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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
                    Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rtcFKY35PPdZyMwdxyq6bns</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Proposal Intensity Adequacy of Expiratory Effort and
                    Heart Rate Behavior During the Valsalva Maneuver in
                    Preadolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Donato</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Baroni</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de
                        Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de
                        Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mario Augusto Paschoal</bold>, Avenida Dr. Nelson Noronha
                    Gustavo Filho, 170 Bloco E - Prime Family Club, apt.&#186; 62, Vila Brandina. Postal
                    Code 13092-526, Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                        <email>fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>,
                        <email>mapascka@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>146</fpage>
      <lpage>153</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
                        unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
                        medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> When performing the Valsalva maneuver (VM), adults and preadolescents
                        produce the same expiratory resistance values. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To analyze heart rate (HR) in preadolescents performing VM, and propose a
                        new method for selecting expiratory resistance. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p> The maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) was measured in 45 sedentary children
                        aged 9-12 years who subsequently performed VM for 20 s using an expiratory
                        pressure of 60%, 70%, or 80% of MEP. HR was measured before, during, and
                        after VM. These procedures were repeated 30 days later, and the data
                        collected in the sessions (E1, E2) were analyzed and compared in periods
                        before, during (0-10 and 10-20 s), and after VM using nonparametric tests.
                    </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> All 45 participants adequately performed VM in E1 and E2 at 60% of MEP.
                        However, only 38 (84.4%) and 25 (55.5%) of the participants performed the
                        maneuver at 70% and 80% of MEP, respectively. The HR delta measured during
                        0-10 s and 10-20 s significantly increased as the expiratory effort
                        increased, indicating an effective cardiac autonomic response during VM.
                        However, our findings suggest the VM should not be performed at these
                        intensities. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> HR increased with all effort intensities tested during VM. However, 60% of
                        MEP was the only level of expiratory resistance that all participants could
                        use to perform VM. Therefore, 60% of MEP may be the optimal expiratory
                        resistance that should be used in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Age Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Valsalva Maneuvers</kwd>
        <kwd>Exhalation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The Valsalva maneuver (VM) is named for called Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666-1723), an
                Italian doctor who first described the maneuver in 1704. Valsalva instructed his
                patients to use VM to expel mucopurulent discharge from the middle ear to the
                    nasopharynx<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the late nineteenth century, a decreased
                heart beat sound was observed in individuals performing VM when they closed the
                glottis and increased expiratory pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.
                In 1944, VM was first used to assess cardiac autonomic function in a patient with
                congestive heart failure after a change in cardiovascular activity was detected in
                the patient during VM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Since then, VM is
                often used with a range of other non-invasive examinations that assess autonomic
                modulation of the cardiovascular system in ill patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, healthy
                patients, and athletes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>VM is an abrupt and transitory increase in intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal
                pressures produced by a voluntary expiratory effort equivalent to 30 or 40 mmHg and
                maintained 15 or 20 s against resistance applied by a mouthpiece attached to a
                    manometer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The efficacy of VM depends on several factors, such as age, sex,
                body position, and the intensity of expiratory effort<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, there are no reports in the literature regarding calculations or guidelines
                that account for individual differences, such as respiratory muscle strength. These
                factors might affect the magnitude of the cardiovascular responses observed during
                the VM, possibly causing errors in the data analysis or interpretation. As for age,
                children and preadolescents typically perform VM with the same expiratory effort as
                adults. Perhaps the similar expiratory efforts among age groups, in addition to
                difficulties in understanding the VM produced by some children, have led to a
                limited application of VM in children and preadolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although VM is an important test of cardiovascular functioning, it is rarely used
                with preadolescents. Considering these previous findings and presuppositions, we
                conducted a study in which the main objectives were to assess HR responses during VM
                and to propose the intensity of expiratory effort an individual should use during
                the VM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>This prospective study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the
                Center of Life Sciences at <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</italic> in
                Campinas (protocol n. 298/11) and conformed to the requirements of the Declaration
                of Helsinki.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participant selection</title>
        <p>Forty-five preadolescents aged between 9 and 12 years, (33 male and 12 female
                    participants) were selected from 75 students attending public schools in the
                    northwest region of Campinas (SP), and who were assessed between 2011 and 2013.
                    The participant's parents or guardian consented to their participation in the
                    study.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were a sedentary lifestyle (no regular participation in
                    physical activities or sports in the previous 6 months), not taking medications
                    that could interfere with cardiovascular activity, and the absence of diseases
                    that could affect cardiorespiratory functions. From the 75 potential
                    participants, we excluded 25 because of a sedentary lifestyle and five because
                    of disease or medication use. We selected sedentary preadolescents because of
                    the concern that physical training can cause cardiovascular adaptation that
                    might bias the data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric and clinical evaluation</title>
        <p>We conducted an anthropometric evaluation to record the body characteristics of
                    the 45 participants. For each patient, we used weight and height to calculate
                    the body mass index (BMI, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values of anthropometric, clinical, and maximal expiratory
                            pressure (MEP) data, as well as MEP percentages calculated in the first
                            and second evaluations (E1 and E2)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th colspan="2">First evaluation (E1) (n = 45)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Second evaluation (E2) (n = 45)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">39.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">40.3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">139.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 29.0</td>
                <td align="center">140.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 29.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">107.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">109.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">71.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">70.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">83.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center">84.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maximal expiratory pressure (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">70.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">70.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Expiratory pressure - 80% of MEP</td>
                <td align="center">55.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">56.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Expiratory pressure - 70% of MEP</td>
                <td align="center">51.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5.8</td>
                <td align="center">53.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Expiratory pressure - 60% of MEP</td>
                <td align="center">36.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 11.0</td>
                <td align="center">36.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 10.7</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The clinical evaluation included anamnesis, HR records (HR - Polar heart
                    frequency meter S810i<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele, Finland), and blood pressure (BP)
                    measured with a mercury column sphygmomanometer (WanMed<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo,
                    Brazil) with cuffs adapted to fit the participants' arms and a cardiac and
                    pulmonary auscultation (stethoscope Littmann Classic II SE<sup>&#174;</sup>, Ontario,
                    Canada). The evaluation was performed using techniques that are widely described
                    in the literature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Participants were advised not to consume caffeine or cola soft drinks and not to
                    participate in physical activities, except for those necessary for daily
                    routines, at least 24 h before the procedure. The data were collected in a room
                    with a constant temperature of 23&#186;C and between the hours of 1500 and 1700. They
                    were also advised to eat light meals 2 h before the procedures, especially when
                    the procedures were performed around lunch time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of expiratory effort intensity and execution of the Valsalva
                    maneuver</title>
        <p>To determine the participants' effort intensities for performing VM, we measured
                    each participant's maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) using a manovacuometer
                        (M120<sup>&#174;</sup> - Comercial M&#233;dica, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) with values
                    available from 0 to 120 cm H<sub>2</sub>O. During this procedure, the
                    participants sat in a chair with their feet comfortably placed on the floor.</p>
        <p>A nose clip was placed to avoid air escape through the nostrils, and participants
                    were asked to breathe in as deeply as possible through the mouth, reaching the
                    maximal inspiratory capacity. Immediately after the inspiration, the
                    participants expired abruptly through the mouthpiece and against the resistance
                    of the manovacuometer using their maximum force<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Three measurements were performed, and the highest value for these three attempts
                    was considered MEP. After a minimum time of 5 min used to obtain MEP, each
                    volunteer executed VM in three 20-s attempts and against three predicted
                    resistances, 60%, 70%, and 80% of MEP. The participant's momentary expiratory
                    effort was displayed by a red line shown on the manovacuometer display.</p>
        <p>The examiner followed the participant's effort and carefully observed for
                    pressure oscillations to instruct the participant to avoid them when they
                    occurred. The maximum acceptable oscillation was &#177;5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O relative
                    to the predicted effort. The participants were allowed a rest period of at least
                    5 min between each VM to recover. The resistance values for the three maneuvers
                    were presented in order. The participant's HR was recorded during VM with a HR
                    monitor belt (Polar heart frequency meter, S810i<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele, Finland)
                    that the participant wore around the thorax. The HR data were sent to a computer
                    via an infrared interface and were processed using the manufacturer's software
                    (Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele Finland), which computed a HR
                    graph (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) and a report for the
                    cardiovascular measures.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heart rate (HR) tacogram (HR &#8211; bpm) recorded during the Valsalva
                            maneuver (VM) performed by a 10-year-old preadolescent and with a
                            resistance equivalent to 60% of MEP. Observe the beginning and the end
                            of the emphasized maneuver effort and the respective 20 s time for the
                            expiratory effort made with the closed glottis. Also, observe the sinus
                            bradycardia after the maneuver.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>When selecting the expiratory resistance for cardiovascular functional
                    assessments that are appropriate for the participant's age group, we considered
                    factors such as the magnitude of the HR response, effort intensity needed to
                    maintain the expiratory pressure for 20 s, and the number of participants who
                    could properly complete the maneuver.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Replication of the results</title>
        <p>According to Low<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, the VM should be
                    repeated to ensure its reproducibility and the reliability of its results.
                    Therefore, after the participants completed the first experimental session (E1),
                    they were advised to return to the outpatient clinic 1 month later to repeat the
                    session using the same predetermined effort intensities (E2). They were advised
                    again to maintain their daily activities, but not to participate regularly in
                    physical activities or sports during that period.</p>
        <p>The procedure for collecting MEP and calculations for the percentage rates was
                    repeated and monitored by the same examiner who monitored the first experimental
                    session. The objectives for the E2 session were as follows:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>to verify if the data obtained in the first evaluation (E1) were stable
                            in the evaluation conducted one month later (E2)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>to meet the essential requirements in processes involving new
                            methodological proposals for evaluations, known as replication of the
                            results</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>to determine whether a learning effect interfered with the data
                            collection</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The anthropometric and clinical data were tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
                    test, which revealed data normality. Therefore, a <italic>t</italic>-test was
                    used to perform comparisons between the data collected in E1 and E2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>We analyzed the HR data recorded in three periods during VM. First, the median
                    values of the HR deltas occurring in 0-10 s and 10-20 s were compared for
                    maneuvers performed with the three expiratory effort intensities. Using a
                    Kruskal-Wallis test, we determined the HR data were not normally distributed.
                    The significance level was p &lt; 0.05 for all statistical analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values of HR deltas obtained during 0&#8211;10 s and 10&#8211;20 s of the
                            Valsalva maneuver conducted with expiratory resistances of 60%, 70%, and
                            80% of MEP; data obtained during the first evaluation (E1). The
                            presented values were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Likewise, values for total delta (0-10 s and 10-20 s) were compared to determine
                    HR increases between the beginning and end of the 20-s periods in stages E1 and
                    E2, and with the same of expiratory effort intensities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Overall medians of heart rate deltas (0&#8211;10 s and 10&#8211;20 s) recorded
                            during the Valsalva maneuver performed with expiratory resistances of
                            60% (n = 45), 70% (n = 38), and 80% (n = 25) of MEP. Data collected
                            during the two moments were compared (E1 and E2). E1 is the first
                            evaluation, whereas E2 is the second evaluation. There was a significant
                            difference (p &lt; 0.05) between HR values in the three situations (60%,
                            70%, and 80% of MEP), however, there was no difference between moments
                            E1 and E2 regarding each employed intensity.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>We also compared the median HR for the 45 participants before, during, and after
                    they performed VM with a resistance that was 60% of MEP, which was considered
                    the most adequate effort intensity. For this analysis, we used the Friedman test
                    to compare HR recorded in four periods during VM: the pre-test, 0-10 s, 10-20 s,
                    and HR after (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean HR values with their highest and lowest amplitudes recorded
                            before (1-min HR mean &#8211; pre-test HR), during (values recorded at 0&#8211;10 s
                            and 10&#8211;20 s), and after the Valsalva maneuver (1-min HR mean &#8211; pre-test
                            HR) performed with an expiratory resistance equivalent to 60% of MEP.
                            There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) among the HR values for
                            all four periods.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed with Graph Pad Prism 6.0<sup>&#174;</sup> software
                    (San Diego, United States); HR values were obtained directly from the report
                    generated by the Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup> software package.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> presents anthropometric and clinical
                values. As the data indicate, the participants' conditions were unchanged during
                moments E1 and E1 predicted for data collection.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> presents the medians of the HR delta
                values for the 0-10 s and 10-20-s periods during VM and for the three effort
                intensities. For the 0-10 s period, the median HR at 60%, 70%, and 80% of MEP were
                19 bpm (n = 45), 23 bpm (n = 38), and 27 bpm (n = 25), respectively. For the 10-20 s
                period, the median HR at 60%, 70%, and 80% of MEP were 7 bpm (n = 45), 9 bpm (n =
                38), and 11 bpm (n = 25), respectively. All of the compared values showed
                significant differences, which indicates the HR response increased as the effort
                intensity increased.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> presents the medians of the total HR
                deltas (0-20 s) when the expiratory effort was 60%, 70%, and 80% of MEP for stages
                E1 and E2. There was a significant difference among effort intensities in the same
                stage, but there was no difference in effort intensities between stages E1 and
                E2.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> shows the median HR for all
                participants before, during (0-10 s and 10-20 s), and after the VM (n = 45)
                performed at 60% of MEP. HR responses are shown in detail for VMs conducted with a
                60% resistance because all participants could perform VM at this intensity with
                minimal oscillations, and this is consistent with similar data reported in
                literature.</p>
      <p>HR was significantly different among the four periods (p &lt; 0.05). This finding
                reinforces the relevance of the maneuver as an instrument for assessing autonomic
                cardiac function.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>VM is widely used to assess autonomic cardiovascular function because it can identify
                vagal release, sympathetic actions, and cardiac vagal reactivation, in addition to
                being practical and having a low cost<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Even though standard protocols suggest VM should be performed for 15-20 s with 30-40
                mmHg of pressure exerted on the mouth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, no
                study has focused on a systematic method for using the VM that accounts for
                individual differences in respiratory capacity and strength. Whether body position
                or pulmonary volume affect expiratory effort also has not been considered, which
                makes it difficult to compare the results obtained in different studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>These aspects, which were reported from previous studies with adults, become even
                more relevant when the individuals performing the VM are children or preadolescents.
                The expiratory effort intensities of children and preadolescents are not calculated
                according to their morphofunctional characteristics; therefore, they are examined
                under the same protocols and intensities as adults.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we used a percentage of MEP because the expiratory effort
                depends especially on expiratory muscle strength<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, and when
                factors that are known to affect VM are under control, the individual performing VM
                will execute the maneuver with an adequate effort that is equivalent to the
                expiratory muscle strength.</p>
      <p>In this context, weaker or smaller people would not have to exert major efforts to
                reach the predicted values, which are inadequate for the general population.
                Likewise, the maneuver could even be used in cases with pulmonary disease or other
                conditions that interfere with respiratory muscle strength, as these individuals
                would also be performing expiratory efforts that would be proportional to their
                functional capacities, after assessing the MEP.</p>
      <p>One of the main findings of the present study was that 60% of MEP was the most
                adequate intensity, because at this effort intensity, all of the participants could
                conduct the maneuver with minimal pressure oscillation during the proposed time in
                both E1 and E2. The exception is the positive HR response, which reflects the
                cardiac vagal and sympathetic action<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The
                interesting aspect of this finding was that the effort used at 60% of MEP produced
                mean values of 36.5 and 36.2 cmH<sub>2</sub>O for E1 and E2, respectively. These
                values are equivalent to 26.8 mmHg (E1) and 25.7 mmHg (E2) as mmHg is typically used
                to characterize VM. The data obtained in this study may be similar to those for the
                traditional VM; however, they are less than those proposed in other studies
                conducted with children or preadolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>For example, Van Steenwijk et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> examined
                the VM in children and preadolescents with the standard expiratory efforts of 30
                mmHg and 40 mmHg and 15-s durations. Out of the 68 children analyzed, only 10 could
                execute VM with a minimal pressure oscillation (&lt; 2 mmHg), when the effort
                intensity of the maneuver was 30 mmHg. For the remaining participants, the
                oscillations ranged from 15 to 55 mmHg and the duration ranged between 13 and 17
                s.</p>
      <p>After observing these results, the interest in using VM in children and adolescents
                as a clinical cardiac autonomic evaluation decreased, and discussions were raised
                regarding VM's reliability and feasibility. On the other hand, there is an
                increasing interest in finding reliable alternatives that are easy to apply and have
                unrestricted use.</p>
      <p>With regard to HR during the VM, the magnitude of HR changes varied with the
                intensity effort (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref>), which demonstrates that higher loads imposed
                on the cardiovascular system activate arterial baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and
                cardiopulmonary receptors, which are included in the central nervous system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Activating these receptors allows modulation of the cardiovascular system. Such
                modulation results from sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation,
                and both of these systems modulate HR and BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>In practice, the increasing HR in the first 10 s of the VM (delta 0-10 s) depended on
                the vagal release, considering the actions of the cardiac parasympathetic nervous
                system are faster than those of the sympathetic nervous system. In the subsequent 10
                s (delta 10-20 s of the maneuver), a supplementary increase in HR likely resulted
                from arteriolar sympathetic activation, which also modulates heart functions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, some authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> have not discriminated
                the periods of 0-10 s and 10-20 s; thus, only stating that the increased HR is
                mediated by the autonomous nervous system. Therefore, this system should modulate
                cardiac responses, such as HR, according to the stimuli provoked by the
                maneuver.</p>
      <p>In order to consider the rate of the reflex activated during the maneuver, Pickering
                and Davies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> suggested that the time of
                stimulus conduction from the baroreceptors to the heart of normal individuals, with
                a HR &lt; 75 bpm, is around 473 ms. The registered HR response pattern enabled us to
                infer its normality, as HR increased during the entire maneuver (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>), and was followed by bradycardia, produced by subsequent vagal
                    activation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hohnloser and Klingenheben<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> showed that, among
                adults, HR deltas &#8805; 15 bpm recorded during the maneuver indicated adequate or normal
                autonomic cardiac responses, whereas deltas between 11-14 bmp are considered
                borderline normal.</p>
      <p>Abnormal responses were HR deltas &#8804;10 bpm, which is commonly found with heart
                failure, diabetes, post-acute myocardial infarction, mitral stenosis, and others
                that cause cardiac dysautonomia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, for all of the three expiratory effort intensities,
                participants HR delta values greater than 15 bpm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>), thus suggesting that applying MEP percentages was efficient
                in causing an adequate HR response, and that the participants were without cardiac
                dysautonomia.</p>
      <p>Considering the HR during an expiratory effort at 80% of MEP (55.0 cmH<sub>2</sub>O
                in E1 and 56.4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O in E2), there was a significant increase in HR, and
                the greatest increase occurred between the MEP percentages. This might suggest that
                this is an adequate expiratory resistance for future investigations. However, only
                25 volunteers (55.5%) could execute the maneuver at this expiratory effort intensity
                while producing an oscillation less than 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>Likewise, when the expiratory resistance was 70% of MEP (51.0 cm H<sub>2</sub>O in E1
                and 53.1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O in E2), the HR response was good, but 84.4% (38) of the
                individuals performed the maneuver perfectly. Therefore, the maneuver performed with
                major efforts confirmed what had been documented in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, which also revealed higher HR elevations when expiratory resistance
                was higher.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> demonstrates bradycardia occurred
                after the expiratory effort concluded. After performing the VM for 20 s, HR was 113
                bpm; 1 min after interrupting the expiratory effort, HR decreased by 32 bpm. Even
                though <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> only demonstrates HR responses
                with an expiratory resistance of 60% of MEP, this HR response also occurred with the
                other expiratory resistances used in the study.</p>
      <p>HR reduction during VM resulted from parasympathetic nervous system activation
                stimulated by the baroreceptor reflex. This reflex is sensitive to abrupt increases
                in BP (overshoot), which happened after the expiratory effort concluded<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to Hilz and D&#252;tsch<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, the resulting
                bradycardia is a measurement of the buffering capacity of the baroreflex system and
                the vagus nerve. Therefore, a decreasing HR at this time represents an adequate and
                expected action for a healthy population, as was observed in this sample. An
                analysis of this response can be used to investigate changes in the baroreflex
                system and vagal dysautonomia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>As for the study limitations, sedentary volunteers were selected according to
                questionnaire responses with information obtained from a parent or guardian. No
                tests or specific examinations were used to confirm the participant was sedentary,
                as the ones that were proposed by Luband et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Likewise, the study did not perform a simultaneous analysis of BP
                beats per beat, which could enrich the results and open new possibilities for
                analysis. However, the objective of the study was to assess HR, and especially
                because preadolescents were examined, it was believed that invasive methods could
                bias the study and HR measures.</p>
      <p>As a final limitation, there were not enough comparisons between HR measured during
                the proposed and traditional methods, which would probably enable consolidation of
                the new methodology as a more adequate measurement, with greater reliability and
                clinical applicability.</p>
      <p>However, it is possible to state that the other intensities used in this study (70%
                and 80% of MEP) were similar to those applied in clinical practice. Therefore, they
                may provide important information considering the traditional VM not only requires
                excessive effort from preadolescents, but it can prevent an adequate cardiac
                autonomic evaluation because it promotes oscillation in the oral pressure, and
                consequently, bias the results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present results suggest that 60% of MEP as an expiratory resistance during the VM
                performed by preadolescents is adequate for cardiac autonomic evaluation in this
                population. Besides being achievable for all volunteers, this expiratory effort
                intensity stimulated HR responses that allowed clinical-functional interpretations
                or analyses, both from vagal and cardiac sympathetic action during the VM.</p>
      <p>Therefore, expiratory effort values that are calculated individually create
                conditions of balance and proportion between people with different biotypes and
                levels of respiratory muscle strength, without affecting the results or analysis. In
                addition, this enables a high number of people to be evaluated by this type of
                protocol.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data,
                    Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
                    content: Paschoal MA; Acquisition of data: Donato BS, Neves FB; Writing of the
                    manuscript: Paschoal MA, Donato BS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Proposta de Adequa&#231;&#227;o da Intensidade do Esfor&#231;o
                    Expirat&#243;rio e Comportamento da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Durante a Manobra de Valsalva
                    em Pr&#233;-Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Donato</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Baroni</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de
                        Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mario Augusto Paschoal</bold>, Avenida Dr. Nelson Noronha
                    Gustavo Filho, 170 Bloco E - Prime Family Club, apt.&#186; 62, Vila Brandina. CEP
                    13092-526, Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                        <email>fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br</email>,
                        <email>mapascka@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Durante a manobra de Valsalva (MV), os valores de resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria
                        utilizados por adultos s&#227;o os mesmos aplicados em pr&#233;-adolescentes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Analisar as respostas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de pr&#233;-adolescentes
                        durante a MV e propor nova metodologia para elei&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia
                        expirat&#243;ria. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Submeteram-se 45 pr&#233;-adolescentes com idades entre 9 e 12 anos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o
                        das press&#245;es expirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas (PEm&#225;x). Valores de 60%, 70% e 80% dessas
                        PEm&#225;x foram selecionados para ser aplicados nas MV, mantidas por 20 s.
                        Batimentos card&#237;acos foram registrados antes, durante e ap&#243;s a manobra.
                        Trinta dias ap&#243;s, todos os procedimentos foram repetidos, e os dados da
                        primeira (A1) e da segunda (A2) avalia&#231;&#245;es foram comparados. As an&#225;lises
                        foram feitas com testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, destacando-se os momentos antes,
                        durante (0-10 s e 10-20 s) e ap&#243;s as manobras. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Os 45 pr&#233;-adolescentes conseguiram realizar adequadamente a manobra &#224;
                        resist&#234;ncia de 60% da PEm&#225;x, enquanto apenas 38 (84,4%) e 25 (55,5%) a
                        realizaram com resist&#234;ncias de 70% e 80% da PEm&#225;x, respectivamente. Os
                        deltas de FC 0-10 s e 10-20 s, calculados durante o esfor&#231;o, foram
                        significativamente maiores quanto maior foi o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, revelando
                        efetiva resposta auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca durante a manobra. Entretanto, o estudo
                        sugere que essas intensidades n&#227;o devam ser empregadas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A FC se elevou em todas as intensidades de esfor&#231;o testadas durante a MV,
                        por&#233;m somente quando foi realizada com resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria de 60% da
                        PEm&#225;x &#233; que todos os participantes conseguiram realiz&#225;-la, sugerindo ser a
                        intensidade ideal para ser empregada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Et&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Manobra de Valsalva</kwd>
        <kwd>Expira&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A manobra de Valsalva (MV) recebeu esse nome porque foi descrita pela primeira
                    vez, em 1704, por um m&#233;dico italiano chamado Ant&#244;nio Maria Valsalva (1666-1723),
                    que a usava como forma de expelir secre&#231;&#227;o mucopurulenta do ouvido m&#233;dio para a
                    nasofaringe de seus pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>No final do s&#233;culo XIX, constatou-se que ela provocava intensa diminui&#231;&#227;o dos
                    ru&#237;dos card&#237;acos em resposta ao aumento da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria feita com a glote
                        fechada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 1944, foi observado que poderia servir de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica
                    card&#237;aca ao ser detectada altera&#231;&#227;o na resposta cardiovascular de um paciente
                    com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva no momento em que a realizava<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Desde ent&#227;o, faz parte de uma gama de
                    exames n&#227;o invasivos que t&#234;m por objetivo avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do
                    sistema cardiovascular em doentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, em pessoas
                    saud&#225;veis e em atletas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>A MV compreende uma abrupta e transit&#243;ria eleva&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria das press&#245;es
                    intrator&#225;cica e intra-abdominal provocada por um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio equivalente
                    a 30 ou 40 mmHg, mantido por 15 s ou 20 s contra uma resist&#234;ncia aplicada por um
                    bocal acoplado a um man&#244;metro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Sua efic&#225;cia
                    depende de v&#225;rios aspectos, como idade, sexo, posi&#231;&#227;o corporal e,
                    principalmente, intensidade do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; na literatura preocupa&#231;&#227;o com qualquer tipo de c&#225;lculo ou
                    regra que propicie o respeito &#224; individualidade ou caracter&#237;sticas de for&#231;a dos
                    m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios das pessoas avaliadas, cujos aspectos poderiam interferir
                    na magnitude das respostas cardiovasculares obtidas durante a manobra e provocar
                    eventuais erros de interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. O que se constata &#233; que mesmo
                    crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes submetidos &#224; MV a executam enfrentando press&#227;o
                    expirat&#243;ria igual &#224; de adultos. Talvez esse aspecto, somado &#224; pr&#243;pria
                    dificuldade da compreens&#227;o da manobra por parte de algumas crian&#231;as, resulte em
                    limita&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o da MV a essa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Partindo desses pressupostos e por entender que a referida manobra &#233; um
                    importante teste funcional auton&#244;mico cardiovascular, mas pouco empregado em
                    pr&#233;-adolescentes, o principal objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar a
                    resposta de FC durante a MV e propor uma adequa&#231;&#227;o individualizada da
                    intensidade do esfor&#231;o a ser realizado durante a manobra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>O estudo, com car&#225;ter prospectivo, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas
                    Envolvendo Seres Humanos do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Vida da Pontif&#237;cia
                    Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, protocolo n.&#186; 298/11, e atendeu &#224;s normas da
                    declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos volunt&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Quarenta e cinco pr&#233;-adolescentes com idades entre 9 e 12 anos, sendo 33 do
                        sexo masculino e 12 do sexo feminino, pertencentes a escolas p&#250;blicas da
                        regi&#227;o noroeste do munic&#237;pio de Campinas (SP), foram selecionados de um
                        universo de 75 que foram avaliados entre os anos de 2011 e 2013. Todos os
                        respons&#225;veis pelos volunt&#225;rios deram aval &#224;s participa&#231;&#245;es dos mesmos no
                        estudo.</p>
          <p>Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, ressalta-se que todos deveriam ser sedent&#225;rios,
                        entendido como n&#227;o praticantes de atividade f&#237;sico-desportiva regular h&#225;
                        seis meses, o que fez com que 25 pr&#233;-adolescentes n&#227;o pudessem participar da
                        investiga&#231;&#227;o. A op&#231;&#227;o por pr&#233;-adolescentes considerados sedent&#225;rios deveu-se
                        &#224; preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que eventuais mecanismos adaptativos fisiol&#243;gicos de ordem
                        cardiovascular resultantes da exposi&#231;&#227;o a qualquer tipo de treinamento
                        f&#237;sico poderiam causar vi&#233;s aos dados. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o poderiam fazer uso de
                        medica&#231;&#227;o que interferisse no sistema cardiovascular nem apresentar doen&#231;as
                        que afetassem as fun&#231;&#245;es cardiorrespirat&#243;rias. Esses crit&#233;rios eliminaram
                        mais cinco pr&#233;-adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica com a inten&#231;&#227;o de apresentar as
                        caracter&#237;sticas corporais dos 45 volunt&#225;rios que compuseram a amostra.
                        Registraram-se o peso e a estatura, e foi feito o c&#225;lculo do IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios dos dados antropom&#233;tricos, cl&#237;nicos, de press&#227;o
                                expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PEm&#225;x) e das porcentagens da PEm&#225;x, obtidos nos
                                momentos da primeira e da segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o (A1 e A2)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o (A1) (n = 45)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o (A2) (n = 45)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">40,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">139,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 29,0</td>
                  <td align="center">140,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 29,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">107,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">109,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">70,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">84,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">70,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria 80% da m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">55,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">56,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria 70% da m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">51,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">53,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria 60% da m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">36,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">36,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#177; 10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica contou com anamnese, registro da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC
                        - cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810i<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia) e da
                        press&#227;o arterial (PA -esfigmoman&#244;metro padr&#227;o coluna de merc&#250;rio
                            WanMed<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com manguito adaptado &#224;
                        circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o dos volunt&#225;rios e ausculta card&#237;aca e pulmonar
                        (estetosc&#243;pio Littmann Classic II SE<sup>&#174;</sup>, Ont&#225;rio, Canad&#225;), segundo
                        as t&#233;cnicas amplamente descritas na literatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>A partir de 24 h antes do in&#237;cio dos procedimentos, os volunt&#225;rios foram
                        orientados para que n&#227;o fizessem uso de cafe&#237;na, refrigerantes com cola nem
                        realizassem atividade f&#237;sica, a n&#227;o ser a ordin&#225;ria do dia a dia. Toda
                        coleta de dados foi realizada em sala climatizada com temperatura
                        estabelecida em 23&#186;C e no per&#237;odo compreendido entre 15-17 h. Tamb&#233;m se
                        orientou que a alimenta&#231;&#227;o fosse leve e feita duas horas antes do in&#237;cio dos
                        procedimentos, principalmente para aqueles cujos procedimentos fossem feitos
                        mais pr&#243;ximo do hor&#225;rio de almo&#231;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio e execu&#231;&#227;o da manobra de
                        Valsalva</title>
          <p>A fim de se selecionarem as intensidades de esfor&#231;o que seriam empregadas
                        durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MV, todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos ao
                        procedimento para a obten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PEm&#225;x). Para
                        isso, foi utilizado um manovacu&#244;metro (M120<sup>&#174;</sup> - Comercial M&#233;dica,
                        S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com valores dispon&#237;veis entre 0 e 120 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.
                        Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, todos foram posicionados sentados
                        em uma cadeira com encosto, sendo os p&#233;s apoiados confortavelmente no
                        ch&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Foi colocado um clipe nasal para evitar o escape a&#233;reo pelas narinas e dada
                        orienta&#231;&#227;o para que inspirassem o mais profundamente poss&#237;vel pela boca,
                        atingindo a m&#225;xima capacidade inspirat&#243;ria, e, imediatamente ap&#243;s, que
                        expirassem bruscamente, o mais forte que pudessem, atrav&#233;s do bocal e contra
                        a resist&#234;ncia do manovacu&#244;metro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>Foram feitas tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es, sendo considerado como PEm&#225;x o maior valor
                        obtido a partir dessas tr&#234;s tentativas. Ap&#243;s um tempo m&#237;nimo de cinco
                        minutos da obten&#231;&#227;o da PEm&#225;x, cada volunt&#225;rio passou a executar a MV com as
                        tr&#234;s resist&#234;ncias previstas, todas com o mesmo tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o,
                        estabelecido em 20 s.</p>
          <p>Os valores percentuais da PEm&#225;x utilizados foram 60%, 70% e 80% dessa
                        vari&#225;vel, os quais seriam aplicados durante a execu&#231;&#227;o das manobras. O valor
                        relativo &#224; porcentagem da PEm&#225;x que deveria ser atingido pelo volunt&#225;rio em
                        cada momento do esfor&#231;o j&#225; estava demarcado por uma linha vermelha feita no
                            <italic>display</italic> do manovacu&#244;metro.</p>
          <p>O esfor&#231;o foi acompanhado pelo examinador, que estava atento para eventuais
                        oscila&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o, buscando estimular o volunt&#225;rio a evit&#225;-las. Por&#233;m,
                        considerou-se como oscila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima v&#225;lida para a aceita&#231;&#227;o da manobra
                        quando n&#227;o foi ultrapassado o valor de 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, tanto para mais
                        como para menos do valor previsto para o esfor&#231;o.</p>
          <p>Entre cada uma das manobras foi respeitado um tempo m&#237;nimo de cinco minutos
                        para a recupera&#231;&#227;o dos volunt&#225;rios, sendo que o valor da resist&#234;ncia
                        aplicada durante essas avalia&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o seguiu uma ordem crescente ou
                        decrescente, sendo randomicamente selecionado.</p>
          <p>Durante a execu&#231;&#227;o das manobras, um cinto referente &#224; monitora&#231;&#227;o dos
                        batimentos card&#237;acos (cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810i<sup>&#174;</sup>, Kempele,
                        Finl&#226;ndia) foi fixado no t&#243;rax dos volunt&#225;rios para que fossem registrados
                        os batimentos card&#237;acos. Os dados registrados foram enviados a um computador
                        por meio de uma interface com sinais infravermelhos para serem processados
                        pelo <italic>software</italic> Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup>,
                        Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia), que emitiu um gr&#225;fico do comportamento da FC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>) e um relat&#243;rio de dados,
                        tamb&#233;m envolvendo valores de &#237;ndices cardiovasculares.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tacograma de FC (HR &#8211; bpm) durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da manobra de
                                Valsalva feita a uma resist&#234;ncia equivalente a 60% do valor da PEm&#225;x
                                em pr&#233;-adolescente de 10 anos de idade. Observar o in&#237;cio e o
                                t&#233;rmino do esfor&#231;o da manobra em destaque e o respectivo tempo de 20
                                s de dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio feito com a glote fechada.
                                Observar, tamb&#233;m, que ap&#243;s a manobra ocorreu bradicardia
                                sinusal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Para selecionar a resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria mais adequada a futuros testes de
                        avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional cardiovascular envolvendo a faixa et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o
                        estudada, foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o aspectos como a magnitude da
                        resposta de FC apresentada, a intensidade do esfor&#231;o necess&#225;rio para a
                        manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria por 20 s e, principalmente, o n&#250;mero de
                        volunt&#225;rios que conseguiram completar a manobra de forma adequada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Replica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados</title>
          <p>Segundo Low<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, a MV deve ser repetida
                        a fim de assegurar sua reprodutibilidade e a confiabilidade de seus
                        resultados. Portanto, ap&#243;s finalizada a etapa anteriormente descrita, os
                        volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a voltar ao ambulat&#243;rio ap&#243;s um m&#234;s para que
                        novamente fossem submetidos &#224; manobra nas mesmas intensidades de esfor&#231;o
                        preestabelecidas. Tamb&#233;m receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es para que n&#227;o alterassem seus
                        h&#225;bitos de vida e n&#227;o participassem de atividades f&#237;sico-desportivas
                        regulares nesse per&#237;odo.</p>
          <p>Todo o procedimento de coleta do valor de PEm&#225;x e elabora&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos das
                        porcentagens previstas no estudo, al&#233;m da execu&#231;&#227;o das manobras, foi
                        rigorosamente repetido, sendo controlado pelo mesmo examinador que aplicou
                        esse procedimento na fase anterior.</p>
          <p>Os objetivos eram:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>verificar se os dados obtidos na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o (A1) se mantinham
                                est&#225;veis na avalia&#231;&#227;o feita ap&#243;s um m&#234;s (A2);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>atender a quest&#245;es essenciais em processos que envolvam novas
                                possibilidades de propostas metodol&#243;gicas em testes de avalia&#231;&#227;o,
                                conhecidas como replica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>avaliar se o efeito aprendizado n&#227;o interferiria nos valores
                                obtidos.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados e abordagem estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos foram testados por meio do teste
                        Komolgorov-Smirnov, que revelou normalidade dos dados. Dessa forma, optou-se
                        pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores dessas vari&#225;veis
                        entre os momentos das fases A1 e A2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
                            1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de FC, eles foram analisados em tr&#234;s momentos.
                        Primeiramente, foram comparados os valores de medianas dos deltas de FC nos
                        tempos 0-10 s e 10-20 s das manobras feitas nas tr&#234;s intensidades de esfor&#231;o
                        expirat&#243;rio, e constatou-se que os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
                        normal, sendo avaliados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O n&#237;vel de
                        signific&#226;ncia empregado foi de p &lt; 0,05 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores medianos dos deltas de FC, obtidos nos momentos 0-10 s e
                                10-20 s da manobra de Valsalva realizada com resist&#234;ncias
                                expirat&#243;rias com valores equivalentes a 60%, 70% e 80% da PEm&#225;x,
                                dados obtidos durante a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o (A1). Houve diferen&#231;a
                                significativa (p &lt; 0,05) entre todos os valores
                                apresentados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Da mesma forma, foram comparados os valores dos deltas totais (0-10 s e 10-20
                        s), que representaram o quanto a FC se elevou desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; o final do
                        tempo de 20 s durante as fases A1 e A2 nas mesmas intensidades de esfor&#231;o
                        expirat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores totais das medianas dos deltas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                                (0-10 s e 10-20 s) obtidos durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o das manobras de
                                Valsalva feitas com resist&#234;ncias expirat&#243;rias de 60% (n = 45), 70%
                                (n = 38) e 80% (n = 25) da PEm&#225;x, comparando-se os dois momentos da
                                coleta dos dados (A1 e A2). A1 significa a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o,
                                enquanto A2 &#233; a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p
                                &lt;0,05) entre os valores de FC nas tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es (60%, 70% e 80%
                                da PEm&#225;x), por&#233;m n&#227;o existiu diferen&#231;a entre os momentos A1 e A2
                                relativos a cada intensidade empregada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A outra an&#225;lise foi feita comparando-se os valores medianos de FC dos 45
                        volunt&#225;rios antes, durante e ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MV executada a uma
                        resist&#234;ncia de 60% da PEm&#225;x, considerada a mais adequada. Para essa an&#225;lise,
                        envolvendo quatro momentos (FC pr&#233;-teste, FC 0-10 s, FC 10-20 s e FC ap&#243;s),
                        foi utilizado o teste de Friedman (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura
                            4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores medianos de FC com suas maiores e menores amplitudes,
                                obtidos antes (FC m&#233;dia de um minuto &#8211; FC pr&#233;-teste), durante
                                (valores obtidos entre 0-10 s e 10-20 s) e ap&#243;s a manobra de
                                Valsalva (FC m&#233;dia de um minuto &#8211; FC p&#243;s-teste) feita com
                                resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria equivalente a 60% da PEm&#225;x. Houve diferen&#231;a
                                significativa (p &lt; 0,05) entre os valores de FC em todos os
                                quatro momentos observados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0146-40092-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> Graph Pad
                        Prism 6.0<sup>&#174;</sup> (San Diego, Estados Unidos), e os valores de FC foram
                        obtidos diretamente do relat&#243;rio emitido pelo <italic>software</italic>
                        Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os valores
                    antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos, e constata-se que suas condi&#231;&#245;es ficaram inalteradas
                    durante os momentos A1 e A2 previstos para as coletas de dados.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os valores
                    medianos dos deltas de FC dos tempos 0-10 s e 10-20 s obtidos das MV feitas nas
                    tr&#234;s intensidades. As medianas de FC calculadas a partir dos dados obtidos no
                    tempo 0-10 s das manobras executadas, respectivamente, a 60%, 70% e 80% da
                    PEm&#225;x, foram: 19 bpm (n = 45), 23 bpm (n = 38) e 27 bpm (n = 25). Os valores das
                    medianas de FC relativos aos tempos compreendidos entre 10 s e 20 s da manobra,
                    com as respectivas intensidades de esfor&#231;os expirat&#243;rios relatados
                    anteriormente, foram 7 bpm (n = 45), 9 bpm (n = 38) e 11 bpm (n = 25). Todos os
                    valores comparados se diferenciaram significativamente, representando que,
                    quanto maior o esfor&#231;o, maior a resposta de FC.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref> mostra os valores medianos dos
                    deltas totais (0-20 s) de FC quando o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio foi de 60%, 70% e 80%
                    da PEm&#225;x, nas fases A1 e A2. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dados
                    comparados de acordo com as intensidades de esfor&#231;o, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
                    entre os dados de mesmas intensidades comparados nas fases A1 e A2.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados os valores
                    medianos de FC antes, durante (0-10 s e 10-20 s) e ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MV por
                    todos os participantes (n = 45), na intensidade de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio feito a
                    60% da PEm&#225;x. A op&#231;&#227;o de mostrar com mais detalhes as respostas da FC com a MV
                    feita com resist&#234;ncia a 60% da PEm&#225;x deveu-se ao fato de que todos os
                    participantes a executaram com a m&#237;nima oscila&#231;&#227;o e apresentaram resposta de FC
                    conforme &#233; relatado na literatura sobre o assunto.</p>
        <p>Os valores de FC se mostraram significativamente diferentes nos quatro momentos
                    analisados (p &lt; 0,05), refor&#231;ando a relev&#226;ncia da manobra como instrumento de
                    avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Por sua praticidade e baixo custo, a MV &#233; reconhecida como um procedimento
                    amplamente empregado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular, pois
                    permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o vagal, a&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal
                        card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de existirem protocolos-padr&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o exercida na boca
                    durante a manobra, sendo de 30 ou 40 mmHg, e o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da mesma, que &#233;
                    de 15 s ou 20 s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, n&#227;o s&#227;o encontrados
                    estudos que se preocupam em sistematizar um m&#233;todo de aplica&#231;&#227;o da MV que
                    respeite as caracter&#237;sticas individuais das pessoas de acordo com a sua
                    capacidade de for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria. Tampouco h&#225; preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a posi&#231;&#227;o
                    corporal e o volume pulmonar anterior ao esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio, dificultando
                    sobremaneira a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados colhidos em diferentes estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Esses aspectos, relatados em investiga&#231;&#245;es envolvendo adultos, tornam-se ainda
                    mais relevantes quando as pessoas avaliadas s&#227;o crian&#231;as ou pr&#233;-adolescentes,
                    cujas intensidades de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio n&#227;o s&#227;o calculadas de acordo com suas
                    caracter&#237;sticas morfofuncionais, levando-as a ser submetidas aos mesmos esfor&#231;os
                    ou aos mesmos protocolos feitos por adultos.</p>
        <p>A presente op&#231;&#227;o pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de valores percentuais de PEm&#225;x deveu-se ao fato
                    de que o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio depende, principalmente, da for&#231;a gerada pelos
                    m&#250;sculos da expira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, e, desde que se controlem aspectos
                    conhecidos que podem interferir nos resultados da manobra, a pessoa avaliada
                    sempre executar&#225; um esfor&#231;o adequado e equivalente &#224;s pr&#243;prias for&#231;as dos
                    m&#250;sculos expirat&#243;rios.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, pessoas mais fracas ou menores n&#227;o teriam que fazer for&#231;a muito
                    grande para atingir e manter os valores previstos, e inapropriadamente propostos
                    para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Igualmente, a manobra poderia at&#233; ser empregada em casos
                    de portadores de doen&#231;as pulmonares ou outras enfermidades que pudessem
                    interferir na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, pois essas pessoas tamb&#233;m estariam,
                    ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PEm&#225;x, realizando esfor&#231;os expirat&#243;rios proporcionais &#224;s
                    suas capacidades funcionais, limitadas pelas doen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Um dos principais achados do estudo &#233; que o valor de 60% da PEm&#225;x se mostrou o
                    mais adequado, pois nessa intensidade de esfor&#231;o, al&#233;m de se conseguir boa
                    resposta de FC cuja atividade reflete a a&#231;&#227;o vagossimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, todos os volunt&#225;rios conseguiram
                    realizar a manobra com m&#237;nima oscila&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o durante o tempo proposto,
                    fato que ocorreu tanto em A1 como em A2.</p>
        <p>O interessante nesse achado &#233; que o esfor&#231;o feito a 60% da PEm&#225;x resultou em
                    valores m&#233;dios de 36,5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O e 36,2 cmH<sub>2</sub>O,
                    respectivamente, para A1 e A2, valores que, em mmHg, unidade habitualmente
                    utilizada na manobra, s&#227;o equivalentes a 26,8 mmHg e 25,7 mmHg, respectivamente.
                    Os valores obtidos no presente estudo, apesar de se mostrarem pr&#243;ximos aos
                    utilizados nas MV tradicionais, s&#227;o inferiores aos j&#225; propostos em alguns
                    estudos feitos com crian&#231;as e/ou pr&#233;-adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por exemplo, Van Steenwijk e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
                    aplicaram a MV em crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes nas duas intensidades de esfor&#231;o
                    expirat&#243;rio conhecidas como padr&#227;o, que s&#227;o de 30 mmHg e 40 mmHg, as quais foram
                    mantidas pelo tempo de 15 s. Observaram que, ao fazer a manobra na intensidade
                    de esfor&#231;o de 30 mmHg, do total de 68 crian&#231;as somente 10 conseguiram execut&#225;-la
                    com oscila&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica m&#237;nima, que foi considerada &lt; 2 mmHg, sendo que no
                    restante dos avaliados ela oscilou muito (entre 15-55 mmHg), o mesmo ocorrendo
                    com o tempo do esfor&#231;o, que variou entre 13-17 s.</p>
        <p>Durante a manobra feita com esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio de 40 mmHg, os autores
                    constataram que apenas nove crian&#231;as conseguiram realizar a manobra com
                    oscila&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima do esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Obviamente, ao se observarem esses resultados, o interesse em aplicar essa
                    manobra em crian&#231;as e/ou pr&#233;-adolescentes como forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica
                    auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca tende a diminuir e certamente aparecem argumenta&#231;&#245;es no
                    sentido de sua confiabilidade e exequibilidade. Em contrapartida, h&#225; o
                    crescimento do est&#237;mulo em procurar alternativas que sejam confi&#225;veis, de f&#225;cil
                    aplica&#231;&#227;o e de uso irrestrito.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da FC durante a manobra, h&#225; que ser ressaltado que a
                    magnitude do incremento do valor da vari&#225;vel, que ocorre de acordo com a
                    intensidade de esfor&#231;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 2</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">4</xref>), &#233; resultante do fato de que maiores
                    sobrecargas impostas ao sistema cardiovascular provocam maior ativa&#231;&#227;o dos
                    barorreceptores arteriais, quimiorreceptores e receptores cardiopulmonares, que
                    est&#227;o integrados ao sistema nervoso central<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o desses receptores promove o desencadeamento de respostas moduladoras
                    das a&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, as quais s&#227;o advindas da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso
                    simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico, que interfere no valor da FC documentada, o mesmo
                    ocorrendo com a PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica, convencionou-se estabelecer que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC presente nos 10 s
                    iniciais da manobra (delta 0-10 s) seria dependente da libera&#231;&#227;o vagal devido ao
                    fato de as a&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico card&#237;aco serem mais r&#225;pidas
                    do que as do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, enquanto nos 10 s subsequentes (delta
                    10-20 s da manobra) a suplementar eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC seria decorrente da ativa&#231;&#227;o
                    simp&#225;tica arteriolar, que tamb&#233;m tem reflexos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>No entanto, h&#225; autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> que n&#227;o
                    discriminam os tempos 0-10 s e 10-20 s, como apresentado anteriormente,
                    afirmando apenas que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC &#233; mediada pelo sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.
                    Esse sistema deve, portanto, modular as respostas card&#237;acas, como as da FC, de
                    acordo com os est&#237;mulos provocados pela manobra.</p>
        <p>Para que se tenha ideia da velocidade do reflexo ativado durante a manobra,
                    Pickering e Davies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> sugeriram que o
                    tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo dos barorreceptores at&#233; o cora&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos
                    normais e com FC &lt;75 bpm est&#225; por volta de 473 ms. O padr&#227;o das respostas de
                    FC registrado permitiu inferir que ele tem caracter&#237;stica de normalidade, pois o
                    adequado &#233; que haja eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC praticamente durante toda a manobra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>), seguida de importante bradicardia resultante de ativa&#231;&#227;o vagal
                    ap&#243;s a mesma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Hohnloser e Klingenheben<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> mostraram que,
                    em adultos, deltas de FC &#8805;15 bpm obtidos durante a manobra significam respostas
                    auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas adequadas ou normais, enquanto deltas entre 11-14 bpm s&#227;o
                    considerados valores lim&#237;trofes para o estado de normalidade.</p>
        <p>Devem ser consideradas respostas anormais quando os deltas de FC s&#227;o &#8804;10 bpm,
                    como habitualmente se encontra em patologias como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,
                    diabetes, p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, estenose mitral, entre outras que
                    causam disautonomias card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, em todas as tr&#234;s intensidades de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio os
                    volunt&#225;rios apresentaram valores bem superiores a 15 bpm de delta de FC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>), sugerindo que a proposta de
                    aplica&#231;&#227;o de porcentagens da PEm&#225;x foi eficiente no sentido de provocar adequada
                    resposta de FC e, tamb&#233;m, para mostrar que as pessoas avaliadas n&#227;o tinham
                    problemas de disautonomia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Ao observar os resultados do comportamento da FC durante o esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio
                    feito a 80% da PEm&#225;x (55,0 cm H<sub>2</sub>O em A1 e 56,4 cm H<sub>2</sub>O em
                    A2), constata-se que houve significativa eleva&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel, inclusive sendo a
                    eleva&#231;&#227;o de maior magnitude entre as porcentagens de PEm&#225;x empregadas. Muitos
                    poderiam concluir, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o esse aspecto, que essa seria a
                    resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria mais adequada a ser aplicada em futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es.
                    No entanto, sua elei&#231;&#227;o foi prejudicada pelo fato de que apenas 25 volunt&#225;rios
                    (55,5%) conseguiram executar a manobra com oscila&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 5 cm
                        H<sub>2</sub>O nessa intensidade de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, quando a resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria foi de 70% da PEm&#225;x (51,0 cm
                        H<sub>2</sub>O em A1 e 53,1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O em A2), houve boa resposta de
                    FC, mas 84,4% (38) dos indiv&#237;duos conclu&#237;ram perfeitamente a manobra. Portanto,
                    a manobra feita com os maiores esfor&#231;os serviu para confirmar o que havia sido
                    documentado em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que tamb&#233;m
                    revelaram maiores eleva&#231;&#245;es da FC quando as resist&#234;ncias expirat&#243;rias eram mais
                    elevadas.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref> pode-se constatar que h&#225;
                    significativa bradicardia ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio. A FC que, no
                    final do tempo de 20 s da manobra, era de 113 bpm, sofreu redu&#231;&#227;o de 32 bpm ap&#243;s
                    um minuto da interrup&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio. Apesar de estar sendo
                    demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref> apenas a resposta
                    de FC que ocorreu com os volunt&#225;rios submetidos a resist&#234;ncia expirat&#243;ria de 60%
                    da PEm&#225;x, esse padr&#227;o de resposta card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m aconteceu nas demais
                    resist&#234;ncias expirat&#243;rias empregadas no estudo.</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da FC, no referido momento da manobra, ocorre por meio de uma a&#231;&#227;o do
                    sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico ativado pelo reflexo barorreceptor, que &#233;
                    sensibilizado pela s&#250;bita eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA m&#233;dia (<italic>overshoot</italic>), que
                    acontece ao t&#233;rmino do esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Segundo Hilz e D&#252;tsch<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, a bradicardia
                    resultante &#233; uma medida das capacidades-tamp&#227;o do sistema barorreflexo e da
                    inerva&#231;&#227;o vagal do cora&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC nesse momento
                    representa uma a&#231;&#227;o adequada e esperada para uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, como a da
                    presente amostra, e sua an&#225;lise pode ser utilizada na investiga&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es
                    do sistema barorreflexo e nas disautonomias vagais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es, ressalta-se que os volunt&#225;rios foram selecionados como
                    sedent&#225;rios a partir da aplica&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio com informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas
                    junto aos seus respons&#225;veis, n&#227;o sendo aplicados testes ou exames espec&#237;ficos
                    para essa confirma&#231;&#227;o, como os propostos, por exemplo, por Lubans e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Igualmente, o estudo n&#227;o mostrou an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea da PA batimento a batimento,
                    o que poderia enriquecer os resultados e abrir novas possibilidades de an&#225;lise.
                    No entanto, por se objetivar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da FC e,
                    principalmente, por se ter avaliado pr&#233;-adolescentes, acreditou-se que m&#233;todos
                    invasivos poderiam prejudicar o estudo e provocar interfer&#234;ncias na FC
                    documentada.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o final, faltaram compara&#231;&#245;es entre os resultados de FC obtidos com
                    a metodologia proposta e a tradicional, o que provavelmente permitiria a
                    consolida&#231;&#227;o da nova metodologia como uma medida mais adequada, com maior
                    fidedignidade e aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>No entanto, pode-se afirmar que as demais intensidades aplicadas no presente
                    estudo (70% e 80% da PEm&#225;x), por serem intensidades similares &#224;s que atualmente
                    s&#227;o aplicadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, j&#225; podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes de
                    que o m&#233;todo tradicional de execu&#231;&#227;o da manobra, al&#233;m de exigir muito esfor&#231;o de
                    pr&#233;-adolescentes, tende a inviabilizar a adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca,
                    pois promovem muita oscila&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o oral e, consequentemente, preju&#237;zos nos
                    resultados obtidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados sugerem que o uso do valor de 60% da PEm&#225;x como resist&#234;ncia
                    expirat&#243;ria aplicado durante a MV em pr&#233;-adolescentes &#233; o mais adequado para a
                    avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m de ser uma intensidade de
                    esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio que todos os volunt&#225;rios suportaram, estimulou respostas de
                    FC que permitiram interpreta&#231;&#245;es ou an&#225;lises clinicofuncionais, tanto da a&#231;&#227;o
                    vagal como da atua&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, durante a manobra.</p>
        <p>Portanto, valores dos esfor&#231;os expirat&#243;rios calculados individualmente criam
                    condi&#231;&#245;es de equil&#237;brio e proporcionalidade entre pessoas com diferentes
                    bi&#243;tipos e graus de for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, sem causar preju&#237;zo &#224; qualidade
                    dos resultados ou das avalia&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de permitir que um n&#250;mero altamente
                    expressivo de pessoas possa se submeter a esse tipo de protocolo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise
                        estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                        importante: Paschoal MA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Donato BS, Neves FB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                        manuscrito: Paschoal MA, Donato BS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
