 100% ap&#243;s a desramifica&#231;&#227;o do vaso do arco.
               Nenhum paciente apresentou acidente vascular cerebral. Um paciente com desramifica&#231;&#227;o
               total do arco a&#243;rtico, ap&#243;s dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda do arco proximal, faleceu 3 meses depois
               de realizar o TEVAR por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. N&#227;o houve migra&#231;&#227;o ou
                  <italic>endoleak</italic> precoce ou a m&#233;dio prazo. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia
               em interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 17,2 &#177; 14 dias. A m&#233;dia de acompanhamento foi de 20 &#177;
               8 meses. A pat&#234;ncia de todas as pontes foi de 100%. Ao final de 12 meses, 17
               pacientes estavam vivos, com 12 pacientes apresentando trombose completa do l&#250;men
               falso. Foi observada trombose parcial nos demais dois pacientes, sem alargamento do
               aneurisma ou sinais de m&#225; perfus&#227;o. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram reentradas ao n&#237;vel
               da aorta abdominal e est&#227;o sendo acompanhados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As abordagens h&#237;bridas para o tratamento de aneurismas do arco a&#243;rtico s&#227;o cada vez
               mais frequentes. Este &#233; um reflexo do aumento do n&#237;vel de conforto dos
               intervencionistas com a tecnologia endovascular e a melhoria da tecnologia das
               plataformas endovasculares para colocar, com sucesso, os stents na aorta tor&#225;cica
               proximal. Al&#233;m da mortalidade operat&#243;ria associada a opera&#231;&#245;es complexas como os
               procedimentos h&#237;bridos do arco a&#243;rtico, o calcanhar de Aquiles desta interven&#231;&#227;o
               permanece sendo as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. Diversos grupos demonstraram que os
               processos h&#237;bridos do arco podem ser realizados com um n&#237;vel de mortalidade aceit&#225;vel
               e com taxas bastante reduzidas de <italic>endoleaks</italic> p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios ou em
               longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Em uma revis&#227;o
               sistem&#225;tica recente das opera&#231;&#245;es h&#237;bridas do arco em 1.886 pacientes, a mortalidade
               combinada foi de 10,8%, com mortalidade de 15,1% nas doen&#231;as que se estenderam para a
               aorta ascendente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia,
               apenas um paciente, que havia sido submetido a um reparo tipo I no quadro agudo,
               faleceu no per&#237;odo inicial (3&#186; m&#234;s; 12,5%). N&#227;o foram observados &#243;bitos ou acidentes
               vasculares cerebrais durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Uma complica&#231;&#227;o unica &#224; coorte de pacientes passando por procedimento h&#237;brido do arco
               a&#243;rtico &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>endoleaks</italic>. Os dados sobre as taxas de
                  <italic>endoleak</italic> no reparo h&#237;brido do arco n&#227;o est&#227;o bem definidos e os
               dados longo prazo s&#227;o praticamente ausentes. As taxas de <italic>endoleak</italic>
               variaram de 0% a 15%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Semelhante ao TEVAR, as opera&#231;&#245;es h&#237;bridas de arco associadas aos
                  <italic>endoleaks</italic> tipos I e III est&#227;o associadas a uma maior morbidade,
               do que as associadas ao <italic>endoleak</italic> tipo II. Em um relato de Kotelis e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, pacientes que passaram por reparo
               h&#237;brido do arco no colo proximal da zona 0 tiveram menos <italic>endoleak</italic>
               que os do colo da zona 1. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia geral com o TEVAR e com os
               procedimentos h&#237;brido do arco, observamos resultados semelhantes principalmente
               devido ao arco ateroscler&#243;tico ou &#224; natureza c&#244;nica dos colos devido aos ostia dos
               ramos supra-a&#243;rticos. Atualmente, adotamos uma estrat&#233;gia de reparo tipo I caso a
               cobertura Z1 n&#227;o seja considerada satisfat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura
                  5</xref>). Assim, a carga de ateroma nos colos no interior do arco a&#243;rtico deve
               ser evitada, levando a resultados mais satisfat&#243;rios. Al&#233;m disso, a veda&#231;&#227;o
               satisfat&#243;ria da aorta, sem que haja <italic>endoleaks</italic>, permite ao
               intervencionista cobrir segmentos mais curtos da aorta, tendo esta estrat&#233;gia
               possivelmente levado a resultados neurol&#243;gicos mais favor&#225;veis. O paciente com ponte
               da subcl&#225;via direita para a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda foi inicialmente tratado
               simplesmente com o TEVAR com cobertura da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. Ele foi
               encaminhado &#224; nossa equipe apresentando <italic>endoleak</italic> proximal tipo I ao
               n&#237;vel do &#243;stio da car&#243;tida esquerda. Gerenciamos este paciente com doen&#231;a pulmonar
               cr&#244;nica grave adotando uma abordagem pr&#225;tica para estender a endopr&#243;tese de maneira
               mais proximal poss&#237;vel ao &#243;stio do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, conforme descrito
               acima.</p>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>TC pr&#233;-TEVAR do paciente com hist&#243;rico de reparo da aorta ascendente e
                     desramifica&#231;&#227;o com enxerto bifurcado para dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tipo A (a). DSA
                     peri&#8209;procedimento do paciente com desramifica&#231;&#227;o patente dos ramos
                     supra-a&#243;rticos e TEVAR cobrindo o enxerto da aorta ascendente, arco a&#243;rtico e
                     aorta descendente (b).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0154-40074-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise recente elaborada com dissec&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada ap&#243;s a endopr&#243;tese baseou-se
               em diferentes marcas de <italic>stent</italic> endovenoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. N&#227;o observamos dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica retr&#243;grada neste pequeno
               grupo de pacientes, e todos os pacientes receberam o dispositivo Valiant (Medtronic,
               Minneapolis, MN).</p>
        <p>A experi&#234;ncia com um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes n&#227;o &#233; conclusiva e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o
               dos pacientes selecionados pode dificultar a an&#225;lise dos verdadeiros resultados. A
               falta de um grupo controle pode contribuir tamb&#233;m com resultados inconclusivos. A
               maioria dos estudos nesse campo representa uma distribui&#231;&#227;o equilibrada entre
               procedimentos estagiados e procedimentos &#250;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A maioria dos autores n&#227;o incluiu abordagens
               estagiadas e &#250;nicas como uma vari&#225;vel influenciando nos resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Mais dados ser&#227;o apresentados, como a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com o
               grupo de reparo aberto, conforme a experi&#234;ncia aumenta. Entretanto, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de
               diferentes solu&#231;&#245;es nestas situa&#231;&#245;es complexas e nos pacientes com comorbidades pode
               servir como uma reflex&#227;o no gerenciamento desta patologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A abordagem h&#237;brida de dissec&#231;&#245;es complexas do arco a&#243;rtico parece ser promissora,
               embora os resultados em longo prazo e o uso em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diversas devam ser
               avaliados. O acompanhamento cuidadoso &#233; justificado pela natureza complicada das
               les&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Goksel OS, Guven K, Karatepe C, Gok E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados: Goksel OS, Acunas B, Cinar B, Alpagut U; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Goksel
                  OS, Gok E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Goksel OS, Guven K, Alpagut U.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
